Chapter LIV: Part II: (133 less developed countries) Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, (5)

Name Entry in The World Factbook Latitude
(deg min) Longitude
(deg min)
S Saba [island] Netherlands Antilles 17 38 N 63 10 W
Sabah [state] Malaysia 5 20 N 117 10 E
Sable Island Canada 43 55 N 59 50 W
Safety Islands (Iles du Salut) French Guiana 5 20 N 52 37 W
Sahel Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Chad, The Gambia, Guinea-Bissau,
Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Senegal 15 00 N 8 00 W
Saigon (see Ho Chi Minh City) Vietnam 10 45 N 106 40 E
Saint Brandon (Cargados Carajos Shoals) Mauritius 16 25 S 59 38 E
Saint Christopher [island] Saint Kitts and Nevis 17 20 N 62 45 W
Saint Christopher and Nevis Saint Kitts and Nevis 17 20 N 62 45 W
Saint-Denis Reunion 20 52 S 55 28 E
Saint George's [US Embassy] Grenada 12 03 N 61 45 W
Saint George's Channel Atlantic Ocean 52 00 N 6 00 W
Saint Helier Jersey 49 12 N 2 37 W
Saint John's Antigua and Barbuda 17 06 N 61 51 W
Saint Lawrence, Gulf of Atlantic Ocean 48 00 N 62 00 W
Saint Lawrence Island United States 49 30 N 67 00 W
Saint Lawrence Seaway Atlantic Ocean 49 15 N 67 00 W
Saint Martin [island] Guadeloupe 18 04 N 63 04 W
Saint Martin (Sint Maarten) Netherlands Antilles 18 04 N 63 04 W
Saint Paul Island Canada 47 12 N 60 09 W
Saint Paul Island United States 57 11 N 170 16 W
Saint Paul Island (Ile Saint-Paul) French Southern and Antarctic
Lands 38 43 S 77 29 E
Saint Peter and Saint Paul Rocks (Penedos de Sao Pedro e Sao Paulo)
Brazil 0 23 N 29 23 W
Saint Peter Port Guernsey 49 27 N 2 32 W
Saint Petersburg [US Consulate General] Russia 59 55 N 30 15 E
Saint-Pierre Saint Pierre and Miquelon 46 46 N 56 11 W
Saint Thomas [island] Virgin Islands 18 21 N 64 55 W
Saint Vincent Passage Atlantic Ocean 13 30 N 61 00 W
Saipan [island] Northern Mariana Islands 15 12 N 145 45 E
Sakishima Islands Japan 24 30 N 124 00 E
Sakhalin Island (Ostrov Sakhalin) Russia 51 00 N 143 00 E
Sala y Gomez, Isla Chile 26 28 S 105 00 W
Salisbury (see Harare) Zimbabwe 17 50 S 105 00 W
Salvador de Bahia [US Consular Agency] Brazil 12 59 S 38 31 W
Salzburg Austria 47 48 N 13 02 E
Samar [island] Philippines 12 00 N 125 00 E
Samaria [region] West Bank 32 15 N 35 10 E
Samoa Islands American Samoa, Samoa 14 00 S 171 00 W
Samos [island] Greece 37 48 N 26 44 E
Sanaa [US Embassy] Yemen 15 21 N 44 12 E
San Ambrosio, Isla Chile 26 21 S 79 52 W
San Andres y Providencia, Archipielago Colombia 13 00 N 81 30 W
San Bernardino Strait Pacific Ocean 12 32 N 124 10 E
San Felix, Isla Chile 26 17 S 80 05 W
San Jose [US Embassy] Costa Rica 9 56 N 84 05 W
San Juan Puerto Rico 18 28 N 66 07 W
San Marino San Marino 43 56 N 12 25 E
