Chapter XLIV: Appendix: 1. Indian Language (3)

Having thus indicated the mode of distinguishing the person, number, relation, and gender, or what is deemed its technical equivalent, the mutations words undergo, not to mark the distinctions of _sex_, but the presence or absence of _vitality_, I shall now advert to the inflections which the pronouns take for _tense_, or rather to form the auxiliary verbs, have, had, shall, will, may, &c.; a very curious and important principle, and one which clearly demonstrates that no part of speech has escaped the transforming genius of the language. Not only are the three great modifications of time accurately marked in the verbal form of the Chippewas, but, by the inflection of the pronoun, they are enabled to indicate some of the oblique tenses, and thereby to conjugate their verbs with accuracy and precision.

The particle _gee_ added to the first, second, and third person singular, of the present tense, changes them to the perfect past, rendering I, thou, he, I did, have, or had; thou didst, hast, or hadst; he or she did, have, or had. If _gah_ be substituted for _gee_, the first future tense is formed, and the perfect past added to the first future, forms the conditional future. As the eye may prove an auxiliary in the comprehension of forms which are not familiar, the following tabular arrangement of them is presented.

First person, I.

Nin gee, I did, have, had.
Nin gah, I shall, will.
Nin gah gee, I shall have, will have.

Second person, Thou.

Ke gee, Thou didst, hast, hadst.
Ke gah, Thou shalt, wilt.
Ke gah gee, Thou shalt have, wilt have.

Third person, He or She.

O gee, He or she did, have, had.
O gah, He or she did, have, had.
O gah gee, He or she shall have, will have.

The present and imperfect tense of the potential mood is formed by _dau_, and the perfect by _gee_ suffixed, as in other instances.

First person, I.

Nin dau, I may, can, &c.
Nin dau gee, I may have, can have, &c.

Second person, Thou.

Ke dau, Thou mayst, canst, &c.
Ke dau gee, Thou mayst have, canst have, &c.

Third person, He or She.

O dau, He or she may, can, &c.
O dau gee, He or she may have, can have, &c.

In conjugating the verbs through the plural person, the singular terms for the pronoun remain, and they are rendered plural by a retrospective action of the pronominal inflections of the verb. In this manner the pronoun-verb auxiliary has a general application, and the necessity of double forms is avoided.

The preceding observations are confined to the formative or _prefixed_ pronouns. The inseparable suffixed or subformative are as follows:--

Yaun, My.
Yun, Thy.
Id or d, His or hers.
Yaung, Our. (ex.)
Yung, Our. (in.)
Yaig, Your.
Waud, Their.

These pronouns are exclusively employed as suffixes, and as suffixes to the descriptive compound substantives, adjectives, and verbs. Both the rule and examples have been stated under the head of the substantives, p. 463, and adjectives, p. 492. Their application to the verb will be shown as we proceed.

2. _Relative Pronouns._--In a language which provides for the distinction of person by particles prefixed or suffixed to the verb, it will scarcely be expected that separate and independent relative pronouns should exist, or if such are to be found, their use, as separate parts of speech, must, it will have been anticipated, be quite limited; limited to simple interrogatory forms of expression, and not applicable to the indicative or declaratory. Such will be found to be the fact in the language under review; and it will be perceived from the subjoined examples, that in all instances requiring the relative pronoun _who_, other than the simple interrogatory forms, this relation is indicated by the inflections of the verb, or adjective, &c. Nor does there appear to be any declension of the separate pronoun corresponding to _whose_ and _whom_.

The word _Ahwaynain_, may be said to be uniformly employed in the sense of _who_, under the limitations we have mentioned. For instance--

Who is there? Ahwaynain e-mah ai-aud?
Who spoke? Ahwaynain kau keegoedood?
Who told you? Ahwaynain kau weendumoak?
Who are you? Ahwaynain iau we yun?
Who sent you? Ahwaynain waynönik?
Who is your father? Ahwaynain kös?
Who did it? Ahwaynain kau tödung?
Whose dog is it? Ahwaynain way dyid?
Whose pipe is that? Ahwaynain döpwaugunid en-eu?
Whose lodge is it? Ahwaynain way weegewomid?
Whom do you seek? Ahwaynain nain dau wau bumud?
Whom have you here? Ahwaynain oh-amau _ai_ auwaud?

Not the slightest variation is made in these phrases between who, whose, and whom.

Should we wish to change the interrogative, and to say he who is there, he who spoke, he who told you, &c., the separable personal pronoun _ween_ (he) must be used in lieu of the relative; and the following forms will be elicited:--

Ween, kau unnönik, He (who) sent you.
Ween, kau geedood, He (who) spoke.
Ween, _ai_-aud e-mah, He (who) is there.
Ween, kau weendumoak, He (who) told you.
Ween, kau tödung, He (who) did it, &c.

If we object that, in these forms, there is no longer the relative pronoun _who_, the sense being simply he sent you, he spoke, &c., it is replied that, if it be intended only to say he sent you, &c., and not he _who_ sent you, &c., the following forms are used:--

Ke gee unnönig, He (sent) you.
Ainnözhid, He (sent) me.
Ainnönaud, He (sent) him.
Iau e-mau, He is there.
Ke geedo, He (spoke).
Ke gee weendumaug, He (told) you.
Ke to dum, He did it.

We reply to this answer of the native speaker, that the particle _kau_ prefixed to a verb, denotes the past tense; that in the former series of terms in which this particle appears, the verbs are in the perfect indicative, and in the latter, they are in the present indicative, marking the difference only between _sent_ and _send_, _spoke_ and _speak_, &c.; and that there is absolutely no relative pronoun in either series of terms. We further observe, that the personal pronoun _ween_, prefixed to the first set of terms, may be prefixed, with equal propriety, to the second set, and that its use or disuse is perfectly optional with the speaker, as he may wish to give additional energy or emphasis to the expression. To these positions, after reflection, discussion, and examination, we receive an assent, and thus the uncertainty is terminated.

We now wish to apply the principle thus elicited to verbs causative, and to other compound terms--to the adjective verbs, for instance--and to the other verbal compound expressions, in which the objective and the nominative persons are incorporated as a part of the verb, and are not prefixes to it. This may be shown in the causative verb--

TO MAKE HAPPY.

Mainwaindumëid, He (who) makes _me_ happy.
Mainwaindumëik, He (who) makes _thee_ happy.
Mainwaindumëaud, He (who) makes _him_ happy.
Mainwaindumëinung, He (who) makes _us_ happy. (in.)
Mainwaindumëyaug, He (who) makes _us_ happy. (ex.)
Mainwaindumëinnaig, He (who) makes _ye_ or _you_ happy.
Mainwaindumëigowaud, He (who) makes _them_ happy.

And so the forms might be continued throughout all the objective persons--

Mainwaindum ë yun, _Thou_ (who) makest me happy, &c.

