Chapter IX: Book IV: Of Animals in general (4)

[o] It hath been generally thought to be not improbable, but that on some Occasions the _Foramen Ovale_ may remain open in Man. In a Girl of four or five Years of Age, Dr. _Connor_ found it but half closed, and in the Form of a Crescent. And he thinks somewhat of this kind might be in the Person whose Skeleton was found to have no Joynts in the Back-Bone, Ribs, _&c._ Of which a Description, with Cuts, may be found in _Phil. Trans._ Nᵒ. 215. and more largely in his _Dissert. Med. Phys. de stupendo Ossium coalitu_, where he adds to the Girl, in whom the _For. Ov._ was not shut, a like Observation of another Girl he opened at _Oxford_ of three Years Old, _In quâ Foramen Ovals ferè erat occlusum, in medio tamen, exili foramine, per quod Turundam facilè transmisi, erat pervium_, pag. 30. So Mr. _Cowper_ (than whom none more accurate and a better Judge) saith, _I have often found the ~Foramen Ovale~ open in the Adult._ Anat. Append. Fig. 3. But Mr. _Cheselden_ is of a different Opinion. Of which in the following Note.

From somewhat of this Cause I am apt to think it was that the _Tronningholm Gardiner_ escaped drowning, and some others mentioned by _Pechlin_. His Stories are, _Hortulanus Tronningholmensis etiamnum vivens, annos natos 65, pro illâ ætate satis adhuc valens & vegetus, cùm ante 18 annos, alii in aquas delapso opem ferre vellet, forte fortunâ & ipse per glaciem incautiùs procedens, aquas incidet 18 ulnas profundas: ubi ille, corpore erecto quasi ad perpendiculum, pedibus fundo adhæsit. Constitit sic per 16 horas, antequàm produceretur in auras. Dixit autem, simul ac infra aquarum superficiem fuit demersus, statim obriguisse totum, &, si quem tum habuit motum & sensum, amisisse, nisi quod sonantes Stockolmii campanas etiam sub aquis obscuriùs percipere sibi sit visus. Sensit etiam, statim sese velut vesiculam ori applicâsse, adeò ut aqua nulla os penetraverit, in aures verò transitum, etiam sentiente illo, habuerit; atque inde auditum suum debilitatum aliquandiu esse. Hoc statu dum 16 horas permansit frustrà quæsitus, tandem repertum, conto in caput infixo, cujus etiam sensum se habuisse dixit, fundo extraxerunt, sperantes ex more aut persuasione gentis revicturum esse. Itaque pannis linteisque productum obvolvunt, ne aër admitti possit perniciosus futurus subito illapsu: custoditum sic satis ab aëre sensim sensimque tepidiori loco admovent mox calidis adoriuntur fasciis, fricant, radunt, & sufflaminatum tot horis sanguinis corporisque motum negotiosâ illâ operâ reducunt: denique antapoplecticis & genialibus liquoribus vitæ reddunt & pristinæ mobilitati. Retulit is atque ostendit se etiamnum in capite circumferre vestigia violentiæ à conto illatæ, & cephalalgiis vexari gravissimis. Et propter hunc ipsum casum, religiosè à popularibus, & hujusce rei testibus probatum, Serenissimæ Reginæ matris munificentiâ & annuo stipendio est donatus——& Serenis. Principi——oblatus, vivus sui testis——Consignatam manu habes Historiam D. Tilasii, Biblioth. Reg. Præfecti, qui testatus est se prænovisse mulierem, quæ tres ipsos dies sub aquis hæsit, & similem in modum, quo Hortulanus ille, resuscitata, adhuc dum lucis plenâ fruitur usurâ. Accedit Nob. Burmanni——fides. qui confessus est,——se in pago ~Boness~ parochiæ ~Pithoviæ~ concionem frequentâsse funebrem, in quâ, dum acta recenseret Præco Senis cujusdam septuagenarii Laur. Jonæ——audiverit ex ore Concionatoris, vivum eum, adolescentum 17 annorum, aquis submersum, 7 demum hebdomadâ (rem prodigiosam!) extractum ad se rediisse vivum & incolumem._ Pechlin. de Aer. & Alim. def. c. 10.

Shall we to this Cause, or to the Ossification, or more than ordinary Strength of the Wind-Pipe, attribute the Recovery to Life of Persons hanged? Of which _Pechlin_ gives an Instance that fell under his own Knowledge, of a Woman hanged, and in all Appearance dead, but recovered by a Physician accidentally coming in, with a plentiful Administration of _Spir. Sal. Armon. Pechl. ib._ c. 7. And the Story of _Anne Green_, executed at _Oxford_, _Dec. 14. 1650._ is still well remembered among the Seniors there. _She was hanged by the Neck near half an Hour, some of her Friends in the mean Time thumping her on the Breast, others hanging with all their Weight upon her Legs, sometimes lifting her up, and then pulling her down again with a sudden Jirk, thereby the sooner to dispatch her out of her Pain_: as her printed Account wordeth it. After she was in her Coffin, being observed to breath, a lusty Fellow stamped with all his Force on her Breast and Stomach, to put her out of her Pain. But by the assistance of Dr _Peity_, Dr. _Willis_, Dr. _Bathurst_, and Dr. _Clark_, she was again brought to Life. I my self saw her many Years after, after that she had (I heard) born divers Children. The Particulars of her Crime, Execution and Restauration, see in a little Pamphlet, called _News from the Dead_, written, as I have been informed, by Dr. _Bathurst_, (afterwards the most vigilant and learned President of _Trinity-College, Oxon_,) and published in 1651. with Verses upon the Occasion.

[p] The Sea-Calf hath the _Foramen Ovale_, by which means it is enabled to stay long under the Water, as the _Paris. Anatomists_. Of which see in _Book VI. Chap. 5. Note (c)._

But the fore-commended Mr. _Cheselden_ thinks the _Foramen Ovale_ is neither open in amphibious Creatures, nor any adult Land-Animals. _When I first_ (saith he) _applied my self to the Dissection of Human Bodies, I had no distrust of the frequent Accounts of the ~Foramen Ovale~ being open in Adults: but I find since, that I mistook the ~Ostium Venarum Coronariarum~ for the ~Foramen~. The like I suppose Authors have done, who assert that it is always open in amphibious Animals: for we have made diligent Enquiry into those Animals, and never found it open. Neither would that (as they imagine) serve these Creatures to live under Water, as the ~Fœtus~ doth in ~Utero~, unless the ~Ductus Arteriosus~ was open also._

This Opinion of Mr. _Cheselden_ hath this to render it probable, that the _Ostium Venarum Coronariarum_ is so near the _Foramen Ovale_, that without due regard, it may be easily mistaken for it. Such therefore as have Opportunity of examining this Part in amphibious Animals, or any other Subject, ought to seek for the _Ostium_, whenever they suspect they have met with the _Foramen_.