San Salvador [US Embassy] El Salvador 13 42 N 89 12 W
Santa Cruz Bolivia 17 48 S 63 10 W
Santa Cruz Islands Solomon Islands 11 00 S 166 15 E
Santiago [US Embassy] Chile 33 27 S 70 40 W
Santo Antao [island] Cape Verde 17 05 N 25 10 W
Santo Domingo [US Embassy] Dominican Republic 18 28 N 69 54 W
Sao Paulo [US Consulate General] Brazil 23 32 S 46 37 W
Sao Pedro e Sao Paulo, Penedos de [rocks] Brazil 0 23 N 29 23 W
Sao Tiago [island] Cape Verde 15 05 N 23 40 W
Sao Tome [island] Sao Tome and Principe 0 12 N 6 39 E
Sapporo [US Consulate General] Japan 43 03 N 141 21 E
Sapudi Strait Pacific Ocean 7 05 S 114 10 E
Sarajevo [US Embassy] Bosnia and Herzegovina 43 52 N 18 25 E
Sarawak [state] Malaysia 2 30 N 113 30 E
Sardinia [island] Italy 40 00 N 9 00 E
Sargasso Sea Atlantic Ocean 30 00 N 55 00 W
Sark [island] Guernsey 49 26 N 2 21 W
Saxony [region] Germany 51 00 N 13 00 E
Schleswig-Holstein [region] Germany 54 31 N 9 33 E
Scopus, Mount Israel, West Bank 31 48 N 35 14 E
Scotia Sea Atlantic Ocean 56 00 S 40 00 W
Scotland [region] United Kingdom 57 00 N 4 00 W
Scott Island Antarctica 67 24 S 179 55 W
Senyavin Islands Federated States of Micronesia 6 55 N 158 00 E
Seoul [US Embassy] South Korea 37 34 N 127 00 E
Serbia Serbia and Montenegro 43 00 N 21 00 E
Serrana Bank Colombia 14 25 N 80 16 W
Serranilla Bank Colombia 15 51 N 79 46 W
Settlement, The Christmas Island 18 44 N 64 19 W
Severnaya Zemlya (Northland) [island group] Russia 79 30 N 98 00 E
Shaba [region] Democratic Republic of the Congo 8 00 S 27 00 E
Shag Island Heard Island and McDonald Islands 53 00 S 72 30 E
Shag Rocks South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 53 33 S 42
02 W
Shanghai [US Consulate General] China 31 14 N 121 28 E
Shenyang [US Consulate General] China 41 48 N 123 27 E
Shetland Islands United Kingdom 60 30 N 1 30 W
Shikoku [island] Japan 33 45 N 133 30 E
Shikotan [island] Russia [de facto] 43 47 N 146 45 E
Siam Thailand 15 00 N 100 00 E
Siberia [region] Russia 60 00 N 100 00 E
Sibutu Passage Pacific Ocean 4 50 N 119 35 E
Sicily [island] Italy 37 30 N 14 00 E
Sicily, Strait of Atlantic Ocean 37 20 N 11 20 E
Sidra, Gulf of Atlantic Ocean 31 30 N 18 00 E
Sikkim [state] India 27 50 N 88 30 E
Sinai Peninsula Egypt 29 30 N 34 00 E
Singapore [US Embassy] Singapore 1 17 N 103 51 E
Singapore Strait Pacific Ocean 1 15 N 104 00 E
Sinkiang (Xinjiang) China 42 00 N 86 00 E
Sint Eustatius [island] Netherlands Antilles 17 29 N 62 58 W
Sint Maarten [island] Netherlands Antilles 18 04 N 63 04 W
Skagerrak [strait] Atlantic Ocean 57 45 N 9 00 E
Skopje [US Embassy] The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia 41 59
N 21 26 E
Society Islands (Iles de la Societe) French Polynesia 17 00 S 150 00