The basis of these compounds is _minno_, "good," and _aindum_, "the mind." Hence, _minwaindum_, "he happy." The adjective, in this connection, cannot be translated "good," but its effect upon the noun is to denote that state of the mind which is at rest with itself. The first change from this simple compound, is to give the adjective a verbal form; and this is effected by a permutation of the vowels of the first syllable--a rule of very extensive application--and by which, in the present instance, the phrase "he happy," is changed to "he makes happy," (_mainwaindum_.) The next step is to add the suffix personal pronouns, _id_, _ik_, _aud_, &c., rendering the expressions, "he makes _me_ happy," &c. But, in adding these increments, the vowel _e_ is thrown between the adjective-verb and the pronoun suffixed, making the expression, not _mainwaindum-yun_, but _mainwaindum ëyun_. Generally, the vowel e, in this situation, is a connective, or introduced merely for the sake of euphony. And those who maintain that it is here employed as a personal pronoun, and that the relative _who_ is implied by the final inflection, overlook the inevitable inference, that if the marked _e_ stands for _me_ in the first phrase, it must stand for _thee_ in the second, _he_ in the third, _us_ in the fourth, &c. As to the meaning and office of the final inflections _id_, _ik_, &c., whatever they may, in an involuted sense, _imply_, it is quite clear, by turning to the list of _suffixed personal pronouns_, and _animate plurals_, that they mark the persons, I, thou, he, &c., we, ye, they, &c.

Take, for example, _minwaindumëigowaud_, "he (who) makes them happy." Of this compound, _minwaindum_, as before shown, signifies "he makes happy." But as the verb is in the singular number, it implies that but _one person_ is made happy; and the suffixed personal pronouns _singular_, mark the distinctions between _me_, _thee_, and _he_, or _him_.

_Minwaindum-e-ig_ is the verb plural, and implies that several persons are made happy; and, in like manner, the suffixed personal pronouns _plural_, mark the distinctions between we, ye, they, &c.; for it is a rule of the language, that a strict concordance must exist between the number of the verb and the number of the pronoun. The termination of the verb consequently always indicates whether there be one or many objects to which its energy is directed. And as animate verbs can be applied only to animate objects, the numerical inflections of the verb are understood to mark the number of persons. But this number is indiscriminate, and leaves the sense vague until the pronominal suffixes are superadded. Those who, therefore, contend for the _sense_ of the relative pronoun "who" being given in the last-mentioned phrase, and all phrases similarly formed by a succedaneum, contend for something like the following form of translation: "He makes them happy--him!" or "Him--he (meaning 'who') makes them happy."

The equivalent for _what_, is _waygonain_.

What do you want? Waygonain wau iauyun?
What have you lost? Waygonain kau wonetöyun?
What do you look for? Waygonain nain dahwau bundahmun?
What is this? Waygonain ewinain maundun?
What will you have? Waygonain kad iauyun?
What detained you? Waygonain kau oon dahme egöyun?
What are you making? Waygonain wayzhetöyun?
What have you there? Waygonain e-mau iauyun?

The use of this pronoun, like the preceding, appears to be confined to simple interrogative forms. The word _auneen_, which sometimes supplies its place, or is used for want of the pronoun _which_, is an adverb, and has considerable latitude of meaning. Most commonly, it may be considered as the equivalent for _how_, in what manner, or at what time.

What do you say? Auneen akeedöyun?
What do you call this? Auneen aizheneekaudahmun
maundun?(i.)
What ails you? Auneen aindeeyun?
What is your name? Auneen aizheekauzoyun?
Which do you mean, this or that? (an.) Auneen ah-ow ainud, woh-ow
gämau ewaidde?
Which do you mean, this or that? (in.) Auneen eh-eu ewaidumun oh-oo
gämau ewaidde?
Which boy do you mean? Auneen ah-ow-ainud?

By adding to this word the particle _de_, it is converted into an adverb of place, and may be rendered _where_.

Where do you dwell? Auneende aindauyun?
Where is your son? Auneende ke gwiss?
Where did you see him? Auneende ke waubumud?
Where did you see it? Auneende ke waubundumun?
Where are you going? Auneende azhauyun?
Where did you come from? Auneende ka oonjeebauyun?
Where is your pipe? Auneende ke döpwaugun?
Where is your gun? Auneende ke baushkizzigun?

By a still further modification, it is rendered an adverb of inquiry of the cause or motive.

Why do you do so? Auneeshween eh eu todumun?
Why do you say so? Auneeshween eh eu ekeedoyun?
Why are you angry? Auneeshween nishkaudizzeyun?
Why will you depart? Auneeshween wee matyauyun?
Why will you not depart? Auneeshween matyauseewun?
Why have you come? Auneeshween ke peëzhauyun?
Tell me why? Weendumowishin auneeshween?
Wherefore is it so? Auneeshween eh-eu izzhewaibuk?
(in.)
Wherefore did you strike him? Auneeshween ke pukketaywud?

3. Demonstrative pronouns are either animate or inanimate, and may be arranged as follows:--

ANIMATE. INANIMATE.

Mau-bum (impersonal), } This. Maun-dun (inanimate proper).
Woh-ow (personal), } Oh-oo (inanimate conventional).
Ah-ow, That. Eh-eu.
Mau-mig, These. Mau-min.
Ig-eu (personal), } Those. In-eu (inanimate proper).
I-goo (impersonal), } O-noo (inanimate conventional).

These words are not always used merely to ascertain the object, but often, perhaps always, when the object is present to the sight, have a substantive meaning, and are used without the noun. It creates no uncertainty, if a man be standing at some distance to say, _Ah-ow_; or if a canoe be lying at some distance, to say, _Eh-eu_; the meaning is clearly, that _person_, or that _canoe_, whether the noun be added or not. Or, if there be two animate objects standing together, or two inanimate objects lying together, the words _maumig_ (a.), or _maumin_ (i.), if they be near, or _ig-eu_, (a.), or _in-eu_ (i.), if they be distant, are equally expressive of the _materiality_ of the objects, as well as their relative position. Under other circumstances the noun would be required, as where two animate objects of diverse character--a man and a horse for instance--were standing near each other; or a canoe and a package of goods were lying near each other--and, in fact, under all circumstances--the noun _may_ be used after the demonstrative pronoun, without violating any rule of grammar, although not without the imputation, in many instances, of being over-formal and unnecessarily minute. What is deemed redundant, however, in oral use, and amongst a people who supply much by sight and gesticulation, becomes quite necessary in writing the language; and, in the following sentences, the substantive is properly employed after the pronoun:--

This dog is very lean, Gitshee bukaukuddoozo woh-ow
annemoosh.
These dogs are very lean, Gitshee bukaukuddoozowug o-goo
annemooshug.
Those dogs are fat, Ig-eu annemooshug ween-in-oowug.
That dog is fat, Ah-ow annemoosh ween-in-oo.
This is a handsome knife, Gagait onishishin maundun mokomahn.
These are handsome knives, Gagait wahwinaudj o-noo mokomahnun.
Those are bad knives, Monaududön in-euwaidde mokomahnun.
Give me that spear, Meezhishin eh-eu ahnitt.
Give me those spears, Meezhishin in-eu unnewaidde
ahnitteen.
That is a fine boy, Gagait kwonaudj ah-ow kweewezains.
Those are fine boys, Gagait wahwinaudj ig-euwaidde
kweewezainsug.
This boy is larger than that, Nahwudj mindiddo woh-ow kweewezains
ewaidde dush.
That is what I wanted, Meeh-eu wau iauyaumbaun.
This is the very thing I wanted, Mee-suh oh-oo wau iauyaumbaun.

In some of these expressions, the pronoun combines with an adjective, as in the compound words _ineuwaidde_ and _igeuwaidde_, _those yonder_ (in.), and _those yonder_ (an.). Compounds which exhibit the full pronoun in coalescence with the adverb _ewaidde_, yonder.

