Chapter XXI: Part 21

Overview:
Mexico's economy is a mixture of state-owned industrial plants (notably
oil), private manufacturing and services, and both large-scale and
traditional agriculture. In the 1980s, Mexico experienced severe economic
difficulties: the nation accumulated large external debts as world petroleum
prices fell; rapid population growth outstripped the domestic food supply;
and inflation, unemployment, and pressures to emigrate became more acute.
Growth in national output, however, is recovering, rising from 1.4% in 1988
to 4% in 1990 and again in 1991. The US is Mexico's major trading partner,
accounting for two-thirds of its exports and imports. After petroleum,
border assembly plants and tourism are the largest earners of foreign
exchange. The government, in consultation with international economic
agencies, is implementing programs to stabilize the economy and foster
growth. In 1991 the government began negotiations with the US and Canada on
a free trade agreement.
GDP:
exchange rate conversion - $289 billion, per capita $3,200; real growth rate
4% (1991 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
18.8% (1991 est.)
Unemployment rate:
14-17% (1991 est.)
Budget:
revenues $41.0 billion; expenditures $47.9 billion, including capital
expenditures of $6.3 billion (1990)
Exports:
$27.4 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.)
commodities:
crude oil, oil products, coffee, shrimp, engines, motor vehicles, cotton,
consumer electronics
partners:
US 68%, EC 14%, Japan 6% (1990 est.)
Imports:
$36.7 billion (c.i.f., 1991)
commodities:
grain, metal manufactures, agricultural machinery, electrical equipment
partners:
US 69%, EC 13%, Japan 6% (1990)
External debt:
$98.4 billion (1991)
Industrial production:
growth rate 5.5% (1991 est.); accounts for 28% of GDP
Electricity:
26,150,000 kW capacity; 114,277 million kWh produced, 1,270 kWh per capita
(1991)
Industries:
food and beverages, tobacco, chemicals, iron and steel, petroleum, mining,
textiles, clothing, transportation equipment, tourism
Agriculture:
accounts for 9% of GDP and over 25% of work force; large number of small
farms at subsistence level; major food crops - corn, wheat, rice, beans;
cash crops - cotton, coffee, fruit, tomatoes; fish catch of 1.4 million
metric tons among top 20 nations (1987)
Illicit drugs:
illicit cultivation of opium poppy and cannabis continues in spite of active
government eradication program; major supplier to the US market; continues
as the primary transshipment country for US-bound cocaine from South America

:Mexico Economy

Economic aid:
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $3.1 billion; Western (non-US)
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $7.7 billion;
Communist countries (1970-89), $110 million
Currency:
Mexican peso (plural - pesos); 1 Mexican peso (Mex$) = 100 centavos
Exchange rates:
market rate of Mexican pesos (Mex$) per US$1 - 3,068.5 (January 1992),
3,018.4 (1991) 2,940.9 (January 1991), 2,812.6 (1990), 2,461.3 (1989),
2,273.1 (1988), 1,378.2 (1987)
Fiscal year:
calendar year

:Mexico Communications

Railroads:
24,500 km total; breakdown NA
Highways:
212,000 km total; 65,000 km paved, 30,000 km semipaved or cobblestone,
62,000 km rural roads (improved earth) or roads under construction, 55,000
km unimproved earth roads
Inland waterways:
2,900 km navigable rivers and coastal canals
Pipelines:
crude oil 28,200 km; petroleum products 10,150 km; natural gas 13,254 km;
petrochemical 1,400 km
Ports:
Acapulco, Coatzacoalcos, Ensenada, Guaymas, Manzanillo, Mazatlan, Progreso,
Puerto Vallarta, Salina Cruz, Tampico, Veracruz
Merchant marine:
58 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 875,239 GRT/1,301,355 DWT; includes 4
short-sea passenger, 3 cargo, 2 refrigerated cargo, 2 roll-on/roll-off, 30
petroleum tanker, 4 chemical tanker, 7 liquefied gas, 1 bulk, 1 combination
bulk, 4 container
Civil air:
186 major transport aircraft
Airports:
1,815 total, 1,505 usable; 200 with permanent-surface runways; 3 with
runways over 3,659 m; 33 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 284 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications:
highly developed system with extensive radio relay links; privatized in
December 1990; connected into Central America Microwave System; 6,410,000
telephones; broadcast stations - 679 AM, no FM, 238 TV, 22 shortwave; 120
domestic satellite terminals; earth stations - 4 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and
1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT

:Mexico Defense Forces

Branches:
National Defense (including Army and Air Force), Navy (including Marines)
Manpower availability:
males 15-49, 23,023,871; 16,852,513 fit for military service; 1,138,455
reach military age (18) annually
Defense expenditures:
exchange rate conversion - $1.6 billion, less than 1% of GDP (1982 budget)

:Micronesia, Federated States of Geography

Total area:
702 km2
Land area:
702 km2; includes Pohnpei, Truk, Yap, and Kosrae
Comparative area:
slightly less than four times the size of Washington, DC
Land boundaries:
none
Coastline:
6,112 km
Maritime claims:
Exclusive economic zone:
200 nm
Territorial sea:
12 nm
Disputes:
none
Climate:
tropical; heavy year-round rainfall, especially in the eastern islands;
located on southern edge of the typhoon belt with occasional severe damage
Terrain:
islands vary geologically from high mountainous islands to low, coral
atolls; volcanic outcroppings on Pohnpei, Kosrae, and Truk
Natural resources:
forests, marine products, deep-seabed minerals
Land use:
arable land NA%; permanent crops NA%; meadows and pastures NA%; forest and
woodland NA%; other NA%
Environment:
subject to typhoons from June to December; four major island groups totaling
607 islands
Note:
located 5,150 km west-southwest of Honolulu in the North Pacific Ocean,
about three-quarters of the way between Hawaii and Indonesia

:Micronesia, Federated States of People

Population:
114,694 (July 1992), growth rate 3.4% (1992)
Birth rate:
29 births/1,000 population (1992)
Death rate:
7 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
Net migration rate:
12 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
Infant mortality rate:
39 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
Life expectancy at birth:
65 years male, 69 years female (1992)
Total fertility rate:
4.1 children born/woman (1992)
Nationality:
noun - Micronesian(s); adjective - Micronesian; Kosrae(s), Pohnpeian(s),
Trukese (singular and plural), Yapese (singular and plural)
Ethnic divisions:
nine ethnic Micronesian and Polynesian groups
Religions:
predominantly Christian, divided between Roman Catholic and Protestant;
other churches include Assembly of God, Jehovah's Witnesses, Seventh-Day
Adventist, Latter-Day Saints, and the Baha'i Faith
Languages:
English is the official and common language; most indigenous languages fall
within the Austronesian language family, the exceptions are the Polynesian
languages; major indigenous languages are Trukese, Pohnpeian, Yapese, and
Kosrean
Literacy:
90% (male 90%, female 85%) age 15 and over can read and write (1980)
Labor force:
NA; two-thirds are government employees; 45,000 people are between the ages
of 15 and 65
Organized labor:
NA

