Chapter XXII: Epilogue (1)

Fire and sword swept Spain clean. The long drawn war of succession broke down much of the old exclusiveness and conceit which had been for two centuries the bane of the Spanish people, and a new patriotic spirit was aroused which proved that the nation was not effete but only drugged. The accession of Philip V. had been looked upon by his grandfather as practically annexing Spain to France. ‘_Il n’y a plus de Pyrénées_,’ he announced; and his first act proved his determination of treating his grandson’s realm as a vassal state of his own. Again it was to a large extent the influence of women which directed the course of Spanish politics, even to the confusion of the _roi soleil_. It has been shown in this history how often feminine influence had been invoked by statesmen to bring Spain to a sympathetic line of policy for their own ends, and how often circumstances had rendered their efforts ineffectual.

The confident anticipations of Louis XIV. that, by rightly choosing his feminine instruments he might use Spain entirely for the aggrandisement of France, were even more conspicuously defeated than any previous attempts had been in a similar direction; for the ladies upon whom he depended were one after the other caught up by the chivalrous patriotism of the Spanish people, newly aroused from the bad dream of a hundred years, and boldly braving Louis, they did their best for Spain and for their own ends, whether France benefited or not.

The bride that Louis chose for his grandson was one from whom no resistance could be expected. She was a mere child, under fifteen, Maria Louisa Gabriela of Savoy, daughter of Victor Amadeus and Anne Marie of Orleans, sister of that Marie Louise, Queen of Spain, whose life has been told in detail in these pages. In September 1701 young Philip went to meet his bride at Barcelona; and even thus early it was seen that he had to face a coalition of all Europe against him. Revolt had been stirred up in Naples; and Philip had hardly time to snatch a brief honeymoon before he was obliged to hurry away to Italy to fight for his crown; leaving the girl whom he had married to rule Spain in his absence and to marshal the elements of defence in a country utterly prostrate and disorganised. Maria Louisa was, of course, entirely inexperienced, but she came of a stout race and never flinched from the responsibilities cast upon her. The young married couple were already deeply in love with each other; and Philip, though only seventeen, had thus early begun to show the strange uxoriousness that in later life became an obsession which made him a mere appanage of the woman by his side; so that Maria Louisa began her strenuous life assured that she would meet with no captious opposition from her husband.

Louis XIV. and Mme. de Maintenon had placed by her side a far stronger personality than Philip; one of the greatest women of her century, whose mission it was to keep the young King and Queen of Spain in the narrow path of French interests. Anne Marie de la Tremouille, Duchess of Bracciano, whom the Spaniards called the Princess of Ursinos, took charge of the young Queen at once when the Piedmontese household was dismissed at the frontier; and through the most troublous period of the great struggle which finally gave the throne to Philip, she ruled the rulers gently, wisely and firmly for their own interests and those of Spain. No cantankerous straitlaced Mistress of the Robes was she, such as the Duchess of Terranova who had embittered the life of the other Marie Louise, but a great lady full of wit and knowledge, and as brave as a lioness in defence of the best interests of those in her charge.

The young Queen herself, when she had been installed in the capital as Regent, showed how changed were the circumstances of a Queen of Spain, now that the dull gloom of the house of Austria had been swept away, and a new Spain was gazing towards the dawn. Nothing could exceed the diligence and ability of this girl of fifteen in administering the government of Madrid in the absence of the new King. Instead of the dull round of devotion and frivolity which had filled the lives of other Queen Consorts, she, with the wise old Princess at her side, worked incessantly. She would sign nothing she did not understand: she insisted upon all complaints being investigated, and reports made direct to her. Supplies of men and money for the war in which Philip was already plunged in Italy, were collected and remitted with an activity and regularity which filled old-fashioned Spaniards with surprise, and encouraged those who possessed means to contribute from their hoards resources previously unsuspected. The manners of the Court were reformed; immorality and vice, so long rampant in Madrid, was frowned at and discouraged; and, instead of allowing the news of the wars in which the King was engaged to filter slowly and incorrectly from the palace to the gossips of the street, the Queen herself read aloud from a balcony to the people below the despatches she daily received from her husband.

All this was enough to make the old Queen Consorts of Spain turn with horror in their porphyry urns at the Escorial; but it came like a breeze of pure mountain air into the miasmatic apathy which had hitherto cloaked the capital; and all Spain plucked up heart and spirit from the energy of this girl of fifteen, with the wise old Frenchwoman behind her. But even they could only administer things as they found them, and the root of the governmental system itself was vicious. Time, and above all knowledge, was required to re-organise the country; and Spaniards grew restive at the foreign auspices under which the reforms were introduced. Maria Louisa and her husband well knew that without French support liberally given, they could never hold their own: for when the King returned to Madrid early in 1703, the Spaniards, who had belonged to the Austrian party in the last reign, had thrown off the mask and fled to join the enemy: and it was clear that no Spaniards would fight to make Spain a dependency of France.

Nothing less than this would satisfy Louis XIV.; and the Princess of Ursinos, who had tried to make the struggle a patriotic one for Spaniards, was warned from Paris that, unless she immediately retired from the country, King Louis would abandon Spain and his grandson to their fate. The Princess went into exile with a heavy heart, and the new French ambassador, Grammont, came when she had departed in 1704, instructed to make a clean sweep of all the national party in Madrid, and to obtain control for the French ministers. But Louis _XIV._ had underrated the power and ability of Maria Louisa, who resented the contemptuous dismissal of her wise mentor, and took no pains to conceal her opposition to the change. Louis sent scolding letters to her, berating her for her presumption in wishing, ‘at the age of eighteen to govern a vast disorganised monarchy,’ against the advice of those so much more experienced than herself. But at last he had to recognise that this girl, with the best part of Spain behind her, held the stronger position; and he took the wise course of conciliating her by re-enlisting and restoring to Spain the offended Princess of Ursinos. In vain his representatives in Madrid assured him that neither the Princess nor the Queen could be trusted to serve French interests blindly. The two women were too clever and too firm to be ignored, and the Princess returned to Madrid in triumph in August 1705, with _carte blanche_ from Louis to do as she judged best to save Spain for the house of Bourbon, at all events.

Thenceforward the Mistress of the Robes governed the Queen, the Queen governed the King, and the King was supposed to govern the country; plunged in war at home and abroad, with the Spanish nobles either on the side of the Austrian or sullen at the foreign influence which pervaded the government measures, even when moderated and held in check by the Princess of Ursinos. At length, when the long war was wearing itself out, and peace was in the air, the stout-hearted little Savoyarde fell sick. She had borne many children to her husband, but only two sons, so far, had lived, Louis, born in 1707, and Ferdinand, born late in 1713. The birth of the latter heralded his mothers death. She had not spared herself in all the strenuous thirteen years of war and tumult, during which she had to a great extent governed Spain; for Philip, when not absent in the field, was an obedient husband; and now, at the dawn of a period of peace at the beginning of 1714, Maria Louisa died at the age of twenty-six.