2. NATURAL HISTORY.

V.

ZOOLOGY.

1. _Limits of the Range of the Cervus Sylvestris in the Northwestern
parts of the United States._ By HENRY R. SCHOOLCRAFT. (Northwest
Journal.)

2. _Description of the Fringilia Vespertina, discovered by Mr.
Schoolcraft in the Northwest._ By WILLIAM COOPER. (Annals of the
New York Lyceum of Natural History.)

3. CONCHOLOGY.--_List of Shells collected by Mr. Schoolcraft, in the
Western and Northwestern Territory._ By WILLIAM COOPER.

HELIX.

1. HELIX ALBOLABRIS, _Say_. Near Lake Michigan.

2. HELIX ALTERNATA, _Say_. Banks of the Wabash, near and above the Tippecanoe. Mr. Say remarks, that these two species, so common in the Atlantic States, were not met with in Major Long's second expedition, until their arrival in the secondary country at the eastern extremity of Lake Superior.

PLANORBIS.

3. PLANORBIS CAMPANULATUS, _Say_. Itasca (or La Biche) Lake, the source of the Mississippi.

4. PLANORBIS TRIVOLVIS, _Say_. Lake Michigan. These two species were also observed by Mr. Say, as far east as the Falls of Niagara.

LYMNEUS.

5. LYMNEUS UMBROSUS, _Say_, Am. Con. iv. pl. xxxi. Fig. 1. Lake Winnipec, Upper Mississippi, and Rainy Lake.

6. LYMNEUS REFLEXUS, _Say_, l. c. pl. xxxi. Fig. 2. Rainy Lake, Seine River, and Lake Winnipec.

7. LYMNEUS STAGNALIS. Lake a la Crosse, Upper Mississippi.

PALUDINA.

8. PALUDINA PONDEROSA, _Say_. Wisconsin River.

9. PALUDINA VIVIPARA, _Say_, Am. Con. i. pl. x. The American specimens of this shell are more depressed than the European, but appear to be identical in species.

MELANIA.

10. MELANIA VIRGINICA, _Say_. Lake Michigan.

ANODONTA.

11. ANODONTA CATARACTA, _Say_. Chicago, Lake Michigan. This species, Mr. Lea remarks, has a great geographical extension.

12. ANODONTA CORPULENTA, _Nobis_. Shell thin and fragile, though less so than others of the genus; much inflated at the umbones, margins somewhat compressed; valves connate over the hinge in perfect specimens; surface dark brown, in old shells; in younger, of a pale dingy green, and without rays, in all I have examined; beaks slightly undulated at the tip. The color within is generally of a livid coppery hue, but sometimes, also, pure white.

Length of a middling sized specimen, four and a half inches, breadth, six and a quarter. It is often eighteen inches in circumference round the border of the valves, with a diameter through the umbones of three inches. Inhabits the Upper Mississippi, from Prairie du Chien to Lake Pepin.

This fine shell, much the largest I have seen of the genus, was first sent by Mr. Schoolcraft, to the Lyceum, several years ago. So far as I am able to discover, it is undescribed, and a distinct and remarkable species. It may be known by its length being greater in proportion to its breadth than in the other American species, by the subrhomboidal form of the posterior half, and generally, by the color of the nacre, though this is not to be relied on. It appears to belong to the genus SYMPHYNOTA of Mr. Lea.

ALASMODONTA.

13. ALASMODONTA COMPLANATA, _Barnes_. SYMPHYNOTA COMPLANATA, _Lea_. Shell Lake, River St. Croix, Upper Mississippi. Many species of shells found in this lake grow to an extraordinary size. Some of the present collected by Mr. Schoolcraft, measure nineteen inches in circumference.

14. ALASMODONTA RUGOSA, _Barnes_. St. Croix River, and Lake Vaseux, St. Mary's River.

15. ALASMODONTA MARGINATA, _Say_. Lake Vaseux, St. Mary's River; very large.

16. ALASMODONTA EDENTULA? _Say_. ANODON AREOLATUS? _Swainson_. Lake Vaseux. The specimens of this shell are too old and imperfect to be safely determined.

UNIO.

17. UNIO TUBERCULATUS, _Barnes_. Painted Rock, Upper Mississippi.

18. UNIO PUSTULOSUS, _Lea_. Upper Mississippi, Prairie du Chien, to Lake Pepin.

19. UNIO VERRUCOSUS, _Barnes_, _Lea_. St. Croix River of the Upper Mississippi.

20. UNIO PLICATUS, _Le Sueur_, _Say_. Prairie du Chien, and River St. Croix.

The specimens of U. PLICATUS sent from this locality by Mr. Schoolcraft have the nacre beautifully tinged with violet, near the posterior border of the shell, and are also much more ventricose than those found in more eastern localities, as Pittsburg, for example; at the same time, I believe them to be of the same species. Similar variations are observed in other species; the specimens from the south and west generally exhibiting a greater development.

21. UNIO TRIGONUS, _Lea_. From the same locality as the last, and like it unusually ventricose.

22. UNIO EBENUS, _Lea_. Upper Mississippi, between Prairie du Chien and Lake Pepin.

23. UNIO GIBBOSUS, _Barnes_. St. Croix River, Upper Mississippi,

24. UNIO RECTUS, _Lamarck_. U. PRÆLONGUS, _Barnes_. Upper Mississippi, from Prairie du Chien to Lake Pepin, and the River St. Croix. The specimens collected by Mr. Schoolcraft, vary much in the color of the nacre. Some have it entirely white, others rose purple, and others entirely of a very fine dark salmon color. This species inhabits the St. Lawrence as far east as Montreal.

25. UNIO SILIQUOIDEUS, _Barnes_, and U. INFLATUS, _Barnes_. Upper Mississippi, between Prairie du Chien and Lake Pepin. Large, ponderous, and the epidermis finely rayed.

26. UNIO COMPLANATUS, _Lea_. U. PURPUREUS, _Say_. Lake Vaseux, St. Mary's River. Lake Vaseux is an expansion of the River St. Mary, a tributary of the upper lakes. This shell does not appear to exist in any of the streams flowing into the Mississippi.

27. UNIO CRASSUS, _Say_. Upper Mississippi, Prairie du Chien.

28. UNIO RADIATUS, _Barnes_. Lake Vaseux. The specimen is old and imperfect, but I believe it to be the U. RADIATUS of our conchologists, which is common in Lake Champlain and also inhabits the St. Lawrence.

29. UNIO OCCIDENS, _Lea_. U. VENTRICOSUS, _Say_, Am. Con. U. VENTRICOSUS, _Barnes?_ Wisconsin and St. Croix Rivers, and Shell Lake. Epidermis variously colored, and marked with numerous rays.

30. UNIO VENTRICOSUS, _Barnes_. Upper Mississippi, from Prairie du Chien to Lake Pepin and Shell Lake. The varieties of this, and the preceding pass insensibly into each other. Those from Shell Lake are of extraordinary size.

31. UNIO ALATUS, _Say_. SYMPHYNOTA ALATA, _Lea_. Upper Mississippi, and Shell Lake. Found also in Lake Champlain, by the late Mr. Barnes.

