Chapter XCV: Section 3: , Taipei, Taiwan, telephone: 886 (2) 2162-2000, FAX (26)

Moldova
same color scheme as Romania - three equal vertical bands of
blue (hoist side), yellow, and red; emblem in center of flag is of a
Roman eagle of gold outlined in black with a red beak and talons
carrying a yellow cross in its beak and a green olive branch in its
right talons and a yellow scepter in its left talons; on its breast
is a shield divided horizontally red over blue with a stylized ox
head, star, rose, and crescent all in black-outlined yellow

Monaco
two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white; similar to
the flag of Indonesia which is longer and the flag of Poland which
is white (top) and red

Mongolia
three equal, vertical bands of red (hoist side), blue, and
red; centered on the hoist-side red band in yellow is the national
emblem ("soyombo" - a columnar arrangement of abstract and geometric
representation for fire, sun, moon, earth, water, and the yin-yang
symbol)

Montenegro
a red field bordered by a narrow golden-yellow stripe
with the Montenegrin coat of arms centered

Montserrat
blue, with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side
quadrant and the Montserratian coat of arms centered in the outer
half of the flag; the coat of arms features a woman standing beside
a yellow harp with her arm around a black cross

Morocco
red with a green pentacle (five-pointed, linear star) known
as Sulayman's (Solomon's) seal in the center of the flag; red and
green are traditional colors in Arab flags, although the use of red
is more commonly associated with the Arab states of the Persian
gulf; design dates to 1912

Mozambique
three equal horizontal bands of green (top), black, and
yellow with a red isosceles triangle based on the hoist side; the
black band is edged in white; centered in the triangle is a yellow
five-pointed star bearing a crossed rifle and hoe in black
superimposed on an open white book

Namibia
a large blue triangle with a yellow sunburst fills the upper
left section and an equal green triangle (solid) fills the lower
right section; the triangles are separated by a red stripe that is
contrasted by two narrow white-edge borders

Nauru
blue with a narrow, horizontal, yellow stripe across the
center and a large white 12-pointed star below the stripe on the
hoist side; the star indicates the country's location in relation to
the Equator (the yellow stripe) and the 12 points symbolize the 12
original tribes of Nauru

Navassa Island
the flag of the US is used

Nepal
red with a blue border around the unique shape of two
overlapping right triangles; the smaller, upper triangle bears a
white stylized moon and the larger, lower triangle bears a white
12-pointed sun

Netherlands
three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and
blue; similar to the flag of Luxembourg, which uses a lighter blue
and is longer; one of the oldest flags in constant use, originating
with WILLIAM I, Prince of Orange, in the latter half of the 16th
century

Netherlands Antilles
white, with a horizontal blue stripe in the
center superimposed on a vertical red band, also centered; five
white, five-pointed stars are arranged in an oval pattern in the
center of the blue band; the five stars represent the five main
islands of Bonaire, Curacao, Saba, Sint Eustatius, and Sint Maarten

New Caledonia
the flag of France is used

New Zealand
blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side
quadrant with four red five-pointed stars edged in white centered in
the outer half of the flag; the stars represent the Southern Cross
constellation

Nicaragua
three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, and
blue with the national coat of arms centered in the white band; the
coat of arms features a triangle encircled by the words REPUBLICA DE
NICARAGUA on the top and AMERICA CENTRAL on the bottom; similar to
the flag of El Salvador, which features a round emblem encircled by
the words REPUBLICA DE EL SALVADOR EN LA AMERICA CENTRAL centered in
the white band; also similar to the flag of Honduras, which has five
blue stars arranged in an X pattern centered in the white band

Niger
three equal horizontal bands of orange (top), white, and green
with a small orange disk (representing the sun) centered in the
white band; similar to the flag of India, which has a blue spoked
wheel centered in the white band

Nigeria
three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), white, and
green

Niue
yellow with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side
quadrant; the flag of the UK bears five yellow five-pointed stars -
a large one on a blue disk in the center and a smaller one on each
arm of the bold red cross

Norfolk Island
three vertical bands of green (hoist side), white,
and green with a large green Norfolk Island pine tree centered in
the slightly wider white band

Northern Mariana Islands
blue, with a white, five-pointed star
superimposed on the gray silhouette of a latte stone (a traditional
foundation stone used in building) in the center, surrounded by a
wreath

Norway
red with a blue cross outlined in white that extends to the
edges of the flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the
hoist side in the style of the Dannebrog (Danish flag)

Oman
three horizontal bands of white, red, and green of equal width
with a broad, vertical, red band on the hoist side; the national
emblem (a khanjar dagger in its sheath superimposed on two crossed
swords in scabbards) in white is centered near the top of the
vertical band

Pakistan
green with a vertical white band (symbolizing the role of
religious minorities) on the hoist side; a large white crescent and
star are centered in the green field; the crescent, star, and color
green are traditional symbols of Islam

Palau
light blue with a large yellow disk (representing the moon)
shifted slightly to the hoist side

Palmyra Atoll
the flag of the US is used

Panama
divided into four, equal rectangles; the top quadrants are
white (hoist side) with a blue five-pointed star in the center and
plain red; the bottom quadrants are plain blue (hoist side) and
white with a red five-pointed star in the center

Papua New Guinea
divided diagonally from upper hoist-side corner;
the upper triangle is red with a soaring yellow bird of paradise
centered; the lower triangle is black with five, white, five-pointed
stars of the Southern Cross constellation centered

Paraguay
three equal, horizontal bands of red (top), white, and blue
with an emblem centered in the white band; unusual flag in that the
emblem is different on each side; the obverse (hoist side at the
left) bears the national coat of arms (a yellow five-pointed star
within a green wreath capped by the words REPUBLICA DEL PARAGUAY,
all within two circles); the reverse (hoist side at the right) bears
the seal of the treasury (a yellow lion below a red Cap of Liberty
and the words Paz y Justicia (Peace and Justice) capped by the words
REPUBLICA DEL PARAGUAY, all within two circles)

Peru
three equal, vertical bands of red (hoist side), white, and red
with the coat of arms centered in the white band; the coat of arms
features a shield bearing a vicuna, cinchona tree (the source of
quinine), and a yellow cornucopia spilling out gold coins, all
framed by a green wreath

Philippines
two equal horizontal bands of blue (top; representing
peace and justice) and red (representing courage); a white
equilateral triangle based on the hoist side represents equality;
the center of the triangle displays a yellow sun with eight primary
rays, each representing one of the first eight provinces that sought
independence from Spain; each corner of the triangle contains a
small, yellow, five-pointed star representing the three major
geographical divisions of the country: Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao;
the design of the flag dates to 1897; in wartime the flag is flown
upside down with the red band at the top

Pitcairn Islands
blue with the flag of the UK in the upper
hoist-side quadrant and the Pitcairn Islander coat of arms centered
on the outer half of the flag; the coat of arms is yellow, green,
and light blue with a shield featuring a yellow anchor