Philip was still a young man; but the dependence upon his wife, and his long fits of apathy that afterwards led to lunacy, had made him unfit to fulfil the duties of his position without a clever helpmeet by his side. The first result of the death of Maria Louisa was enormously to increase the influence of the old Princess of Ursinos. She was the only person allowed to see the King in his heartbroken grief; and whilst he was in seclusion in the Medina Celi palace, the monks were turned out of a neighbouring monastery that the Princess might stay there and have free access to the King through a passage made for the purpose through the walls that separated the buildings. The gossips very soon began to say that the King was going to marry the Princess, though she was old enough to be his grandmother. But, as usual, the scandalmongers were wrong. The Princess of Ursinos was far too clever for such a stroke as that; but she and others saw that Philip must marry some one without loss of time, or he would lose what wits were left to him.

ISABEL FARNESE.

_After a Painting by Van Loo_.
]

The marriage-mongers of Europe were on the alert, but the problem to be solved was not an easy one. A bride must be found whom Louis XIV. would accept, and yet one not too subservient to orders from France, nor one who would interfere with the absolute paramountcy of the Princess of Ursinos. So all the suggestions coming from France were regarded coldly; and the Princess set about finding a candidate who would suit her. There was an Italian priest in Spain at the time, one Father Alberoni, a cunning rogue, who could be a buffoon when it suited him, who had wormed himself into Court circles in the suite of the Duke of Vendome. This man, a Parmese, came to the Princess of Ursinos the day after Queen Maria Louisa Gabriela died and suggested that there was a modest, submissive little princess at Parma, the niece and stepdaughter of the reigning prince, who had no male heirs, and that this girl was exactly fitted to be the new consort to Philip V. The Princess of Ursinos was inclined to regard the idea favourably, for not only was it evident that so young and humble a princess would not attempt to interfere with her, but the match seemed to offer a chance for re-establishing the lost influence of Spain in Italy. Louis XIV. had other views for his grandson, and did not take kindly to the proposal, but he was grudgingly won over by the Princess of Ursinos, whom he could not afford to offend. Philip himself was as wax in the hands of the old Princess; and on the 16th September 1714 he married by proxy Isabel Farnese, Princess of Parma.

Isabel Farnese had been represented by Alberoni as a tractable young maiden, but she was a niece, by her mother, of the Queen Dowager, Marie Anne of Neuburg, who was eating her heart out in spite in her exile at Bayonne; and Alberoni knew full well when he suggested the Parmese bride that he was taking part in a deep-laid conspiracy to overthrow the Princess of Ursinos. His part was a difficult one to play at first, for he had to keep up an appearance of adhesion to the Princess of Ursinos whilst currying favour with the coming Queen. Isabel Farnese approached her new realm with the airs of a conqueror. She was to have landed at Alicante, and thither went Alberoni and her Spanish household to receive her: but she altered her mind suddenly, and decided to go overland through the south of France and visit her aunt Marie Anne at Bayonne. Marie Anne had a long score of her own to settle with the Princess of Ursinos, who had kept her in exile, and she instructed her niece how to proceed to make herself mistress of her husband’s realm.

Isabel Farnese, girl though she was, did not need much instruction in imperious self-assertion, and began her operations as soon as she crossed the frontier. She flatly refused to dismiss her Italian suite, as had been arranged in accordance with the invariable Spanish rule, and showed from the first that she meant to have her own way in all things. She was in no hurry, moreover, to meet her husband until the Princess of Ursinos was out of the way; and when the latter, in great state, came to meet her at Jadraque, a short distance from Guadalajara, where the King was awaiting his bride, Isabel was ready for the decisive fray which should settle the question as to who should rule Spain.

The old Princess was quite aware also by this time that she had to meet a rival, and she began when she entered the presence by making some remark about the slowness of the Queen’s journey. Hardly were the words out of her mouth than the young termagant shouted: ‘Take this old fool away who dares to come and insult me:’ and then, in spite of protest and appeal, the Princess was hustled into a coach to be driven into exile through a snowstorm in the winter night over the bleakest uplands in Europe. Attired in her Court dress, with no change of garments or adequate protection against the weather, without respect, consideration or decency, the aged Princess was thus expelled from the country she had served so wisely. She saw now, as she had feared for some time before, that she had been tricked by the crafty Italian clown-cleric, and that her day was done.

The dominion of the new Queen Isabel Farnese over the spirit of Philip V. was soon more complete even than that of the Princess had been, and a letter of cold compliment from the King was all the reward or consolation that the Princess got for her protracted service to him and his cause in Spain; services without which, in all human probability, he would never have retained the crown. So long as Philip had a masterful woman always by his side to keep him in leading strings, it mattered little to him who the woman was; and Isabel Farnese, bold, ambitious, and intriguing, ruled Spain in the name of her husband thenceforward for thirty years. Her system was neither French nor Spanish, but founded upon the feline ecclesiastical methods of the smaller Italian Courts: and the object of Isabel’s life was to assert successfully the rights of her sons to the Italian principalities, she claimed in virtue of her descent. The pretext under which she cloaked her aims was the recovery of the Spanish influence in the sister Peninsula: but the wars which resulted were in no sense of Spanish national concern, but purely Italian and dynastic.

Thus, for many years to come, the progress of Spain was retarded, and her resources wasted in struggles by land and sea all over Europe, and with allies and opponents constantly changing, with the end of seating Isabel’s Bourbon sons upon Italian thrones. She succeeded, at the cost of a generation of war, and gave to Spain once more an appearance of some of her old potency, thanks to new ideas and more enlightened administration: but when the successive deaths of her two stepsons, the heirs of Philip by his first Savoyard wife, made her own eldest son Charles King of Spain, Isabel was plainly, but delicately, made to understand that the destinies of the country must in future be guided by men, and in enlightened national interests, and not by women for secondary ends.

Again, on the death of Charles III., the only strong King since Philip II., the regal mantle fell upon a weak uxorious man, whose wife, yet another Maria Louisa, led Spain by the miry path of disgraceful favouritism to the great war of Independence—the Peninsular war—which destroyed what was left of old Spain, and held up to the derision of the world the reigning family, of whom Napoleon made such cruel sport.

Forty years more of feminine rule in the next generation brought the unfortunate country to the revolution of 1868, and then the dawning came of a happier day, now brightening to its full. Only half a century ago the old, old struggle between France and Germany to provide a Consort for Spain was engaged anew, and brought England and France upon the very verge of war. But the fall of the Bourbons in France and Italy, and the disappearance of the French monarchy, as a result of the great war between the Frank and Teuton, still, on the ancient pretext of their rival interests in Spain, banished, at least for our time, the dynastic jealousy which had kept Europe at war for centuries.