32. UNIO GRACILIS, _Barnes_. SYMPHYNOTA GRACILIS, _Lea_. Upper Mississippi, and Shell Lake. The specimens brought by Mr. Schoolcraft are larger and more beautiful than I have seen from any other locality.

VI.

BOTANY.

1. _A List of Species and Localities of Plants collected in the
Northwestern Expeditions of Mr. Schoolcraft of 1831 and 1832._
By DOUGLASS HOUGHTON, M. D., Surgeon to the expeditions.

The localities of the following plants are transcribed from a catalogue kept during the progress of the expeditions, and embrace many plants common to our country, which were collected barely for the purpose of comparison. A more detailed account will be published at some future day.

_Aster tenuifolius_, Willdenow. Upper Mississippi.
" _sericea_, Nuttall. River de Corbeau, Missouri Ter.
" _lævis?_ Willdenow. St. Croix River, Northwest Ter.
" _concolor_, Willdenow. Fox River, Northwest Ter.
" (_N. Spec._). Sources of Yellow River, Northwest Ter.
_Andropogon furcatus_, Willdenow. Sources of Yellow River, Northwest
Ter.
_Alopecurus geniculatus_, Linnæus. Sault Ste. Marie, M. T.
_Aira flexuosa._ Sault Ste. Marie, M. T.
_Allium tricoccum_, Aiton. Ontonagon River of Lake Superior.
" _cernuum_, Roth. River de Corbeau to the sources of the
Miss.
" (_N. Spec._). St. Louis River of Lake Superior.
_Amorpha canescens_, Nuttall. Upper Mississippi.
_Artemisia canadensis_, Mx. Lake Superior to the sources of the
Miss.
" _sericea_, Nuttall. Keweena Point, Lake Superior.
" _gnaphaloides_, Nuttall. Fox River, Northwest Ter.
_Arabis hirsuta_, De Candolle. Upper Mississippi.
" _lyrata_, Linn. Lake Superior to the sources of the Miss.
_Arundo canadensis_, Mx. Lake Superior.
_Arenaria lateriflora_, Linn. Lake Superior to the sources of the
Miss.
_Alnus glauca_, Mx. St. Croix River to the sources of the Miss.
_Alliona albida_, Walter. Yellow River, Northwest Ter.
_Aronia sanguinea._ Lake Superior to the sources of the Miss.
_Alectoria jubata._ Lake Superior to the sources of the Miss.
_Aletris farinosa._ Prairies of Michigan Ter.
_Bidens beckii_, Torrey. St. Croix River to the sources of the Miss.
_Bunias maritima_, Willdenow. Lake Michigan.
_Baptisia coerulea_, Michaux. Fox River, Northwest Ter.
_Blitum capitatum._ Northwest Ter.
_Betula papyracea_, Willdenow. Lake Superior to the sources of
the Miss.
" _glandulosa._ Savannah River, Northwest Ter.
_Bartramia fontana._ Lake Superior.
_Bromus canadensis_, Michaux. Upper Mississippi.
_Batschia canescens._ Plains of the Mississippi.
" " Var. (or _N. Spec._). Lake Superior.
_Carex paucifolia._ Sault Ste. Marie, Mich. Ter.
" _scirpoides_, Schkuhr. Sault Ste. Marie, Mich. Ter.
" _limosa_, Linn. Sault Ste. Marie, Mich. Ter.
" _curata_, Gmelin. Sault Ste. Marie, Mich. Ter.
" (apparently _N. Spec._ allied to _C. scabrata_.) Sources of the
Miss.
" _washingtoniana_, Dewy. Lake Superior.
" _lacustris_, Willdenow. Lake Superior.
" _oedere_, Ehrhart. Leech Lake.
" _logopodioides_, Schkuhr. Savannah River, Northwest Ter.
" _rosea_, Var. Lake Superior.
" _festucacea_, Schkuhr. St. Louis River of Lake Superior.
_Cyperus mariscoides_, Elliott. Upper Mississippi.
" _alterniflorus_, Schwinitz. River St. Clair, Mich. Ter.
_Cnicus pitcheri_, Torrey. Lakes Michigan and Superior.
_Coreopsis palmata_, Nuttall. Prairies of the Upper Mississippi.
_Cardamine pratensis._ Lake Superior to the sources of the Miss.
_Calamagrostis coarctata_, Torrey. Lake Winnipec.
_Cetraria icelandica._ Lakes Superior and Michigan.
_Corydalis aurea_, Willdenow. Cass Lake, Upper Mississippi.
" _glauca_, Persoon. Lake Superior.
_Cynoglossum amplexicaule_, Michaux. Sault Ste. Marie.
_Cassia chamoecrista._ Upper Mississippi.
_Corylus americana_, Walter. Lake Superior to the sources of the
Miss.
" _rostrata_, Willdenow. Lake Superior to the sources of the
Miss.
_Cistus canadensis_, Willdenow. Lake Superior to the sources of
the Miss.
_Cornus circinata_, L'Heritier. Lake Superior to the sources of the
Miss.
_Cypripedium acaule_, Aiton. Lake Superior to the sources of the
Miss.
_Cymbidium pulchellum_, Swartz. Lake Superior to the sources of
the Miss.
_Corallorhiza multiflora_, Torrey. Lake Superior.
_Convallaria borealis_, Willdenow. Lake Superior to the sources of
the Mississippi.
" _trifolia_, Linn. Lake Superior.
_Cenchrus echinatus_, Linn. Upper Mississippi.
_Cerastium viscosum_, Linn. Lake Superior.
" _oblongifolium_, Torrey. Michigan Ter.
_Campanula acuminata_, Michaux. St. Louis River of Lake Superior.
_Chrysosplenium oppositifolium._ Lake Superior to the Mississippi.
_Cinna arundinacea_, Willdenow. Upper Mississippi.
_Drosera linearis_, Hooker. Lake Superior.
" _rotundifolia._ Lake Superior to the sources of the Miss.
" _americana_, Muhlenberg. Lake Superior to the sources of
the Miss.
_Dracocephalum virginicum_, Willdenow. Red Cedar River, Northwest
Territory.
_Delphinium virescens_, Nuttall. Upper Mississippi.
_Danthonia spicata_, Willdenow. Mauvais River of Lake Superior.
_Dirca palustris_, Willdenow. Ontonagon River of Lake Superior.
_Equisetum limosum_, Torrey. Lake Superior.
" _palustr_e, Willdenow. Lake Superior.
" _variegatum_, Smith. Lake Michigan.
_Erigeron integrifolium_, Bigelow. Falls of Peckagama, Upper Miss.
" _purpureum_, Willdenow. Falls of Peckagama, Upper
Miss.
" (_N. Spec._). Sources of St. Croix River, Northwest Ter.
_Erigeron heterophyllum_, Var. or (_N. Spec._). Sources of St. Croix
River, Northwest Ter.
_Eryngium aquaticum_, Jussieu. Galena, Ill.
_Euphorbia corollata_, Willdenow. Red Cedar River.
_Eriophorum virginicum_, Linn. Lake Superior.
" _alpinum_, Linn. Lake Superior.
" _polystachyon_, Linn. Lake Superior.
_Empetrum nigrum_, Michaux. Lake Superior.
_Erysimum chiranthoides_, Linn. Lake Superior:
_Eriocaulon pellucidum_, Michaux. Lake Superior.
_Euchroma coccinea_, Willdenow. Lake Superior to the Mississippi.
_Elymus striatus_, Willdenow. St. Croix River, Northwest Ter.
" _virginicus_, Linn. St. Croix River, Northwest Ter.
_Festuca nutans_, Willdenow. Lake Winnipec.
_Glycera fluitans_, Brown. Savannah River, Northwest Ter.
_Gyrophora papulosa_. Lake Superior.
_Gentiana crinita_, Willdenow. Lake Michigan.
_Geranium carolinianum_. Lake Superior to the Mississippi.
_Galium lanceolatum_, Torrey. Red Cedar River to the Mississippi.
_Gerardia pedicularis_. Fox River, Northwest Ter.
" _maritima_, Rafinesque. Lake Michigan.
_Galeopsis tetrahit_, Var. Falls of St. Mary, Mich. Ter.
_Gnaphalium plantaginium_, Var. Sources of the Mississippi.
_Goodyera pubescens_, Willdenow. Lake Superior.
_Hippophæ canadensis_, Willdenow. Lake Superior.
" _argentea_, Pursh. Lake Superior.
_Hedeoma glabra_, Persoon. Lake Michigan to the sources of the
Miss.
_Hydropeltis purpurea_, Michaux. Northwest Ter.
_Hippuris vulgaris_. Yellow River to sources of the Mississippi.