[q] Of the singular Conformation of the Heart and Lungs of the _Tortoise_, which is an amphibious Animal. See _Book VI. Chap. 5. Note (b)._

[r] _Acts_ xvii. 25.

CHAP. VIII.

_Of the Motion of Animals._

Next to the two grand Acts of animal Life, their Sense or Respiration, I shall consider their _Motion_, or _locomotive Faculty_; whereby they convey themselves from Place to Place, according to their Occasions, and Way of Life: And the admirable Apparatus to this Purpose, is a plain Demonstration of God’s particular Foresight, Care, and especial Providence towards all the animal World.

And here I might view in the first Place the Muscles, their curious Structure[a], the nice tacking them to every Joynt, to pull it this Way, and that Way, and the other Way, according to the special Purpose, Design, and Office of every such Joint: Also their various Size and Strength; some large and corpulent, others less, and some scarce visible to the naked Eye; all exactly fitted to every Place, and every use of the Body. And lastly, I might take Notice of the muscular Motions, both involuntary and spontaneous[b].

Next, I might survey the special Fabrick of the Bones[c], ministring to animal Motion. Next, I might take notice of the Joynts[d], their compleat Form adjusted to the Place, and Office they are employed in; their Bandage, keeping them from Luxations; the oily Matter[e] to lubricate them, and their own Smoothness to facilitate their Motion.

And lastly, I might trace the various Nerves throughout the Body; sent about to minister to its various Motions[f]. I might consider their Origine[g], their Ramifications to the several Parts, and their Inosculations with one another, according to the Harmony and Accord of one Part with another, necessary for the Benefit of the Animal. But some of those Things I have given some Touches upon already, and more I shall mention hereafter[h], and it would be tedious here to insist upon them all.

I shall therefore only speak distinctly to the Locomotive Act it self, or what directly relates to it.

And here it is admirable to consider the various Methods of Nature[i], suited to the Occasions of various Animals. In some their Motion is swift, in others slow. In some performed with two, four, or more Legs: in some with two, or four Wings: in some with neither[k].

And first for swift or slow Motion. This we find is proportional to the Occasions of each respective Animal. _Reptiles_, whose Food, Habitation, and Nests, lie in the next Clod, Plant, Tree, or Hole, or can bear long Hunger and Hardship, they need neither Legs nor Wings for their Transportation; but their vermicular or sinuous Motion (performed with no less Art, and as curiously provided for as the Legs or Wings of other Creatures: This, I say,) is sufficient for their Conveyance.

_Man_ and _Beasts_, whose Occasions require a large Room, have accordingly a swifter Motion, with proper Engines for that Service; answerable to their Range for Food, their Occupation of Business, or their want of Armature, and to secure them against Harms[l].

But for the winged Creatures (Birds and Insects,) as they are to traverse large Tracts of Land and Water, for their Food, for their commodious Habitation, or Breeding their Young, to find Places of Retreat and Security from Mischiefs; so they have accordingly the Faculty of flying in the Air; and that swiftly or slowly, a long or short a Time, according to their Occasions and Way of Life. And accordingly their Wings, and whole Body, are curiously prepared for such a Motion; as I intend to shew in a proper Place[m].

Another remarkable Thing in the motive Faculty of all Creatures, is the neat, geometrical Performance of it. The most accurate Mathematician, the most skilful in mechanick Motions, can’t prescribe a nicer Motion (than what they perform) to the Legs and Wings of those that walk or fly[n], or to the Bodies of those that creep[o]. Neither can the Body be more compleatly poised for the Motion it is to have in every Creature, than it already actually is. From the largest Elephant, to the smallest Mite, we find the Body artfully balanced[p]. The Head not too heavy, nor too light for the rest of the Body, nor the rest of the Body for it[q]. The _Viscera_ are not let loose, or so placed, as to swag, over-balance, or over-set the Body; but well-braced, and distributed to maintain the æquipoise of the Body. The motive Parts also are admirably well fixed in respect to the Center of Gravity; placed in the very Point, fittest to support and convey the Body. Every Leg beareth his true Share of the Body’s Weight. And the Wings so nicely are set to the Center of Gravity, as even in that fluid _Medium_, the Air, the Body is as truly balanced, as we could have balanced it with the nicest Scales.

But among all Creatures, none more elegant than the sizing the Body of _Man_, the gauging his Body so nicely, as to be able to stand erect, to stoop, to sit, and indeed to move any way, only with the Help of so small a Stay as the Feet[r]: whose Mechanism of Bones, Tendons and Muscles to this purpose, is very curious and admirable.

FOOTNOTES:

[a] That the Muscles are compounded of Fibres, is visible enough. Which Fibres, the curious and ingenious _Borelli_ saith, are cylindraceous; not hollow, but filled with a spungy, pithy Substance, after the manner of Elder, as he discovered by his Microscopes. _Borel. de Mot. Animal._ Part 1. These Fibres, he saith, are naturally white; but derive their Redness only from the Blood in them.

These Fibres do in every Muscle, (in the Belly at least of the Muscle,) run parallel to one another, in a neat orderly Form. But they do not at all tend the same Way, but some run aslant, some longways, _&c._ according to the Action or Position of each respective Muscle. The Particulars of which, and of divers other Observables in the Muscles, would, besides Figures, take up too much room in these Notes; and therefore I must refer to the Anatomists, particularly _Steno_, _Borelli_, _Cowper_, &c.

[b] The infinite Creator hath generally exerted his Art and Care, in the Provision made by proper Muscles and Nerves, for all the different Motions in animal Bodies, both involuntary, and voluntary. It is a noble Providence that most of the vital Motions, such as of the Heart, Stomach, Guts, _&c._ are involuntary, the Muscles acting whether we sleep or wake, whether we will or no. And it is no less providential that some, even of the vital Motions, are partly voluntary, partly involuntary, as that for Instance, of Breathing, which is performed both sleeping and waking; but can be intermitted for a short Time on occasion, as for accurate hearing any Thing, _&c._ or can be encreased by a stronger Blast, to make the greater Discharges of the Blood from the Lungs, when that any Thing overcharges them. And as for the other Motions of the Body, as of the Limbs, and such as are voluntary, it is a no less Providence, that they are absolutely under the Power of the Will; so as that the Animal hath it in his Power to command the Muscles and Spirits of any part of its Body, to perform such Motions and Actions as it hath Occasion for.

[c] _Quid dicam de Ossibus? quæ subjecta corpori mirabiles commissuras habent, & ad stabilitatem aptas, & ad artus finiendos accommodatas, & ad motum, & ad omnem corporis actionem._ Cicer. de Nat. Deor. l. 2. c. 55.

By Reason it would be endless to mention all the Curiosities observable in the Bones, I shall for a Sample, single out only an Instance or two, to manifest that Design was used in the Structure of these Parts in Man.

The first shall be in the _Back-Bone_, which (among many others) hath these two Things remarkable. 1. Its different Articulations from the other Joynts of the Body. For here most of the Joynts are flat, and withal guarded with Asperities and Hollows, made for catching and holding; so as firmly to lock and keep the Joynts from Luxations, but withal to afford them such a Motion, as is necessary for the Incurvations of the Body. 2. The difference of its own Joynts in the Neck, Back and Loins. In the Neck, the _Atlas_, or upper _Vertebra_, as also the _Dentata_, are curiously made, and joynted (differently from the rest) for the commodious and easie bending and turning the Head every way. In the _Thorax_, or Back, the Joynts are more close and firm; and in the Loins, more lax and pliant; as also the Spines are different, and the Knobs and Sockets turned the quite contrary way, to answer the Occasions the Body hath to bend more there, than higher in the Back. I shall close this Remark with the ingenious Dr. _Keil_’s Observation.

_The Structure of the ~Spine~ is the very best that can be contrived; for had it been all Bone, we could have had no Motion in our Backs; had it been of two or three Bones articulated for Motion, the ~Medulla Spinalis~ must have been necessarily bruised at every Angle or Joynt; besides, the whole would not have been so pliable for the several Postures we have occasion to put our selves in. If it had been made of several Bones without intervening Cartilages, we should have had no more Use of it, than if it had been but one Bone. If each ~Vertebra~ had had its own distinct Cartilages, it might have been easily ~dislocated~. And lastly, The oblique Processes of each superior and inferior ~Vertebra~, keep the middle one that it can neither be thrust backwards nor forwards to compress the ~Medulla Spinalis~._ _Keil_’s _Anat._ c. 5. §. 8.

Compare here what _Galen_ saith of the Articulations, Ligaments, Perforation, _&c._ of the _Spine_, to prove the Wisdom and Providence of the Maker of animal Bodies, against such as found fault with Nature’s Works; among which he names _Diagoras_, _Anaxagoras_, _Asclepiades_ and _Epicurus_. _V._ _Galen. de Us. Part. L. 12. init._ and _Chap. 11_, _&c._ also _L. 13. init._

2. The next Instance shall be in one or two Things, wherein the Skeletons of Sexes differ. Thus the _Pelvis_ made in the Belly by the _Ilium_, _Ossa Coxendicis_ and _Pubis_, is larger in a Female than Male Skeleton, that there may be more room for the lying of the _Viscera_ and _Fœtus_. So the Cartilage bracing together the two _Ossa Pubis_, or _Sharebones_, _Bartholine_ saith, is twice thicker and laxer in Women than Men: As also is the Cartilage that tieth the _Os Sacrum_ to its _Vertebra_; and all to give way to the Passage of the _Fœtus_.

Another considerable Difference is in the cartilaginous Production of the seven long Ribs, whereby they are braced to the Breast-Bone. These are harder and firmer in Women than in Men; the better to support the Weight of the Breasts, the sucking Infant, _&c._

[d] It is remarkable in the Joynts, and a manifest Act of Caution and Design, 1. That altho’ the Motion of the Limbs be circular, yet the Center of that Motion is not in a Point, but an ample Superficies. In a Point, the Bones would wear and penetrate one another; the Joynts would be exceedingly weak, _&c._ but the Joynts consisting of two large Superficies, Concave and Convex, some furrowed and ridged, some like a Ball and Socket, and all lubricated with an oily Substance, they are incomparably prepared both for Motion and Strength. 2. That the Bones next the Joynt are not spungy, as their Extremities commonly are, nor hard and brittle, but capped with a strong, tough, smooth, cartilaginous Substance, serving both to Strength and Motion.

But let us here take notice of what _Galen_ mentions on this Subject. _Articulorum unusquisque Eminentiam Cavitati immissam habet: Veruntamen hoc fortasse non adeò mirabile est: Sed si, consideratâ omnium totius corporis ossium mutuâ connexione, Eminentias cavitatibus suscipientibus æquales semper inveneris; Hoc mirabile. Si enim justo amplior esset Cavitas, laxus sanè & infirmus fieret Articulus; si strictior, motus difficulter fieret, ut qui nullam versionem haberet; ac periculum esset non parvum, eminintias ossium arctatas frangi: sed horum neutrum factum est.——Sed quoniam ex tam securâ constructione periculum erat, nè motiones difficiliùs fierent, & eminentiæ ossium extererentur, duplex rursus auxilium in id Natura molita est. 1. Cartilagine os utrumque subungens, atque oblinens: alterum, ipsis Cartilaginibus humorem unctuosum, velut oleum, superfundens; per quem facilè mobilis, & attritu contumax omnis articulatio Ossium facta est.——Ut undique diligenter Articulus omnis custodiretur, Ligamenta quædam ex utroque osse produxit Natura._ Galen de Us. Part. l. 1. c. 15.

[e] For the affording this oily or mucilaginous Matter, there are _Glandules_ very commodiously placed near the Joynts, so as not to suffer too great Compression by the Motion of the neighbouring Bones, and yet to receive a due Pressure, so as to cause a sufficient Emission of the Mucilage into the Joynts. Also another Thing considerable is, that the excretory Ducts of the _mucilaginous Glands_ have some Length in their Passage from the Glands to their Mouths; which is a good Contrivance, to prevent their Mouths being oppressed by the Mucilage, as also to hinder the too plentiful Effusion thereof, but yet to afford a due Expressure of it at all Times, and on all Occasions, as particularly in violent and long-continued Motions of the Joynts, when there is a greater than ordinary Expence of it. See _Cowper_’s _Anat. Tab._ 79.

[f] There is no doubt to be made, but that the Muscles receive their Motion from the Nerves. For if a Nerve be cut, or straightly bound, that goes to any Muscle, that Muscle shall immediately lose its Motion. Which is doubtless the case of Paralyticks; whose Nerves are some of them by Obstructions, or such like Means, reduced to the same State as if cut or bound.

And this also is the cause of that _Numness_ or _Sleepiness_ we find oftentimes, by long sitting or lying on any Part.

Neither is this a modern Notion only: For _Galen_ saith, _Principium Nervorum omnium Cerebrum est, & spinalis Medulla.——Et Nervi à Cerebro animalem virtutem accipiunt——Nervorum utilitas est facultatem Sensûs & Motûs à principio in partes diducere._ And this he intimates to have been the Opinion of _Hippocrates_ and _Plato_. De Us. Part. l. 1. c. 16. _& passim_.

[g] Dr. _Willis_ thinks, that in the _Brain_ the Spirits are elaborated that minister to voluntary Motion; but in the _Cerebellum_, such as effect involuntary, or natural Motions; such as that of the Heart, the Lungs, _&c._ _Cerebri Anat._ c. 15.

[h] See _Book V. Chap. 8._

[i] To the foregoing, I shall briefly add some Examples of the special Provision made for the Motion of some Animals by _Temporary Parts_. _Frogs_ and _Toads_, in their _Tadpole-state_, have Tails, which fall off when their Legs are grown out. The _Lacerta aquatica_, or _Water-Newt_, when Young, hath four neat ramified Fins, two on a Side, growing out a little above its Fore-Legs, to poise and keep its Body upright, (which gives it the Resemblance of a young Fish,) which fall off when the Legs are grown. And the _Nymphæ_ and _Aureliæ_, of all or most of the Insects bred in the Waters, as they have particular Forms, different from the Insects they produce; so have also peculiar Parts afforded them for their Motion in the Waters: Oars, Tails, and every Part adapted to the Waters, which are utterly varied in the Insects themselves, in their mature State in the Air.

[k] _Jam verò alia animalia gradiendo, alia serpendo ad pastum accedunt, alia volando, alia nando._ Cic. de Nat. Deor. l. 2. c. 47.

Compare also what _Galen_ excellently observes concerning the Number of Feet in Man, and in other Animals; and the wise Provision thereby made for the Use and Benefit of the respective Animals. _De Us. Part._ in the beginning of the third Book.

[l] As I shall hereafter shew, that the indulgent Creator hath abundantly provided for the Safety of Animals by their Cloathing, Habitations, Sagacity and Instruments of Defence; so there appears to be a Contemperament of their _Motion_ with these Provisions. They that are well armed and guarded, have commonly a slower Motion; whereas they that are destitute thereof, are swifter. So also timid helpless Animals are commonly swift; thus Deer and Hares: But Animals endowed with Courage, Craft, Arms, _&c._ commonly have a slower Motion.

[m] See _Book VII. Chap. 1._

[n] See _Book VII. Chap. 1._ the end.

[o] See _Book IX. Chap. 1. Note (c)._

[p] _Siquis unquam alius Opifex, æqualitatis & proportionis magnam habuit providentiam, certè Natura habuit in animalium corporibus conformandis; unde Hippocrates eam rectissimè justam nominat._ Galen. de Us. Part. l. 2. c. 16.

[q] The Make of the Bodies of some Water-fowl, seems to contradict what I here say, the Heads and long Necks of some, as of Swans, Ducks and Geese; and the hinder Parts of others, as of the Doucker and More-hen, and some other Kinds, seeming to be too heavy for the rest of their Body. But instead of being an Argument against, it is a notable Instance of, the divine Art and Providence, these Things being nice Accommodations to their way of Life. Of such as have long Necks, see _Book VII. Chap. 2. Note (i)._

And as for such whose hinder Parts seem to over-balance their foremost Parts, whereby they fly with their Bodies in a manner erect, this also is an excellent Accommodation to their way of Life, which is Diving rather than Flying. _Vid._ _Book VII. Chap. 4. Note (k)._

[r] See _Book V. Chap. 2. Note (h)._

CHAP. IX.

_Of the Place allotted to the several Tribes of Animals._

Having dispatched the Motion of Animals, let us in the next Place consider the _Place_ which the infinitely wise Creator hath appointed them to move and act, and perform the Offices of the Creation in. And here we find every Particular well ordered. All Parts of our Terraqueous Globe fit for an Animal to live and act in, are sufficiently stocked with proper Inhabitants: The watery Element (unfit, one would think, for Respiration and Life) abounding with Creatures fitted for it; its Bowels abundantly stored, and its Surface well bespread. The Earth also is plentifully stocked in all its Parts, where Animals can be of any Use; not probably the deepest Bowels thereof indeed, being Parts in all likelihood unfit for Habitation and Action, and where a living Creature would be useless in the World; but the Surface every where abundantly stored.

But that which is most considerable in this Matter, and plainly sheweth the divine Management in the Case, is, that those Creatures are manifestly designed for the Place in which they are, and the Use and Services they perform therein. If all the Animals of our Globe had been made by Chance, or placed by Chance, or without the divine Providence, their Organs would have been otherwise than they are, and their Place and Residence confused and jumbled. Their Organs (for Instance) of Respiration, of Vision, and of Motion, would have fitted any _Medium_, or have needed none; their Stomachs would have served any Food, and their Blood, and Covering of their Bodies been made for any Clime, or only one Clime. Consequently all the Animal World would have been in a confused, inconvenient, and disorderly Commixture. One Animal would have wanted Food, another Habitation, and most of them Safety. They would have all flocked to one, or a few Places, taken up their Rest in the Temperate Zones only, and coveted one Food, the easiest to be come at, and most specious in shew; and so would have poisoned, starved, or greatly incommoded one another. Bur as the Matter is now ordered, the Globe is equally bespread, so that no Place wanteth proper Inhabitants, nor any Creature is destitute of a proper Place, and all Things necessary to its Life, Health, and Pleasure. As the Surface of the Terraqueous Globe is covered with different Soils, with Hills and Vales, with Seas, Rivers, Lakes and Ponds, with divers Trees and Plants, in the several Places; so all these have their Animal Inhabitants, whole Organs of Life and Action are manifestly adapted to such and such Places and Things; whose Food and Physick, and every other Convenience of Life, is to be met with in that very Place appointed it. The watery, the amphibious[a], the airy Inhabitants, and those on the dry Land Surface, and the Subterraneous under it, they all live and act with Pleasure, they are gay, and flourish in their proper Element and allotted Place, they want neither for Food, Cloathing, or Retreat; which would dwindle and die, destroy, or poison one another, if all coveted the same Element, Place, or Food.