:Micronesia, Federated States of Government

Long-form name:
Federated States of Micronesia (no short-form name)
Type:
constitutional government in free association with the US; the Compact of
Free Association entered into force 3 November 1986
Capital:
Kolonia (on the island of Pohnpei); note - a new capital is being built
about 10 km southwest in the Palikir valley
Administrative divisions:
4 states; Kosrae, Pohnpei, Chuuk, Yap
Independence:
3 November 1986 (from the US-administered UN Trusteeship; formerly the
Kosrae, Pohnpei, Truk, and Yap districts of the Trust Territory of the
Pacific Islands)
Constitution:
10 May 1979
Legal system:
based on adapted Trust Territory laws, acts of the legislature, municipal,
common, and customary laws
National holiday:
Proclamation of the Federated States of Micronesia, 10 May (1979)
Executive branch:
president, vice president, Cabinet
Legislative branch:
unicameral Congress
Judicial branch:
Supreme Court
Leaders:
Chief of State and Head of Government:
President Bailey OLTER (since 21 May 1991); Vice President Jacob NENA (since
21 May 1991)
Political parties and leaders:
no formal parties
Suffrage:
universal at age 18
Elections:
President:
last held ll May 1991 (next to be held March 1995); results - President
Bailey OLTER elected president; Vice-President Jacob NENA
Congress:
last held on 5 March 1991 (next to be held March 1993); results - percent of
vote NA; seats - (14 total)
Member of:
ESCAP (associate), ICAO, SPC, SPF, UN, UNCTAD
Diplomatic representation:
Ambassador Jesse B. MAREHALAU; Embassy at 1725 N St., NW, Washington, DC
20036; telephone (202) 223-4383
US:
Ambassador Aurelia BRAZEAL; Embassy at address NA, Kolonia (mailing address
is P. O. Box 1286, Pohnpei, Federated States of Micronesia 96941); telephone
691-320-2187; FAX 691-320-2186
Flag:
light blue with four white five-pointed stars centered; the stars are
arranged in a diamond pattern

:Micronesia, Federated States of Economy

Overview:
Economic activity consists primarily of subsistence farming and fishing. The
islands have few mineral deposits worth exploiting, except for high-grade
phosphate. The potential for a tourist industry exists, but the remoteness
of the location and a lack of adequate facilities hinder development.
Financial assistance from the US is the primary source of revenue, with the
US pledged to spend $1 billion in the islands in the l990s. Geographical
isolation and a poorly developed infrastructure are major impediments to
long-term growth.
GNP:
purchasing power equivalent - $150 million, per capita $1,500; real growth
rate NA% (1989 est.); note - GNP numbers reflect US spending
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
NA%
Unemployment rate:
NA
Budget:
revenues $165 million; expenditures $115 million, including capital
expenditures of $20 million (1988)
Exports:
$2.3 million (f.o.b., 1988)
commodities:
copra
partners:
NA
Imports:
$67.7 million (c.i.f., 1988)
commodities:
NA
partners:
NA
External debt:
$NA
Industrial production:
growth rate NA%
Electricity:
18,000 kW capacity; 40 million kWh produced, 380 kWh per capita (1990)
Industries:
tourism, construction, fish processing, craft items from shell, wood, and
pearls
Agriculture:
mainly a subsistence economy; copra, black pepper; tropical fruits and
vegetables, coconuts, cassava, sweet potatoes, pigs, chickens
Economic aid:
under terms of the Compact of Free Association, the US will provide $1.3
billion in grant aid during the period 1986-2001
Currency:
US currency is used
Exchange rates:
US currency is used
Fiscal year:
1 October - 30 September

:Micronesia, Federated States of Communications

Highways:
39 km of paved roads on major islands; also 187 km stone-, coral-, or
laterite-surfaced roads
Ports:
Colonia (Yap), Truk (Kosrae), Okat (Kosrae)
Airports:
6 total, 5 usable; 4 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over
2,439 m; 4 with runways 1,220-2,439
Telecommunications:
telephone network - 960 telephone lines total at Kolonia and Truk; islands
interconnected by shortwave radio (used mostly for government purposes);
16,000 radio receivers, 1,125 TV sets (est. 1987); broadcast stations - 5
AM, 1 FM, 6 TV, 1 shortwave; 4 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth stations

:Micronesia, Federated States of Defense Forces

Note:
defense is the responsibility of the US

:Midway Islands Geography

Total area:
5.2 km2
Land area:
5.2 km2; includes Eastern Island and Sand Island
Comparative area:
about nine times the size of the Mall in Washington, DC
Land boundaries:
none
Coastline:
15 km
Maritime claims:
Contiguous zone:
12 nm
Continental shelf:
200 m (depth)
Exclusive economic zone:
200 nm
Territorial sea:
12 nm
Disputes:
none
Climate:
tropical, but moderated by prevailing easterly winds
Terrain:
low, nearly level
Natural resources:
fish and wildlife
Land use:
arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and
woodland 0%; other 100%
Environment:
coral atoll
Note:
located 2,350 km west-northwest of Honolulu at the western end of Hawaiian
Islands group, about one-third of the way between Honolulu and Tokyo; closed
to the public

:Midway Islands People

Population:
453 US military personnel (1992)

:Midway Islands Government

Long-form name:
none
Type:
unincorporated territory of the US administered by the US Navy, under
command of the Barbers Point Naval Air Station in Hawaii and managed
cooperatively by the US Navy and the Fish and Wildlife Service of the US
Department of the Interior as part of the National Wildlife Refuge System;
legislation before Congress in 1990 proposed inclusion of territory within
the State of Hawaii
Capital:
none; administered from Washington, DC
Diplomatic representation:
none (territory of the US)
Flag:
the US flag is used

:Midway Islands Economy

Overview:
The economy is based on providing support services for US naval operations
located on the islands. All food and manufactured goods must be imported.
Electricity:
supplied by US Military

:Midway Islands Communications

Highways:
32 km total
Pipelines:
7.8 km
Ports:
Sand Island
Airports:
3 total; 2 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over
2,439 m; 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

:Midway Islands Defense Forces

Note:
defense is the responsibility of the US

:Moldova Geography

Total area:
33,700 km2
Land area:
33,700 km2
Comparative area:
slightly more than twice the size of Hawaii
Land boundaries:
1,389 km; Romania 450 km, Ukraine 939 km
Coastline:
none - landlocked
Maritime claims:
none - landlocked
Disputes:
potential dispute with Ukraine over former southern Bessarabian areas;
northern Bukovina ceded to Ukraine upon Moldova's incorporation into USSR;
internal with ethnic Russians in the Trans-Dnestr and Gagauz Muslims in the
South
Climate:
mild winters, warm summers
Terrain:
rolling steppe, gradual slope south to Black Sea
Natural resources:
lignite, phosphorites, gypsum
Land use:
NA% arable land; NA% permanent crops; NA% meadows and pastures; NA% forest
and woodland; NA% other; includes NA% irrigated
Environment:
NA

:Moldova People

Population:
4,458,435 (July 1992), growth rate 0.7% (1992)
Birth rate:
19 births/1,000 population (1992)
Death rate:
10 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
Net migration rate:
-2 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
Infant mortality rate:
35 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
Life expectancy at birth:
64 years male, 71 years female (1992)
Total fertility rate:
2.6 children born/woman (1992)
Nationality:
noun - Moldovan(s); adjective - Moldovan
Ethnic divisions:
Moldavian (Moldovan) 64.5%, Ukrainian 13.8%, Russian 13.0%, Gagauz 3.5%,
Jews 1.5%, Bulgarian 2.0%, other 1.0% (1989 figures)
Religions:
Eastern Orthodox 98.5%, Jewish 1.5%, Baptist only about 1,000 members, other
1.0%; note - almost all churchgoers are ethnic Moldovan; the Slavic
population are not churchgoers (1991 figures)
Languages:
Romanian; (Moldovan official), Russian
Literacy:
NA% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write
Labor force:
2,095,000; agriculture 34.4%, industry 20.1%, other 45.5% (1985 figures)
Organized labor:
NA