_Hudsonia tomentosa_, Nuttall. Lake Superior.
_Hypericum canadense_. Lake Superior.
" _prolificum_, Willdenow. Lake Michigan.
_Hieracium fasciculatum_, Pursh. Pukwàewa Lake, Northwest Ter.
_Hierochloa borealis_, Roemer & Schultes. Lake Superior.
_Holcus lanatus_. Savannah River, Northwest Ter.
_Houstonia longifolia_, Willdenow. St. Louis River of Lake Superior.
_Heuchera americana_, Linn. St. Louis River of Lake Superior.
_Hypnum crista-castrensis._ Sources of the Mississippi.
_Hordeum jubatum._ Upper Red Cedar Lake.
_Helianthus decapetalis._ Northwest Ter.
" _gracilis_, Torrey. Upper Lake St. Croix, Northwest Ter.
_Hyssopus anisatus_, Nuttall. Upper Mississippi.
" _scrophularifolius_, Willdenow. Upper Mississippi.
_Inula villosa_, Nuttall. Upper Mississippi.
_Ilex canadensis_, Michaux. Lake Superior.
_Juncus nodosus._ St. Mary's River.
" _polycephalus_, Michaux. Lake Superior.
_Koeleria nitida_, Nuttall. Lake Winnipec.
_Lycopodium dendroideum_, Michaux. Lake Superior to the sources of the
Mississippi.
" _annotinum_, Willdenow. Lake Superior to the sources of the
Mississippi.
_Lonicera hirsuta_, Eaton. Lake Superior to the sources of the Miss.
" _sempervirens_, Aiton. Lake Superior.
_Lechea minor._ Upper Mississippi.
_Linhea borealis_, Willdenow. Lake Superior to the sources of the Miss.
_Lathyrus palustris._ Lake Superior.
" _decaphyllus_, Pursh. Leech Lake.
" _maritimus_, Bigelow. Lake Superior.
_Lobelia kalmii_, Linnæus. Lake Superior.
" _claytoniana_, Michaux. Upper Mississippi.
" _puberula?_ Michaux. Yellow River, Northwest Ter.
_Liatris scariosa_, Willdenow. Upper Mississippi.
" _cylindrica_, Michaux. Upper Mississippi.
_Lysimachia revoluta_, Nuttall. Lake Superior.
" _thyrsifolia_, Michaux. Lake Superior.
_Ledum latifolium_, Aiton. Lake Superior to the sources of the Miss.
_Myrica gale_, Willdenow. Lake Superior.
_Malva (N. Spec.)._ Upper Mississippi.
_Monarda punctata_, Linnæus. Upper Mississippi.
" _oblongata_, Aiton. Upper Mississippi.
_Microstylis ophioglossoides_, Willdenow. Lac la Biche [Itasca].
_Myriophyllum spicatum._ Lake Superior.
_Mitella cordifolia_, Lamarck. Lake Superior.
_Menyanthes trifoliata._ Lake Superior to the sources of the Miss.
_Myosotis arvensis_, Sibthorp. St. Clair River, Mich. Ter.
_Nelumbium luteum_, Willdenow. Upper Mississippi.
_OEnothera biennis_, Var. Bois Brulé River of Lake Superior.
" _serrulata_, Nuttall. Upper Mississippi.
_Psoralea argophylla_, Pursh. Falls of St. Anthony.
_Primula farinosa_, Var. _Americana_, Torrey. Lakes Huron and
Superior.
" _mistassinica_, Michaux. Keweena Point, Lake Superior.
_Pingwicula_ (_N. Spec._). Presque Isle, Lake Superior.
_Parnassia americana_, Muhlenberg. Lake Michigan.
_Pedicularis gladiata_, Michaux. Fox River.
_Pinus nigra_, Lambert. Lake Superior.
" _banksiana_, Lambert. Lake Superior.
_Populus tremuloides_, Michaux. Northwest Ter.
" _lævigata_, Willdenow. Upper Mississippi.
_Prunus depressa_, Pursh. Lakes Superior and Michigan.
_Petalostemon violaceum_, Willdenow. Upper Mississippi.
" _candidum_, Willdenow. Upper Mississippi.
_Potentilla tridentata_, Aiton. Lake Superior.
" _fruticosa_, Linnæus. Lakes Superior and Michigan.
_Pyrola uniflora_, Mauvais River of Lake Superior.
_Polygonum amphibium_, Linnæus. St. Croix River.
" _cilinode_, Michaux. Lake Superior.
" _articulatum_, Linnæus. Lake Superior.
" _coccinium_, Willdenow. St. Croix River.
_Polygala polygama_, Walter. Northwest Ter.
_Phlox aristata_, Michaux. Upper Mississippi.
_Poa canadensis._ Upper Mississippi.
_Pentstemon gracile_, Nuttall. Upper Red Cedar Lake.
" _grandiflorum_, Nuttall. Falls of St. Anthony.
_Physalis lanceolata_, Var. (or _N. Spec._). Lac la Biche [Itasca].
_Quercus coccinea_, Wangenheim. Upper Red Cedar Lake.
" _obtusiloba_, Michaux. Upper Mississippi.
_Ranunculus filiformis_, Michaux. Falls of St. Mary, Mich. Ter.
" _pusillus_, Pursh. Mich. Ter.
" _prostratus_, Lamarck. Lake Superior to the Mississippi.
" _lacustris_, Beck & Tracy. Upper Mississippi.
_Rudbeckia hirta_, Linnæus. Upper Mississippi and Michigan Ter.
" _digitata_, Aiton. Upper Mississippi.
_Rubus parviflorus_, Nuttall. Lake Superior to the sources of the
Miss.
" _hispidus_, Linnæus. Lake Superior.
" _saxatilis_, Var. _canadensis_, Michaux. Lake Superior.
_Rosa gemella_, Willdenow. Lake Superior.
" _rubifolia_, Brown. Michigan Ter.
_Ribes albinervum_, Michaux. Sources of the St. Croix River.
_Saururus cernuus_, Linnæus. Upper Mississippi.
_Streptopus roseus_, Michaux. Lake Superior.
_Sisymbrium brachycarpum_, Richardson. Lake Superior.
" _chiranthoides_, Linnæus. Lake Superior.
_Swertia deflexa_, Smith. Bois Brulé River of Lake Superior.
_Silphium terebinthinaceum_, Elliott. Michigan Territory to the Miss.
" _gummiferum_. Fox River to the Mississippi.
_Stachys aspera_, Var. Michaux. Lake Superior.
_Sterocaulon paschale._ Lake Superior.
_Struthiopteris pennsylvanica_, Willdenow. Lake Superior.
_Scirpus frigetur?_ Lake of the Isles, Northwest Ter.
" _palustris_, Linnæus. Lake Superior to the Mississippi.
_Salix prinoides_, Pursh. Mauvais River of Lake Superior.
" _longifolia_, Muhlenberg. Upper Mississippi.
_Spiræa opulifolia_, Var. _tomentella_, De Candolle. Lake Superior.
_Sorbus americana_, Willdenow. Lake Huron to the head of Lake
Superior.
_Smilax rotundifolia_ Linnæus. Lake Superior to the Mississippi.
_Silene antirrhina_, Linnæus. Lac la Biche.
_Saxifraga virginiensis_, Michaux. Lake Superior.
_Scutellaria ambigua_, Nuttall. Upper Mississippi.
_Solidago virgaurea_, Var. _alpina._ Lake Superior.
_Stipa juncea_, Nuttall. Usawa R.
_Symphora racemosa_, Michaux. Source of the Miss. R.
_Senecio balsamitæ_, Var. Falls of Peckagama, Upper Miss.
_Sagittaria heterophylla_, Pursh. Upper Miss.
_Tanacetum huronensis_, Nuttall. Lakes Michigan and Superior.
_Tussilago palmata_, Willdenow. Lake Michigan.
_Tofeldia pubens_, Michaux. Lake Superior.
_Triglochin maritimum_, Linnæus. Lake Superior.
_Thalyctrum corynellum_, De Candolle. St. Louis River.
_Triticum repens_, Linnæus. Leech Lake.
_Troximon virginicum_, Pursh. Lake Winnipec.
_Talinum teretifolium_, Pursh. St. Croix River.
_Tradescantia virginica._ Upper Mississippi.
_Utricularia cornuta_, Michaux. Lake Superior.
" _purpurea_, Walter. Lac Chetac, N. W. Ter.
_Uraspermum canadense_, Lake Superior to the Miss.
_Viola lanceolata_, Linnæus. Sault Ste. Marie.
" _pedata_, Var. (or _N. Spec._). Lac la Biche, sources of the
Miss.
_Viburnum oxycoccus_, Pursh. Lake Superior.
" _lentago._ Lake Superior.
_Vernonia novoboracensis_, Willdenow. Upper Miss.
_Verbena bracteosa_, Michaux. Upper Miss.
" _stricta_, Ventenat. Upper Miss.
_Zapania nodiflora_, Michaux. Galena, Illinois.
_Zigadenus chloranthus_, Richardson. Sandy shores of Lake Michigan.
_Zizania aquatica_, Pursh. Illinois to the sources of the Miss.