An Austrian Queen-Regent has since then ruled Spain with consummate wisdom and the noblest self-sacrifice for nearly twenty years; and France has watched with sympathy, and no thought of aggression, the sustained effort of a good woman to hand down intact to her fatherless son the inheritance to which he was born. An English Queen Consort sits by the side of the Spanish King, now, for the first time for centuries, and yet no breath of discord comes from other nations to mar the love match that has ended in a happy marriage.

The world grows wiser at last. The old tradition that dynastic connection could override irresistible national tendencies has lingered long, but is really dying now. Matrimonial alliances between reigning families are symptoms, not causes, and as the personal power of the monarch wanes before the growth of popular government, the influence of the consort becomes more social, and consequently more personally interesting.

The stories told in these pages treat of a state of affairs never likely to recur. They show, amongst other things, with what little prescience the world has been governed. The attempt of Ferdinand the Catholic to make Aragon great by marriage ended in the swamping of Aragon: the attempt of Charles V. and his son to dictate the religion of the world, by means of the strength gained by matrimonial alliances, ended in the exhaustion and ruin of Spain: the attempts of France and Germany to obtain control of Spain by providing consorts for the ruling kings has ended in neither obtaining what it sought, and in Spain being as safe from foreign domination of any sort as any country in Europe. The lesson to be drawn surely is that rulers, grandly as they bulk for their little day in the eyes of men, are themselves but puppets, moved by aggregate spontaneous national forces infinitely more powerful than any individuality can be, and that a monarch’s seeming strength is only effective so long as it interprets truly the accumulated impulse, that, in obedience to some harmonious law as yet uncoded, guides to their destiny the nations of the earth.

FINIS

INDEX

Adrian, Cardinal, 182, 192

Aguirre, Señora, 474

Agreda, Maria de, 354, 357

Aix la Chapelle, 391

Alba, 230, 249, 266

Albaicin, 116

Alberoni, Father, 537

Albuera, 52

Albuquerque, Duchess of, 455

Alcantara, Master of, 11

Alcazar, 3, 165

Alexander VI., 105

Alexander Farnese, 292

Alfonso V. of Portugal, 9, 19

Alphonso (brother of Henry IV), 10, 11, 14

Alhama, 56, 57

Almazan, 162

Almeria, 55, 65

Anne of Austria (wife of Phillip II), 314;
character, illness and death, 316

Anna of Austria (Queen of France), 320, 321, 352

Arabic Manuscripts, 116

Aranda, 24

Aranjuez, 331

Arcos, 177

Arevalo, 200

Armada, 318

Armignac, 5

Arthur, Prince of Wales, 100, 127

Artois, 106

Arundel, 220

Astorga, 156

Astorga, Marquis, 424

Augsburg, League of, 463, 480, 487

Aulnoy, Madame d’, quoted, 419

Avila, 11, 192

Avila, Juan de, 189, 196

Badajoz, 317

Balbeses, Marquis de los, 415, 423

Baltasar Carlos, 334, 358

Barcelona, 46;
Treaty, 104, 348

Bavaria, Prince of, 495, 500

Baza, 65

Bedford, Earl of, 223

Behovia, 321

‘Beltraneja,’ the birth, 4;
betrothal, 23;
betrothal to King of Portugal, 30;
marriage, 33, 146

Benavente, Count, 9, 12, 163

Bergues, 230

Berlips, Baroness, 496

Bernaldez, 89

Bertondona, Martin de, 228

Bidasoa, 377, 425

Boabdil, 60, 61, 72

Bobadilla, Beatriz de, 13, 80, 135, 165

Bobadilla, Francisco de, 123

Bonner, 215, 238

Borgia, Francis of, 202

Bourbon, Anthony de, 276

Braganza, Duke of, 348

Brantôme, quoted, 283, 303

Bristol, Earl of, 326

Browne, Sir Anthony, 221, 230

Buckingham, Duke of, 325

Buendia, Count, 272

Buen Retiro, 328, 342, 429

Burgos, 35, 108, 322

Burgundy, 106

Cabeña, 38

Cabero, Juan, 80, 87, 162

Cabra, Count of, 60

Cabrera, Andres, 13, 165

Cabezon, 9

Calais, 249

Calatrava, 42

Calderon, Maria, 333

Cardeñosa, 14

Cardona, Folch de, 507, 516, 518

Cardona, Hugo de, 146

Carew family, 223

Carlos, Don, 288, 296, 309, 310

Carrillo, Alfonso, 4, 9, 11, 20, 97

Cartuja de Miraflores, 168

Castañar, 97

Castile, Admiral of, 163

Castile, revolt in, 192

Cateau Cambresis, 262

Catharine of Lancaster, ix.

Cerdagne, 59, 100

‘Chambergo’ Regiment, 396, 406

Charles, Archduke, 497

Charles, Prince of Wales, 325

Charles of Viana, 8

Charles II, birth, 382;
description as a child, 392, 396;
recalls Don Juan, 402;
banishes Don Juan to Aragon, 403;
coming of age, 403;
suggestions for marriage, 414;
reconciliation with Mariana, 421;
journey to meet Marie Louise, 426;
marriage, 431;
neglect of government, 440;
jealousy of Mme. de Villars, 459;
dismisses Medina Celi, 463;
illness at Aranjuez, 467;
second marriage, 488;
meets Marie Anne, 491;
dismisses Oropesa, 494;
increasing weakness, 497;
appoints Prince of Bavaria heir, 500;
destroys will, 502;
said to be bewitched, 514;
makes will in favour of Philip, 524;
death, 525

Charles III, 540

Charles V, 105, 179, 184, 189, 243

Charles VIII, 62, 75, 100, 104, 108

Chatellerault, 274

Chièvres, 185

Chimay, Prince of, 185

Cigales, 9, 11

Civil War in Spain, 12, 29

Clarencius, Mrs., 217, 255

Claude of France, 127

Clerambant, Maréchale, 423

Coligny, 247

Columbus, Christopher, 74;
received by Isabel, 78;
guest of Deza, 82;
member of royal household, 82;
grant for maintenance, 82;
negotiations with Portugal, France, and England, 82;
extravagant demands, 83, 84;
agreement with Isabel, 89;
returns in triumph from first voyage, 94;
second voyage, 95, 120;
third voyage, 120;
imprisoned, 123;
release, 123;
fourth voyage, 124