:Moldova Government

Long-form name:
Republic of Moldova
Type:
republic
Capital:
Chisinau (Kishinev)
Administrative divisions:
previously divided into 40 rayons; now to be divided into 7-9 larger
districts at some future point
Independence:
27 August 1991 (from Soviet Union; formerly Soviet Socialist Republic of
Moldova)
Constitution:
formulating a new constitution; old constitution is still in effect but has
been heavily amended during the past few years
Legal system:
based on civil law system; no judicial review of legislative acts; does not
accept compulsory ICJ jurisdiction but accepts many UN and CSCE documents
National holiday:
Independence Day, 27 August 1991
Executive branch:
president, prime minister, Cabinet of Ministers
Legislative branch:
Moldovan Supreme Soviet
Judicial branch:
Supreme Court (highest civil court in Moldova)
Leaders:
Chief of State and Head of Government:
Prime Minister Valeriy MURAVSKY (since 28 May 1991), 1st Deputy Prime
Minister Constantin OBOROC (since June 1990); 1st Deputy Prime Minister
Constantin TAMPIZA (since June 1990); 1st Deputy Prime Minister Andrei
SANGHELI (since June 1990)
Chief of State:
President Mircea SNEGUR (since 3 September 1990)
Head of Legislature:
Chairman of the Supreme Soviet (Premier) Valeriy MURAVSKIY (since May 1991);
1st Deputy Prime Minister Ian HADIRCA (since 11 May 1990); Deputy Prime
Minister Victor PUSCASU, 21 November 1989; Deputy Prime Minister Mihial
PLASICHUK, NA
Political parties and leaders:
Moldovan Popular Front, Yuriy ROSHKA, chairman (since summer 1990);
Unitatea-Yedinstvo Intermovement, V. YAKOVLEV, chairman; Bulgarian Rebirth
Society, Ivan ZABUNOV, chairman; Democratic Group, five cochairmen
Suffrage:
universal at age 18
Elections:
President:
last held 8 December 1991; results - Mircea SNEGUR won 98.17% of vote
Moldovan Supreme Soviet:
last held 25 February 1990; results - Moldovan Popular Front 33%,
Intermovement 34%, Communist Party 32%; seats - (366 total) Popular Front
Club 35; Sovereignty Club 35; Club of Independent Deputies 25; Agrarian Club
110; Club Bujak 15; Reality Club 25; Soviet Moldova 80; remaining 41 seats
probably belong to Onestr region deputies who usually boycott Moldovan
legislative proceedings

:Moldova Government

Other political or pressure groups:
United Council of Labor Collectives (UCLC), Igor SMIRNOV, chairman; Social
Democratic Party of Moldova (SDPM), V. CHIOBATARU, leader; The Ecology
Movement of Moldova (EMM), G. MALARCHUK, chairman; The Christian Democratic
League of Women of Moldova (CDLWM), L. LARI, chairman; National Christian
Party of Moldova (NCPM), D. TODIKE, M. BARAGA, V. NIKU, leaders; The Peoples
Movement Gagauz Khalky (GKh), S. GULGAR, leader; The Democratic Party of
Gagauzia (DPG), G. SAVOSTIN, chairman; The Alliance of Working People of
Moldova (AWPM), G. POLOGOV, president
Member of:
CSCE, UN
Diplomatic representation:
Ambassador vacant
US:
Charge Howard Steers; Interim Chancery at #103 Strada Alexei Mateevich,
Kishinev (mailing address is APO AE 09862); telephone 8-011-7-0422-23-28-94
at Hotel Seabeco in Kishinev
Flag:
same color scheme as Romania - 3 equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side),
yellow, and red; emblem in center of flag is of a Roman eagle carrying a
cross in its beak and an olive branch in its claws

:Moldova Economy

Overview:
Moldova, the next-to-smallest of the former Soviet republics in area, is the
most densely inhabited. Moldova has a little more than 1% of the population,
labor force, capital stock, and output of the former Soviet Union. Living
standards have been below average for the European USSR. The country enjoys
a favorable climate, and economic development has been primarily based on
agriculture, featuring fruits, vegetables, wine, and tobacco. Industry
accounts for 20% of the labor force, whereas agriculture employs more than
one-third. Moldova has no major mineral resources and has depended on the
former Soviet republics for coal, oil, gas, steel, most electronic
equipment, machine tools, and major consumer durables such as automobiles.
Its industrial and agricultural products, in turn, have been exported to the
other former Soviet republics. Moldova has freed prices on most goods and
has legalized private ownership of property, including agricultural land.
Moldova's economic prospects are dimmed by the difficulties of moving toward
a market economy and the political problems of redefining ties to the other
former Soviet republics and Romania.
GDP:
NA; per capita NA; real growth rate -12% (1991)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
97% (1991)
Unemployment rate:
NA%
Budget:
revenues $NA million; expenditures $NA million, including capital
expenditures of $NA million (1992)
Exports:
$400 million rubles (f.o.b., 1990)
commodities:
foodstuffs, wine, tobacco, textiles and footwear, machinery, chemicals
(1991)
partners:
NA
Imports:
$1.9 billion rubles (c.i.f., 1990)
commodities:
oil, gas, coal, steel machinery, foodstuffs, automobiles, and other consumer
durables
partners:
NA
External debt:
$650 million (1991 est.)
Industrial production:
growth rate -7% (1991)
Electricity:
3,000,000 kW capacity; 13,000 million kWh produced, 2,806 kWh per capita
(1991)
Industries:
key products (with share of total former Soviet output in parentheses where
known): agricultural machinery, foundry equipment, refrigerators and
freezers (2.7%), washing machines (5.0%), hosiery (2.0%), refined sugar
(3.1%), vegetable oil (3.7%), canned food (8.6%), shoes, textiles
Agriculture:
Moldova's principal economic activity; products (shown in share of total
output of the former Soviet republics): Grain (1.6%), sugar beets (2.6%),
sunflower seed (4.4%), vegetables (4.4%), fruits and berries (9.7%), grapes
(20.1%), meat (1.7%), milk (1.4%), and eggs (1.4%)
Illicit drugs:
transshipment point for illicit drugs to Western Europe

:Moldova Economy

Economic aid:
US commitments, including Ex-Im (1991), $NA, Western (non-US) countries, ODA
and OOF bilateral commitments (1991), $NA million
Currency:
as of May 1992, retaining ruble as currency
Fiscal year:
calendar year

:Moldova Communications

Railroads:
1,150 km (includes NA km electrified) (1990); does not include industrial
lines
Highways:
20,000 km total (1990); 13,900 km hard-surfaced, 6,100 km earth
Inland waterways:
NA km perennially navigable
Pipelines:
NA
Ports:
none - landlocked
Merchant marine:
NA
Civil air:
NA major transport aircraft
Airports:
NA
Telecommunications:
poorly supplied with telephones; 215,000 unsatisfied applications for
telephone installations (31 January 1990); connected to Ukraine by landline
and countries beyond the former USSR through the switching center in Moscow

:Moldova Defense Forces

Branches:
Republic Security Forces (internal and border troops); Russian Forces
(Ground, Navy, Air, and Air Defense)
Manpower availability:
NA
Defense expenditures:
$NA, NA% of GDP

:Monaco Geography

Total area:
1.9 km2
Land area:
1.9 km2
Comparative area:
about three times the size of the Mall in Washington, DC
Land boundaries:
4.4 km; France 4.4 km
Coastline:
4.1 km
Maritime claims:
Territorial sea:
12 nm
Disputes:
none
Climate:
Mediterranean with mild, wet winters and hot, dry summers
Terrain:
hilly, rugged, rocky
Natural resources:
none
Land use:
arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and
woodland 0%; other 100%
Environment:
almost entirely urban
Note:
second-smallest independent state in world (after Vatican City)

:Monaco People

Population:
29,965 (July 1992), growth rate 0.9% (1992)
Birth rate:
7 births/1,000 population (1992)
Death rate:
7 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
Net migration rate:
9 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
Infant mortality rate:
8 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
Life expectancy at birth:
72 years male, 80 years female (1992)
Total fertility rate:
1.1 children born/woman (1992)
Nationality:
noun - Monacan(s) or Monegasque(s); adjective - Monacan or Monegasque
Ethnic divisions:
French 47%, Monegasque 16%, Italian 16%, other 21%
Religions:
Roman Catholic 95%
Languages:
French (official), English, Italian, Monegasque
Literacy:
NA% (male NA%, female NA%)
Labor force:
NA
Organized labor:
4,000 members in 35 unions