W
Socotra [island] Yemen 12 30 N 54 00 E
Sofia [US Embassy] Bulgaria 42 41 N 23 19 E
Solomon Islands, northern Papua New Guinea 6 00 S 155 00 E
Solomon Islands, southern Solomon Islands 8 00 S 159 00 E
Solomon Sea Pacific Ocean 8 00 S 153 00 E
Songkhla Thailand 7 12 N 100 36 E
Sound, The (Oresund) Atlantic Ocean 55 50 N 12 40 E
South Atlantic Ocean Atlantic Ocean 30 00 S 15 00 W
South China Sea Pacific Ocean 10 00 N 113 00 E
South Georgia [island] South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
54 15 S 36 45 W
South Island New Zealand 43 00 S 171 00 E
South Korea South Korea 37 00 N 127 30 E
South Orkney Islands Antarctica 61 00 S 45 00 W
South Ossetia [region] Georgia 42 20 N 44 00 E
South Pacific Ocean Pacific Ocean 30 00 S 130 00 W
South Sandwich Islands South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
57 45 S 26 30 W
South Shetland Islands Antarctica 62 00 S 59 00 W
South Tyrol [region] Italy 46 30 N 10 30 E
South Vietnam Vietnam 12 00 N 108 00 E
South Yemen (People's Democratic Republic of Yemen) Yemen 14 00 N 48
00 E
South-West Africa Namibia 22 00 S 17 00 E
Southern Grenadines Grenada 12 20 N 61 30 W
Southern Rhodesia Zimbabwe 20 00 S 30 00 E
Soviet Union Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia, Georgia,
Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Russia,
Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan
Spanish Guinea Equatorial Guinea 2 00 N 10 00 E
Spanish Morocco Morocco 32 00 N 7 00 W
Spanish North Africa Spain (Ceuta, Islas Chafarinas, Melilla, Penon
de Alhucemas, Penon de Velez de la Gomera) 35 15 N 4 00 W
Spanish Sahara Western Sahara 24 30 N 13 00 W
Spice Islands (Moluccas) Indonesia 2 00 S 28 00 E
Spitsbergen [island] Svalbard 78 00 N 20 00 E
Stanley Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) 51 42 S 57 41 W
Stockholm [US Embassy] Sweden 59 20 N 18 03 E
Strasbourg [US Consulate General] France 48 35 N 7 45 E
Stuttgart Germany 48 46 N 9 11 E
Sucre Bolivia 19 02 S 65 17 W
Suez Canal Egypt 29 55 N 32 33 E
Suez, Gulf of Indian Ocean 28 10 N 33 27 E
Sulu Archipelago Philippines 6 00 N 121 00 E
Sulu Sea Pacific Ocean 8 00 N 120 00 E
Sumatra [island] Indonesia 0 00 N 102 00 E
Sumba [island] Indonesia 10 00 S 120 00 E
Sunda Islands (Soenda Isles) Indonesia, Malaysia 2 00 S 110 00 E
Sunda Strait Indian Ocean 6 00 S 105 45 E
Surabaya [US Consulate General] Indonesia 7 15 S 112 45 E
Surigao Strait Pacific Ocean 10 15 N 125 23 E
Surinam Suriname 4 00 N 56 00 W
Suva [US Embassy] Fiji 18 08 S 178 25 E
Sverdlovsk (see Yekaterinburg) Russia 56 50 N 60 39 E
Swains Island American Samoa 11 3 S 171 15 W
Swan Islands Honduras 17 25 S 83 56 W
Sydney [US Consulate General] Australia 33 52 S 151 13 E

Name Entry in The World Factbook Latitude
(deg min) Longitude
(deg min)
T Tahiti [island] French Polynesia 17 37 S 149 27 W
Taipei Taiwan 25 03 N 121 30 E
Taiwan Strait Pacific Ocean 24 00 N 119 00 E
Tallinn [US Embassy] Estonia 59 25 N 24 45 E
Tanganyika Tanzania 6 00 S 35 00 E
Tangier Morocco 35 48 N 5 45 W
Tarawa [island] Kiribati 1 25 N 173 00 E
Tatar Strait Pacific Ocean 50 00 N 141 00 E
Tashkent [US Embassy] Uzbekistan 41 20 N 69 18 E
Tasmania [island] Australia 43 00 S 147 00 E
Tasman Sea Pacific Ocean 4 30 S 168 00 E
Taymyr Peninsula (Poluostrov Taymyr) Russia 76 00 N 104 00 E
T'bilisi [US Embassy] Georgia 41 43 N 44 49 E
Tegucigalpa [US Embassy] Honduras 14 06 N 87 13 W
Tehran [US post not maintained; representation by Swiss Embassy]
Iran 35 40 N 51 26 E
Tel Aviv [US Embassy] Israel 32 05 N 34 48 E
Terre Adelie (Adelie Land) [claimed by France] Antarctica 66 30 S
139 00 E
Thailand, Gulf of Pacific Ocean 10 00 N 101 00 E
Thessaloniki [US Consulate General] Greece 40 38 N 22 56 E
Thimphu Bhutan 27 28 N 89 39 E
Thuringia [region] Germany 51 00 N 11 00 E
Thurston Island Antarctica 72 20 S 99 00 W
Tiberias, Lake Israel 32 48 N 35 35 E
Tibet (Xizang) China 32 00 N 90 00 E
Tibilisi (see T'bilisi) Georgia 41 43 N 44 49 E
Tien Shan [mountains] China, Kyrgyzstan 42 00 N 80 00 E
Tierra del Fuego Argentina, Chile 54 00 S 69 00 W
Tijuana [US Consulate General] Mexico 32 32 N 117 01 W
Timor [island] Indonesia 9 00 S 125 00 E
Timor Sea Pacific Ocean 11 00 S 128 00 E
Tinian [island] Northern Mariana Islands 15 00 N 145 38 E
Tiran, Strait of Indian Ocean 28 00 N 34 27 E
Tirane [US Embassy] Albania 41 20 N 19 50 E
Tirol [region] Austria, Italy 47 00 N 11 00 E
Tobago [island] Trinidad and Tobago 11 15 N 60 40 W
Tokyo [US Embassy] Japan 35 42 N 139 46 E
Tonkin, Gulf of Pacific Ocean 20 00 N 108 00 E
Toronto [US Consulate General] Canada 43 39 N 79 23 W
Torres Strait Pacific Ocean 10 25 S 142 10 E
Torshavn Faroe Islands 62 01 N 6 46 W
Toshkent (see Tashkent) Uzbekistan 41 20 N 69 18 E
Transjordan Jordan 31 00 N 36 00 E
Transkei South Africa 32 15 S 28 15 E
Transylvania [region] Romania 46 30 N 24 00 E
Trindade, Ilha de Brazil 20 31 S 29 20 W
Tripoli Lebanon 34 26 N 35 51 E
Tripoli [US post not maintained; representation by Belgian Embassy]
Libya 32 54 N 13 11 E
Tristan da Cunha Group Saint Helena 37 04 S 12 19 W
Trobriand Islands Papua New Guinea 8 38 S 151 04 E
Trucial Coast United Arab Emirates 24 00 N 54 00 E
Trucial Oman United Arab Emirates 24 00 N 54 00 E
Trucial States United Arab Emirates 24 00 N 54 00 E
Truk Islands Federated States of Micronesia 7 25 N 151 47 E
Tsugaru Strait Pacific Ocean 41 35 N 141 00 E
Tuamotu Islands (Iles Tuamotu) French Polynesia 19 00 S 142 00 W
Tubuai Islands (Iles Tubuai) French Polynesia 23 00 S 150 00 W
Tunb al Kubra [island] Iran 26 14 N 55 19 E
Tunb as Sughra [island] Iran 26 14 N 55 09 E
Tunis [US Embassy] Tunisia 36 48 N 10 11 E
Turin Italy 45 04 N 7 40 E
Turkish Straits Atlantic Ocean 40 40 N 28 00 E
Turkmeniya Turkmenistan 40 00 N 60 00 E
Turks Island Passage Atlantic Ocean 21 40 N 71 00 W
Tuscany [region] Italy 43 25 N 11 00 E
Tutuila [island] American Samoa 14 18 S 170 42 W
Tyrol, South [region] Italy 46 30 N 10 30 E
Tyrrhenian Sea Atlantic Ocean 40 00 N 12 00 E

Name Entry in The World Factbook Latitude
(deg min) Longitude
(deg min)
U Udorn (Udon Thani) [US Consulate] Thailand 17 26 N 102 46 E
Ulaanbaatar [US Embassy] Mongolia 47 55 N 106 53 E
Ullung-do [island] South Korea 37 29 N 130 52 E
Unimak Pass [strait] Pacific Ocean 54 20 N 164 50 W
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) Armenia, Azerbaijan,
Belarus, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania,
Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan
United Arab Republic (UAR) Egypt, Syria
Upper Volta Burkina Faso 13 00 N 2 00 W
Ural Mountains Kazakhstan, Russia 60 00 N 60 00 E
Ussuri River China, Russia 48 28 N 135 02 E

Name Entry in The World Factbook Latitude
(deg min) Longitude
(deg min)
V Vaduz Liechtenstein 47 09 N 9 31 E
Vakhan (Wakhan Corridor) Afghanistan 37 00 N 73 00 E
Valletta [US Embassy] Malta 35 54 N 14 31 E
Valley, The Anguilla 18 13 N 63 04 W
Vancouver [US Consulate General] Canada 49 16 N 123 07 W
Vancouver Island Canada 49 45 N 126 00 W
Van Diemen Strait (Osumi Strait) Pacific Ocean 31 00 N 131 00 E
Vatican City [US Embassy] Holy See 41 54 N 12 27 E
Velez de la Gomera, Penon de Spain 35 11 N 4 18 W
Venda South Africa 23 00 S 31 00 E
Verde Island Passage Pacific Ocean 13 34 N 120 51 E
Victoria Hong Kong 22 17 N 114 09 E
Victoria Seychelles 4 38 S 55 27 E
Vienna [US Embassy, US Mission to International Organizations in
Vienna (UNVIE)] Austria 48 12 N 16 22 E
Vientiane [US Embassy] Laos 17 58 N 102 36 E
Vilnius [US Embassy] Lithuania 54 41 N 25 19 E
Viti Levu [island] Fiji 18 00 S 178 00 E
Vladivostok [US Consulate General] Russia 43 10 N 131 56 E
Volcano Islands Japan 25 00 N 141 00 E
Vostok Island Kiribati 10 06 S 152 23 W
Vrangelya, Ostrov (Wrangel Island) Russia 71 14 N 179 36 W

Name Entry in The World Factbook Latitude
(deg min) Longitude
(deg min)
W Wakhan Corridor (see Vakhan) Afghanistan 37 00 N 73 00 E
Wales [region] United Kingdom 52 30 N 3 30 W
Wallis Islands Wallis and Futuna 13 17 S 176 10 W
Walvis Bay Namibia 22 59 S 14 31 E
Warsaw [US Embassy] Poland 52 15 N 21 00 E
Washington, DC [US Mission to the Organization of American States
(OAS)] United States 38 53 N 77 02 W
Weddell Sea Atlantic Ocean 72 00 S 45 00 W
Wellington [US Embassy] New Zealand 41 28 S 174 51 E
West Frisian Islands Netherlands 53 26 N 5 30 E
West Germany (Federal Republic of Germany) Germany 53 22 N 5 20 E
West Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands 12 10 S 96 55 E
West Korea Strait (Western Channel) Pacific Ocean 34 40 N 129 00 E
West Pakistan Pakistan 30 00 N 70 00 E
West Siberian Plain Russia 60 00 N 75 00 E
Western Channel (West Korea Strait) Pacific Ocean 34 40 N 129 00 E
Western Samoa Samoa 13 35 S 172 20 W
Wetar Strait Pacific Ocean 8 20 S 126 30 E
White Sea Arctic Ocean 65 30 N 38 00 E
Willemstad Netherlands Antilles 12 06 N 68 56 W
Windhoek [US Embassy] Namibia 22 34 S 17 06 E
Windward Passage Atlantic Ocean 20 00 N 73 50 W
Wrangel Island (Ostrov Vrangelya) Russia 71 14 N 179 36 W