Columbus, Diego, 89

Comuneros, 192, 198

Compostella, 57

Conchillos, 131, 143

Condé, 354, 376

Consuegra, 383

Conti, Prince of, 417

Cordova, Cardinal, 518

Cordova, Gonzalo de, 65, 105, 118

Corunna, 154, 391

Cotes, Sebastian de, 505

Council of the Indies, 120, 121

Court, Spanish, description, 328, 338, 369, 533

Courtenay, 214

Courtrai, 460

Cranmer, 220

Cromwell, 371

Cuellar, 26

Cueva, Beltran de la, 5, 9, 10

D’assonleville, 254

Denia, Marchioness of, 176

Denia, Marquis of, 187, 194, 198

Deza, Diego, 80

Diaz, Froilan, 506, 519

Dixmunde, 460

Dominicans, 46, 48

Dueñas, 21, 38

Dunkirk, 376

Edward IV. of England, 17

Edward VI. of England, 212

Egmont, Count, 221, 230

Eguia, Jeronimo de, 440, 454

Elizabeth of England, 229, 271

El Zagal, 60

Emanuel Philibert of Savoy, 247

Emmanuel, King, 106

Enriquez, Juana, 8

Escalas, Conde de, 63

Escorial, 357, 366, 388, 406

Estrada, Duke of, 184

Estremadura, 26

Fadrique, Admiral, 9, 20

Fadrique de Toledo, 346

Fanshawe, Lady, quoted, 384

Fanshawe, Sir Richard, 383, 390

Feuquières, 464

Ferdinand of Aragon, 17;
marriage, 22;
in France, 23;
motto, 33;
fight against Moors, 56;
in Council at Cordova, 61;
rejects Colon’s terms, 83;
attacked by lunatic, 93;
schemes for his children, 99;
treaty with France, 100;
breaks treaty, 104;
war with France, 105;
quarrel with son-in-law, 113;
represses rebellion of Moors, 118;
attempts to conciliate Philip, 126;
illness, 133;
claims right to govern Castile, 142;
ordered to leave Castile, 145;
alliance with Jimenez, 146;
contemplates second marriage, 146;
alliance with Louis XII, 147;
agreement with Philip, 150;
treaty, 159;
assumes government of Castile, 177;
death, 182

Ferdinand, Emperor, 130

Feria, 230, 251

Fernando, 89

Ferrer, Mosen, 182, 183

Flanders, 354, 390

Flushing, 489

Fonseca, 142

Fontainebleau, 417, 422

France, 100, 105, 128, 248, 316, 319, 346

Franche Comté, 106

Francis II, 293

Francis Phœbus, 61

Galicia, 39

Gardiner, 215, 220

Geneda, Diego de, 217

Germaine de Foix, 147

Giron, Pedro, 12

Gloucester, Duke of, 17

Gomez, Ruy, 230

Grammont, Duke de, 378

Granada, 36, 65;
siege, 67–72;
burning of library, 116

Granvelle, quoted, 215

Grey family, 223

Grey, Lady Jane, 213

Grey de Wilton, Lord, 249

Guadalajara, 284

Guadix, 65

Guevara, Anna de, 352

Guevara, Velez de, 337

Guienne, Duke of, 17, 23

Guise, Duke of, 321

Guisnes, 249

Guzmans, 39

Harcourt, Duke of, 423, 502, 503

Haro, Count de, 179

Haro, Luis de, 355, 375, 383

Harrach, Count, 499

Heliche, Marquis of, 370

Henry II. (of France), 269

Henry IV. (of France), 318, 319

Henry IV. (of Spain), 3;
impeachment, 11;
death, 26

Henry VII. (of England), 149, 153, 173

Henry VIII. (of England), 211

Hernandez, Garcia, 75

Hispanola, 121

Horn, Count, 230

Hornillos, 175

House tax, 38

Howell, James, quoted, 329

Huelva, 75

Infantado, Duke of, 38, 272

Inquisition, 46, 48, 448, 514, 516

Isabel, Empress, 209

Isabel Farnese, xiii;
marriage, 537;
influence over Philip, 539

Isabel of Bourbon, betrothal, 320;
meeting with Philip, 322;
marriage, 323;
character and manners, 327;
love for stage, 328, 331;
escape from fire at Aranjuez, 331;
birth of son, 333;
children, 334;
rejoicings at birth of Baltasar Carlos, 334;
portraits, 336;
sells jewels to provide soldiers, 346;
struggle with France, 346;
breach with Olivares, 349;
Regent in absence of King, 350;
demands dismissal of Olivares, 352;
illness, 355;
death, 356

Isabel of the Peace, xi, xiv;
betrothal, 267;
marriage, 268;
journey to Spain, 273;
meeting with Philip, 284;
smallpox, 286;
illness, 295;
letter to Catharine, 299;
defeats conspiracy in Navarre, 298;
meets her mother at Bayonne, 302;
birth of daughter, 305;
birth of second daughter, 308;
death, 313

Isabel the Catholic, ix;
betrothed to Charles of Viana, 8;
suggested betrothal to King of Portugal, 9;
offered crown, 14;
accepts heirship, 15;
meeting with Henry, 16;
intrigues with reference to marriage, 17;
marriage, 22;
deprived of grants and privileges, 23;
birth of first child, 23;
reconciliation with Henry, 24;
revenue, 41;
reforms Court, 41;
treatment of religious orders, 42;
influence f Torquemada, 44;
establishes Inquisition, 47;
birth of Prince of the Asturias, 50;
crushes Portuguese, 52;
acknowledged Queen of Spain, 52;
birth of third child, 52;
war with Moors, 56;
birth of fourth child, 60;
takes command of campaign against Moors, 63;
birth of last child, 64;
pledges crown, 66;
Queen of Granada, 73;
terms with Columbus, 89;
domestic life, 95;
letter to Talavera, 100;
purification of monasteries, 100;
unification of coinage, 104;
marriages of children, 106;
death of Juan, 109;
death of eldest daughter and her son Miguel, 110;
troubles domestic and political, 110;
ill-health, 111;
visit of Philip and Joan, 127;
wishes in regard to succession, 129;
apoplexy, 131;
will, 135;
codicil, 136;
death, 136.