:Monaco Government

Long-form name:
Principality of Monaco
Type:
constitutional monarchy
Capital:
Monaco
Administrative divisions:
4 quarters (quartiers, singular - quartier); Fontvieille, La Condamine,
Monaco-Ville, Monte-Carlo
Independence:
1419, rule by the House of Grimaldi
Constitution:
17 December 1962
Legal system:
based on French law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday:
National Day, 19 November
Executive branch:
prince, minister of state, Council of Government (cabinet)
Legislative branch:
National Council (Conseil National)
Judicial branch:
Supreme Tribunal (Tribunal Supreme)
Leaders:
Chief of State:
Prince RAINIER III (since November 1949); Heir Apparent Prince ALBERT
Alexandre Louis Pierre (born 14 March 1958)
Head of Government:
Minister of State Jean AUSSEIL (since 16 September 1985)
Political parties and leaders:
National and Democratic Union (UND), Democratic Union Movement (MUD), Monaco
Action, Monegasque Socialist Party (PSM)
Suffrage:
universal adult at age 25
Elections:
National Council:
last held on 24 January 1988 (next to be held 24 January 1993); results -
percent of vote by party NA; seats - (18 total) UND 18
Member of:
ACCT, CSCE, IAEA, ICAO, IMF (observer), IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL,
IOC, ITU, LORCS, UN (observer), UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO
Diplomatic representation:
Monaco maintains honorary consulates general in Boston, Chicago, Los
Angeles, New Orleans, New York, and San Francisco, and honorary consulates
in Dallas, Honolulu, Palm Beach, Philadelphia, and Washington
US:
no mission in Monaco, but the US Consul General in Marseille, France, is
accredited to Monaco; Consul General R. Susan WOOD; Consulate General at 12
Boulevard Paul Peytral, 13286 Marseille Cedex (mailing address APO AE
09777); telephone [33] (91) 549-200
Flag:
two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white; similar to the flag of
Indonesia which is longer and the flag of Poland which is white (top) and
red

:Monaco Economy

Overview:
Monaco, situated on the French Mediterranean coast, is a popular resort,
attracting tourists to its casino and pleasant climate. The Principality has
successfully sought to diversify into services and small, high-value-added,
nonpolluting industries. The state has no income tax and low business taxes
and thrives as a tax haven both for individuals who have established
residence and for foreign companies that have set up businesses and offices.
About 50% of Monaco's annual revenue comes from value-added taxes on hotels,
banks, and the industrial sector; about 25% of revenue comes from tourism.
Living standards are high, that is, roughly comparable to those in
prosperous French metropolitan suburbs.
GDP:
exchange rate conversion - $475 million, per capita $16,000; real growth
rate NA% (1991 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
NA%
Unemployment rate:
full employment (1989)
Budget:
revenues $424 million; expenditures $376 million, including capital
expenditures of $NA (1991)
Exports:
$NA; full customs integration with France, which collects and rebates
Monacan trade duties; also participates in EC market system through customs
union with France
Imports:
$NA; full customs integration with France, which collects and rebates
Monacan trade duties; also participates in EC market system through customs
union with France
External debt:
$NA
Industrial production:
growth rate NA%
Electricity:
10,000 kW standby capacity (1991); power supplied by France Indus
Agriculture:
NA
Economic aid:
NA
Currency:
French franc (plural - francs); 1 French franc (F) = 100 centimes
Exchange rates:
French francs (F) per US$1 - 5.3801 (January 1992), 5.6421 (1991), 5.4453
(1990), 6.3801 (1989), 5.9569 (1988), 6.0107 (1987)
Fiscal year:
calendar year

:Monaco Communications

Railroads:
1.6 km 1.435-meter gauge
Highways:
none; city streets
Ports:
Monaco
Merchant marine:
1 petroleum tanker (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,268 GRT/4,959 DWT
Civil air:
no major transport aircraft
Airports:
1 usable airfield with permanent-surface runways
Telecommunications:
served by cable into the French communications system; automatic telephone
system; 38,200 telephones; broadcast stations - 3 AM, 4 FM, 5 TV; no
communication satellite earth stations

:Monaco Defense Forces

Note:
defense is the responsibility of France

:Mongolia Geography

Total area:
1,565,000 km2
Land area:
1,565,000 km2
Comparative area:
slightly larger than Alaska
Land boundaries:
8,114 km; China 4,673 km, Russia 3,441 km
Coastline:
none - landlocked
Maritime claims:
none - landlocked
Disputes:
none
Climate:
desert; continental (large daily and seasonal temperature ranges)
Terrain:
vast semidesert and desert plains; mountains in west and southwest; Gobi
Desert in southeast
Natural resources:
oil, coal, copper, molybdenum, tungsten, phosphates, tin, nickel, zinc,
wolfram, fluorspar, gold
Land use:
arable land 1%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 79%; forest and
woodland 10%; other 10%; includes irrigated NEGL%
Environment:
harsh and rugged
Note:
landlocked; strategic location between China and Russia

:Mongolia People

Population:
2,305,516 (July 1992), growth rate 2.6% (1992)
Birth rate:
34 births/1,000 population (1992)
Death rate:
7 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
Net migration rate:
0 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
Infant mortality rate:
47 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
Life expectancy at birth:
63 years male, 68 years female (1992)
Total fertility rate:
4.5 children born/woman (1992)
Nationality:
noun - Mongolian(s); adjective - Mongolian
Ethnic divisions:
Mongol 90%, Kazakh 4%, Chinese 2%, Russian 2%, other 2%
Religions:
predominantly Tibetan Buddhist, Muslim (about 4%); previously limited
religious activity because of Communist regime
Languages:
Khalkha Mongol used by over 90% of population; minor languages include
Turkic, Russian, and Chinese
Literacy:
90% (male NA%, female NA%) (1989 est.)
Labor force:
NA, but primarily herding/agricultural; over half the adult population is in
the labor force, including a large percentage of women; shortage of skilled
labor
Organized labor:
425,000 members of the Central Council of Mongolian Trade Unions (CCMTU)
controlled by the government (1984); independent labor organizations now
being formed

:Mongolia Government

Long-form name:
Mongolia
Type:
in transition from Communist state to republic
Capital:
Ulaanbaatar
Administrative divisions:
18 provinces (aymguud, singular - aymag) and 3 municipalities* (hotuud,
singular - hot); Arhangay, Bayanhongor, Bayan-Olgiy, Bulgan, Darhan*,
Dornod, Dornogovi, Dundgovi, Dzavhan, Erdenet*, Govi-Altay, Hentiy, Hovd,
Hovsgol, Omnogovi, Ovorhangay, Selenge, Suhbaatar, Tov, Ulaanbaatar*, Uvs
Independence:
13 March 1921 (from China; formerly Outer Mongolia)
Constitution:
12 February 1992
Legal system:
blend of Russian, Chinese, and Turkish systems of law; no constitutional
provision for judicial review of legislative acts; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday:
Mongolian People's Revolution (NAADAM) 11-13 July; observed 13 July
Executive branch:
premier, deputy premiers, Cabinet, president, vice president
Legislative branch:
State Great Hural
Judicial branch:
High Court; serves as appeals court for people's and provincial courts, but
to date rarely overturns verdicts of lower courts
Leaders:
Chief of State:
President Punsalmaagiyn OCHIRBAT (since 3 September 1990); Vice President
Radnaasumbereliyn GONCHIGDORJ (since 7 September 1990)
Head of Government:
Premier Dashiyn BYAMBASUREN (since 11 September 1990)
Political parties and leaders:
ruling party:
Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party (MPRP), Budragchagiin DASH-YONDON,
general secretary
opposition:
Social Democratic Party (SDP), BATBAYAR; Mongolian Democratic Association,
Ts. ELBEGDORJ, chief coordinator; Mongolian Party of National Progress,
GANBOLD
other:
Mongolian Democratic Party (MDP), BATUUL; Free Labor Party, C. DUL; note -
opposition parties were legalized in May 1990; additional parties exist: The
Green Party, The Buddhist Party, The Republican Party, Mongolian People's
Party, and Mongolian Revival Party; these were formed but may not be
officially registered because of low rates of membership
Suffrage:
universal at age 18
Elections:
President:
last held 3 September 1990 (next to be held NA July 1994); results -
Punsalmaagiyn OCHIRBAT elected by the People's Great Hural
State Great Hural:
first time held June 1992; note - according to the new present Constitution,
the two parliamentary bodies are to be combined into a single popularly
elected house consisting of 76 members; results - NA