Poland
two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red; similar to
the flags of Indonesia and Monaco which are red (top) and white

Portugal
two vertical bands of green (hoist side, two-fifths) and
red (three-fifths) with the Portuguese coat of arms centered on the
dividing line

Puerto Rico
five equal horizontal bands of red (top and bottom)
alternating with white; a blue isosceles triangle based on the hoist
side bears a large, white, five-pointed star in the center; design
initially influenced by the US flag, but similar to the Cuban flag,
with the colors of the bands and triangle reversed

Qatar
maroon with a broad white serrated band (nine white points) on
the hoist side

Romania
three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and
red; the national coat of arms that used to be centered in the
yellow band has been removed; now similar to the flag of Chad, also
resembles the flags of Andorra and Moldova

Russia
three equal horizontal bands of white (top), blue, and red

Rwanda
three horizontal bands of sky blue (top, double width),
yellow, and green, with a golden sun with 24 rays near the fly end
of the blue band

Saint Helena
blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side
quadrant and the Saint Helenian shield centered on the outer half of
the flag; the shield features a rocky coastline and three-masted
sailing ship

Saint Kitts and Nevis
divided diagonally from the lower hoist side
by a broad black band bearing two white, five-pointed stars; the
black band is edged in yellow; the upper triangle is green, the
lower triangle is red

Saint Lucia
blue, with a gold isosceles triangle below a black
arrowhead; the upper edges of the arrowhead have a white border

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
a yellow sailing ship facing the hoist
side rides on a dark blue background with yellow wavy lines under
the ship; on the hoist side, a vertical band is divided into three
parts: the top part (called ikkurina) is red with a green diagonal
cross extending to the corners overlaid by a white cross dividing
the rectangle into four sections; the middle part has a white
background with an ermine pattern; the third part has a red
background with two stylized yellow lions outlined in black, one
above the other; these three heraldic arms represent settlement by
colonists from the Basque Country (top), Brittany, and Normandy; the
flag of France is used for official occasions

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
three vertical bands of blue (hoist
side), gold (double width), and green; the gold band bears three
green diamonds arranged in a V pattern

Samoa
red with a blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side quadrant
bearing five white five-pointed stars representing the Southern
Cross constellation

San Marino
two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and light blue
with the national coat of arms superimposed in the center; the coat
of arms has a shield (featuring three towers on three peaks) flanked
by a wreath, below a crown and above a scroll bearing the word
LIBERTAS (Liberty)

Sao Tome and Principe
three horizontal bands of green (top), yellow
(double width), and green with two black five-pointed stars placed
side by side in the center of the yellow band and a red isosceles
triangle based on the hoist side; uses the popular pan-African
colors of Ethiopia

Saudi Arabia
green, a traditional color in Islamic flags, with the
Shahada or Muslim creed in large white Arabic script (translated as
"There is no god but God; Muhammad is the Messenger of God") above a
white horizontal saber (the tip points to the hoist side); design
dates to the early twentieth century and is closely associated with
the Al Saud family which established the kingdom in 1932

Senegal
three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), yellow,
and red with a small green five-pointed star centered in the yellow
band; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia

Serbia
three equal horizontal stripes of red (top), blue, and white;
charged with the coat of arms of Serbia shifted slightly to the
hoist side

Seychelles
five oblique bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, red,
white, and green (bottom) radiating from the bottom of the hoist side

Sierra Leone
three equal horizontal bands of light green (top),
white, and light blue

Singapore
two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white; near
the hoist side of the red band, there is a vertical, white crescent
(closed portion is toward the hoist side) partially enclosing five
white five-pointed stars arranged in a circle

Slovakia
three equal horizontal bands of white (top), blue, and red
superimposed with the coat of arms of Slovakia (consisting of a red
shield bordered in white and bearing a white Cross of Lorraine
surmounting three blue hills); the coat of arms is centered
vertically and offset slightly to the hoist side

Slovenia
three equal horizontal bands of white (top), blue, and red,
with the Slovenian seal (a shield with the image of Triglav,
Slovenia's highest peak, in white against a blue background at the
center; beneath it are two wavy blue lines depicting seas and
rivers, and above it are three six-pointed stars arranged in an
inverted triangle, which are taken from the coat of arms of the
Counts of Celje, the great Slovene dynastic house of the late 14th
and early 15th centuries); the seal is located in the upper hoist
side of the flag centered in the white and blue bands

Solomon Islands
divided diagonally by a thin yellow stripe from the
lower hoist-side corner; the upper triangle (hoist side) is blue
with five white five-pointed stars arranged in an X pattern; the
lower triangle is green

Somalia
light blue with a large white five-pointed star in the
center; blue field influenced by the flag of the UN

South Africa
two equal width horizontal bands of red (top) and blue
separated by a central green band which splits into a horizontal Y,
the arms of which end at the corners of the hoist side; the Y
embraces a black isosceles triangle from which the arms are
separated by narrow yellow bands; the red and blue bands are
separated from the green band and its arms by narrow white stripes

South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
blue, with the flag of
the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the South Georgia and
the South Sandwich Islands coat of arms centered on the outer half
of the flag; the coat of arms features a shield with a golden lion
centered; the shield is supported by a fur seal on the left and a
penguin on the right; a reindeer appears above the shield, and below
it on a scroll is the motto LEO TERRAM PROPRIAM PROTEGAT (Let the
Lion Protect its Own Land)

Spain
three horizontal bands of red (top), yellow (double width),
and red with the national coat of arms on the hoist side of the
yellow band; the coat of arms includes the royal seal framed by the
Pillars of Hercules, which are the two promontories (Gibraltar and
Ceuta) on either side of the eastern end of the Strait of Gibraltar

Sri Lanka
yellow with two panels; the smaller hoist-side panel has
two equal vertical bands of green (hoist side) and orange; the other
panel is a large dark red rectangle with a yellow lion holding a
sword, and there is a yellow bo leaf in each corner; the yellow
field appears as a border around the entire flag and extends between
the two panels

Sudan
three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black
with a green isosceles triangle based on the hoist side

Suriname
five horizontal bands of green (top, double width), white,
red (quadruple width), white, and green (double width); there is a
large, yellow, five-pointed star centered in the red band

Svalbard
the flag of Norway is used

Swaziland
three horizontal bands of blue (top), red (triple width),
and blue; the red band is edged in yellow; centered in the red band
is a large black and white shield covering two spears and a staff
decorated with feather tassels, all placed horizontally

Sweden
blue with a golden yellow cross extending to the edges of the
flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side in
the style of the Dannebrog (Danish flag)

Switzerland
red square with a bold, equilateral white cross in the
center that does not extend to the edges of the flag

Syria
three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black,
colors associated with the Arab Liberation flag; two small green
five-pointed stars in a horizontal line centered in the white band;
former flag of the United Arab Republic where the two stars
represented the constituent states of Syria and Egypt; similar to
the flag of Yemen, which has a plain white band, Iraq, which has
three green stars (plus an Arabic inscription) in a horizontal line
centered in the white band, and that of Egypt, which has a gold
Eagle of Saladin centered in the white band; the current design
dates to 1980