Isle of Pheasants, 378, 425

Jaen, 66

Jamaica, 371

James I. of England, 319, 324

James IV., 107

Jews, 45, 47, 48, 67

Jimenez de Cisneros, Royal Confessor, 97;
primate, 99, 136, 158, 164;
maintains order, 173, 175;
Cardinal, 177;
Regent, 182, 191

Joan the Mad, xi;
birth, 52;
marriage, 106;
birth of son, 125;
visit to Spain, takes oath with her husband as heir of Castile, 127;
receives homage as heir of Ferdinand, 128;
detention at Medina, 132;
returns to Flanders, 133;
proclaimed Queen of Castile, 141;
discord with husband, 143;
letter on being declared unfit to rule, 144;
journey to Spain, 150;
shipwreck and landing in England, 152;
meeting with Katharine, 153;
interview with Enriquez, 163;
receives oath of allegiance of Cortes, 164;
grief for death of Philip, 168;
refusal to perform duties of Government, 171;
pilgrimage to Granada, 171;
birth of youngest child, 172;
suggested marriage with Henry VII., 173;
dismisses Councillors of Philip, 175;
meeting with Ferdinand at Tortoles, 176;
at Arcos, 177;
imprisoned at Tordesillas, 180;
visited by Charles and Leonora, 184;
protest against treatment, 190;
conference with executive body of Regent’s government, 190;
receives Padilla, 194;
identifies herself with Revolution, 194;
anti-religious tendency, 200;
visited by Francis of Borgia, 202;
illness, 204;
death, 205

Juan, Prince of Asturias, 50, 54, 106, 109

Juan II., of Aragon, 20

Juan of Austria, 292

Juan Jose, of Austria (Don Juan), xii, 363, 370, 376, 383, 387, 388,
390, 391;
controversy with Mariana, 393;
Viceroy of Aragon, 396;
ordered to Sicily, 401;
recalled by Charles, 402;
exiled to Aragon, 403;
recalled to Madrid, 405;
enters Madrid in State, 408;
decrease of power, 418;
death, 420

Juan II., of Castile, 3

Katharine of Aragon, 100, 173

Katharine, Infanta, 172, 199

Laredo, 107

Las Casas, 89

Las Huelgas, 431

Leganés, Marquis of, 351, 505

Lerida, 351, 354

Lerma, 323

Lille, 108

Lionne, M. de, 376

Lisle, Count Alva de, 4

Literature, Spanish, 327, 338

London, 153

Lope de Vega, 339, 342

Lotti, Cosme, 344

Louis XI., 61

Louis XII., 133, 147

Louis XIII., 320

Louis XIV., 460, 464, 521

Loja, 63

Luis de la Cruz, Friar, 203

Luna, Alvaro de, 27

Luxembourg, 106

Madrigal, 20, 37

Malaga, 55, 64, 118

Maldonado, Dr., 79

Manrique, Pedro, 21

Mansfeldt, Count, 463, 490

Manuel, Juan, 143, 156, 165

Marchena, Antonio de, 79, 120

Margaret, Archduchess, 106, 108, 149, 153

Margaret, Empress, 368, 414

Margaret of Austria, 318

Margaret of Savoy, 352

Margaret Tudor, 107

Maria of Hungary, 146

Maria Louisa of Savoy, 532;
marriage, 532;
regent in absence of husband, 533;
ability and diligence, 533;
death, 536

Mariana of Austria, offered in marriage to Baltasar Carlos, 361;
marriage to Philip IV.;
meets Philip at Navalcarnero, 365;
birth of a daughter, 368;
paralysis, 371;
birth of son, 373;
intrigues against Don Juan, 382;
birth of a son, 382;
growth of power, 382;
Queen-Regent, 389;
conspiracy in favour of Don Juan, 394;
dismisses Nithard, 395;
alliance with England and Holland against France, 397;
seeks help of Don Juan, 398;
favour of Valenzuela, 400;
regency ends, 402;
triumph over Don Juan, 403;
prisoner in Alcazar, 406;
banished to Toledo, 406;
reconciled to Charles, 421;
return to Court, 421;
meeting with Marie Louise, 433;
treatment of Marie Louise, 444;
plots to ruin Marie Louise, 464;
plans for succession, 499;
death, 500

Maria Theresa, 371, 378, 380, 389, 396, 414

Marie Anne of Neuburg, married by proxy, 489;
journey to Spain, 489;
welcome at Corunna, 490;
sides with enemies of Oropesa, 493;
unpopularity, 496;
summons Count Harrach, 499;
efforts to secure succession of Archduke Charles, 500;
plans to crush Diaz, 517;
accused of witchcraft, 518;
secures dismissal of Diaz, 529;
head of Council of Regency, 526;
banished to Toledo, 526;
visited by Philip V., 526;
sides with Austria, 527;
banished to Bayonne, 527;
returns to Spain, 527;
death, 527

Marie Louise of Orleans, 415;
love for Dauphin, 416;
betrothed to King of Spain, 417;
marriage by proxy, 418;
journey to Spain, 423;
household, 424;
letter to Charles, 427;
marriage at Quintanapalla, 431;
meeting with Mariana, 433;
isolation at Burgos, 433;
entry into Madrid, 439;
frivolity, 444;
humoured by Mariana, 444;
growing interest in public affairs, 456;
discord with Mariana and Charles, 456;
unhappiness, 457;
influence of Madame Quantin, 458;
reproached for sterility, 458;
accused of plotting against King, 468;
French expelled from palace, 469;
letter to Louis XIV. _re_ Saint Chamans, 472;
smallpox, 479;
illness, 480;
death, 481

Martinez, Friar, 385

Mary of England, 213;
plans for marriage, 214–220;
accepts Philip, 223;
presents, 224;
meeting with Philip, 232;
marriage, 234;
parting from Philip, 241;
Queen of Spain, 243;
war with France, 247;
illness, 254;
death, 256

Mary Queen of Scots, 263, 290

Matienzo, Friar, 112

Matilla, Father, 493, 504, 506, 507

Maurice of Saxony, 212

Maximilian, 113, 133, 148, 179, 190

Mayenne, Duke of, 320, 382

Mazarin, 376, 382

Medici, Catharine de, 267

Medici, Marie de, 320, 321

Medillin, Count, 11

Medina, 34

Medina Celi, Duke of, befriends Colon, 76

Medina Celi, Duke of (under Charles), 415, 440, 453, 459, 463

Medina del Campo, 48, 56

Medina de las Torres, Duke of, 386, 387

Medina Sidonia, Duke of, 56, 76

Melcombe Regis, 153

Mello, 354

Mendoza, Cardinal, 19, 59, 80, 97

Mendoza, Bishop of Segovia, 519

Mendoza, Diego Hurtado de, 217

Metz, 212

Montalto, Duke of, quoted, 464, 470, 473, 475, 476, 477

Montenegro, 401

Monterey, Count, 505

Montgomerie, Sieur de l’Orge, 269

Montmorenci, 247

Moors, 55, 116, 118

Moscoso, 388

Moslems, 116, 119

Muley Abul Hassan, 55

Murcientes, 163

Muza, 72

New Hall, 213

Nimeguen, 414

Nithard, Father Everard, 382, 389, 393, 394;
dismissed, 395

Noailles, Antoine de, 213, 220, 229, 238

Novas, Marquis de las, 224

Ojeda, 47

Olivarez, Gaspar de Guzman, Count of, 230, 324, 345;
breach with Queen, 349;
fall, 353