:Mongolia Government

People's Small Hural:
last held on 29 July 1990 (next to be held June 1992); results - MPRP 62.3%,
MDP 24.5%, SDP 7. 5%, PNP 5.7%; seats - (50 total) MPRP 33, other 17; note -
People's Small Hural will not exist after State Great Hural is assembled
Communists:
MPRP membership 90,000 (1990 est.)
Member of:
AsDB, ESCAP, FAO, GATT, G-77, IAEA, IBEC, IBRD, ICAO, ILO, IMF, IOC, ISO,
ITU, LORCS, NAM, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation:
Ambassador Luvsandorj DAWAGIV; Chancery, (202) 983-1962
US:
Ambassador Joseph E. LAKE; Deputy Chief of Mission Thomas E. DOWLING;
Embassy at Ulaanbaatar, c/o American Embassy Beijing; PSC 461, Box 300, FPO
AP 06521-0002; telephone (800) 29095 and 29639
Flag:
a new flag of unknown description reportedly has been adopted

:Mongolia Economy

Overview:
Mongolia's severe climate, scattered population, and wide expanses of
unproductive land have constrained economic development. Economic activity
traditionally has been based on agriculture and the breeding of livestock -
Mongolia has the highest number of livestock per person in the world. In
recent years extensive mineral resources have been developed with Soviet
support. The mining and processing of coal, copper, molybdenum, tin,
tungsten, and gold account for a large part of industrial production. Timber
and fishing are also important sectors. In 1991-92 Mongolian leadership is
struggling with severe economic dislocations, mainly attributable to the
economic crumbling of the USSR, by far Mongolia's leading trade and
development partner. Moscow almost certainly cut aid in 1991, and the
dissolution of the USSR at yearend 1991 makes prospects for aid quite bleak
for 1992. Industry in 1991-92 has been hit hard by energy shortages, mainly
due to disruptions in coal production and shortfalls in petroleum imports.
The government is moving away from the Soviet-style centrally planned
economy through privatization and price reform.
GDP:
exchange rate conversion - $2.1 billion, per capita $900; real growth rate
-3% (1991 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
100% (1991 est.)
Unemployment rate:
15% (1991 est.)
Budget:
deficit of $67 million (1991)
Exports:
$279 million (f.o.b., 1991)
commodities:
copper, livestock, animal products, cashmere, wool, hides, fluorspar, other
nonferrous metals
partners:
USSR 75%, China 10%, Japan 4%
Imports:
$360 million (f.o.b., 1991)
commodities:
machinery and equipment, fuels, food products, industrial consumer goods,
chemicals, building materials, sugar, tea
partners:
USSR 75%, Austria 5%, China 5%
External debt:
$16.8 billion (yearend 1990); 98.6% with USSR
Industrial production:
growth rate -12% (1991 est.)
Electricity:
1,238,000 kW capacity; 3,700 million kWh produced, 1,692 kWh per capita
(1990)
Industries:
copper, processing of animal products, building materials, food and
beverage, mining (particularly coal)
Agriculture:
accounts for about 20% of GDP and provides livelihood for about 50% of the
population; livestock raising predominates (primarily sheep and goats, but
also cattle, camels, and horses); crops - wheat, barley, potatoes, forage

:Mongolia Economy

Economic aid:
about $300 million in trade credits and $34 million in grant aid from USSR
and other CEMA countries, plus $7.4 million from UNDP (1990); in 1991, $170
million in grants and technical assistance from Western donor countries,
including $30 million from World Bank and $30 million from the IMF; over
$200 million from donor countries projected in 1992
Currency:
tughrik (plural - tughriks); 1 tughrik (Tug) = 100 mongos
Exchange rates:
tughriks (Tug) per US$1 - 7.1 (1991), 5.63 (1990), 3.00 (1989)
Fiscal year:
calendar year

:Mongolia Communications

Railroads:
1,750 km 1.524-meter broad gauge (1988)
Highways:
46,700 km total; 1,000 km hard surface; 45,700 km other surfaces (1988)
Inland waterways:
397 km of principal routes (1988)
Civil air:
25 major transport aircraft
Airports:
81 total, 31 usable; 11 with permanent-surface runways; fewer than 5 with
runways over 3,659 m; fewer than 20 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 12 with
runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications:
63,000 telephones (1989); broadcast stations - 12 AM, 1 FM, 1 TV (with 18
provincial repeaters); repeat of Russian TV; 120,000 TVs; 220,000 radios; at
least 1 earth station

:Mongolia Defense Forces

Branches:
Mongolian People's Army (includes Border Guards), Air Force
Manpower availability:
males 15-49, 551,548; 359,904 fit for military service; 25,275 reach
military age (18) annually
Defense expenditures:
exchange rate conversion - $22.8 million of GDP (1992 budget)

:Montserrat Geography

Total area:
100 km2
Land area:
100 km2
Comparative area:
about 0.6 times the size of Washington, DC
Land boundaries:
none
Coastline:
40 km
Maritime claims:
Exclusive fishing zone:
200 nm
Territorial sea:
3 nm
Disputes:
none
Climate:
tropical; little daily or seasonal temperature variation
Terrain:
volcanic islands, mostly mountainous, with small coastal lowland
Natural resources:
negligible
Land use:
arable land 20%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 10%; forest and
woodland 40%; other 30%
Environment:
subject to severe hurricanes from June to November
Note:
located 400 km southeast of Puerto Rico in the Caribbean Sea

:Montserrat People

Population:
12,617 (July 1992), growth rate 0.4 (1992)
Birth rate:
17 births/1,000 population (1992)
Death rate:
10 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
Net migration rate:
-3 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
Infant mortality rate:
11 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
Life expectancy at birth:
74 years male, 78 years female (1992)
Total fertility rate:
2.2 children born/woman (1992)
Nationality:
noun - Montserratian(s); adjective - Montserratian
Ethnic divisions:
mostly black with a few Europeans
Religions:
Anglican, Methodist, Roman Catholic, Pentecostal, Seventh-Day Adventist,
other Christian denominations
Languages:
English
Literacy:
97% (male 97%, female 97%) age 15 and over having ever attended school
(1970)
Labor force:
5,100; community, social, and personal services 40.5%, construction 13.5%,
trade, restaurants, and hotels 12.3%, manufacturing 10.5%, agriculture,
forestry, and fishing 8.8%, other 14.4% (1983 est.)
Organized labor:
30% of labor force, three trade unions with 1,500 members (1984 est.)