Taiwan
red with a dark blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner
bearing a white sun with 12 triangular rays

Tajikistan
three horizontal stripes of red (top), a wider stripe of
white, and green; a gold crown surmounted by seven gold,
five-pointed stars is located in the center of the white stripe

Tanzania
divided diagonally by a yellow-edged black band from the
lower hoist-side corner; the upper triangle (hoist side) is green
and the lower triangle is blue

Thailand
five horizontal bands of red (top), white, blue (double
width), white, and red

Togo
five equal horizontal bands of green (top and bottom)
alternating with yellow; there is a white five-pointed star on a red
square in the upper hoist-side corner; uses the popular pan-African
colors of Ethiopia

Tokelau
the flag of New Zealand is used

Tonga
red with a bold red cross on a white rectangle in the upper
hoist-side corner

Trinidad and Tobago
red with a white-edged black diagonal band from
the upper hoist side to the lower fly side

Tromelin Island
the flag of France is used

Tunisia
red with a white disk in the center bearing a red crescent
nearly encircling a red five-pointed star; the crescent and star are
traditional symbols of Islam

Turkey
red with a vertical white crescent (the closed portion is
toward the hoist side) and white five-pointed star centered just
outside the crescent opening

Turkmenistan
green field with a vertical red stripe near the hoist
side, containing five tribal guls (designs used in producing
carpets) stacked above two crossed olive branches similar to the
olive branches on the UN flag; a white crescent moon representing
Islam with five white stars representing the regions or velayats of
Turkmenistan appear in the upper corner of the field just to the fly
side of the red stripe

Turks and Caicos Islands
blue, with the flag of the UK in the upper
hoist-side quadrant and the colonial shield centered on the outer
half of the flag; the shield is yellow and contains a conch shell,
lobster, and cactus

Tuvalu
light blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side
quadrant; the outer half of the flag represents a map of the country
with nine yellow five-pointed stars symbolizing the nine islands

Uganda
six equal horizontal bands of black (top), yellow, red,
black, yellow, and red; a white disk is superimposed at the center
and depicts a red-crested crane (the national symbol) facing the
hoist side

Ukraine
two equal horizontal bands of azure (top) and golden yellow
represent grain fields under a blue sky

United Arab Emirates
three equal horizontal bands of green (top),
white, and black with a wider vertical red band on the hoist side

United Kingdom
blue field with the red cross of Saint George (patron
saint of England) edged in white superimposed on the diagonal red
cross of Saint Patrick (patron saint of Ireland), which is
superimposed on the diagonal white cross of Saint Andrew (patron
saint of Scotland); properly known as the Union Flag, but commonly
called the Union Jack; the design and colors (especially the Blue
Ensign) have been the basis for a number of other flags including
other Commonwealth countries and their constituent states or
provinces, and British overseas territories

United States
13 equal horizontal stripes of red (top and bottom)
alternating with white; there is a blue rectangle in the upper
hoist-side corner bearing 50 small, white, five-pointed stars
arranged in nine offset horizontal rows of six stars (top and
bottom) alternating with rows of five stars; the 50 stars represent
the 50 states, the 13 stripes represent the 13 original colonies;
known as Old Glory; the design and colors have been the basis for a
number of other flags, including Chile, Liberia, Malaysia, and
Puerto Rico

United States Pacific Island Wildlife Refuges
the flag of the US is
used

Uruguay
nine equal horizontal stripes of white (top and bottom)
alternating with blue; there is a white square in the upper
hoist-side corner with a yellow sun bearing a human face known as
the Sun of May with 16 rays that alternate between triangular and
wavy

Uzbekistan
three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, and
green separated by red fimbriations with a white crescent moon and
12 white stars in the upper hoist-side quadrant

Vanuatu
two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and green with a
black isosceles triangle (based on the hoist side) all separated by
a black-edged yellow stripe in the shape of a horizontal Y (the two
points of the Y face the hoist side and enclose the triangle);
centered in the triangle is a boar's tusk encircling two crossed
namele leaves, all in yellow

Venezuela
three equal horizontal bands of yellow (top), blue, and
red with the coat of arms on the hoist side of the yellow band and
an arc of eight white five-pointed stars centered in the blue band

Vietnam
red with a large yellow five-pointed star in the center

Virgin Islands
white, with a modified US coat of arms in the center
between the large blue initials V and I; the coat of arms shows a
yellow eagle holding an olive branch in one talon and three arrows
in the other with a superimposed shield of vertical red and white
stripes below a blue panel

Wake Island
the flag of the US is used

Wallis and Futuna
unofficial, local flag has a red field with four
white isosceles triangles in the middle, representing the three
native kings of the islands and the French administrator; the apexes
of the triangles are oriented inward and at right angles to each
other; the flag of France, outlined in white on two sides, is in the
upper hoist quadrant; the flag of France is the only official flag

Yemen
three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black;
similar to the flag of Syria, which has two green stars, and of
Iraq, which has three green stars (plus an Arabic inscription), in a
horizontal line centered in the white band; also similar to the flag
of Egypt, which has a heraldic eagle centered in the white band

Zambia
green with a panel of three vertical bands of red (hoist
side), black, and orange below a soaring orange eagle, on the outer
edge of the flag

Zimbabwe
seven equal horizontal bands of green, yellow, red, black,
red, yellow, and green with a white isosceles triangle edged in
black with its base on the hoist side; a yellow Zimbabwe bird
representing the long history of the country is superimposed on a
red five-pointed star in the center of the triangle, which
symbolizes peace; green symbolizes agriculture, yellow - mineral
wealth, red - blood shed to achieve independence, and black stands
for the native people

This page was last updated on 8 February, 2007

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@2085 Roadways (km)

Afghanistan
total: 34,782 km
paved: 8,229 km
unpaved: 26,553 km (2004)

Albania
total: 18,000 km
paved: 7,020 km
unpaved: 10,980 km (2002)

Algeria
total: 108,302 km
paved: 76,028 km
unpaved: 32,274 km (2004)

American Samoa
total: 185 km (2004)

Andorra
total: 269 km
paved: 198 km
unpaved: 71 km

Angola
total: 51,429 km
paved: 5,349 km
unpaved: 46,080 km (2001)

Anguilla
total: 175 km
paved: 82 km
unpaved: 93 km (2004)

Antigua and Barbuda
total: 1,165 km
paved: 384 km
unpaved: 781 km (2002)

Argentina
total: 229,144 km
paved: 68,809 km (including 734 km of expressways)
unpaved: 160,335 km (2004)

Armenia
total: 7,633 km
paved: 7,633 km (includes 1,561 km of expressways) (2003)

Aruba
total: 800 km
paved: 513 km
unpaved: 287 km

Australia
total: 810,641 km
paved: 336,962 km
unpaved: 473,679 km (2004)