Olivarez, Countess of, 339

Olmedo, 13

Oñate, 427

Orange, Prince of, 487

Oropesa, Count of, 463, 482;
dismissed, 494, 501–512

Osma, 21

Osorio, Isabel de, 217, 265

Osuna, Duke of, 418, 425

Ovando, Nicolas de, 123

Padilla, 194, 224

Paget, 220

Palencia, 175

Palos, 75

Passau, 212

Pastrana, Duke of, 320

Patiño, 393

Perez, Friar Juan, 75, 80, 85

Peter Martyr, 112

Petre, 220

Philip II., 202;
Regent, 209;
betrothed to Mary, 223;
journey to England, 226;
marriage, 234;
leaves England, 241;
returns, 245;
proposal of marriage to Elizabeth, 262;
union with France, 263;
marriage to Isabel, 267;
poverty, 293;
marriage to Anne, 314

Philip III., 318

Philip IV., betrothed, 320;
marriage, 323;
succeeds, 323;
character, 324, 328;
jealousy, 330;
intrigue with Maria Calderon, 333;
birth of son, 334;
leads armies in Catalonia, 350;
returns to Madrid, 351;
letter to Maria de Agredo;
grief at loss of son, 362;
marriage to Mariana, 363;
poverty, 372;
birth of son, 373;
journey to French frontier, 379;
ill-health, 383;
reported bewitched, 384;
will, 386;
death, 387

Philip V., 523, 526;
marriage, 532;
in Italy, 533;
second marriage, 537

Philip of Burgundy, 108;
assumes title, Prince of Castile, 113, 127, 128, 133;
intrigues with England, 149, 153;
treaty with Ferdinand, 159;
death, 166

Philip Prosper, 374, 381

Plascencia, 11

Pole, Cardinal, 214, 220, 245

Portocarrero, Cardinal, 493, 522

Portugal, throws off Spanish yoke, 348;
independence recognised, 390

Pyrenees, Peace of, 379

Quantin, Madame, 458, 465, 468

Quevedo, 337

Quintanapalla, 429

Quintanilla, Alfonso de, 79

Raleigh, 324

Ramua, 108

Ratisbon, Treaty of, 460

Ravaillac, 319

Rebenac, 480

Religious Orders, 42

Renard, Simon, 213

Richelieu, 321

Richmond, 153

Rio Seco, Duke of, 505, 518

Rieux, Madame, 282

Riquelme, Maria de, 340

Rivers, Lord, 63

Rocaberti, 514, 517

Roche sur Yon, 273

Rocroy, 354

Rojas, Bishop, 192

Roncesvalles, 276

Ronquillo, Francisco, 505

Rosellon, 59, 100, 378

Ruiz, 116

Russell, Admiral, 489

Ryswick, Peace of, 501

‘Sacred Brotherhood,’ 37

Saint Chamans, 471

St. Jean de Luz, 425

St. Jean Pied de Port, 277

St Jerome, monastery of, 313, 322

Salamanca, 10, 150

Salic Law, 31

Salmas, Countess of, 182

Sanchez, Gabriel, 94

Sandwich, Lord, 390

Santa Fe, 69

Sant’angel, Luis de, 78, 80, 87

Santa Maria de la Rabida, 75

Santa Maria del Campo, 177

Santiago, 39

Segovia, 9, 10, 165

Seville, 39, 48

Sicily, 398, 414

Soissons, Countess of, 475

Soto, Dr., 204

Spinola, 346

Stanhope, Colonel, quoted, 490, 491, 498, 500, 509, 510, 513, 515, 517

Suffolk, Earl of, 152

Talavera, Father, 51, 57, 59, 79, 93, 116

Tavara, Francisca de, 330

Tendilla, Count, 72, 93, 116

Terranova, Duchess of, 414, 429, 454

Tilly, 346

Toledo, 54, 127

Tordesillas, 33, 180;
battle, 196

Toro, 34, 36, 142

Torquemada, 44, 46;
inquisitor-general, 49, 57, 59

Torquemada (town), 172

Trenchard, Sir John, 152

Uceda, Duke of, 321

Ureña, Countess of, 282

Ursinos, Princess of, 532, 534, 535, 536, 538

Valdés, Pedro, 328

Valentinois, Duchess, 267

Valenzuela, Fernando de, 398;
honours, 403, 405;
flight, 406;
imprisoned at Consuegra, 408

Valladolid, 9, 20, 30, 154, 164, 223

Vanguyon, 461

Vaucelles, 262

Vega, Garcilaso de la, 163

Velazquez, 335, 337

Velazquez, Diego de Silva, 380

Velez, 55

Velez-Malaga, 64

Vendome, Duke of, 273

Venta de los Toros de Guisando, 16

Verjus, Father, 464

Vilaine, 468

Villafafila, 159

Villalar, 198, 209

Villamediana, Count of, 330, 331

Villars, Mme. de, quoted, 426, 433, 435, 443, 445, 446

Villars, Marquis de, 420, 431, 459

Villena, Marquis of, 5, 9, 11, 175

Vistahermosa, Duchess of, 50

Vivero, Juan, 22

Westphalia, Treaty of, 364

Weymouth, 151

Winchester, 232

Windsor, 152

Wyatt family, 223

Zahara, 56

Zamora, 35, 36

Zoraya, 62

Zuñiga, Diego Lopez de, 12

-----

Footnote 1:

The ceremony is described by Enriquez de Castillo in the contemporary
‘Cronica de Enrique IV.’

Footnote 2:

Hernando de Pulgar, ‘Cronica de los Reyes Catolicos.’

Footnote 3:

Letter of Diego de Valera to Henry IV. MS. quoted by Amador de las
Rios. Historia de Madrid. See also the famous poems of the time,
Coplas de Mingo Revulgo, and Coplas del Provincial, where vivid
pictures are given of the prevailing anarchy.

Footnote 4:

The protest is in the archives of Villena’s descendant, the present
Duke of Frias, to whom I am indebted for an abstract of it.

Footnote 5:

The original treaty, which of course came to nothing, is in the Frias
Archives, and is signed by Louis XI. as one of the contracting
parties. It is dated 9th May 1463. I have not seen the fact stated
elsewhere.

Footnote 6:

The text of the demands, under thirty-nine heads, will be found in the
‘Documentos Ineditos,’ vol. xiv. p. 369.

Footnote 7:

The exact sequence and dates of these and the following events have
never yet been made clear in any of the numerous histories of the
time, not even in Prescott, owing to the fact that Enriquez de
Castillo and Pulgar very rarely give dates, whilst Galindez only
mentions the years of such happenings as he records. The printing of
the contemporary so-called ‘Cronicon de Valladolid’ (partly written by
Isabel’s physician, Dr. Toledo) in the ‘Documentos Ineditos,’ now
enables us to set forth the events chronologically, and thus the
better to understand their significance.

Footnote 8:

Enriquez de Castillo, ‘Cronica de Enrique IV.‘

Footnote 9:

A number of decrees issued by Alfonso at the time, conferring upon
Villena and his partisans great grants and privileges, are in the
Frias archives; and other charters rewarding the city of Avila for its
adherence to his cause have recently been printed by the Chronicler of
the city from its archives, Sr. de Foronda.