Name Entry in The World Factbook Latitude
(deg min) Longitude
(deg min)
Y Yalu River China, North Korea 39 55 N 124 20 E
Yamoussoukro Cote d'Ivoire 6 49 N 5 17 W
Yangon (see Rangoon) Burma 16 47 N 96 10 E
Yaounde [US Embassy] Cameroon 3 52 N 11 31 E
Yap Islands Federated States of Micronesia 9 30 N 138 00 E
Yaren Nauru 0 32 S 166 55 E
Yekaterinburg (Sverdlovsk) [US Consulate General] Russia 56 50 N 60
39 E
Yellow Sea Pacific Ocean 36 00 N 123 00 E
Yemen (Aden) [People's Democratic Republic of Yemen] Yemen 14 00 N
46 00 E
Yemen Arab Republic Yemen 15 00 N 44 00 E
Yemen, North [Yemen Arab Republic] Yemen 15 00 N 44 00 E
Yemen (Sanaa) [Yemen Arab Republic] Yemen 15 00 N 44 00 E
Yemen, People's Democratic Republic of Yemen 14 00 N 46 00 E
Yemen, South [People's Democratic Republic of Yemen] Yemen 14 00 N
46 00 E
Yerevan [US Embassy] Armenia 40 11 N 44 30 E
Youth, Isle of (Isla de la Juventud) Cuba 21 40 N 82 50 W
Yucatan Peninsula Mexico 19 30 N 89 00 W
Yucatan Channel Atlantic Ocean 21 45 N 85 45 W
Yugoslavia Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, The Former Yugoslav
Republic of Macedonia, Serbia and Montenegro, Slovenia

Name Entry in The World Factbook Latitude
(deg min) Longitude
(deg min)
Z Zagreb [US Embassy] Croatia 45 48 N 15 58 E
Zaire Democratic Republic of the Congo 15 00 S 30 00 E
Zanzibar [island] Tanzania 6 10 S 39 11 E
Zion, Mount Israel, Jordan 31 46 N 35 14 E
Zurich Switzerland 47 23 N 8 32 E

______________________________________________________________________

@HISTORY OF THE WORLD FACTBOOK

A Brief History of Basic Intelligence and The World Factbook
_________________________________________________________________

The Intelligence Cycle is the process by which information is acquired, converted into intelligence, and made available to policymakers. Information is raw data from any source, data that may be fragmentary, contradictory, unreliable, ambiguous, deceptive, or wrong. Intelligence is information that has been collected, integrated, evaluated, analyzed, and interpreted. Finished intelligence is the final product of the Intelligence Cycle ready to be delivered to the policymaker.

The three types of finished intelligence are: basic, current, and estimative. Basic intelligence provides the fundamental and factual reference material on a country or issue. Current intelligence reports on new developments. Estimative intelligence judges probable outcomes. The three are mutually supportive: basic intelligence is the foundation on which the other two are constructed; current intelligence continually updates the inventory of knowledge; and estimative intelligence revises overall interpretations of country and issue prospects for guidance of basic and current intelligence. The World Factbook, The President's Daily Brief, and the National Intelligence Estimates are examples of the three types of finished intelligence.

The United States has carried on foreign intelligence activities since the days of George Washington, but only since World War II have they been coordinated on a governmentwide basis. Three programs have highlighted the development of coordinated basic intelligence since that time: (1) the Joint Army Navy Intelligence Studies (JANIS), (2) the National Intelligence Survey (NIS), and (3) CIA's World Factbook.

During World War II, intelligence consumers realized that the production of basic intelligence by different components of the US Government resulted in a great duplication of effort and conflicting information. The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941 brought home to leaders in Congress and the executive branch the need for integrating departmental reports to national policymakers. Detailed coordinated information was needed not only on such major powers as Germany and Japan, but also on places of little previous interest. In the Pacific Theater, for example, the Navy and Marines had to launch amphibious operations against many islands about which information was unconfirmed or nonexistent. Intelligence authorities resolved that the United States should never again be caught unprepared.