VII.

MINERALOGY AND GEOLOGY.

1. _A Report on the Existence of Deposits of Copper in the Geological Basin of Lake Superior._ By Dr. D. HOUGHTON.

FREDONIA, N. Y., November 14, 1831.

SIR: In fulfilment of the duties assigned to me in the late expedition into the Indian country, under the direction of H. R. Schoolcraft, Esq., Indian Agent, I would beg leave to transmit to you the following observations relative to the existence of copper in the country bordering on the southern shore of Lake Superior.

It is without doubt true that this subject has long been viewed with an interest far beyond its actual merit. Each mass of native copper which this country has produced, however insulated, or however it may have been separated from its original position, appears to have been considered a sure indication of the existence of that metal in beds; and hence we occasionally see, upon maps of that section of our country, particular portions marked as containing "copper mines," where no copper now exists. But, while it is certain that a combination of circumstances has served to mislead the public mind with regard to the geological situation and existing quantity of that metal, it is no less certain that a greater quantity of insulated native copper has been discovered upon the borders of Lake Superior, than in any other equal portion of North America.

Among the masses of native copper which have engaged the attention of travellers in this section of country, one, which from its great size was early noticed, is situated on the Ontonagon River, a stream which empties its waters into the southern part of Lake Superior, 331 miles above the Falls of the Ste. Marie. The Ontonagon River is, with some difficulty, navigable by batteaux 36 miles, at which place, by the union of two smaller streams--one from an easterly and the other from a westerly direction--the main stream is formed. The mass of copper is situated on the western fork, at a distance of six or eight miles from the junction.

The face of the country through the upper half of the distance from Lake Superior is uneven, and the irregularity is given it by hills of marly clay, which occasionally rise quite abruptly to the height of one or two hundred feet. No rock was observed _in situ_, except in one place, where, for a distance, the red sandstone was observed, forming the bed of the river.

The mass of copper lies, partly covered by water, directly at the foot of a clay hill, from which, together with numerous boulders of the primitive rocks, it has undoubtedly been washed by the action of the water of the river. Although it is completely insulated, there is much to interest in its examination. Its largest surface measures three and a half by four feet, and this, which is of malleable copper, is kept bright by the action of the water, and has the usual appearance of that metal when worn. To one surface is attached a small quantity of rock, singularly bound together by threads of copper, which pass through it in all directions. This rock, although many of its distinctive characters are lost, is evidently a dark colored serpentine, with small interspersed masses of milky quartz.

The mass of copper is so situated as to afford but little that would enable us to judge of its original geological position. In examining the eastern fork of the river, I discovered small water-worn masses of trap-rock, in which were specks of imbedded carbonate of copper and copper black; and with them were occasionally associated minute specks of serpentine, in some respects resembling that which is attached to the large mass of copper; and facts would lead us to infer that the trap formation which appears on Lake Superior east of the Ontonagon River, crosses this section of country at or near the source of that river, and at length forms one of the spurs of the Porcupine Mountains.

Several smaller masses of insulated native copper have been discovered on the borders of Lake Superior, but that upon Ontonagon River is the only one which is now known to remain.

At as early a period as before the American Revolution, an English mining company directed their operations to the country bordering on Lake Superior, and Ontonagon River was one point to which their attention was immediately directed. Traces of a shaft, sunk in the clay hill, near a mass of copper, are still visible--a memento of ignorance and folly.

Operations were also commenced on the southern shore of Lake Superior, near the mouth of a small stream, which, from that circumstance, is called Miners' River. Parts of the names of the miners, carved upon the sandstone rock at the mouth of the river, are still visible. What circumstance led to the selection of this spot does not now appear. No mineral traces are at this day perceptible, except occasional discolorations of the sandstone rock by what is apparently a mixture of the carbonates of iron and copper; and this is only to be observed where water, holding in solution an extremely minute portion of these salts, has trickled slowly over those rocks.

It does not, in fact, appear that the red sandstone, which constitutes the principal rock formation of the southern shore of Lake Superior, is in any instance metalliferous in any considerable degree. If this be true, it would require but little reflection to convince one of the inexpediency of conducting mining operations at either of the points selected for that purpose; and it is beyond a doubt true, that the company did not receive the least inducement to continue their labors.