Nay, and as the Matter is admirably well ordered, yet considering the World’s increase, there would not be sufficient Room, Food, and other Necessaries for all the living Creatures, without another grand Act of the divine Wisdom and Providence, which is the _Balancing the Number of Individuals_ of each Species of Creatures, in that Place appointed thereto: Of which in the next Chapter.

FOOTNOTES:

[a] _Est etiam admiratio nonnulla in bestiis aquatilibus iis, quæ gignuntur in terrâ: veluti Crocodili, fluviatilesque Testudines, quædamque Serpentes ortæ extra aquam, simul ac primùm niti possunt, aquam persequuntur. Quin etiam Anatum ova Gallinis sæpe supponimus——~[Pulli]~ deinde eas ~[matres]~ relinquunt——& effugiunt, cùm primùm aquam, quasi naturalem domum, videre potuerunt._ Cic. de Nat. Deor. l. 2. c. 48.

CHAP. X.

_Of the Balance of Animals, or the due Proportion in which the World is flocked with them._

The whole Surface of our Globe can afford Room and Support only to such a Number of all Sorts of Creatures. And if by their doubling, trebling, or any other Multiplication of their Kind, they should encrease to double or treble that Number, they must starve, or devour one another. The keeping therefore the Balance even, is manifestly a Work of the divine Wisdom and Providence. To which end, the great Author of Life hath determined the Life of all Creatures to such a Length, and their Increase to such a Number, proportional to their Use in the World. The Life of some Creatures is long, and their Increase but small, and by that means they do not over-stock the World. And the same Benefit is effected, where the Increase is great, by the Brevity of such Creatures Lives, by their great Use, and the frequent Occasions there are of them for Food to Man, or other Animals. It is a very remarkable Act of the Divine Providence, that useful Creatures are produced in great Plenty[a], and others in less. The prodigious and frequent Increase of Insects, both in and out of the Waters, may exemplify the one; and ’tis observable in the other, that Creatures less useful, or by their Voracity pernicious, have commonly fewer Young, or do seldomer bring forth: Of which many Instances might be given in the voracious Beasts and Birds. But there is one so peculiar an Animal, as if made for a particular Instance in our present Case, and that is the _Cuntur_ of _Peru_[b]: A Fowl of that Magnitude, Strength and Appetite, as to seize not only on the Sheep, and lesser Cattle, but even the larger Beasts, yea, the very Children too. Now these, as they are the most pernicious of Birds, so are they the most rare, being seldom seen, or only one, or a few in large Countries; enough to keep up the Species; but not to over-charge the World.

Thus the Balance of the animal World, is, throughout all Ages, kept even; and by a curious Harmony, and just Proportion between the Increase of all Animals, and the Length of their Lives, the World is through all Ages well; but not over-stored: _One Generation passeth away, and another Generation cometh_[c]; so equally in its Room, to balance the Stock of the terraqueous Globe in all Ages, and Places, and among all Creatures; that it is an actual Demonstration of our Saviour’s Assertion, _Mat._ x. 29. that the most inconsiderable, common Creature, _Even a Sparrow (two of which are sold for a Farthing) doth not fall on the Ground without our heavenly Father._

This Providence of God is remarkable in every Species of living Creatures: But that especial Management of the Recruits and Decays of Mankind, so equally all the World over, deserves our especial Observation. In the Beginning of the World, and so after _Noah_’s Flood, the Longævity of Men, as it was of absolute Necessity to the more speedy peopling of the new World; so is a special Instance of the divine Providence in this Matter[d]. And the same Providence appears in the following Ages, when the World was pretty well peopled, in reducing the common Age of Man then to 120 Years, (_Gen._ vi. 3.) in Proportion to the Occasions of the World at that Time. And lastly, when the World was fully peopled after the Flood, (as it was in the Age of _Moses_, and so down to our present Time) the lessening the common Age of Man to 70 or 80 Years[e], (the Age mentioned by _Moses_, _Psal_. xc. 10. this, I say,) is manifestly an Appointment of the same infinite Lord that ruleth the World: For, by this Means, the peopled World is kept at a convenient Stay; neither too full, nor too empty. For if Men (the Generality of them, I mean) were to live now to _Methusalah_’s Age of 969 Years, or only to _Abraham_’s, long after the Flood, of 175 Years, the World would be too much over-run; or if the Age of Man was limited to that of divers other Animals, to ten, twenty, or thirty Years only; the Decays then of Mankind would be too fast: But at the middle Rate mentioned, the Balance is nearly even, and Life and Death keep an equal Pace. Which Equality is so great and harmonious, and so manifest an Instance of the divine Management, that I shall spend some Remarks upon it.

It appears from our best Accounts of these Matters, that in our _European_ Parts[f], and I believe the same is throughout the World; that, I say, there is a certain Rate and Proportion in the Propagation of Mankind: Such a Number marry[g], so many are born, such a Number die; in Proportion to the Number of Persons in every Nation, County, or Parish. And as to Births, two Things are very considerable: One is the Proportion of Males and Females[h], not in a wide Proportion, not an uncertain, accidental Number at all Adventures; but nearly equal. Another Thing is, that a few more are born than appear to die, in any certain Place[i]. Which is an admirable Provision for the extraordinary Emergencies and Occasions of the World; to supply unhealthful Places, where Death out-runs Life; to make up the Ravages of great Plagues, and Diseases, and the Depredations of War, and the Seas; and to afford a sufficient Number for Colonies in the unpeopled Parts of the Earth. Or on the other Hand, we may say, that sometimes those extraordinary Expences of Mankind, may be not only a just Punishment of the Sins of Men; but also a wise Means to keep the Balance of Mankind even; as one would be ready to conclude, by considering the _Asiatick_, and other the more fertile Countries, where prodigious Multitudes are yearly swept away with great Plagues, and sometimes War; and yet those Countries are so far from being wasted, that they remain full of People.

And now upon the whole Matter, What is all this but admirable and plain Management? What can the maintaining throughout all Ages, and Places, these Proportions of Mankind, and all other Creatures; this Harmony in the Generations of Men be, but the Work of one that ruleth the World? Is it possible that every Species of Animals should so evenly be preserved, proportionate to the Occasions of the World? That they should be so well balanced in all Ages and Places, without the Help of almighty Wisdom and Power? How is it possible by the bare Rules, and blind Acts of Nature, that there should be any tolerable Proportion; for Instance, between Males and Females, either of Mankind, or of any other Creature[k]; especially such as are of a ferine, not of a domestick Nature, and consequently out of the Command and Management of Man? How could Life and Death keep such an even Pace through all the animal World? If we should take it for granted, that, according to the Scripture History, the World had a Beginning, (as who can deny it[l]; or if we should suppose the Destruction thereof by _Noah_’s Flood: How is it possible, after the World was replenished,) that in a certain Number of Years, by the greater Increases and Doublings of each Species of Animals; that, I say, this Rate of Doubling[m] should cease; or that it should be compensated by some other Means? That the World should be as well, or better stocked than now it is, in 1656 Years (the Time between the Creation and the Flood; this) we will suppose may be done by the natural Methods of each Species Doubling or Increase: But in double that Number of Years, or at this Distance from the Flood, of 4000 Years, that the World should not be over stock’d, can never be made out, without allowing an infinite Providence.

I conclude then this Observation with the Psalmist’s Words, _Psal._ civ. 29, 30. _Thou hidest thy Face, all Creatures are troubled; thou takest away their Breath, they die, and return to their Dust. Thou sendest forth thy Spirit, they are created; and thou renewest the Face of the Earth._

FOOTNOTES:

[a] _Benigna circa hoc Natura, innocua & esculenta animalia fœcunda generavit._ Plin. Nat. Hist. l. 8. c. 55.

[b] _Captain ~J. Strong~ gave me this Account, together with a Quill-Feather of the ~Cuntur~ or ~Condor~ of ~Peru~. On the Coast of ~Chili~, they met with this Bird in about 33° S. Lat. not far from ~Mocha~, an Island in the South-Sea,——they shot it sitting on a Cliff, by the Sea-side; that it was 16 Feet from Wing to Wing extended; that the ~Spanish~ Inhabitants told them they were afraid of these Birds, lest they should prey upon their Children. And the Feather he gave me_ (saith the Doctor) _is 2 Feet, 4 Inches long; the Quill-part 5¾ Inches long, and 1½ Inch about in the largest Part. It weighed 3 dr. 17½ gr. and is of a dark brown Colour._ Dr. _Sloane_ in Phil. Trans. Nᵒ. 208.

To this Account, the Doctor, (in a Letter to Mr. _Ray_, _March 31, 1694_, with other Papers of Mr. _Ray_’s, in my Hands,) adds the Testimony of _Jos. Acosta_, l. 4. c. 7. and _Garcilass. de la Vega_, who l. 8. c. 19. saith, _There are other Fowls, call’d ~Cuntur~, and by the ~Spaniards~ corruptly ~Condor~. Many of these Fowls having been kill’d by the ~Spaniards~, had their Proportion taken, and from End to End of their Wings measured 15 or 16 Feet.——Nature, to temper and allay their Fierceness, deny’d them the Talons which are given to the ~Eagle~; their Feet being tipp’d with Claws like a Hen: However, their Beak is strong enough to tear off the Hide, and rip up the Bowels of an ~Ox~. Two of them will attempt a ~Cow~ or ~Bull~, and devour him: And it hath often happened, that one of then alone hath assaulted Boys of ten or twelve Years of Age, and eaten them. Their Colour is black and white, like a ~Magpie~. It is well there are but few of them; for if they were many, they would very much destroy the Cattle. They have on the forepart of their Heads, a Comb, not pointed like that of a ~Cock~; but rather even, in the Form of a Razor. When they come to alight from the Air, they make such an humming Noise, with the fluttering of their Wings, as is enough to astonish, or make a Man deaf._

[c] _Eccles._ i. 4.

[d] The Divine Providence doth not only appear in the Longævity of Man, immediately after the Creation and Flood; but also in their different Longævity at those two Times. Immediately after the Creation, when the World was to be peopled by one Man, and one Woman, the Age of the greatest Part of those on Record, was 900 Years, and upwards. But after the Flood, when there were three Persons by whom the World was to be peopled, none of those Patriarchs, except _Shem_, arriv’d to the Age of 500; and only the three first of _Shem_’s Line, _viz._ _Arphaxad_, _Salah_, and _Eber_, came near that Age; which was in the first Century after the Flood. But in the second Century, we do not find any reached the Age of 240. And in the third Century, (about the latter End of which _Abraham_ was born,) none, except _Terah_, arriv’d to 200 Years: By which Time the World was so well peopled, (that Part of it, at least where _Abraham_ dwelt,) that they had built Cities, and began to be cantoned into distinct Nations and Societies, under their respective Kings; so that they were able to wage War, four Kings against five, _Gen._ xiv. Nay, if the Accounts of _Anian_, _Berosus_, _Manetho_, and others, yea, _Africanus_ be to be credited; the World was so well peopled, even before the Times we speak of, as to afford sufficient Numbers for the great Kingdoms of _Assyria_, _Ægypt_, _Persia_, &c. But learned Men generally, with great Reason, reject these as legendary Accounts. If the Reader hath a Mind to see a Computation of the Increase of Mankind, in the three first Centuries after the Flood, he may find two different Ones of the most learned Archbishop _Usher_, and _Petavius_; together with a Refutation of the so early Beginning of the _Assyrian Monarchy_; as also Reasons for placing _Abraham_ near 1000 Years after the Flood, in our most learned Bishop _Stillingfleet_’s _Orig. Sacr._ Book III. Chap. 4. §. 9.

[e] That the common Age of Man hath been the same in all Ages since the World was peopled, is manifest from prophane, as well as sacred History. To pass by others: _Plato_ lived to the Age of 81, and was accounted an old Man. And those which _Pliny_ reckons up, _l. 7. c. 48._ as rare Examples of long Life, may for the most Part be match’d by our modern Histories; especially such as _Pliny_ himself gave Credit unto. Dr. _Plot_ hath given us divers Instances in his History of _Oxfordshire_, c. 2. §. 3. and c. 8. §. 54. and History of _Staffordshire_, c. 8. §. 91, _&c._ Among others, one is of twelve Tenants of Mr. _Biddulph_’s, that together made 1000 Years of Age. But the most considerable Examples of aged Persons among us, is of old _Parre_ of _Shropshire_, who lived 152 Years 9 Months, according to the learned Dr. _Harvey_’s Account; and _Henry Jenkins_ of _Yorkshire_, who lived 169 Years, according to the Account of my learned and ingenious Friend Dr. _Tancred Robinson_; of both which, with others, see _Lowth. Abridg. Phil. Trans._ V. 3. p. 306. The great Age of _Parre_ of _Shropshire_, minds me of an Observation of the Reverend Mr. _Plaxton_, that in his two Parishes of _Kinardsey_ and _Donington_ in _Shropshire_, every sixth Soul was 60 Years of Age, or upwards, _Phil. Trans._ Nᵒ. 310.

And if we step farther North into _Scotland_, we shall find divers recorded for their great Age: Of which I shall present the Reader with only one modern Example of one _Laurence_, who married a Wife after he was 100 Years of Age, and would go out to Sea a Fishing in his little Boat, when he was 140 Years old; and is lately dead of no other Distemper but mere old Age, saith Sir _Rob. Sibbald_, _Prodr. Hist. Nat. Scot._ p. 44. _and_ l. 3. p. 4.

As for Foreigners, the Examples would be endless; and therefore that of _Joh. Ottele_ shall suffice, who was as famous for his Beard, as for being 115 Years of Age. He was but two _Brabant_ Ells ³⁄₉ high; and his long grey Beard was one Ell ¼ long. His Picture and Account may be seen in _Ephem. Germ. T. 3. Obs. 163._

As for the Story _Roger Bacon_ tells, of one that lived 900 Years by the Help of a certain Medicine, and many other such Stories, I look upon them as fabulous. And no better is that of the _Wandring Jew_, named _Joh. Buttadæus_, said to have been present at our Saviour’s Crucifixion; although very serious Stories are told of his being seen at _Antwerp_, and in _France_, about the Middle of the last Century but one; and before in _Ann. 1542_, conversed with by _Paul_ of _Eitsen_, Bishop of _Sleswick_; and before that, _viz._ in 1228, seen and convers’d with by an _Armenian Archbishop_’s _Gentleman_; and by others at other Times.

If the Reader hath a Mind to see more Examples, he may meet with some of all Ages, in the learned _Hakewill’s Apol. p. 181._ where he will also find that learned Author’s Opinion of the Causes of the Brevity and Length of humane Life. The Brevity thereof he attributeth to a too tender Education, sucking strange Nurses, too hasty Marriages; but above all, to Luxury, high Sauces, strong Liquors, _&c._ The Longævity of the Ancients he ascribes to Temperance in Meat and Drink, anointing the Body, the Use of Saffron and Honey, warm Clothes, lesser Doors and Windows, less Physick and more Exercise.

[f] The Proportions which Marriages bear to Births, and Births to Burials, in divers Parts of Europe, may be seen at an easy View in this Table:

+-----------------------------------------+--------------+-------------+
| Names of the Places. | Marriages to | Births to |
| | Births: As | Burials: as |
+-----------------------------------------+--------------+-------------+
|_England_ in general. | 1 to 4.63 | 1.12 to 1 |
+-----------------------------------------+--------------+-------------+
|_London_. | 1 to 4. | 1 to 1.1 |
+-----------------------------------------+--------------+-------------+
|_Hantshire_, from 1569, to 1658. | 1 to 4. | 1.2 to 1 |
+-----------------------------------------+--------------+-------------+
|_Tiverton_ in _Devon_, 1560, to 1649. | 1 to 3.7 | 1.26 to 1 |
+-----------------------------------------+--------------+-------------+
|_Cranbrook_ in _Kent_, 1560, to 1649. | 1 to 3.9 | 1.6 to 1 |
+-----------------------------------------+--------------+-------------+
|_Aynho_ in _Northamptonshire_ for 118 Y. | 1 to 6 | 1.6 to 1 |
+-----------------------------------------+--------------+-------------+
|_Leeds_ in _Yorkshire_ for 122 Years. | 1 to 3.7 | 1.07 to 1 |
+-----------------------------------------+--------------+-------------+
|_Harwood_ in _Yorkshire_ 57 Years. | 1 to 3.4 | 1.23 to 1 |
+-----------------------------------------+--------------+-------------+
|_Upminster_ in _Essex_ 100 Years. | 1 to 4.6 | 1.08 to 1 |
+-----------------------------------------+--------------+-------------+
|_Frankfort_ on the _Main_ in 1695. | 1 to 3.7 | 1.2 to 1 |
+-----------------------------------------+--------------+-------------+
| Old middle and lower _Marck_ in 1698. | 1 to 3.7 | 1.9 to 1 |
+-----------------------------------------+--------------+-------------+
| Domin. of the K. of _Prussia_ in 1698. | 1 to 3.7 | 1.5 to 1 |
+-----------------------------------------+--------------+-------------+
|_Breslaw_ in _Silesia_ from 1687 to 1691.| | 1.6 to 1 |
+-----------------------------------------+--------------+-------------+
|_Paris_ in 1670, 1671, 1672. | 1 to 4.7 | 1 to 1.6 |
+-----------------------------------------+--------------+-------------+

Which Table I made from Major _Graunt_’s Observations on the Bills of Mortality; Mr. _King_’s Observations in the first of Dr. _Davenant_’s _Essays_; and what I find put together by my ingenious Friend Mr. _Lowthorp_, in his _Abridgment_, Vol. 3. p. 668. and my own Register of _Upminster_. That from _Aynho_ Register in _Northamptonshire_, I had from the present Rector, the learned and ingenious Mr. _Wasse_: And I was promised some Accounts from the North, and divers others Parts of this Kingdom; but have not yet received them: Only those of _Leeds_ and _Harwood_ in _Yorkshire_, from my curious and ingenious friend Mr. _Thoresby_.

[g] The preceding Table shews, that Marriages, one with another, do each of them produce about four Births; not only in _England_, but in other Parts of _Europe_ also.