In 1943, Gen. George B. Strong (G-2), Adm. H. C. Train (Office of Naval Intelligence-ONI), and Gen. William J. Donovan (Director of the Office of Strategic Services-OSS) decided that a joint effort should be initiated. A steering committee was appointed on 27 April 1943 that recommended the formation of a Joint Intelligence Study Publishing Board to assemble, edit, coordinate, and publish the Joint Army Navy Intelligence Studies (JANIS). JANIS was the first interdepartmental basic intelligence program to fulfill the needs of the US Government for an authoritative and coordinated appraisal of strategic basic intelligence. Between April 1943 and July 1947, the board published 34 JANIS studies. JANIS performed well in the war effort, and numerous letters of commendation were received, including a statement from Adm. Forrest Sherman, Chief of Staff, Pacific Ocean Areas, which said, "JANIS has become the indispensable reference work for the shore-based planners."

The need for more comprehensive basic intelligence in the postwar world was well expressed in 1946 by George S. Pettee, a noted author on national security. He wrote in The Future of American Secret Intelligence (Infantry Journal Press, 1946, page 46) that world leadership in peace requires even more elaborate intelligence than war. "The conduct of peace involves all countries, all human activities--not just the enemy and his war production."

The Central Intelligence Agency was established on 26 July 1947 and officially began operating on 18 September 1947. Effective 1 October 1947, the Director of Central Intelligence assumed operational responsibility for JANIS. On 13 January 1948, the National Security Council issued Intelligence Directive (NSCID) No. 3, which authorized the National Intelligence Survey (NIS) program as a peacetime replacement for the wartime JANIS program. Before adequate NIS country sections could be produced, government agencies had to develop more comprehensive gazetteers and better maps. The US Board on Geographic Names (BGN) compiled the names; the Department of the Interior produced the gazetteers; and CIA produced the maps.

The Hoover Commission's Clark Committee, set up in 1954 to study the structure and administration of the CIA, reported to Congress in 1955 that: "The National Intelligence Survey is an invaluable publication which provides the essential elements of basic intelligence on all areas of the world. . . . There will always be a continuing requirement for keeping the Survey up-to-date." The Factbook was created as an annual summary and update to the encyclopedic NIS studies. The first classified Factbook was published in August 1962, and the first unclassified version was published in June 1971. The NIS program was terminated in 1973 except for the Factbook, map, and gazetteer components. The 1975 Factbook was the first to be made available to the public with sales through the US Government Printing Office (GPO). The 1996 edition was the first to be printed by GPO. The year 1998 marks the 51st anniversary of the establishment of the Central Intelligence Agency and the 55th year of continuous basic intelligence support to the US Government by The World Factbook and its two predecessor programs.

_________________________________________________________________

@CONTRIBUTORS AND COPYRIGHT INFORMATION

The World Factbook 1998

The World Factbook is prepared by the Central Intelligence Agency for the use of US Government officials, and the style, format, coverage, and content are designed to meet their specific requirements. Information is provided by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (Department of Labor), Bureau of the Census (Department of Commerce), Central Intelligence Agency, Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programs, Defense Intelligence Agency (Department of Defense), Defense Special Weapons Agency (Department of Defense), Department of State, Fish and Wildlife Service (Department of the Interior), Maritime Administration (Department of Transportation), National Imagery and Mapping Agency (Department of Defense), Antarctic Information Program (National Science Foundation), Naval Facilities Engineering Command (Department of Defense), Office of Insular Affairs (Department of the Interior), Office of Naval Intelligence (Department of Defense), US Board on Geographic Names (Department of the Interior), US Coast Guard (Department of Transportation), and other public and private sources.

The Factbook is in the public domain. Accordingly, it may be copied freely without permission of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). The official seal of the CIA, however, may NOT be copied without permission as required by the CIA Act of 1949 (50 U.S.C. section 403m). Misuse of the official seal of the CIA could result in civil and criminal penalties.

Comments and queries are welcome and may be addressed to:

Central Intelligence Agency Attn.: Office of Public Affairs Washington, DC 20505 Telephone: [1] (703) 482-0623 FAX: [1] (703) 482-1739 _________________________________________________________________

@PURCHASING INFORMATION

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