Chapter VII

[297] _Morning News_, Aug. 7, 1956, p. 5.

[298] _News and Courier_, May 19, 1954, p. 4; May 20, 1954,
p. 4.

[299] _Morning News_, May 22, 1954, p. 4.

[300] _News and Courier_, May 30, 1954, p. 8-A.

[301] _Morning News_, May 21, 1954, p. 1; July 16, 1954, p.
3-A; Sept. 1, 1954, p. 1.

[302] _Record_, Jan. 4, 1956, p. 1; _Morning News_, Jan.
15, 1956, p. 3-B.

[303] _News and Courier_, July 30, 1956, p. 1.

[304] _Independent_, July 29, 1955, p. 1; Nov. 4, 1955, p.
28.

[305] _News and Courier_, Oct. 20, 1954, p. 8-A.

[306] S. C. Senate _Journal_ (1956), p. 55.

[307] _News and Courier_, Jan. 20, 1955, p. 11-A.

[308] _Record_, Nov. 4, 1955, p. 7-A.

[309] South Carolina Senate _Journal_ (1955), p. 15.

[310] _Independent_, June 26, 1956, p. 7.

[311] _Morning News_, Apr. 27, 1956, p. 10-A.

[312] _News and Courier_, Jan. 13, 1955, p. 14-A.

[313] _Morning News_, July 9, 1954, p. 4-A; Aug. 4, 1954,
p. 4.

[314] South Carolina Senate _Journal_ (1955), p. 15.

[315] _News and Courier_, May 21, 1955, p. 6-A.

[316] _Ibid._, Nov. 29, 1955, p. 1-B; Sept. 8, 1955, p.
1-B; also South Carolina Senate _Journal_ (1955), pp.
14-27; South Carolina Senate _Journal_ (1956), pp. 38-44.

[317] _Independent_, May 26, 1954, p. 3.

[318] _News and Courier_, Aug. 9, 1954, p. 4.

[319] _Independent_, July 25, 1954, p. 4.

[320] _News and Courier_, Aug. 7, 1954, p. 16.

[321] _Ibid._, May 30, 1954, p. 8-A; Oct. 29, 1955, p. 8-A;
May 25, 1956, p. 4.

[322] _Morning News_, Apr. 28, 1956, p. 1; Aug. 7, 1956, p.
5.

[323] _News and Courier_, Aug. 1, 1955, p. 7-A.

[324] _Morning News_, May 28, 1954, p. 4.

[325] _News and Courier_, May 25, 1954, p. 6.

[326] _Ibid._, Oct. 10, 1954, p. 2-A.

[327] _Morning News_, Aug. 12, 1955, p. 1; Aug. 7, 1955, p.
1.

[328] _News and Courier_, June 30, 1955, p. 10-A; S. C.
Senate _Journal_ (1956), pp. 52-53.

[329] _Independent_, Jan. 9, 1956, p. 1.

[330] _News and Courier_, Mar. 29, 1957, p. 1.

[331] _Independent_, Oct. 26, 1955, p. 14.

[332] _Ibid._, Jan. 7, 1956, p. 5. According to the annual
report of the state Superintendent of Education for 1953-54
South Carolina received $8,216,840 from the federal
government for education in 1952-53 and $5,946,597 for
1953-54. These figures represented 8.88 percent and 4.38
percent respectively of the total school budget.

[333] _News and Courier_, Feb. 26, 1956, p. 8-A; _Record_,
May 24, 1954, p. 4-A; _Morning News_, Aug. 26, 1955, p. 4-A.

[334] _Independent_, Dec. 17, 1955, p. 4; _Morning News_,
July 15, 1956, p. 4-A.

[335] _Record_, Aug. 15, 1957, p. 1; _State_, Aug. 19,
1957, p. 4-A; _News and Courier_, Aug. 17, 1957, p. 6-A.

[336] _News and Courier_, Nov. 29, 1955, p. 1-B; South
Carolina Senate _Journal_ (1955), pp. 19-27.

[337] _Morning News_, Feb. 9, 1955, p. 1; Mar. 2, 1955, p.
1; _Independent_, Feb. 23, 1955, p. 1.

[338] _Independent_, Feb. 11, 1955, p. 4.

[339] _News and Courier_, Mar. 12, 1955, p. 6-A.

[340] _Ibid._, May 28, 1955, p. 1.

[341] South Carolina Senate _Journal_ (1955), pp. 134, 652.

[342] _Morning News_, May 26, 1956, p. 10. A further
example of the frame of mind of the legislature was the
passage of a resolution which declared that the Confederate
Battle Flag symbolized “the divine cause of human freedom
for which our forefathers fought and for which the men,
women and children of the South displayed a courage and
devotion to duty unparalleled in the history of the world.”
South Carolina Senate _Journal_ (1956), p. 1185.

[343] _News and Courier_, Dec. 18, 1955, p. 1.

[344] _Morning News_, Dec. 29, 1955, p. 1; Feb. 15, 1956,
p. 6.

[345] _News and Courier_, Feb. 7, 1956, p. 1-B.

[346] _Record_, May 1, 1956, p. 4-A.

[347] _Ibid._, Jan. 10, 1956, p. 4-A.

[348] _Morning News_, Dec. 30, 1955, p. 4.

[349] _Independent_, Feb. 1, 1956, p. 4; Feb. 5, 1956, p. 4.

[350] _News and Courier_, Feb. 3, 1956, p. 16-A; Dec. 17,
1955, p. 6-A; Apr. 26, 1956, p. 16-A.

[351] South Carolina Senate _Journal_ (1956), p. 164.

[352] _Ibid._, pp. 150-155.

[353] _Morning News_, Jan. 11, 1956, p. 1.

[354] South Carolina House _Journal_ (1956), p. 322.

[355] _News and Courier_, Feb. 3, 1956, p. 1.

[356] _Independent_, Feb. 9, 1956, p. 4.

[357] _Record_, Feb. 3, 1956, p. 4-A.

[358] _Morning News_, Feb. 3, 1956, p. 1.

[359] _News and Courier_, Sept. 4, 1957, p. 10-A; _State_,
Sept. 5, 1957, p. 4-A; Sept. 7, 1957, p. 4-A.

[360] South Carolina Senate _Journal_ (1956), pp. 387-388.

[361] _News and Courier_, Jan. 24, 1957, p. 12-A. Most,
though not all of South Carolina’s Negro teachers
apparently answered these questions satisfactorily. Those
who did not lost their jobs. However, when considering
this fact one should also bear in mind that the Palmetto
Education Association, which represents the state’s
approximately 7,000 Negro teachers, adopted a resolution
in 1955 stating its approval of the Supreme Court’s
desegregation decision and offering its assistance to
white school authorities in “discussing, outlining, and
implementing plans for universal public education” in South
Carolina “within the framework of the recent ruling of the
United States Supreme Court.”

[362] _Morning News_, Jan. 18, 1956, p. 1.

[363] _Ibid._, Feb. 10, 1956, p. 4-A; Jan. 20, 1956, p. 4-A.

[364] _Independent_, Feb. 21, 1956, p. 1. The quotation
from the Walterboro _Press and Standard_ appears in this
article.

[365] _Record_, Feb. 16, 1956, p. 4-A.

[366] _News and Courier_, July 15, 1955, p. 12-A; Jan. 21,
1956, p. 6-A.

[367] _Morning News_, Jan. 18, 1956, p. 1; Feb. 18, 1956,
p. 7.

[368] _Ibid._, Mar. 1, 1956, p. 2.

[369] Jerrold Beim, _The Swimming Hole_, (New York: Morrow
and Co., 1950).

[370] This summary of the _Swimming Hole_ affair was taken
from _Morning News_, Mar. 2, 1956, p. 1; Mar. 7, 1956, p.
1; and Mar. 9, 1956, p. 1; South Carolina House _Journal_
(1956), pp. 936-937; _Record_, Mar. 10, 1956, p. 4-A; and
_News and Courier_, Mar. 8, 1956, p. 16-A.

[371] _News and Courier_, Apr. 24, 1957, p. 1-B; Apr. 27,
1957, p. 8-A; _State_, Apr. 17, 1957; Apr. 24, 1957.

[372] _State_, Apr. 17, 1957; Apr. 24, 1957.

[373] _News and Courier_, Mar. 1, 1957, p. 1; Mar. 2, 1957,
p. 8-A.

[374] _Ibid._, Feb. 10, 1957, p. 3-A; Apr. 25, 1957, p. 1;
Apr. 8, 1957, p. 12; Jan. 17, 1957, p. 14-A; Mar. 8, 1957,
p. 1-B.

[375] _Record_, May 2, 1957.

[376] _State_, Aug. 6, 1957, p. 1; Sept. 10, 1957, p. 1;
_Record_, Aug. 6, 1957, p. 1.

[377] _Record_, Sept. 21, 1957, p. 10-A.

[378] Radio WIS broadcast, Sept. 14, 1957.

[379] _State_, Sept. 21, 1957, p. 3-B.

[380] _Morning News_, Sept. 24, 1957, p. 4.

[381] _Record_, Jan. 10, 1958, p. 1; _State_, Jan. 11,
1958, p. 1; Baltimore _Afro-American_, Jan. 11, 1958, p. 2.

[382] _State_, Jan. 1, 1958, p. 1; Jan. 3, 1958, p. 1;
_Record_, Jan. 2, 1958, p. 1; _New York Times_, Jan. 3,
1958, p. 14.

[383] _Record_, Jan. 10, 1958, p. 1; _State_, Jan. 11,
1958, p. 1; _News and Courier_, Jan. 11, 1958, p. 1-B.

[384] _Record_, Jan. 15, 1958, p. 8-B. On April 9 the South
Carolina general assembly provided for a 6 man committee,
3 members from the Senate and 3 from the House, to probe
Communism and Communist activities in the state. _Ibid._,
April 9, 1958.

[385] U.P. Wire, Jan. 16, 1958.

[386] _State_, Jan. 16, 1958, p. 1; _ibid._, Jan. 17, 1958,
p. 1-B; _ibid._, Jan. 23, 1958, p. 8-A; _Record_, Jan. 17,
1958, p. 3-A.

[387] _State_, Jan. 16, 1958, p. 1; _Record_, Jan. 17,
1958, p. 3-A.

[388] _State_, Jan. 17, 1958, p. 1-B.

[389] _Record_, Jan. 29, 1958, pp. 1, 6-A.

[390] _State_, Feb. 5, 1958, p. 8-B; Feb. 8, 1958, p. 1-B;
Feb. 4, 1958, p. 9-B; _Record_, Feb. 1, 1958, p. 10-A.

[391] _Record_, Feb. 14, 1958, p. 6-A; Feb. 20, 1958, p. 1;
_State_, Feb. 25, 1958, p. 9-A.

[392] _News and Courier_, Dec. 1, 1955, p. 1-B; Dec. 2,
1955, p. 8-A.

[393] S. C. Senate _Journal_ (1956), pp. 226-227.

[394] _News and Courier_, Apr. 28, 1956, p. 1.

[395] _Record_, Apr. 23, 1956, p. 1; Apr. 26, 1956, p. 4-A;
_Morning News_, Apr. 24, 1956, p. 1.

[396] _Morning News_, Apr. 24, 1956, p. 3; _News and
Courier_, Dec. 8, 1955, p. 8-A; S. C. House _Journal_
(1956), p. 15.

[397] _Independent_, July 24, 1955, p. 1; July 25, 1955, p.
3; Aug. 18, 1955, p. 1.

[398] _State_, June 26, 1957, p. 4-A.