Austria
total: 133,718 km
paved: 133,718 km (including 1,677 km of expressways) (2003)

Azerbaijan
total: 59,141 km
paved: 29,210 km
unpaved: 29,931 km (2004)

Bahamas, The
total: 2,693 km
paved: 1,546 km
unpaved: 1,147 km (1999)

Bahrain
total: 3,498 km
paved: 2,768 km
unpaved: 730 km (2003)

Bangladesh
total: 239,226 km
paved: 22,726 km
unpaved: 216,500 km (2003)

Barbados
total: 1,600 km
paved: 1,600 km (2004)

Belarus
total: 93,310 km
paved: 81,180 km
unpaved: 12,130 km (2004)

Belgium
total: 150,567 km
paved: 117,442 km (including 1,747 km of expressways)
unpaved: 33,125 km (2004)

Belize
total: 2,872 km
paved: 488 km
unpaved: 2,384 km (1999)

Benin
total: 16,000 km
paved: 1,400 km
unpaved: 14,600 km (2005)

Bermuda
total: 447 km
paved: 447 km
note: public roads - 225 km; private roads - 222 km (2002)

Bhutan
total: 8,050 km
paved: 4,991 km
unpaved: 3,059 km (2003)

Bolivia
total: 62,479 km
paved: 3,749 km
unpaved: 56,730 km (2004)

Bosnia and Herzegovina
total: 21,846 km
paved: 11,425 km (4,686 km of interurban roads)
unpaved: 10,421 km (2005)

Botswana
total: 24,455 km
paved: 8,914 km
unpaved: 15,441 km (2004)

Brazil
total: 1,751,868 km
paved: 96,353 km
unpaved: 1,655,515 km (2004)

British Indian Ocean Territory
total: NA
paved: short section of paved road between port and airfield on
Diego Garcia

British Virgin Islands
total: 177 km
paved: 177 km (2002)

Brunei
total: 2,525 km
paved: 2,338 km
unpaved: 187 km (2000)

Bulgaria
total: 44,033 km
paved: 43,593 km (including 333 km of expressways)
unpaved: 440 km (2004)

Burkina Faso
total: 15,272 km
paved: 4,766 km
unpaved: 10,506 km (2004)

Burma
total: 27,000 km
paved: 3,200 km
unpaved: 23,800 km (2005)

Burundi
total: 12,322 km
paved: 1,286 km
unpaved: 11,036 km (2004)

Cambodia
total: 38,257 km
paved: 2,406 km
unpaved: 35,851 km (2004)

Cameroon
total: 50,000 km
paved: 5,000 km
unpaved: 45,000 km (2004)

Canada
total: 1,042,300 km
paved: 415,600 km (including 17,000 km of expressways)
unpaved: 626,700 km (2005)

Cape Verde
total: 1,350 km
paved: 932 km
unpaved: 418 km (2000)

Cayman Islands
total: 785 km
paved: 785 km (2002)

Central African Republic
total: 23,810 km (1999)

Chad
total: 33,400 km
paved: 267 km
unpaved: 33,133 km (1999)

Chile
total: 79,605 km
paved: 16,080 km (including 407 km of expressways)
unpaved: 63,525 km (2001)

China
total: 1,870,661 km
paved: 1,515,797 km (with at least 34,288 km of expressways)
unpaved: 354,864 km (2004)

Christmas Island
total: 142 km
paved: 32 km
unpaved: 110 km (2006)

Cocos (Keeling) Islands
total: 22 km
paved: 10 km
unpaved: 12 km (2006)

Colombia
total: 112,988 km
paved: 16,270 km
unpaved: 96,718 km (2004)

Comoros
total: 880 km
paved: 673 km
unpaved: 207 km (1999)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
total: 153,497 km
paved: 2,794 km
unpaved: 150,703 km (2004)

Congo, Republic of the
total: 17,289 km
paved: 864 km
unpaved: 16,425 km (2004)

Cook Islands
total: 320 km
paved: 33 km
unpaved: 287 km (2003)

Costa Rica
total: 35,330 km
paved: 8,621 km
unpaved: 26,709 km (2004)

Cote d'Ivoire
total: 80,000 km
paved: 6,500 km
unpaved: 73,500 km
note: includes intercity and urban roads; another 20,000 km of dirt
roads are in poor condition and 150,000 km of dirt roads are
impassable (2006)

Croatia
total: 28,344 km
paved: 24,186 km (including 742 km of expressways)
unpaved: 4,158 km (2004)

Cuba
total: 60,858 km
paved: 29,820 km (including 638 km of expressway)
unpaved: 31,038 km (1999)

Cyprus
total: 14,496 km (area under government control: 12,146 km;
area administered by Turkish Cypriots: 2,350 km)
paved: area under government control: 7,845 km (including 276 km of
expressways); area administered by Turkish Cypriots: 1,370 km
unpaved: area under government control: 4,301 km; area administered
by Turkish Cypriots: 980 km (2005/1996 est.)

Czech Republic
total: 127,747 km
paved: 127,747 km (including 518 km of expressways) (2003)

Denmark
total: 72,257 km
paved: 72,257 km (including 1,032 km of expressways) (2005)

Djibouti
total: 2,890 km
paved: 364 km
unpaved: 2,526 km (1999)

Dominica
total: 780 km
paved: 393 km
unpaved: 387 km (1999)

Dominican Republic
total: 12,600 km
paved: 6,224 km
unpaved: 6,376 km (1999)

East Timor
total: 5,000 km
paved: 2,500 km
unpaved: 2,500 km (2005)

Ecuador
total: 43,197 km
paved: 6,467 km
unpaved: 36,730 km (2004)

Egypt
total: 92,370 km
paved: 74,820 km
unpaved: 17,550 km (2004)

El Salvador
total: 10,029 km
paved: 1,986 km
unpaved: 8,043 km (1999)

Equatorial Guinea
total: 2,880 km (1999)

Eritrea
total: 4,010 km
paved: 874 km
unpaved: 3,136 km (1999)

Estonia
total: 56,856 km
paved: 13,384 km (including 99 km of expressways)
unpaved: 43,472 km (2004)

Ethiopia
total: 36,469 km
paved: 6,980 km
unpaved: 29,489 km (2004)

European Union
total: 2,294,641 km (including 61,522 km of
expressways)
paved: 1,809,821 km
unpaved: 584,820 km (2005)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
total: 440 km
paved: 50 km
unpaved: 390 km (2003)

Faroe Islands
total: 458 km
note: no roads between towns (2003)

Fiji
total: 3,440 km
paved: 1,692 km
unpaved: 1,748 km (1999)

Finland
total: 78,189 km
paved: 50,633 km (including 653 km of expressways)
unpaved: 27,556 km (2006)

France
total: 956,303 km (including 5,083 km of roads in the
overseas departments)
paved: 951,220 km (metropolitan France; including 10,490 km of
expressways) (2004)

French Polynesia
total: 2,590 km
paved: 1,735 km
unpaved: 855 km (1999)

Gabon
total: 9,170 km
paved: 937 km
unpaved: 8,233 km (2004)

Gambia, The
total: 3,742 km
paved: 723 km
unpaved: 3,019 km (2004)

Gaza Strip
note: see entry for West Bank

Georgia
total: 20,247 km
paved: 7,973 km
unpaved: 12,274 km (2004)

Germany
total: 231,581 km
paved: 231,581 km (including 12,200 km of expressways) (2005)

Ghana
total: 42,623 km
paved: 3,267 km
unpaved: 39,356 km (2004)

Gibraltar
total: 29 km
paved: 29 km (2002)

Greece
total: 114,931 km
paved: 105,507 km (including 880 km of expressways)
unpaved: 9,424 km (2004)

Greenland
total: NA
note: while there are short roads in towns, there are no roads
between towns; inter-town transport takes place either by sea or air
(2005)

Grenada
total: 1,127 km
paved: 687 km
unpaved: 440 km (1999)

Guam
total: 977 km (2004)

Guatemala
total: 14,095 km
paved: 4,863 km (including 75 km of expressways)
unpaved: 9,232 km (1999)

Guernsey
total: NA

Guinea
total: 44,348 km
paved: 4,342 km
unpaved: 40,006 km (2003)

Guinea-Bissau
total: 3,455 km
paved: 965 km
unpaved: 2,490 km (2002)

Guyana
total: 7,970 km
paved: 590 km
unpaved: 7,380 km (1999)

Haiti
total: 4,160 km
paved: 1,011 km
unpaved: 3,149 km (1999)

Honduras
total: 13,603 km
paved: 2,775 km
unpaved: 10,828 km (1999)

Hong Kong
total: 1,955 km
paved: 1,955 km (2005)

Hungary
total: 159,568 km
paved: 70,050 km (30,874 km of interurban roads including 626 km of
expressways)
unpaved: 89,518 km (2005)

Iceland
total: 13,028 km
paved/oiled gravel: 4,241 km (does not include urban roads)
unpaved: 8,787 km (2005)

India
total: 3,383,344 km
paved: 1,603,705 km
unpaved: 1,779,639 km (2002)

Indonesia
total: 368,360 km
paved: 213,649 km
unpaved: 154,711 km (2002)

Iran
total: 179,388 km
paved: 120,782 km (including 878 km of expressways)
unpaved: 58,606 km (2003)

Iraq
total: 45,550 km
paved: 38,399 km
unpaved: 7,151 km (1999)

Ireland
total: 96,602 km
paved: 96,602 km (including 200 km of expressways) (2003)

Isle of Man
total: 800 km
paved: 800 km (1999)

Israel
total: 17,446 km
paved: 17,446 km (including 144 km of expressways) (2004)

Italy
total: 484,688 km
paved: 484,688 km (including 6,621 km of expressways) (2004)

Jamaica
total: 20,996 km
paved: 15,386 km (including 33 km of expressways)
unpaved: 5,610 km (2004)

Japan
total: 1.183 million km
paved: 925,000 km (including 6,946 km of expressways)
unpaved: 258,000 km (2003)

Jersey
total: 577 km

Jordan
total: 7,500 km
paved: 7,500 km (2004)

Kazakhstan
total: 90,018 km
paved: 84,104 km
unpaved: 5,914 km (2004)

Kenya
total: 63,265 km (interurban roads)
paved: 8,933 km
unpaved: 54,332 km
note: there also are 100,000 km of rural roads and 14,500 km of
urban roads for a national total of 177,765 km (2004)

Kiribati
total: 670 km (1999)

Korea, North
total: 31,200 km
paved: 1,997 km
unpaved: 29,203 km (1999 est.)

Korea, South
total: 100,279 km
paved: 87,032 km (including 3,060 km of expressways)
unpaved: 13,247 km (2004)

Kuwait
total: 5,749 km
paved: 4,887 km
unpaved: 862 km (2004)

Kyrgyzstan
total: 18,500 km
paved: 16,854 km
unpaved: 1,646 km (1999)

Laos
total: 31,210 km
paved: 4,494 km
unpaved: 26,716 km (2003)

Latvia
total: 69,532 km
paved: 69,532 km (2004)

Lebanon
total: 7,300 km
paved: 6,198 km
unpaved: 1,102 km (1999)

Lesotho
total: 5,940 km
paved: 1,087 km
unpaved: 4,853 km (1999)

Liberia
total: 10,600 km
paved: 657 km
unpaved: 9,943 km (1999)

Libya
total: 83,200 km
paved: 47,590 km
unpaved: 35,610 km (1999)

Liechtenstein
total: 380 km
paved: 380 km (2006)

Lithuania
total: 79,497 km
paved: 70,549 km (including 417 km of expressways)
unpaved: 8,948 km (2005)

Luxembourg
total: 5,227 km
paved: 5,227 km (including 147 km of expressways) (2004)

Macau
total: 368 km
paved: 368 km (2005)

Macedonia
total: 8,684 km
paved: 5,540 km
unpaved: 3,144 km (1999)

Madagascar
total: 49,827 km
paved: 5,780 km
unpaved: 44,047 km (1999)

Malawi
total: 15,451 km
paved: 6,956 km
unpaved: 8,495 km (2003)

Malaysia
total: 98,721 km
paved: 80,280 km (including 1,821 km of expressways)
unpaved: 18,441 km (2004)

Maldives
total: 88 km
paved roads: 88 km - 60 km in Male; 14 km on Addu Atolis; 14 km on
Laamu
note: village roads are mainly compacted coral (2006)

Mali
total: 18,709 km
paved: 3,368 km
unpaved: 15,341 km (2004)

Malta
total: 2,227 km
paved: 2,014 km
unpaved: 213 km (2004)

Marshall Islands
total: 64.5 km
paved: 64.5 km
note: paved roads on major islands (Majuro, Kwajalein), otherwise
stone-, coral-, or laterite-surfaced roads and tracks (2002)

Mauritania
total: 7,660 km
paved: 866 km
unpaved: 6,794 km (1999)

Mauritius
total: 2,020 km
paved: 2,020 km (including 75 km of expressways) (2005)

Mayotte
total: 93 km
paved: 72 km
unpaved: 21 km

Mexico
total: 235,670 km
paved: 116,751 km (including 6,144 km of expressways)
unpaved: 118,919 km (2004)

Micronesia, Federated States of
total: 240 km
paved: 42 km
unpaved: 198 km (1999)

Midway Islands
total: NA

Moldova
total: 12,733 km
paved: 10,976 km
unpaved: 1,757 km (2004)

Monaco
total: 50 km
paved: 50 km (1999)

Mongolia
total: 49,250 km
paved: 1,724 km
unpaved: 47,526 km (2002)

Montenegro
total: 7,353 km
paved: 4,274 km
unpaved: 3,079 km (2005)

Montserrat
total: 227 km
note: volcanic eruptions that began in 1995 destroyed most of the
road system (2003)

Morocco
total: 57,493 km
paved: 32,716 km (including 507 km of expressways)
unpaved: 24,777 km (2004)

Mozambique
total: 30,400 km
paved: 5,685 km
unpaved: 24,715 km (1999)

Namibia
total: 42,237 km
paved: 5,406 km
unpaved: 36,831 km (2002)

Nauru
total: 30 km
paved: 24 km
unpaved: 6 km (1999 est.)