Footnote 10:

Of a poisoned trout which he ate, it was asserted by his partisans.
The suspicion of poison is strengthened by the fact that his death was
publicly announced as a fact some days before it happened, when he was
quite well.

Footnote 11:

In a series of documents recently published from the archives of the
city of Avila by St. Foronda, there is one very curious charter signed
by Isabel on 2nd September, before even she started for the interview
with her brother. In it she already acts as sovereign of Avila,
confirming the many privileges given to the city by her brother
Alfonso, whom she calls King, and cancelling the grants of territories
belonging to the city which King Henry had made to his follower, the
Count of Alba. Thus she annulled the King’s grants before he bestowed
the city upon her.

Footnote 12:

The original deed signed by the King of Portugal, dated 2nd May 1469,
is in the Frias archives.

Footnote 13:

Isabel only learnt of the deception practised upon her some time
afterwards (1471) from the partisans of the Beltraneja’s projected
marriage with the Duke of Guienne. A genuine bull of dispensation was
afterwards granted to her by the new Pope, Sixtus IV.

Footnote 14:

The story of Ferdinand’s coming and his marriage is graphically told
in the Decades of Alfonso de Palencia, who had been sent from Isabel
to fetch him, and accompanied him on his journey.

Footnote 15:

‘Cronicon de Valladolid,’ a diary kept at Valladolid at the time by
Dr. Toledo, Isabel’s physician. _Doc. Ined._ 14.

Footnote 16:

In the Frias archives there is an undertaking, dated 2nd October 1470,
signed by the Duke of Guienne, promising rewards to Cardinal Mendoza,
the Marquis of Villena, the Duke of Arevalo, and others, for their aid
in bringing about the betrothal with the Beltraneja.

Footnote 17:

Dueñas was granted on the same day, 21st October 1470, to the Princess
Doña Juana (the Beltraneja). Cronicon de Valladolid.

Footnote 18:

How much Isabel prized the fidelity of these steadfast adherents is
seen by the last act of her life. On her deathbed she revoked—not very
honestly or graciously most people think—all grants and rewards she
had given out of crown possessions, on the pretext that she had been
moved to make them more by need than by her own wish. The only
exception she made was the manors of the Marquisite of Moya, which,
with the title, had been granted to Cabrera and his wife Doña Beatriz
Bobadilla.

Footnote 19:

Recorded in Enriquez de Castillo’s ‘Cronica de Enrique IV.‘

Footnote 20:

It should be mentioned that the faithless Queen of Henry IV., the
mother of the Beltraneja, lived apart from him in Madrid. She had
several children by various men subsequently.

Footnote 21:

Galindez tells the story that Henry on his deathbed swore that Juana
was really his child, and says that he left a will in her favour of
which Villena was the executor. The latter having predeceased the
King, the will remained in the keeping of Oviedo, the King’s
secretary, who afterwards entrusted it to the curate of Santa Cruz at
Madrid. He, fearing to hold it, enclosed it in a chest with other
papers and buried it at Almeida, in Portugal. Years afterwards Isabel
learnt of this, and when, in 1504, she was mortally ill, she sent the
curate and the lawyer who had told her to disinter the will. When they
brought it she was too ill to see it, and it remained in the lawyer’s
keeping. He informed Ferdinand after the Queen’s death, and the King
ordered the document to be burnt, whilst the lawyer was richly
rewarded. Others say, continues Galindez, that the paper was
preserved.

Footnote 22:

She died in June 1475.

Footnote 23:

Although she allowed a poor madman who attempted to kill Ferdinand to
be torn to bits by red hot pincers, and consigned scores of thousands
of poor wretches to the flames for doubting the correctness of her
views on religion, she refused ever to go to a bullfight after
attending one at which two men had been killed. She strongly condemned
such waste of human life without good object.

Footnote 24:

Oviedo, who knew her well, says that no other woman could compare with
her in beauty.

Footnote 25:

‘Cronicon de Valladolid,’ Doc. Ined. 14, and also Alfonso de Palencia.

Footnote 26:

As one instance of the mercenary character of the Castilian nobles of
the time, I may mention that there is a bond signed by the King of
Portugal in the Frias archives promising to young Villena the
Mastership of Santiago in payment for his help.

Footnote 27:

The King of Portugal, having heard that Castilian raiders had crossed
the Portuguese frontier, is said to have proposed to Ferdinand at this
juncture a compromise, by which the Beltraneja should be dropped, and
Isabel recognised in return for the cession to Portugal of all Galicia
and the two fortresses of Zamora and Toro which he occupied. Ferdinand
was inclined to agree to this, and sent an envoy to propose it to his
wife. Before the envoy had finished his first sentence Isabel stopped
him indignantly, and forbade him to continue. She herself, she said,
would in future direct the war, and no foot of her own realm of
Castile should be surrendered. She then hurried to Medina and summoned
the Cortes, as is told in the text.

Footnote 28:

Each group of 100 heads of families subscribed sufficient to pay,
mount, arm, and maintain a horseman; and when intelligence of a crime
came, every church bell in the district rang an alarm to summon the
members of the constabulary to pursue the evil-doer, a special prize
being given to the captor. It must be understood that the townships in
Spain extend in every case over a large territory outside the walls,
so that the house tax, although nominally urban because collected by
the municipalities, was really collected also from rural hamlets.

Footnote 29:

The importance of obtaining control of the Orders was seen by Isabel
at the very beginning of her reign. When the Master of Santiago died
in 1476 the Queen was at Valladolid. Without a moment’s delay she
mounted her horse and rode to the town of Huete, where the Chapter to
elect the new Master was to be held. She entered the Chapter and in an
energetic speech urged the knights for the sake of her, their
sovereign, to elect her husband their Master. The Castilian knights
were angry at the idea of an Aragonese heading them, and opposed the
suggestion. Isabel found a way out by pledging Ferdinand to transfer
his powers as Master to a Castilian as soon as he was elected; and
this he did, appointing his faithful follower Cardenas; but when the
latter died Ferdinand became actual Master. Thenceforward the
knighthoods (_encomiendas_) were endowed with pensions derived from
rent charges on portions of the estates, the bulk of the revenue being
absorbed by the King’s treasury. For details of the Orders and their
appropriation, see Ulick Burke’s ‘History of Spain’ to 1515, edited by
Martin Hume.

Footnote 30:

As at Jaen in 1473, where the Constable of Castile was killed whilst
trying to stop the massacre.

Footnote 31:

Galindez and Perez de Pulgar.

Footnote 32:

At the Cortes of Madrigal in 1479, and in those of Toledo in 1480,
Isabel and Ferdinand renewed all the old ferocious edicts against the
use of silk and jewels by Jews in their garments, and ordered them
strictly to confine their residence to the ghettoes, and two years
later all toleration they enjoyed by papal decree was abolished.