:Montserrat Government

Long-form name:
none
Type:
dependent territory of the UK
Capital:
Plymouth
Administrative divisions:
3 parishes; Saint Anthony, Saint Georges, Saint Peter
Independence:
none (dependent territory of the UK)
Constitution:
1 January 1960
Legal system:
English common law and statute law
National holiday:
Celebration of the Birthday of the Queen (second Saturday of June)
Executive branch:
monarch, governor, Executive Council (cabinet), chief minister
Legislative branch:
unicameral Legislative Council
Judicial branch:
Supreme Court
Leaders:
Chief of State:
Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor David
TAYLOR (since NA 1990)
Head of Government:
Chief Minister Reuben T. MEADE (since October 1991)
Political parties and leaders:
National Progressive Party (NPP) Reuben T. MEADE; People's Liberation
Movement (PLM), Noel TUITT; National Development Party (NDP), Bertrand
OSBORNE; Independent (IND), Ruby BRAMBLE
Suffrage:
universal at age 18
Elections:
Legislative Council:
last held on 8 October 1991; results - percent of vote by party NA; seats -
(11 total, 7 elected) NPP 4, NDP 1, PLM 1, independent 1
Member of:
CARICOM, CDB, ECLAC (associate), ICFTU, OECS, WCL
Diplomatic representation:
none (dependent territory of the UK)
Flag:
blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the
Montserratian coat of arms centered in the outer half of the flag; the coat
of arms features a woman standing beside a yellow harp with her arm around a
black cross

:Montserrat Economy

Overview:
The economy is small and open with economic activity centered on tourism and
construction. Tourism is the most important sector and accounted for 20% of
GDP in 1986. Agriculture accounted for about 4% of GDP and industry 10%. The
economy is heavily dependent on imports, making it vulnerable to
fluctuations in world prices. Exports consist mainly of electronic parts
sold to the US.
GDP:
exchange rate conversion - $54.2 million, per capita $4,500 (1988); real
growth rate 10% (1990 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
6.8% (1990)
Unemployment rate:
3.0% (1987)
Budget:
revenues $12.1 million; expenditures $14.3 million, including capital
expenditures of $3.2 million (1988)
Exports:
$2.3 million (f.o.b., 1988 est.)
commodities:
electronic parts, plastic bags, apparel, hot peppers, live plants, cattle
partners:
NA
Imports:
$30 million (c.i.f., 1988 est.)
commodities:
machinery and transportation equipment, foodstuffs, manufactured goods,
fuels, lubricants, and related materials
partners:
NA
External debt:
$2.05 million (1987)
Industrial production:
growth rate 8.1% (1986); accounts for 10% of GDP
Electricity:
5,271 kW capacity; 12 million kWh produced, 960 kWh per capita (1991)
Industries:
tourism; light manufacturing - rum, textiles, electronic appliances
Agriculture:
accounts for 4% of GDP; small-scale farming; food crops - tomatoes, onions,
peppers; not self-sufficient in food, especially livestock products
Economic aid:
Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $90
million
Currency:
East Caribbean dollar (plural - dollars); 1 EC dollar (EC$) = 100 cents
Exchange rates:
East Caribbean dollars (EC$) per US$1 - 2.70 (fixed rate since 1976)
Fiscal year:
1 April - 31 March

:Montserrat Communications

Highways:
280 km total; about 200 km paved, 80 km gravel and earth
Ports:
Plymouth
Airports:
1 with permanent-surface runways 1,036 m
Telecommunications:
3,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 8 AM, 4 FM, 1 TV

:Montserrat Defense Forces

Branches:
Police Force
Note:
defense is the responsibility of the UK

:Morocco Geography

Total area:
446,550 km2
Land area:
446,300 km2
Comparative area:
slightly larger than California
Land boundaries:
2,002 km; Algeria 1,559 km, Western Sahara 443 km
Coastline:
1,835 km
Maritime claims:
Contiguous zone:
24 nm
Continental shelf:
200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation
Exclusive economic zone:
200 nm
Territorial sea:
12 nm
Disputes:
claims and administers Western Sahara, but sovereignty is unresolved; the UN
is attempting to hold a referendum; the UN-administered cease-fire has been
currently in effect since September 1991 Spain controls five places of
sovereignty (plazas de soberania) on and off the coast of Morocco - the
coastal enclaves of Ceuta and Melilla which Morocco contests as well as the
islands of Penon de Alhucemas, Penon de Velez de la Gomera, and Islas
Chafarinas
Climate:
Mediterranean, becoming more extreme in the interior
Terrain:
mostly mountains with rich coastal plains
Natural resources:
phosphates, iron ore, manganese, lead, zinc, fish, salt
Land use:
arable land 18%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 28%; forest and
woodland 12%; other 41%; includes irrigated 1%
Environment:
northern mountains geologically unstable and subject to earthquakes;
desertification
Note:
strategic location along Strait of Gibraltar

:Morocco People

Population:
26,708,587 (July 1992), growth rate 2.1% (1992)
Birth rate:
29 births/1,000 population (1992)
Death rate:
8 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
Net migration rate:
- 1 migrant/1,000 population (1992)
Infant mortality rate:
56 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
Life expectancy at birth:
63 years male, 67 years female (1992)
Total fertility rate:
3.7 children born/woman (1992)
Nationality:
noun - Moroccan(s); adjective - Moroccan
Ethnic divisions:
Arab-Berber 99.1%, non-Moroccan 0.7%, Jewish 0.2%
Religions:
Muslim 98.7%, Christian 1.1%, Jewish 0.2%
Languages:
Arabic (official); several Berber dialects; French is often the language of
business, government, and diplomacy
Literacy:
50% (male 61%, female 38%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)
Labor force:
7,400,000; agriculture 50%, services 26%, industry 15%, other 9% (1985)
Organized labor:
about 5% of the labor force, mainly in the Union of Moroccan Workers (UMT)
and the Democratic Confederation of Labor (CDT)

:Morocco Government

Long-form name:
Kingdom of Morocco
Type:
constitutional monarchy
Capital:
Rabat
Administrative divisions:
37 provinces and 5 municipalities* (wilayas, singular - wilaya); Agadir, Al
Hoceima, Azilal, Beni Mellal, Ben Slimane, Boulemane, Casablanca*, Chaouen,
El Jadida, El Kelaa des Srarhna, Er Rachidia, Essaouira, Fes, Fes*, Figuig,
Guelmim, Ifrane, Kenitra, Khemisset, Khenifra, Khouribga, Laayoune, Larache,
Marrakech, Marrakech*, Meknes, Meknes*, Nador, Ouarzazate, Oujda,
Rabat-Sale*, Safi, Settat, Sidi Kacem, Tanger, Tan-Tan, Taounate,
Taroudannt, Tata, Taza, Tetouan, Tiznit
Independence:
2 March 1956 (from France)
Constitution:
10 March 1972
Legal system:
based on Islamic law and French and Spanish civil law system; judicial
review of legislative acts in Constitutional Chamber of Supreme Court
National holiday:
National Day (anniversary of King Hassan II's accession to the throne), 3
March (1961)
Executive branch:
monarch, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet)
Legislative branch:
unicameral Chamber of Representatives (Majlis Nawab)
Judicial branch:
Supreme Court
Leaders:
Chief of State:
King HASSAN II (since 3 March 1961)
Head of Government:
Prime Minister Dr. Azzedine LARAKI (since 30 September 1986)
Political parties and leaders:
Morocco has 15 political parties; the major ones are Istiqlal, M'Hamed
BOUCETTA; Socialist Union of Popular Forces (USFP); Popular Movement (MP),
Secretariat General; National Assembly of Independents (RNI), Ahmed OSMAN;
National Democratic Party (PND), Mohamed Arsalane EL-JADIDI; Party for
Progress and Socialism (PPS); Constitutional Union (UC), Maati BOUABID
Suffrage:
universal at age 21
Elections:
Chamber of Representatives:
last held on 14 September 1984 (were scheduled for September 1990, but
postponed until NA 1992); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats -
(306 total, 206 elected) CU 83, RNI 61, MP 47, Istiqlal 41, USFP 36, PND 24,
other 14
Communists:
about 2,000
Member of:
ABEDA, ACCT (associate), AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, AMU, CCC, EBRD, ECA, FAO,
G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IIB, ILO,
IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, OAS (observer), NAM,
OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

:Morocco Government

Diplomatic representation:
Ambassador Mohamed BELKHAYAT; Chancery at 1601 21st Street NW, Washington,
DC 20009; telephone (202) 462-7979; there is a Moroccan Consulate General in
New York
US:
Ambassador Frederick VREELAND; Embassy at 2 Avenue de Marrakech, Rabat
(mailing address is P. O. Box 120, Rabat, or PSC 74, APO AE 09718; telephone
[212] (7) 76-22-65; FAX [212] (7) 76-56-61; there is a US Consulate General
in Casablanca
Flag:
red with a green pentacle (five-pointed, linear star) known as Solomon's
seal in the center of the flag; green is the traditional color of Islam

:Morocco Economy

Overview:
The economy had recovered moderately in 1990 because of: the resolution of a
trade dispute with India over phosphoric acid sales, a rebound in textile
sales to the EC, lower prices for food imports, a sharp increase in worker
remittances, increased Arab donor aid, and generous debt rescheduling
agreements. Economic performance in 1991 was mixed. A record harvest helped
real GDP advance by 4.2%, although nonagricultural output grew by less than
1%. Inflation accelerated slightly as easier financial policies triggered
rapid credit and monetary growth. Despite recovery of domestic demand,
import volume growth slowed while export volume was adversely affected by
phosphate marketing difficulties. In January 1992, Morocco reached a new
12-month standby arrangement for $129 million with the IMF. In February
1992, the Paris Club rescheduled $1.4 billion of Morocco's commercial debt.
This is thought to be Morocco's last rescheduling. By 1993 the Moroccan
authorities hope to be in a position to meet all debt service obligations
without additional rescheduling. Servicing this large debt, high
unemployment, and Morocco's vulnerability to external economic forces remain
severe long-term problems.
GDP:
exchange rate conversion - $27.3 billion, per capita $1,060; real growth
rate 4.2% (1991)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
8.1% (1991 )
Unemployment rate:
16% (1991)
Budget:
revenues $7.5 billion; expenditures $7.7 billion, including capital
expenditures of $1.9 billion (1992)
Exports:
$4.1 billion (f.o.b., 1991)
commodities:
food and beverages 30%, semiprocessed goods 23%, consumer goods 21%,
phosphates 17%
partners:
EC 58%, India 7%, Japan 5%, USSR 3%, US 2%
Imports:
$6.0 billion (f.o.b., 1991)
commodities:
capital goods 24%, semiprocessed goods 22%, raw materials 16%, fuel and
lubricants 16%, food and beverages 13%, consumer goods 9%
partners:
EC 53%, US 11%, Canada 4%, Iraq 3%, USSR 3%, Japan 2%
External debt:
$20 billion (1991)
Industrial production:
growth rate 4% (1989 est.); accounts for an estimated 20% of GDP
Electricity:
2,270,000 kW capacity; 8,170 million kWh produced, 310 kWh per capita (1991)
Industries:
phosphate rock mining and processing, food processing, leather goods,
textiles, construction, tourism
Agriculture:
50% of employment and 30% of export value; not self-sufficient in food;
cereal farming and livestock raising predominate; barley, wheat, citrus
fruit, wine, vegetables, olives; fishing catch of 491,000 metric tons in
1987

:Morocco Economy

Illicit drugs:
illicit producer of hashish; trafficking on the increase for both domestic
and international drug markets; shipments of hashish mostly directed to
Western Europe; occasional transit point for cocaine from South America
destined for Western Europe.
Economic aid:
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.3 billion; Western (non-US)
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $7.5 billion; OPEC
bilateral aid (1979-89), $4.8 billion; Communist countries (1970-89), $2.5
billion; $2.8 billion debt canceled by Saudi Arabia (1991); IMF standby
agreement worth $13 million; World Bank, $450 million (1991)
Currency:
Moroccan dirham (plural - dirhams); 1 Moroccan dirham (DH) = 100 centimes
Exchange rates:
Moroccan dirhams (DH) per US$1 - 8.889 (March 1992), 8.707 (1991), 8.242
(1990), 8.488 (1989), 8.209 (1988), 8.359 (1987)
Fiscal year:
calendar year

:Morocco Communications

Railroads:
1,893 km 1.435-meter standard gauge (246 km double track, 974 km
electrified)
Highways:
59,198 km total; 27,740 km paved, 31,458 km gravel, crushed stone, improved
earth, and unimproved earth
Pipelines:
crude oil 362 km; petroleum products (abandoned) 491 km; natural gas 241 km
Ports:
Agadir, Casablanca, El Jorf Lasfar, Kenitra, Mohammedia, Nador, Safi,
Tangier; also Spanish-controlled Ceuta and Melilla
Merchant marine:
51 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 315,249 GRT/487,479 DWT; includes 10
cargo, 2 container, 12 refrigerated cargo, 6 roll-on/roll-off, 3 petroleum
tanker, 11 chemical tanker, 4 bulk, 3 short-sea passenger
Civil air:
28 major transport aircraft
Airports:
75 total, 67 usable; 26 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways over
3,659 m; 13 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 27 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications:
good system composed of wire lines, cables, and radio relay links; principal
centers are Casablanca and Rabat; secondary centers are Fes, Marrakech,
Oujda, Tangier, and Tetouan; 280,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 20 AM,
7 FM, 26 TV and 26 additional rebroadcast sites; 5 submarine cables;
satellite earth stations - 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 1 ARABSAT; radio
relay to Gibraltar, Spain, and Western Sahara; coaxial cable and microwave
to Algeria; microwave network linking Syria, Jordan, Egypt, Libya, Tunisia,
Algeria, and Morocco

:Morocco Defense Forces

Branches:
Royal Moroccan Army, Royal Moroccan Navy, Royal Moroccan Air Force, Royal
Gendarmerie, Auxiliary Forces
Manpower availability:
males 15-49, 6,604,712; 4,196,449 fit for military service; 293,204 reach
military age (18) annually; limited conscription
Defense expenditures:
exchange rate conversion - $1.1 billion, 4.2% of GDP (1992 budget)

:Mozambique Geography

Total area:
801,590 km2
Land area:
784,090 km2
Comparative area:
slightly less than twice the size of California
Land boundaries:
4,571 km total; Malawi 1,569 km, South Africa 491 km, Swaziland 105 km,
Tanzania 756 km, Zambia 419 km, Zimbabwe 1,231 km
Coastline:
2,470 km
Maritime claims:
Exclusive economic zone:
200 nm
Territorial sea:
12 nm
Disputes:
none
Climate:
tropical to subtropical
Terrain:
mostly coastal lowlands, uplands in center, high plateaus in northwest,
mountains in west
Natural resources:
coal, titanium
Land use:
arable land 4%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 56%; forest and
woodland 20%; other 20%; includes irrigated NEGL%
Environment:
severe drought and floods occur in south; desertification

:Mozambique People

Population:
15,469,150 (July 1992), growth rate 4.1% (1992); note - 1.5 million
Mozambican refugees; 900,000 in Malawi (1991 est.)
Birth rate:
46 births/1,000 population (1992)
Death rate:
17 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
Net migration rate:
12 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
Infant mortality rate:
134 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
Life expectancy at birth:
46 years male, 49 years female (1992)
Total fertility rate:
6.4 children born/woman (1992)
Nationality:
noun - Mozambican(s); adjective - Mozambican
Ethnic divisions:
majority from indigenous tribal groups; Europeans about 10,000,
Euro-Africans 35,000, Indians 15,000
Religions:
indigenous beliefs 60%, Christian 30%, Muslim 10%
Languages:
Portuguese (official); many indigenous dialects
Literacy:
33% (male 45%, female 21%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)
Labor force:
NA, but 90% engaged in agriculture
Organized labor:
225,000 workers belong to a single union, the Mozambique Workers'
Organization (OTM)

:Mozambique Government

Long-form name:
Republic of Mozambique
Type:
republic
Capital:
Maputo
Administrative divisions:
10 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia); Cabo Delgado, Gaza,
Inhambane, Manica, Maputo, Nampula, Niassa, Sofala, Tete, Zambezia
Independence:
25 June 1975 (from Portugal)
Constitution:
30 November 1990
Legal system:
based on Portuguese civil law system and customary law
National holiday:
Independence Day, 25 June (1975)
Executive branch:
president, prime minister, Cabinet
Legislative branch:
unicameral Assembly of the Republic (Assembleia da Republica)
Judicial branch:
People's Courts at all levels
Leaders:
Chief of State:
President Joaquim Alberto CHISSANO (since 6 November 1986)
Head of Government:
Prime Minister Mario da Graca MACHUNGO (since 17 July 1986)
Political parties and leaders:
Front for the Liberation of Mozambique (FRELIMO) - formerly a Marxist
organization with close ties to the USSR - was the only legal party before
30 November 1990 when the new Constitution went into effect establishing a
multiparty system; note - the government plans multiparty elections as early
as 1993; 14 parties, including the Liberal Democratic Party of Mozambique
(PALMO), the Mozambique National Union (UNAMO), and the Mozambique National
Movement (MONAMO) have already emerged
Suffrage:
universal adult at age 18
Elections:
draft electoral law provides for periodic, direct presidential and Assembly
elections
Communists:
about 200,000 FRELIMO members; note - FRELIMO no longer considers itself a
Communist party
Member of:
ACP, AfDB, CCC, ECA, FAO, FLS, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF,
INMARSAT, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, SADCC, UN,
UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WMO
Diplomatic representation:
Ambassador Hipolito PATRICIO; Chancery at Suite 570, 1990 M Street NW,
Washington, DC 20036; telephone (202) 293-7146
US:
Ambassador Townsend B. FRIEDMAN, Jr.; Embassy at Avenida Kenneth Kuanda, 193
Maputo (mailing address is P. O. Box 783, Maputo); telephone [258] (1)
49-27-97, 49-01-67, 49-03-50; FAX [258] (1) 49-01-14

:Mozambique Government

Flag:
three equal horizontal bands of green (top), black, and yellow with a red
isosceles triangle based on the hoist side; the black band is edged in
white; centered in the triangle is a yellow five-pointed star bearing a
crossed rifle and hoe in black superimposed on an open white book

:Mozambique Economy

Overview:
One of Africa's poorest countries, Mozambique has failed to exploit the
economic potential of its sizable agricultural, hydropower, and
transportation resources. Indeed, national output, consumption, and
investment declined throughout the first half of the 1980s because of
internal disorders, lack of government administrative control, and a growing
foreign debt. A sharp increase in foreign aid, attracted by an economic
reform policy, has resulted in successive years of economic growth since
1985. Agricultural output, nevertheless, is at about only 75% of its 1981
level, and grain has to be imported. Industry operates at only 20-40% of
capacity. The economy depends heavily on foreign assistance to keep afloat.
The continuation of civil strife through 1991 has dimmed chances of foreign
investment, and growth was a mere 1%. Living standards, already abysmally
low, dropped by 3-4% in both 1990 and 1991.
GDP:
exchange rate conversion - $1.7 billion, per capita $120; real growth rate
1.0% (1991 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
40.5% (1990 est.)
Unemployment rate:
50% (1989 est.)
Budget:
revenues $369 million; expenditures $860 million, including capital
expenditures of $432 million (1989 est.)
Exports:
$117 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.)
commodities:
shrimp 48%, cashews 21%, sugar 10%, copra 3%, citrus 3%
partners:
US, Western Europe, GDR, Japan
Imports:
$870 million (c.i.f., 1990 est.), including aid
commodities:
food, clothing, farm equipment, petroleum
partners:
US, Western Europe, USSR
External debt:
$4.9 billion (1991 est.)
Industrial production:
growth rate 5% (1989 est.)
Electricity:
2,270,000 kW capacity; 1,745 million kWh produced, 115 kWh per capita (1991)
Industries:
food, beverages, chemicals (fertilizer, soap, paints), petroleum products,
textiles, nonmetallic mineral products (cement, glass, asbestos), tobacco
Agriculture:
accounts for 80% of the labor force, 50% of GDP, and about 90% of exports;
cash crops - cotton, cashew nuts, sugarcane, tea, shrimp; other crops -
cassava, corn, rice, tropical fruits; not self-sufficient in food
Economic aid:
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $350 million; Western (non-US)
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $4.4 billion; OPEC
bilateral aid (1979-89), $37 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $890
million
Currency:
metical (plural - meticais); 1 metical (Mt) = 100 centavos
Exchange rates:
meticais (Mt) per US$1 - 2,358 (1 May 1992), 1,811.18 (1991), 929.00 (1990),
800.00 (1989), 528.60 (1988), 289.44 (1987)

:Mozambique Economy

Fiscal year:
calendar year

:Mozambique Communications

Railroads:
3,288 km total; 3,140 km 1.067-meter gauge; 148 km 0.762-meter narrow gauge;
Malawi-Nacala, Malawi-Beira, and Zimbabwe-Maputo lines are subject to
closure because of insurgency
Highways:
26,498 km total; 4,593 km paved; 829 km gravel, crushed stone, stabilized
soil; 21,076 km unimproved earth
Inland waterways:
about 3,750 km of navigable routes
Pipelines:
crude oil (not operating) 306 km; petroleum products 289 km
Ports:
Maputo, Beira, Nacala
Merchant marine:
5 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 7,806 GRT/12,873 DWT
Civil air:
7 major transport aircraft
Airports:
195 total, 137 usable; 27 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways
over 3,659 m; 5 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 26 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications:
fair system of troposcatter, open-wire lines, and radio relay; broadcast
stations - 29 AM, 4 FM, 1 TV; earth stations - 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and
3 domestic Indian Ocean INTELSAT

:Mozambique Defense Forces

Branches:
Army, Naval Command, Air and Air Defense Forces, Border Guards, Militia
Manpower availability:
males 15-49, 3,490,554; 2,004,913 fit for military service
Defense expenditures:
exchange rate conversion - $107 million, 6-7% of GDP (1989)

:Namibia Geography

Total area:
824,290 km2
Land area:
823,290 km2
Comparative area:
slightly more than half the size of Alaska
Land boundaries:
3,935 km total; Angola 1,376 km, Botswana 1,360 km, South Africa 966 km,
Zambia 233 km
Coastline:
1,489 km
Maritime claims:
Exclusive economic zone:
200 nm
Territorial sea:
12 nm
Disputes:
short section of boundary with Botswana is indefinite; disputed island with
Botswana in the Chobe River; quadripoint with Botswana, Zambia, and Zimbabwe
is in disagreement; claim by Namibia to Walvis Bay and 12 offshore islands
administered by South Africa; Namibia and South Africa have agreed to
jointly administer the area for an interim period; the terms and dates to be
covered by joint administration arrangements have not been established at
this time, and Namibia will continue to maintain a claim to sovereignty over
the entire area; recent dispute with Botswana over uninhabited Sidudu Island
in the Linyanti River
Climate:
desert; hot, dry; rainfall sparse and erratic
Terrain:
mostly high plateau; Namib Desert along coast; Kalahari Desert in east
Natural resources:
diamonds, copper, uranium, gold, lead, tin, lithium, cadmium, zinc, salt,
vanadium, natural gas, fish; suspected deposits of oil, natural gas, coal,
and iron ore
Land use:
arable land 1%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 64%; forest and
woodland 22%; other 13%; includes irrigated NEGL%
Environment:
inhospitable with very limited natural water resources; desertification
Note:
Walvis Bay area is an exclave of South Africa in Namibia

:Namibia People