In addition to these masses of native copper, an ore of that metal has long been known to the lake traders as the green rock, in which the characteristic substances are the green and blue carbonates of copper, accompanied by copper black. It is situated upon Keweena Point, 280 miles above the falls of the Ste. Marie. The ore is embraced by what is apparently a recently formed crag; and, although it is of a kind and so situated as to make an imposing appearance, there is little certainty of its existence in large quantities in this formation. The ore forms a thin covering to the pebbles of which the body of the rock is composed, and is rarely observed in masses separate from it. The crag is composed of angular fragments of trap-rock, and the formation is occasionally traversed by broad and continuous belts of calc. spar, here and there tinged with copper. Although the ore was not observed in any considerable quantity, except at one point, it apparently exists in minute specks through a greater part of the crag formation, which extends several miles, forming the shore of the lake.

This examination of the crag threw new interest upon the trap formation, which had been first observed to take the place of the sandstone at the bottom of a deep bay, called Montreal Bay, on the easterly side of Keweena Point. The trap-rock continues for a few miles, when the crag before noticed appears to lie directly upon it, and to form the extremity of the point; the crag, in turn, disappears, and the trap-rock is continued for a distance of six or eight miles upon the westerly side of the point, when the sandstone again reappears.

The trap-rock is of a compact granular texture, occasionally running into the amygdaloid and toadstone varieties, and is rich in imbedded minerals, such as amethystine quartz, smoky quartz, carnelian, chalcedony, agate, &c., together with several of the ores of copper. Traces of copper ore in the trap-rock were first noticed on the easterly side of Keweena Point, and near the commencement of the trap formation. This ore, which is an impure copper black, was observed in a vein of variable thickness, but not in any part exceeding two and a half inches. It is sufficiently compact and hard to receive a firm polish, but it is rather disposed to break into small irregular masses. A specimen furnished, upon analysis, 47.5 per cent. of pure copper.

On the western side of Keweena Point, the same ore appears under different circumstances, being disseminated through the body of the trap-rock, in grains varying in size from a pin's head to a pea. Although many of these grains are wholly copper black, they are occasionally only depositions of the mineral upon specks of carnelian, chalcedony, or agate, or are more frequently composed, in part, of what is apparently an imperfect steatite. The ore is so connected with, and so much resembles in color the rock, of which it may be said to be a constituent part, that they might easily, during a hasty examination, be confounded. A random specimen of the rock furnished, upon analysis, 3.2 per cent. of pure copper. The rock continues combined with that mineral for nearly the space of three miles. Extremely thin veins of copper black were observed to traverse this same rock; and in enlargements of these were discovered several masses of amorphous native copper. The latter mineral appeared in two forms--the one consisting of compact and malleable masses, varying from four to ten ounces each; and the other, of specks and fasciculi of pure copper, binding together confused masses of copper green, and partially disintegrated trap-rock; the latter was of several pounds' weight. Each variety was closely embraced by the rock, although the action of the water upon the rock had occasionally exposed to view points of the metal. In addition to the accompanying copper green, which was in a disintegrated state, small specks of the oxide of copper were associated in most of the native specimens.

Circumstances would not permit an examination of any portion of the trap formation, except that bordering directly upon the lake. But facts would lead us to infer that that formation extends from one side of Keweena Point to the other, and that a range of thickly wooded hills, which traverses the point, is based upon, if not formed of that rock. An Indian information, which, particularly upon such a subject, must be adopted with caution, would sanction the opinion that the prominent constituents are the same wherever the rock is observed.

After having duly considered the facts which are presented, I would not hesitate to offer, as an opinion, that the trap-rock formation was the original source of the masses of copper which have been observed in the country bordering on Lake Superior; and that, at the present day, examinations for the ores of copper could not be made in that country with hopes of success, except in the trap-rock itself; which rock is not certainly known to exist upon any place upon Lake Superior, other than Keweena Point.

If this opinion be a correct one, the cause of, failure of the mining company in this region is rendered plain. Having considered each insulated mass of pure metal as a true indication of the existence of a bed in the vicinity, operations were directed to wrong points; when, having failed to realize their anticipations, the project was abandoned without further actual investigation. We would be induced to infer that no attempts were made to learn the original source of the metal which was discovered, and thus, while the attention was drawn to insulated masses, the ores, ordinary in appearance, but more important _in sitû_, were neglected; and perhaps, from the close analogy in appearance to the rock with which they were associated, no distinction was observed.

What quantity of ore the trap-rock of Keweena Point may be capable of producing, can only be determined by minute and laborious examination. The indications which were presented by a hasty investigation are here embodied, and with deference submitted to your consideration.

I have the honor to be,
Sir, your obedient, servant,
DOUGLASS HOUGHTON.

Hon. LEWIS CASS, _Secretary of War_.

2. _Remarks on the Occurrence of Native Silver and Ores of Silver in the Stratification of the Basins of Lakes Huron and Superior._ By HENRY R. SCHOOLCRAFT.

Traces of this metal which have been found in the drift and boulder stratum of both Lakes Huron and Superior, indicate the existence of the metal in place. During my residence at St. Mary's, two specimens of its occurrence were brought to my notice. The first of these consisted of points of native silver in a moderately large mass of native copper, found in 1823, near the entrance of the _Nama_ or Sturgeon River into Keweena Lake, of the large peninsula of that name, in Lake Superior. Like the majority of such masses of the region, it had no adhering portion of rock or vein stone, from which a judgment might be formed of its original position.

I had, the prior year, set up my mineralogical cabinet in my office, and stated to the Indians, who roved over large tracts, my solicitude to collect specimens of the mineral productions of the country of every description, and, indeed, of its zoology, always acknowledging their comity, in bringing me specimens in any department of natural history, by some small present; and I found this to be a means of extending my inquiries.

Subsequently, I received a boulder specimen from the shores of Lake Huron, containing veins of native silver. Part of the metal had been detached. I submitted these specimens to the Lyceum of Natural History at New York, in 1825. The following remarks are taken from their annals.

_Mineralogical and Chemical Characters._--By examining this mineral, it will be perceived to possess the color, lustre, malleability, and other obvious characters of native silver. It is so soft as to be easily cut by the knife; and in a state of purity which permits it to spread under the hammer. These characters serve to distinguish it from antimonial silver, which is not _malleable_; from native antimony which tarnishes on exposure, &c. The metal occurs in thin, massive veins in the rock. These veins sometimes intersect, but never cross each other. It is also disseminated in small particles through the stone, or spread in flattened masses over its surface. Some of these masses were detached by the discoverer, but have been preserved, and are presented to the Lyceum with the more solid and undisturbed portions.

By submitting a small portion of the metal to the action of nitric acid, I obtained an imperfect solution. On repeating the experiment, and adding a little sulphuric acid, the action was more brisk, and a clear and apparently perfect solution effected. By standing, however, a pulpy, white precipitate appeared at the bottom of the glass. This was collected and submitted to the action of the blowpipe, on a basis of charcoal. The result gave a number of minute, metallic globules, possessing greater lustre, malleability, and ductility, than the original mass. I repeated the latter experiment, adding to the nitro-sulphuric solution muriate of soda. A more perfect precipitation of the white powder was effected; but the results with the blowpipe remained the same.