Nepal
total: 17,380 km
paved: 9,886 km
unpaved: 7,494 km (2004)

Netherlands
total: 134,000 km (including 3,270 km of expressways)
(2004)

New Caledonia
total: 5,432 km (2000)

New Zealand
total: 92,931 km
paved: 59,783 km (including 171 km of expressways)
unpaved: 33,148 km (2003)

Nicaragua
total: 19,036 km
paved: 2,299 km
unpaved: 16,737 km (2005)

Niger
total: 14,565 km
paved: 3,641 km
unpaved: 10,924 km (2004)

Nigeria
total: 194,394 km
paved: 60,068 km
unpaved: 134,326 km (1999)

Niue
total: 234 km
paved: 86 km
unpaved: 148 km (2001)

Norfolk Island
total: 80 km
paved: 53 km
unpaved: 27 km (2002)

Northern Mariana Islands
total: 536 km (2004)

Norway
total: 92,513 km
paved: 71,832 km (including 664 km of expressways)
unpaved: 20,681 km (2005)

Oman
total: 34,965 km
paved: 9,673 km (including 550 km of expressways)
unpaved: 25,292 km (2001)

Pakistan
total: 258,340 km
paved: 167,146 km (including 711 km of expressways)
unpaved: 91,194 km (2004)

Palau
total: 61 km
paved: 36 km
unpaved: 25 km

Panama
total: 11,643 km
paved: 4,028 km
unpaved: 7,615 km (2000)

Papua New Guinea
total: 19,600 km
paved: 686 km
unpaved: 18,914 km (1999)

Paraguay
total: 29,500 km
paved: 14,986 km
unpaved: 14,514 km (1999)

Peru
total: 78,829 km
paved: 11,351 km (including 276 km of expressways)
unpaved: 67,478 km (2004)

Philippines
total: 200,037 km
paved: 19,804 km
unpaved: 180,233 km (2003)

Pitcairn Islands
total: 6 km
unpaved: 6 km (dirt roads)

Poland
total: 423,997 km
paved: 295,356 km (including 484 km of expressways)
unpaved: 128,641 km (2004)

Portugal
total: 78,470 km
paved: 67,484 km (including 2,002 km of expressways)
unpaved: 10,986 km (2004)

Puerto Rico
total: 25,735 km
paved: 24,353 km (including 427 km of expressways)
unpaved: 1,382 km (2005)

Qatar
total: 1,230 km
paved: 1,107 km
unpaved: 123 km (1999)

Romania
total: 198,817 km
paved: 60,043 km (including 228 km of expressways)
unpaved: 138,774 km (2004)

Russia
total: 871,000 km
paved: 738,000 km (including 29,000 km of expressways)
unpaved: 133,000 km
note: includes public and departmental roads (2004)

Rwanda
total: 14,008 km
paved: 2,662 km
unpaved: 11,346 km (2004)

Saint Helena
total: 198 km (Saint Helena 138 km, Ascension 40 km,
Tristan da Cunha 20 km)
paved: 168 km (Saint Helena 118km, Ascension 40 km, Tristan da Cunha
10 km)
unpaved: 30 km (Saint Helena 20 km, Ascension 0 km, Tristan da Cunha
10 km) (2002)

Saint Kitts and Nevis
total: 320 km
paved: 138 km
unpaved: 182 km (1999 est)

Saint Lucia
total: 910 km
paved: 48 km
unpaved: 862 km (2000)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
total: 829 km
paved: 580 km
unpaved: 249 km (2003)

Samoa
total: 2,337 km
paved: 332 km
unpaved: 2,005 km (2004)

San Marino
total: 104 km
paved: 104 km (2003)

Sao Tome and Principe
total: 320 km
paved: 218 km
unpaved: 102 km (1999)

Saudi Arabia
total: 152,044 km
paved: 45,461 km
unpaved: 106,583 km (2000)

Senegal
total: 13,576 km
paved: 3,972 km (including 7 km of expressways)
unpaved: 9,604 km (2003)

Serbia
total: 37,887 km
paved: 23,937 km
unpaved: 13,950 km (2002)

Seychelles
total: 458 km
paved: 440 km
unpaved: 18 km (2003)

Sierra Leone
total: 11,300 km
paved: 904 km
unpaved: 10,396 km (2002)

Singapore
total: 3,234 km
paved: 3,234 km (including 150 km of expressways) (2005)

Slovakia
total: 42,993 km
paved: 37,533 km (including 316 km of expressways)
unpaved: 5,460 km (2004)

Slovenia
total: 38,451 km
paved: 38,451 km (including 483 km of expressways) (2004)

Solomon Islands
total: 1,360 km
paved: 34 km
unpaved: 1,326 km (1999)

Somalia
total: 22,100 km
paved: 2,608 km
unpaved: 19,492 km (1999)

South Africa
total: 362,099 km
paved: 73,506 km (including 239 km of expressways)
unpaved: 288,593 km (2002)

Spain
total: 666,292 km
paved: 659,629 km (including 12,009 km of expressways)
unpaved: 6,663 km (2003)

Sri Lanka
total: 97,287 km
paved: 78,802 km
unpaved: 18,485 km (2003)

Sudan
total: 11,900 km
paved: 4,320 km
unpaved: 7,580 km (1999)

Suriname
total: 4,304 km
paved: 1,130 km
unpaved: 3,174 km (2003)

Swaziland
total: 3,594 km
paved: 1,078 km
unpaved: 2,516 km (2002)

Sweden
total: 424,947 km
paved: 129,651 km (including 1,591 km of expressways)
unpaved: 295,296 km (2004)

Switzerland
total: 71,297 km
paved: 71,297 km (including 1,728 of expressways) (2004)

Syria
total: 94,890 km
paved: 19,073 km
unpaved: 75,817 km (2004)

Taiwan
total: 37,299 km
paved: 35,621 km (including 789 km of expressways)
unpaved: 1,678 km (2002)

Tajikistan
total: 27,767 km (2000)

Tanzania
total: 78,891 km
paved: 6,808 km
unpaved: 72,083 km (2003)

Thailand
total: 57,403 km
paved: 56,542 km
unpaved: 861 km (2000)

Togo
total: 7,520 km
paved: 2,376 km
unpaved: 5,144 km (1999)

Tonga
total: 680 km
paved: 184 km
unpaved: 496 km (1999)