And by Mr. _King_’s Estimate, (the best Computations I imagine of any, being derived from the best Accounts; such as the Marriage, Birth, Burial-Act, the Poll Books, _&c._ by his Estimate, I say,) about 1 in 104 marry. For he judgeth the Number of the People in _England_, to be about five Millions and a half; of which about 41000 annually marry. As to what might be farther remarked concerning Marriages, in regard of the Rights and Customs of several Nations, the Age to which divers Nations limited Marriage, _&c._ it would be Endless, and too much out of the Way to mention them: I shall only therefore, for the Reader’s Diversion, take Notice of the Jeer of _Lactantias_, _Quare apud Poetas salacissimus ~Jupiter~ desiit liberos tollere? Utrum sexagenarius factus, & ei Lex Papia fibulam imposuit?_ Lactant. Instit. l. 1. c. 16. By which _Lex Papia_, Men were prohibited to marry after 60, and Women after 50 Years of Age.

[h] _Major Graunt_, (whose Conclusions seem to be well-grounded,) and Mr. _King_, disagree in the Proportions they assign to Males and Females. This latter makes in _London_, 10 Males to be to 13 Females; in other Cities and Market-Towns, 8 to 9; and in the Villages and Hamlets, 100 Males to 99 Females. But Major _Graunt_, both from the _London_, and _Country_ Bills, saith, there are 14 Males to 13 Females: From whence he justly infers, _That Christian Religion, prohibiting Polygamy, is more agreeable to the Law of Nature than_ Mahumetism, _and others that allow it_, Chap. 8.

This Proportion of 14 to 13, I imagine is nearly just, it being agreeable to the Bills I have met with, as well as those in Mr. _Graunt_. In the 100 Years, for Example, of my own Parish-Register, although the Burials of Males and Females were nearly equal, being 636 Males, and 623 Females in all that Time; yet there were baptized 709 Males, and but 675 Females, which is 13 Females to 13.7 Males. Which Inequality shews, not only, that one Man ought to have but one Wife; but also that every Woman may, without Polygamy, have an Husband, if she doth not bar her self by the want of Virtue, by Denial, _&c._ Also this Surplusage of Males is very useful for the Supplies of War, the Seas, and other such Expences of the Men above the Women.

That this is a Work of the Divine Providence, and not a Matter of Chance, is well made out by the very Laws of Chance, by a Person able to do it, the ingenious and learned Dr. _Arbuthnot_. He supposeth _Thomas_ to lay against _John_, that for eighty two Years running, more Males shall be born than Females; and giving all Allowances in the Computation to _Thomas_’s side, he makes the Odds against _Thomas_, that it doth not happen so, to be near five Millions of Millions, of Millions, of Millions to one; but for Ages of Ages (according to the World’s Age) to be near an infinite Number to one against _Thomas_. _Vid._ _Phil. Trans._ Nᵒ. 328.

[i] The foregoing Table shews, that in _England_ in general fewer die than are born, there being but 1 Death to 1¹²⁄₁₀₀ Births. But in _London_ more die than are born. So by Dr. _Davenant_’s Table, the Cities likewise and Market-Towns bury ⁷⁄₁₀₀ to one Birth. But in _Paris_ they out-do _London_, their Deaths being 1½ to one Birth: The Reason of which I conceive is, because their Houses are more crowded than in _London_. But in the Villages of _England_, there are fewer die than are born, there being but 1 Death to 1¹⁷⁄₁₀₀ Births. And yet Major _Graunt_, and Dr. _Davenant_, both observe, that there are more Breeders in _London_, and the Cities and Market-Towns, than are in the Country, notwithstanding the _London_-Births are fewer than the Country; the Reason of which see in _Graunt_, _Chap. 7._ and _Davenant ubi supr. p. 21._

The last Remark I shall make from the foregoing Table, shall be, that we may from thence judge of the Healthfulness of the Places there mentioned. If the Year 1698 was the mean Account of the three _Marcks_, those Places bid the fairest for being most healthful; and next to them, _Aynho_ and _Cranbrook_ for _English_ Towns.

[k] _Quid loquar, quanta ratio in bestiis ad perpetuam conservationem earum generis appareat? Nam primum aliæ Mares, aliæ Fœminæ sunt, quod perpetuitatis causâ machinata natura est._ Cic. de Nat. Deor. l. 2. c. 51.

[l] Altho’ _Aristotle_ held the Eternity of the World, yet he seems to have retracted that Opinion, or to have had a different Opinion when he wrote his _Metaphysicks_; for in his first Book he affirms, that _God is the Cause and Beginning of all Things_; and in his Book _de Mundo_ he saith, _There is no doubt, but God is the Maker and Conservator of all Things in the World_. And the _Stoicks_ Opinion is well known, who strenuously contended that the Contrivance and Beauty of the Heavens and Earth, and all Creatures was owing to a wise, intelligent Agent. Of which _Tully_ gives a large Account in his second Book _de Nat. Deor._ in the Person of _Balbus_.

[m] I have before in _Note (g)_, observed, that the ordinary rate of the Doubling or Increase of Mankind is, that every Marriage, one with another, produces about four Births; but some have much exceeded that. _Babo_, Earl of _Abensperg_, had thirty two Sons and eight Daughters, and being invited to hunt with the Emperor _Henry_ II. and bring but few Servants, brought only one Servant, and his thirty two Sons. To these many others might be added; but one of the most remarkable Instances I have any where met with, is that of Mrs. _Honywood_, mentioned by _Hakewill_, _Camden_, and other Authors; but having now before me the Names, with some Remarks (which I received from a pious neighbouring Descendant of the same Mrs. _Honywood_) I shall give a more particular Account than they. Mrs. _Mary Honywood_ was Daughter, and one of the Co-Heiresses of _Robert Atwaters_, Esq; of _Lenham_ in _Kent_. She was born in 1527, married in _February_ 1543, at sixteen Years of Age, to her only Husband _Robert Honywood_, of _Charing_ in _Kent_, Esq; She died in the ninety third Year of her Age, in _May 1620_. She had sixteen Children of her own Body, seven Sons and nine Daughters; of which one had no issue, three died young, and the youngest was slain at _Newport Battle_, _June 20, 1600_. Her Grand-Children in the second Generation, were one hundred and fourteen; in the third two hundred and twenty eight; and nine in the fourth Generation. So that she could say the same that the Distick doth, made of one of the _Dalburg_’s Family of _Basil_:

1 2 3 4
_Mater ait Natæ, dic Natæ, filia Natam_

5 6
_Ut moneat, Natæ, plangere Filiolam._

1 2 3
_Rise up Daughter, and go to thy Daughter,_

4 5 6
_for her Daughters Daughter hath a Daughter._