_Geognostic Position._--It is a rolled mass. An opinion of the specific character of the rock may be dubious, from the smallness of the specimen. It appears to have been detached from a stratum of gneiss, and is essentially composed of quartz. The blackish color of some parts of this latter mineral would, at first glance, lead us to attribute this color to the presence of hornblende; but, on closer examination, it will be perceived to be owing to a dark-colored steatite, which, in certain parts of the rock, is well developed, soft, and easily cut. A little calcspar is intermingled with the steatite.

_Locality._--I am indebted to the politeness of Lieut. Lewis S. Johnston, of the British Indian Department, at Malden (U. C.), for the opportunity of adding this specimen to the mineralogical cabinet of the Lyceum. This gentleman, as he informed me, obtained it from an Indian, who picked it up on the southeastern shores of Lake Huron, near Point aux Barques, in Michigan Territory. That part of Lake Huron was cursorily examined by me, in the year 1820, in the course of the expedition conducted by Gov. Cass, through the upper lakes, &c. I consider it remarkable, even in a region abounding in rolled rocks, for the great number and variety of granite, gneiss, hornblende, and trap boulders, scattered along the shores of the lake. The water here is generally shallow and dangerous to approach in vessels; these boulder stones sometimes extending and presenting themselves above water for a mile or more from land. But we could not satisfy ourselves by an examination necessarily partial, that either of the primitive species mentioned, existed there in any other condition than as rolled masses, or displacements of rock strata, contiguous, perhaps, but not observed. Dr. Bigsby has informed me, that he observed the gneiss _in sitû_, on the northwestern shores of this lake. The nearest rock in place, and that which in fact constitutes the abraded and caverned promontory of Point aux Barques, is gray sandstone.

The occurrence of this metal in the copper-bearing and other metalliferous rocks of this region, may be confidently affirmed.[273]

[273] At the date of this publication, it is known that this metal
occurs, both as a constituent of the mass copper in Lake Superior,
and is also developed in veins in the stratification.

3. _A General Summary of the Localities of Minerals observed in the Northwest in 1831 and 1832._ By HENRY R. SCHOOLCRAFT.

CLASS I. _Bodies not metallic, containing an acid._

1. CALCAREOUS SPAR. Keweena Point, Lake Superior. Imbedded in small globular masses, in the trap-rock; also forming veins in the same formation. Some of the masses break into rhombic forms, and possess a certain but not perfect degree of transparency; others are opaque, or discolored by the green carbonate of copper. Also in the trap-rock between Fond du Lac and Old Grand Portage, Lake Superior, in perfect, transparent rhombs, exhibiting the property of double refraction. Also, at the lead mines, in Iowa County, in the marly clay formation, often exhibiting imperfect prisms, variously truncated.

2. CALCAREOUS TUFA. Mouth of the River Brulé, of Lake Superior. In small, friable, broken masses, in the diluvial soil. Also, in the gorge below the Falls of St. Anthony. In detached, vesicular masses, amidst debris.

3. COMPACT CARBONATE OF LIME. In the calcareous cliffs of horizontal formation, commencing at the Falls of St. Anthony. Carboniferous.

4. SEPTARIA. In the reddish clay soil, between Montreal River and Lapointe, Lake Superior.

5. GYPSUM. In the sandstone rock at the Point of Grand Sable West, Lake Superior. In orbicular masses, firmly imbedded. Not abundant. Granular, also imperfectly foliated.

6. CARBONATE OF MAGNESIA. Serpentine rock, at Presque Isle, Lake Superior. Compact.

7. HYDRATE OF MAGNESIA? With the preceding.

CLASS II. _Earthy compounds, amorphous or crystalline._

8. COMMON QUARTZ. Huron Islands, Lake Superior; also the adjoining coast. In very large veins or beds. White, opaque.

9. GRANULAR QUARTZ. Falls of Peckagama, Upper Mississippi. _In sitû._

10. SMOKY QUARTZ. In the trap-rock, Keweena Point, Lake Superior, crystallized. In connection with amethystine quartz.

11. AMETHYST. With the preceding. Also, at the Pic Bay, and at Gargontwa, north shore of Lake Superior, in the trap-rock, in perfect crystals, of various intensity of color.

12. CHALCEDONY. Keweena Point, Lake Superior. In globular or orbicular masses, in amygdaloid rock. Often, in detached masses along the shores.

13. CARNELIAN. With the preceding.

14. HORNSTONE. In detached masses, very hard, on the shores of Lake Superior. Also, at Dodgeville, Iowa County, Mich. Ter., in fragments or nodular masses in the clay soil.

15. JASPER. In the preceding locality. Common and striped, exceedingly difficult of being acted on by the wheel. Not observed _in sitû_.

16. AGATE. Imbedded in the trap-rocks of Lake Superior, and also detached, forming a constituent of its detritus. Variously colored. Often made up of alternate layers of chalcedony, carnelian, and cacholong. Sometimes zoned, or in fortification points. Specimens not taken from the rock are not capable of being scratched by quartz or flint, and are incapable of being acted on by the file; consequently, _harder_ than any of the described species.

17. CYANITE. Specimens of this mineral, in flat, six-sided prisms, imbedded in a dark primitive rock, were brought out from Lac du Flambeau outlet, where the rock is described as existing _in sitû_. The locality has not been visited, but there are facts brought to light, within the last two or three years, to justify the extension of the primitive to that section of country.

18. PITCHSTONE. A detached mass of this mineral, very black and lava-like, was picked up in the region of Lake Superior, where the volcanic mineral, trachyte, is common among the rolled masses. Neither of these substances have been observed _in sitû_.

19. MICA. Huron Islands, Lake Superior. In granite.

20. SCHORL. Common. Outlet of Lac du Flambeau. Also, in a detached mass of primitive rock at Green Bay.

21. FELDSPAR. Porcupine mountains, Lake Superior.

22. BASALT. Amorphous. Granite Point, Lake Superior.

23. STILBITE. Amygdaloid rock, Keweena Point, Lake Superior.

24. ZEOLITE. Mealy. With the preceding.

25. ZEOLITE. Radiated. Lake Superior. This mineral consists of fibres, so delicate and firmly united as to appear almost compact, radiating from a centre. Some of the masses produced by this radiation measure 2.5 inches in diameter. They are of a uniform, pale, yellowish red. This mineral has not been traced _in sitû_, being found in detached masses of rock, and sometimes as water-worn portions of radii. Its true position would seem to be the trap-rock.

26. ASBESTUS. Presque Isle, Lake Superior. In the serpentine formation.

27. HORNBLENDE. Very abundant as a constituent of the primitive rocks on the Upper Mississippi, and in the basin of Lake Superior. Often in distinct crystals.

28. DIALLAGE, GREEN. Lake Superior. In detached masses, connected with primitive boulders. _Harder_ than the species.

29. SERPENTINE, COMMON. Presque Isle, Lake Superior.

30. SERPENTINE, PRECIOUS. With the preceding. Color, a light pistachio green, and takes a fine polish. Exists in veins in the common variety.

31. PSEUDOMORPHOUS SERPENTINE. With the preceding. This beautiful green mineral constitutes a portion of the veins of the precious serpentine. Its crystalline impressions are very distinct.

32. ARGILLITE. River St. Louis, northwest of Lake Superior. Nearly vertical in its position.

CLASS III. _Combustibles._