Trinidad and Tobago
total: 8,320 km
paved: 4,252 km
unpaved: 4,068 km (1999)

Tunisia
total: 19,232 km
paved: 12,655 km (including 262 km of expressways)
unpaved: 6,577 km (2004)

Turkey
total: 426,906 km
paved: 177,550 km (including 1,892 km of expressways)
unpaved: 249,356 km (2004)

Turkmenistan
total: 24,000 km
paved: 19,488 km
unpaved: 4,512 km (1999)

Turks and Caicos Islands
total: 121 km
paved: 24 km
unpaved: 97 km (2003)

Tuvalu
total: 8 km
paved: 8 km (2002)

Uganda
total: 70,746 km
paved: 16,272 km
unpaved: 54,474 km (2003)

Ukraine
total: 169,477 km
paved: 164,732 km (including 15 km of expressways)
unpaved: 4,745 km (2004)

United Arab Emirates
total: 1,088 km
paved: 1,088 km (including 253 km of expressways) (1999)

United Kingdom
total: 388,008 km
paved: 388,008 km (including 3,520 km of expressways) (2005)

United States
total: 6,430,366 km
paved: 4,165,110 km (including 75,009 km of expressways)
unpaved: 2,265,256 km (2005)

Uruguay
total: 77,732 km
paved: 7,743 km
unpaved: 69,989 km (2004)

Uzbekistan
total: 81,600 km
paved: 71,237 km
unpaved: 10,363 km (1999)

Vanuatu
total: 1,070 km
paved: 256 km
unpaved: 814 km (1999)

Venezuela
total: 96,155 km
paved: 32,308 km
unpaved: 63,847 km (1999)

Vietnam
total: 222,179 km
paved: 42,167 km
unpaved: 180,012 km (2004)

Virgin Islands
total: 1,257 km (2004)

West Bank
total: 4,996 km
paved: 4,996 km
note: includes Gaza Strip (2004)

World
total: 32,345,165 km
paved: 19,403,061 km
unpaved: 12,942,104 km (2002)

Yemen
total: 71,300 km
paved: 6,200 km
unpaved: 65,100 km (2005)

Zambia
total: 91,440 km
paved: 20,117 km
unpaved: 71,323 km (2001)

Zimbabwe
total: 97,440 km
paved: 18,514 km
unpaved: 78,926 km (2002)

This page was last updated on 8 February, 2007

======================================================================

@2086 Illicit drugs

Afghanistan
world's largest producer of opium; cultivation dropped
48% to 107,400 hectares in 2005; better weather and lack of
widespread disease returned opium yields to normal levels, meaning
potential opium production declined by only 10% to 4,475 metric
tons; if the entire poppy crop were processed, it is estimated that
526 metric tons of heroin could be processed; source of hashish;
many narcotics-processing labs throughout the country; drug trade
source of instability and some antigovernment groups profit from the
trade; 80-90% of the heroin consumed in Europe comes from Afghan
opium; vulnerable to narcotics money laundering through informal
financial networks

Albania
increasingly active transshipment point for Southwest Asian
opiates, hashish, and cannabis transiting the Balkan route and - to
a far lesser extent - cocaine from South America destined for
Western Europe; limited opium and growing cannabis production;
ethnic Albanian narcotrafficking organizations active and expanding
in Europe; vulnerable to money laundering associated with regional
trafficking in narcotics, arms, contraband, and illegal aliens

Angola
used as a transshipment point for cocaine destined for
Western Europe and other African states

Anguilla
transshipment point for South American narcotics destined
for the US and Europe

Antigua and Barbuda
considered a minor transshipment point for
narcotics bound for the US and Europe; more significant as an
offshore financial center

Argentina
used as a transshipment country for cocaine headed for
Europe; some money-laundering activity, especially in the Tri-Border
Area; domestic consumption of drugs in urban centers is increasing

Armenia
illicit cultivation of small amount of cannabis for domestic
consumption; minor transit point for illicit drugs - mostly opium
and hashish - moving from Southwest Asia to Russia and to a lesser
extent the rest of Europe

Aruba
transit point for US- and Europe-bound narcotics with some
accompanying money-laundering activity

Australia
Tasmania is one of the world's major suppliers of licit
opiate products; government maintains strict controls over areas of
opium poppy cultivation and output of poppy straw concentrate

Austria
transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin and South
American cocaine destined for Western Europe

Azerbaijan
limited illicit cultivation of cannabis and opium poppy,
mostly for CIS consumption; small government eradication program;
transit point for Southwest Asian opiates bound for Russia and to a
lesser extent the rest of Europe

Bahamas, The
transshipment point for cocaine and marijuana bound for
US and Europe; offshore financial center

Bangladesh
transit country for illegal drugs produced in neighboring
countries

Barbados
one of many Caribbean transshipment points for narcotics
bound for Europe and the US; offshore financial center

Belarus
limited cultivation of opium poppy and cannabis, mostly for
the domestic market; transshipment point for illicit drugs to and
via Russia, and to the Baltics and Western Europe; a small and
lightly regulated financial center; new anti-money-laundering
legislation does not meet international standards; few
investigations or prosecutions of money-laundering activities

Belgium
growing producer of synthetic drugs; transit point for
US-bound ecstasy; source of precursor chemicals for South American
cocaine processors; transshipment point for cocaine, heroin,
hashish, and marijuana entering Western Europe; despite a
strengthening of legislation, the country remains vulnerable to
money laundering related to narcotics, automobiles, alcohol, and
tobacco

Belize
transshipment point for cocaine; small-scale illicit producer
of cannabis for the international drug trade; money-laundering
activity related to narcotics trafficking and offshore sector

Benin
transshipment point for narcotics associated with Nigerian
trafficking organizations and most commonly destined for Western
Europe and the US; vulnerable to money laundering due to a poorly
regulated financial infrastructure

Bolivia
world's third-largest cultivator of coca (after Colombia and
Peru) with an estimated 26,500 hectares under cultivation in August
2005, an 8% increase from 2004; intermediate coca products and
cocaine exported mostly to or through Brazil, Argentina, and Chile
to European drug markets; cultivation steadily increasing despite
eradication and alternative crop programs; money-laundering activity
related to narcotics trade, especially along the borders with Brazil
and Paraguay

Bosnia and Herzegovina
minor transit point for marijuana and opiate
trafficking routes to Western Europe; remains highly vulnerable to
money-laundering activity given a primarily cash-based and
unregulated economy, weak law enforcement, and instances of
corruption

Brazil
illicit producer of cannabis; trace amounts of coca
cultivation in the Amazon region, used for domestic consumption;
government has a large-scale eradication program to control
cannabis; important transshipment country for Bolivian, Colombian,
and Peruvian cocaine headed for Europe; also used by traffickers as
a way station for narcotics air transshipments between Peru and
Colombia; upsurge in drug-related violence and weapons smuggling;
important market for Colombian, Bolivian, and Peruvian cocaine;
illicit narcotics proceeds earned in Brazil are often laundered
through the financial system; significant illicit financial activity
in the Tri-Border Area

British Virgin Islands
transshipment point for South American
narcotics destined for the US and Europe; large offshore financial
center makes it vulnerable to money laundering

Brunei
drug trafficking and illegally importing controlled
substances are serious offenses in Brunei and carry a mandatory
death penalty

Bulgaria
major European transshipment point for Southwest Asian
heroin and, to a lesser degree, South American cocaine for the
European market; limited producer of precursor chemicals; some money
laundering of drug-related proceeds through financial institutions

Burma
remains world's second largest producer of illicit opium
(estimated production in 2004 - 292 metric tons, down 40% from 2003
due to eradication efforts and drought; cultivation in 2004 - 30,900
hectares, a 34% decline from 2003); lack of government will to take
on major narcotrafficking groups and lack of serious commitment
against money laundering continues to hinder the overall antidrug
effort; major source of methamphetamine and heroin for regional
consumption; currently under Financial Action Task Force
countermeasures due to continued failure to address its inadequate
money-laundering controls (2005)

Cambodia
narcotics-related corruption reportedly involving some in
the government, military, and police; possible small-scale heroin
and methamphetamine production; vulnerable to money laundering due
to its cash-based economy and porous borders

Canada
illicit producer of cannabis for the domestic drug market and
export to US; use of hydroponics technology permits growers to plant
large quantities of high-quality marijuana indoors; transit point
for ecstasy entering the US market; vulnerable to narcotics money
laundering because of its mature financial services sector

Cape Verde
used as a transshipment point for illicit drugs moving
from Latin America and Asia destined for Western Europe; the lack of
a well-developed financial system limits the country's utility as a
money-laundering center

Cayman Islands
offshore financial center; vulnerable to drug
transshipment to the US and Europe

Chile
important transshipment country for cocaine destined for
Europe; economic prosperity and increasing trade have made Chile
more attractive to traffickers seeking to launder drug profits,
especially through the Iquique Free Trade Zone, but a new
anti-money-laundering law improves controls; imported precursors
passed on to Bolivia; domestic cocaine consumption is rising

China
major transshipment point for heroin produced in the Golden
Triangle; growing domestic drug abuse problem; source country for
chemical precursors and methamphetamine

Colombia
illicit producer of coca, opium poppy, and cannabis;
world's leading coca cultivator (cultivation of coca in 2004 was
114,100 hectares, virtually unchanged from 2003, but down one-third
from its peak of 169,800 ha); producing a potential of 430 mt of
pure cocaine; the world's largest producer of coca derivatives;
supplying most of the US market and the great majority of cocaine to
other international drug markets; important supplier of heroin to
the US market; opium poppy cultivation fell 50% between 2003 and
2004 to 2,100 hectares yielding a potential 3.8 metric tons of pure
heroin, mostly for the US market; in 2004, aerial eradication
treated over 130,000 hectares of coca but aggressive replanting on
the part of growers means Colombia remains a key producer; a
significant portion of non-US narcotics proceeds are either
laundered or invested in Colombia through the black market peso
exchange

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
illicit producer of cannabis,
mostly for domestic consumption; while rampant corruption and
inadequate supervision leaves the banking system vulnerable to money
laundering, the lack of a well-developed financial system limits the
country's utility as a money-laundering center

Costa Rica
transshipment country for cocaine and heroin from South
America; illicit production of cannabis on small, scattered plots;
domestic cocaine consumption, particularly crack cocaine, is rising

Cote d'Ivoire
illicit producer of cannabis, mostly for local
consumption; transshipment point for Southwest and Southeast Asian
heroin to Europe and occasionally to the US, and for Latin American
cocaine destined for Europe and South Africa; while rampant
corruption and inadequate supervision leave the banking system
vulnerable to money laundering, the lack of a developed financial
system limits the country's utility as a major money-laundering
center

Croatia
transit point along the Balkan route for Southwest Asian
heroin to Western Europe; has been used as a transit point for
maritime shipments of South American cocaine bound for Western Europe

Cuba
territorial waters and air space serve as transshipment zone
for US and European-bound drugs; established the death penalty for
certain drug-related crimes in 1999

Cyprus
minor transit point for heroin and hashish via air routes and
container traffic to Europe, especially from Lebanon and Turkey;
some cocaine transits as well; despite a strengthening of
anti-money-laundering legislation, remains vulnerable to money
laundering; reporting of suspicious transactions in offshore sector
remains weak

Czech Republic
transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin and
minor transit point for Latin American cocaine to Western Europe;
producer of synthetic drugs for local and regional markets;
susceptible to money laundering related to drug trafficking,
organized crime

Dominica
transshipment point for narcotics bound for the US and
Europe; minor cannabis producer; anti-money-laundering enforcement
is weak, making the country particularly vulnerable to money
laundering

Dominican Republic
transshipment point for South American drugs
destined for the US and Europe; has become a transshipment point for
ecstasy from the Netherlands and Belgium destined for US and Canada;
substantial money-laundering activity; Colombian narcotics
traffickers favor the Dominican Republic for illicit financial
transactions

East Timor
NA

Ecuador
significant transit country for cocaine originating in
Colombia and Peru; importer of precursor chemicals used in
production of illicit narcotics; attractive location for
cash-placement by drug traffickers laundering money because of
dollarization and weak anti-money-laundering regime; increased
activity on the northern frontier by trafficking groups and
Colombian insurgents

Egypt
transit point for Southwest Asian and Southeast Asian heroin
and opium moving to Europe, Africa, and the US; transit stop for
Nigerian couriers; concern as money-laundering site due to lax
enforcement of financial regulations

El Salvador
transshipment point for cocaine; small amounts of
marijuana produced for local consumption; domestic cocaine abuse on
the rise

Estonia
transshipment point for opiates and cannabis from Southwest
Asia and the Caucasus via Russia, cocaine from Latin America to
Western Europe and Scandinavia, and synthetic drugs from Western
Europe to Scandinavia; increasing domestic drug abuse problem;
possible precursor manufacturing and/or trafficking; potential money
laundering related to organized crime and drug trafficking is a
concern, as is possible use of the gambling sector to launder funds

Ethiopia
transit hub for heroin originating in Southwest and
Southeast Asia and destined for Europe and North America, as well as
cocaine destined for markets in southern Africa; cultivates qat
(khat) for local use and regional export, principally to Djibouti
and Somalia (legal in all three countries); the lack of a
well-developed financial system limits the country's utility as a
money-laundering center

France
metropolitan France: transshipment point for and consumer of
South American cocaine, Southwest Asian heroin, and European
synthetics
French Guiana: small amount of marijuana grown for local
consumption; minor transshipment point to Europe
Martinique: transshipment point for cocaine and marijuana bound for
the US and Europe

Georgia
limited cultivation of cannabis and opium poppy, mostly for
domestic consumption; used as transshipment point for opiates via
Central Asia to Western Europe and Russia