Footnote 33:

Father Florez claims for Isabel and Torquemada alone what he considers
the great honour of establishing the Inquisition.

Footnote 34:

In the first eight years of its existence, the Inquisition burnt in
Seville alone 700 people, and sent to perpetual imprisonment in the
dungeons 5000 more, confiscating all their goods.—_Bernaldez._

Footnote 35:

Shortly after her death, the mayor of her own city of Medina del Campo
declared that the soul of Isabel had gone to hell for her cruel
oppression of her subjects, and that all the people around Valladolid
and Medina, where she was best known, were of the same
opinion.—_Spanish State Papers_, Supplement to vols. i. and ii.

Footnote 36:

Florez, ‘Reinas Catolicos.’

Footnote 37:

Pulgar. ‘Cronica de los Reyes Catolicos.’

Footnote 38:

The Moors justified the attack by the accusation that the famous Ponce
de Leon, Marquis of Cadiz, had raided and plundered the town of
Mercadillo, near Ronda.

Footnote 39:

When somewhat later the Queen urgently begged him to accept the
bishopric of Salamanca, and he persistently refused, she reproached
him for not obeying her once when she had obeyed him so many times. ‘I
will not be the bishop,’ he replied, ‘of any place but Granada.’ He
was in effect the first archbishop.

Footnote 40:

Pulgar, ‘Cronica de los Reyes Catolicos.’

Footnote 41:

Lagréze. See also Zurita’s ‘Anales de Aragon.’

Footnote 42:

Florez, ‘Reinas Catolicos.’

Footnote 43:

See Perez de Pulgar, ‘Reyes Catolicos.’

Footnote 44:

Florez, ‘Reinas Catolicos.’

Footnote 45:

Bernaldez, ‘Reyes Catolicos,’ and Bleda’s ‘Cronica.’

Footnote 46:

The chroniclers of the siege dilate much upon the magnificent
appearance of Isabel and her great train of ladies when, on the day of
her arrival before Baza, she reviewed her troops in full view of the
dumbfoundered Moors on the ramparts of the fortress. Her own Castilian
troops, frantic with enthusiasm, no longer cried ‘Long live the
Queen,’ but ‘Long live our _King_ Isabel.’—_Florez_, ‘Reinas
Catolicos,’ and Letters of Peter Martyr, who was present.

Footnote 47:

The professed Christian Jews were much more severely dealt with than
the unbaptised.

Footnote 48:

Perez de Hita (Historia de los Vandos) recounts that the city of Santa
Fe sprang from a marvellous edifice which four grandees caused to be
constructed in a single night. It consisted of four buildings of wood
covered with painted canvas to imitate stone, and surrounded by a
battlemented wall of a similar construction. Roadways in the form of a
cross divided the four blocks with a gate at each of the four
extremities. The Moors, on seeing what they thought was a strong
fortress raised so rapidly, thought that witchcraft had been at work,
and were utterly cast down.

Footnote 49:

The title ‘Catholic’ was formally conferred upon them by the Pope
after the taking of Granada.

Footnote 50:

He promptly sold this to Isabel, and retired to Fez, where he was
murdered. The account of the surrender is mainly taken from Perez de
Hita’s ‘Historia de los Vandos,’ 1610, and Perez de Pulgar’s
‘Cronica.’

Footnote 51:

She is said never to have allowed Ferdinand to wear a shirt except
those that she herself made for him.—_Navarro Rodrigo_, ‘El Cardinal
Cisneros.’

Footnote 52:

The sequence of the movements of Columbus, and several facts and dates
here given, vary from the current accounts. The narrative here set
forth has been carefully compiled from the result of much recent
Spanish research, besides the well-known texts of Navarrete and the
superb anthology of contemporary information reproduced by Mr.
Thatcher in his exhaustive three volumes lately published. I have also
depended much upon Rodriguez Pinilla’s ‘Colon en España,’ Cappa’s
‘Colon y los Españoles,’ and Ibarra y Rodriguez’s ‘Fernando el
Catolico y el Descubrimiento de America,’ etc. etc.

Footnote 53:

See Columbus’s own letter to the nurse of Prince Juan, reproduced by
Mr. Thatcher.

Footnote 54:

As Medina Celi was with Ferdinand during all the campaign of 1485, it
is possible that he may have mentioned it to the King then, and have
been told that when there was time the sovereigns themselves would
examine into the matter.

Footnote 55:

Las Casas and F. Colon.

Footnote 56:

Fernando Colon.

Footnote 57:

Las Casas.

Footnote 58:

Fernando Colon.

Footnote 59:

The speech, which is probably apocryphal, is given at length by Las
Casas.

Footnote 60:

The legend of Queen Isabel and her jewels has been now completely
disproved by my friend, Don Cesareo Fernandez Duro, in his article
‘Las Joyas de la Reina Isabel’ in the ‘Revista Contemporanea,’ vol.
xxxviii.

Footnote 61:

Professor Ibarra y Rodriguez’s interesting study ‘Fernando el Catolico
y el Descubrimiento’ (Madrid, 1892) makes this matter clear for the
first time. The treasury of Castile was empty, but Ferdinand had
plenty of money in Aragon. He was careful, however, not to allow the
Castilians to know this, or they would have clamoured for some of it
for their war against Granada, whilst he was hoarding it for his war
against France. He therefore went through the comedy of causing
Sant’angel to lend the million maravedis, apparently out of his own
pocket, but the money was secretly advanced for the purpose to
Sant’angel from the King’s Aragonese treasury, to which it was
subsequently repaid through Sant’angel.

Footnote 62:

Some of these took the form of generosity at other people’s expense.
The town of Palos was ordered, as punishment for some offence, to
provide two caravels and stores.

Footnote 63:

Quoted by Florez. ‘Reinas Catolicos.’

Footnote 64:

_Ibid._ Both Luis de Sant’angel, who served as accountant general, and
Gabriel Sanchez, the Aragonese treasurer, were of Jewish descent.

Footnote 65:

From Ulick Burke’s ‘History of Spain.’ Edited by Martin Hume. Only
five years after the expulsion from Spain, as many of the Spanish Jews
had fled to Portugal, Isabel, through her daughter, who had married
the King of Portugal, coerced the latter to expel all Jews from his
country.

Footnote 66:

It is said that Ferdinand tried to save the life of his assailant, who
had been condemned to the most cruel and awful tortures as a
punishment. The Catalans, furious at being baulked of their vengeance,
appealed to Isabel, who decided that the sentence should be carried
out, but that the victim should be secretly suffocated first.

Footnote 67:

The Luis de Sant’angel and the Sanchez letter have been published
several times, but the letter to the Sovereigns has been lost, but for
some passages quoted by Las Casas.

Footnote 68: