Chapter XII: Part 12

In the figure in the _Hort. Malabar._ it may be observed, that the nerves do not go quite to the bottom of the leaf. But this is merely accidental, as will appear by the leaves of the same plant brought from Sumatra, which I shall produce; in which, part of the leaves have veins going quite to the bottom, and united there, and the others not so. _See Fig._ 3.

The next drawing I shall produce contains that of the leaves of the Cinnamon plant, from specimens in the British Museum.

_Fig._ 4. A specimen, with the flower, from the collection of
Mr. Courteen, who lived long in Ceylon. These leaves were more
pointed, but were broke at the end.

_Fig._ 5. A whole leaf, with its point, in the same collection,
growing on a branch, on which are the rudiments of the fruit.

_Fig._ 6. A leaf in Plukenet’s specimens.

_Fig._ 7. Another leaf of the same collection, and of the same
plant.

_Fig._ 8. A leaf of a large specimen from Boerhaave’s collection.

_Fig._ 9. Another leaf on the same branch.

_Fig._ 10. A specimen from Petiver’s collection. The points of the
leaves are broken off.

_Fig._ 11. The flower of the first specimen.

_Fig._ 12. In the rudiment of the seed before formed, in the state
given in Burman’s first drawing.

_Note_, It is to be observed also, that the specimens of the
Cinnamon of Ceylon are probably of cultivated plants.

From all these specimens it plainly appears, that the distinction of _foliis ovatis & lanceolatis_ does not appear well founded.

But were it otherwise, and that the leaves of the plants differed, it would by no means be a proof of any material difference in the nature or quality of the plants; as is well known to persons conversant in natural history.

Before I leave this subject of the description of the plant, it may be proper to mention, that Bauhin calls the one of these plants _Cinnamomum_ or _Canella Malabarica & Javanensis_, and the other _Cinnamomum Canella Zeylanica_, Bauhin. _pinax_ 408 and 409; but neither from these names, nor from his description, can any conclusive argument be formed: and that Herman, in his _Hort. Lugd. Batav._ 129. t. 1655. calls this Cinnamon of Ceylon _Cassia Cinnamonia_.

If any conjecture can arise from hence, it may be, that the Cinnamon of Ceylon was formerly, as well as that of Sumatra and Malabar, called Cassia; but that the Dutch writers, being acquainted with the excellent qualities, which the ancients ascribed to their Cinnamon, chose to add the name Cinnamon to that of Cassia: and in process of time they have found the name of Cinnamon more profitable than that of Cassia, by which we chuse to call our Canella, to our national loss of many thousands a year.

Having now given an account of the figure of these plants, and in what respect they are said herein to differ; I shall proceed to consider the pretended differences in the Canella itself; which are supposed not to be in form only, but substantial and material; and are generally understood to be so by persons supposed to be acquainted with the subject.

Mr. Ray states this matter fully in his _Hist. Plant._ vol. ii. p. 1560. in these words: _Officinæ nostræ Cassiam ligneam a Cinnamomo seu Canella distinctam faciunt, Cassiam Cinnamomo crassiorem plerumque esse, colore rubicundiorem, substantiâ duriorem, solidiorem & compactiorem, gustu magis glutinoso, odore quidem & sapore Cinnamomum aptius referre, tamen Cinnamomo imbecilliorum & minus vegetam esse, ex accurata observatione Tho. Johnson._

From these reasons Mr. Ray draws a conclusion (I must own not very instructive), that the Cinnamon of Ceylon is Cinnamon; and the Cinnamon of Malabar, &c. is the Cassia of the shops.

From the specimens I shall now produce, it will most plainly appear, that these differences are merely accidents arising from the age of the Canella, the part of the tree from whence it is gathered, and from the manner of cultivating and curing it.

In the _Philosoph. Transact._ Nº. 278. p. 1099. in Mr. Strachan’s account of Ceylon, which is abridged by Eames and Martyn, vol. ii. p. 183. he says, that there are two sorts of Cinnamon-trees, of which the tree, which is esteemed the best, has a leaf much larger and thicker than the other; but otherwise no difference is to be perceived.

_Note_, Here is no mention of the _folio ovato_.

I remember, in an account given some years ago to the Royal Society, three or four sorts were mentioned; and it was said the best sort was cut every three or four years.

This superiority I then guessed (as well as the difference of leaves mentioned by Mr. Strachan) to arise from the cutting the tree down every three or four years; which occasioned it to produce strong and vigorous shoots, thicker and larger leaves, as well as greater quantity of bark, and of a superior quality.

A large shoot or sucker of this plant was produced in the year 1750. or 51. by my worthy friend Dr. William Watson, together with an account of the Cinnamon-tree; which is published in the _Philosoph. Transact._ vol. xlvii. p. 301. This shoot was a plain proof to me, that the Cinnamon was frequently cut down, and that this shoot arose from the root of a plant so cut; for it was of the size of a walking-cane; and no shrub could have produced such a shoot, unless a strong plant cut down.

This method of treating this plant accounts for the mistake of Garcias, mentioned by Mr. Ray; _viz. Quæ Garcias habet de duplice hujus arboris cortice ad modum suberis, nobis suspecta sunt, quæque de deliberatione semel triennio facta; non enim puto renascitur cortex semel detractus._

This shews, that the bark was gathered every three years: but Mr. Ray was not acquainted, that the plant was cut down, in order to take off the bark, once in three years.

In the account above mentioned to be given to the Society by Dr. Watson, no descriptions are given either of the plants of Ceylon, or Malabar; but he quotes Burman, who says, that he had nine different sorts of Cinnamon from Ceylon, of which that, which is the best, is brought to us, and called by the name _Rasse Coronde_.

What the differences between these sorts were, does not appear; whether in leaf or bark, or manner of culture. And I must observe, that in all the specimens in the British Museum I could observe no difference of species. But this is to be understood, that every sort coming from Ceylon is, by the Dutch and by the shops, called Cinnamon; and that of our own growth is by them always called Cassia. The reason is obvious.

The specimens, which I now produce, of the Canella or bark of the Cinnamon of Sumatra, I procured in the year 1755. from Mr. Tho. Combes, a gentleman then in the service of the East India Company in Sumatra, by means of a friend.

I was then attempting to form a society for the carrying on a General Natural History, to try proper experiments, and to employ proper painters and engravers suitable to the importance of the subject; and therefore attempted to establish a correspondence in those parts, whose productions are as yet little known to the public.

I mention this design, because it would not be possible else to explain what Mr. Combes means by the word _Society_, which he so often mentions in his letter; of which I shall produce an extract, so far as it relates to the present inquiry.

It seemed to me very improbable (as the same plants are generally found in the same latitude and soil), that the spices now in the possession of the Dutch should grow only in that small tract of land, which is in their possession. And I had many credible informations, that, whatever they may pretend to the contrary, this is only a pretence.

I therefore desired to obtain the best information of the nature and culture of the plants producing spices, as well as of many other things, which are foreign from this inquiry.

I desired to know, how the spices were dried and cured; and that different specimens might be sent me of the plants, their seed, flower, leaf, and bark, and properly cured and prepared.

This produced the answer I lay before you herewith, together with the specimens now produced.

You see hereby, that the Dutch dry their Cinnamon in sand; probably to take away that viscosity, which is complained of in the Cassia.

And you will observe also, that the specimen produced dried and cured is also as free from any viscosity, as the Cinnamon of Ceylon: That it agrees also with the Cinnamon in every other quality, and in colour; and that none of the distinctions mentioned by Mr. Ray can be found herein; but that they may arise from the part of the tree, from whence the bark was taken; the inner bark of the large wood being red, as you see by the other specimen produced. And the common Cassia taken from the larger branches, and not cured, has the viscosity complained of in some degree, tho’ much less than it had four years since, when I received it.

Mr. Ray says, that one is weaker in taste, as he supposes, than the other. That may be so from its manner of drying, or keeping of it. Dried in large quantities, and by a stronger heat, it will probably be stronger, than if it is dried in a lesser quantity, and slower.

As for the viscosity, the glutinous part is found in every plant in some degree, as well as in every animal. It preserves the parts from moisture; but will be consumed by heat or time; and it will be a preservative to the plant, till it is destroyed; which was the reason, as I suppose, that Mr. Ray mentions Cassia to have kept good thirty years, the viscosity not having been destroyed by drying.

I suppose the reason, which the Dutch have to dry it, is to make it sooner fit for the market, and possibly fitter for distillation.

You will see from Mr. Combes’s letters and specimens, that he thinks there may be two sorts of Cassia or Cinnamon in Sumatra: possibly there may be the same difference in Ceylon; but, if so, I suspect them both to be only seminal varieties, and that their virtues are the same.

Mr. Barlow, some time since a Surgeon in the service of the India company, made a considerable quantity of oil of the Cassia of Sumatra, which was very little, if any thing, inferior to that drawn from Cinnamon; and it was sold to great profit.

If these plants are really the same, or if they are of equal goodness, supposing there was a small difference in the form of the leaf, it might be well worth the attention of the East India company to try to cultivate these plants in the manner they do in Ceylon; that is, to make plantations in a proper soil; and to have regard to the proper distance from the sea of the place, where they try the experiment: for some plants require to be near the sea, and others far from it, in Sumatra; which is the case of the Mango, and Mangosteen; the one of which must be near the sea, the other at a distance from it.

I think the plants should be suffered to grow strong, to be six or seven years old, and then cut every three years, the bark peel’d off and dried in hot sand, and packed close and kept dry. This I take to be all necessary to be done, to try, if our Cinnamon will not produce as good a price as that of the Dutch.

Perhaps the plants need not stand so long before cut; for the vegetation of plants in hot countries is very great.

There are many other most valuable vegetables in Sumatra, which might be made staple commodities, as sagoe, camphire, several sorts of ginger, rice, and many other, which are foreign to the present inquiry.

But it may not be amiss to recommend it to the traders to Sumatra to bring some quantity of the twig-bark of the true Cassia, well cured; and also to the company, to have a chemist at Sumatra, to extract carefully the oil of Cassia; which is best, and in greatest quantities, produced from the bark of the body, and of the larger branches of the tree: and also that the company would procure an exemption of all customs or duties on Cassia, or on the oil of Cassia, for some time: and also that the college of physicians in their dispensatory would direct Cassia or Cinnamon of Malabar or Sumatra to be used, instead of the Cinnamon of Ceylon; and that the same should be used by apothecaries and distillers, and in all simple and compound waters, in which Cinnamon is used.

_Extract of a Letter from Mr._ THOMAS COMBES, _dated_ Fort Marlborough, 5 Jan. 1755.

IN regard to the first article of your paper, now before me, which is the inquiry desired to be made concerning the spices, I am of opinion, that the true Cinnamon grows no-where but on the island of Ceylon, unless Cassia be allowed to be the same tree, which I am inclined to think.

Nº. 9. contains seeds of the Cassia or wild Cinnamon-tree. As for the seeds of the true Cinnamon-tree, I believe they are very difficult to be got; for as the Dutch are the sole masters of this spice, and get a good deal of money by it, I fancy, according to their usual custom, they have very well guarded against the transplantation of it. I hope however, that these seeds will not be unacceptable to the society, as Cassia itself is of some value; and as I am very doubtful, whether this tree is not the same with the true Cinnamon, being of opinion, that the difference observed in them arises from the different method of curing their barks, or from the taking the bark from different parts of the tree, or at different seasons, or of different ages, or perhaps all these.

I have made inquiry concerning this from some very intelligent persons, and found them to be of opinion, that the Cassia and Cinnamon-tree were of the same genus. I have inquired further concerning the method of curing it at Ceylon; but as this is done by the natives, the Dutch are not very well acquainted with it; nor could I obtain any good account of it, different people giving me different relations. Some said, it was the inner bark, some the middle, and some the outer; tho’ of the young branches, they seemed in general to agree, that it was gathered at a certain season of the year, and that one part of the cure was burying it in sand for some time. This may be tried with Cassia, and may perhaps take away that viscosity or glutinous quality observed by chewing it, and which is the principal mark for distinguishing it from Cinnamon. As to their chemical oils, I have heard many people say, that they are not distinguishable otherwise, than that from Cinnamon is generally better, or, as it may be called, stronger, than that from Cassia; and accordingly bears a better price. But the Dutch company’s chemist at Batavia, if I may give him this title, informed me, that they are essentially different, and plainly distinguishable. But I must confess myself very doubtful of the knowlege or veracity of this chemist, and strongly suspect, that they are no otherwise different than in goodness, as many other oils drawn from the same subject are.

I observe the price of Cassia is greatly risen in England within these two or three years; but whether this be owing to an increase in the consumption, or a decrease in the importation of this commodity, I cannot say.

The Dutch government of Batavia has this year, in some new regulations of their trade, prohibited to all persons the dealing in any of the fine quilled sort of Cassia, and declared the same to be contraband, and reserved for their company only; and put it upon the same footing as their Cinnamon.

What reasons induced them to this, I am yet a stranger to; but it makes me suspect, that the rise of this commodity in Europe is owing to some other cause than a deficiency in the importation thereof. Perhaps some discovery has been made rendering Cassia equal to Cinnamon.

In Persia, I think, they make not so great a difference between them as elsewhere; and I myself, for want of Cinnamon here for some months past, made use of the fine quilled Cassia; and the difference I observe between them I imagine to arise rather from the greenness and want of dryness in the Cassia, than any thing else, or perhaps from the method of curing it: for if there happens to be a little too much Cassia put into my chocolate (and other things I use in it), a little bitterish taste arises, something like what we meet with in most barks; tho’ I do not remember to have observed this of Cinnamon: but as to its boiling to a jelly, as Quincy mentions, I find no such thing, and think it bears boiling as well as Cinnamon. Nor do I think its distilled water more subject to an empyreuma than that of Cinnamon.

I have inquired of the country people here, who bring it us, and they tell me the finest sort is the inner bark of the small branches; and indeed that it is the inner bark, I think, is evident in Cinnamon as well as Cassia; no outer bark of the youngest branches of any tree having, in my opinion, that smooth surface observable in both these barks.

I once thought, that it was better to take the bark from the body of the tree than from the branches, imagining that the bark from the trunk or body of all trees must in general be stronger, let its natural taste be what it will, than from its branches. This I find to be so in Cassia; and I have been informed, that the large ligneous pieces of Cassia have afforded rather more oil in distillation than the fine quilled sort, their weight being equal; but upon trial I could not make the bark from the trunk curl or roll up, as it ought to do, owing, as I suppose, to my unskilfulness, or to rigidity, or the natural position of its fibres; for the bark of the younger branches curled of itself, wanting hardly any other assistance than the sun.

I have already observed, that Cassia is found in chewing to have a viscidness, which Cinnamon has not. I have endeavoured to remove this in a little I send you, marked B: pray let me know, if it answers; and be assured, it was taken from the younger branches of the tree, of which I send you the seeds.

I send you also, marked C, some of the bark taken from the same tree; as also some of the leaves, marked D.

I have sent you also a little of the bark of the trunk of a tree, which, tho’ called Cassia, seems not to be so, marked E; and also the leaves of the same tree, marked F.

END _of the_ FIFTIETH VOLUME.

AN
INDEX
TO THE
FIFTIETH VOLUME
OF THE
PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS,
For the YEARS 1757 and 1758.

A

_AIR_, Remarks on the heat of it in July 1757, by Dr. J. Huxham; with some additional ones by Dr. W. Watson, page 428.

---- ---- on its different temperature at Edystone from that observed at Plymouth, between July 7 and 14, 1757, p. 488.

_Akenside_, Mark, M. D. his observations on the origin and use of the lymphatic vessels in animals, p. 322.

_Alga Marina latifolia_, observations on it, p. 631.

_Allegator_, the fossil bones of one, found on the sea-shore near Whitby, p. 688.

_America_, North, account of an earthquake felt in it Nov. 18. 1755. p. 1.

_American_ Sea Sun-Crown, observations on it, p. 843.

_Antiquities_, accounts of the late discoveries of some at Herculaneum, p. 49. 88. 619.

_Aneurism_, remarkable case of one in the principal artery of the thigh, p. 363.

_Apple_, the Manchenille, singular observations upon it, p. 772.

_Arderon_, Mr. William, abstract of a letter on giving magnetism and polarity to brass, p. 774.

_Assize_, the Black, at Oxford, account of it, p. 699.

B

_Baker_, Mr. Henry, his account of the Opuntia, or Prickly Pear, and of the Indigo plant, in colouring the juices of living animals, p. 296.

---- ---- ---- ---- of the Sea Polypus, p. 777.

_Bark_, remarkable case of its efficacy in a mortification, p. 379.

---- ---- ---- ---- ---- in the delirium of a fever, p. 609.

_Barnacles_, an account of several rare species, p. 845.

_Baster_, Job. observationes de corallinis, iisque insidentibus Polypis, aliisque animalculis marinis, p. 258.

_Bladder_, human urinary, four rough stones extracted from it by the lateral method of cutting for the stone, p. 579.

_Blisters_, remarkable effects of them in lessening the quickness of the pulse in coughs attended with infarction of the lungs, p. 569.

_Bones_, some fossil ones of an allegator, found on the sea-shore near Whitby, p. 688.

_Borlase_, Rev. Mr. Wm. his account of some trees discovered under-ground on the sea-shore at Mount’s-Bay in Cornwall, p. 51.

---- ---- ---- ---- ---- of an earthquake in the west parts of Cornwall, July 15. 1757, p. 499.

_Bradley_, James, D. D. his observations on the comet of Sept. and Oct. 1757, p. 408.

_Brakenridge_, Rev. Wm. D. D. his answer to the Rev. Mr. Forster’s letter concerning the numbers and increase of the people of England, p. 465.

_Brass_, abstract of a letter on giving magnetism and polarity to it, p. 774.

_Bridges_, concerning the fall of water under them, p. 492.

_Brydone_, Mr. Patrick, his account of a paralytic patient cured by electricity, p. 392.

_Burrow_, James, Esq; his account of an earthquake felt at Linfield in Surrey, and at Edenbridge in Kent, Jan. 24. 1758, p. 614.

C

_Carlsbad_ mineral waters, account of them, p. 25.

---- ---- ---- their lithontriptic virtue, with lime-water and soap, p. 386.

_Case_ of Lord Horace Walpole; being a sequel to that in Phil. Trans. vol. xlvii. p. 43 and 47,--p. 205.

_Cassia_, or _Canella_, a discourse on it, by Taylor White, Esq.; p. 860.

_Cavendish_, Lord Charles, his description of some thermometers for particular uses, p. 300.

_Chapman_, Capt. Wm. his account of a method of distilling fresh water from sea-water by wood-ashes, p. 635.

---- ---- ---- ---- ---- of the fossil bones of an allegator found on the sea-shore near Whitby in Yorkshire, p. 688.

_Characters_, Phœnician Numeral, antiently used at Sidon, dissertation upon them, p. 791.

_Charts_ and Maps, a short dissertation on them, p. 563.

_Chevalier_, Joan. observatio eclipsis lunæ die 27 Martii 1755, Olissipone habita, p. 374.

---- ---- ---- ---- ---- die 30 Julii 1757, Olissipone habita, p. 769.

---- ---- observationes eclipsium satellitum Jovis, Olissipone habitæ, p. 377.

---- ----, &c. observationes eclipsium satellitum Jovis, anno 1757, Olissipone habitæ, p. 378.

---- ---- et Theodor. de Almeida, observationes eclipsis lunæ die 4 Feb. ann. 1757, Olissipone habitæ, p. 376.

_Cinnamon_, a discourse on it, by Taylor White, Esq; p. 860.

_Coin_, a Parthian, with a Greek and Parthian legend, some remarks on it, p. 175.

_Collet_, John, M. D. his letter concerning the peat-pit near Newbury in Berkshire, p. 109.

_Comet_, observations on that of Sept. and Oct. 1757, made at the Royal Observatory, p. 408.

---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- made at the Hague, p. 438.

_Convulsive Fits_, case of a boy troubled with them, cured by the discharge of worms, p. 518.

_Convulsions_, some extraordinary effects arising from them, p. 743.

_Coral_, Red, a very singular kind from the Indies, p. 159.

_Corallinis_ de, iisque insidentibus polypis, aliisque animalculis marinis observationes, p. 258.

_Cornwall_, account of an earthquake in the west parts of it, July 15, 1757, p. 499.

_Corona_ Solis Marina Americana, observations on it, p. 843.

D

_Da Costa_, Emanuel Mendez, his account of the impressions of plants on the slates of coals, p. 228.

_Darwin_, Erasmus, M.D. his remarks on the opinion of Henry Eles, Esq; concerning the ascent of vapour, p. 240.

_Delirium_, of a fever, an extraordinary case of the efficacy of the bark in one, p. 609.

_Diseases_, effects of electricity in the cure of some particular ones, p. 695.

_Dodson_ and Mountaine, tables of the variation of the magnetic needle by them, adapted to every 5 degrees of lat. and long. in the more frequented oceans, p. 329.

_Dollond_, Mr. John, his account of some experiments concerning the different refrangibility of light, p. 733.

_Dust_, Black, an extraordinary shower, which fell in the island of Zetland, Oct. 20. 1755, p. 297.

E

_Earthquake_, account of one in the island of Sumatra, in the East Indies, Nov. and Dec. 1756, p. 491.

---- ---- ---- ---- in the west parts of Cornwall, July 15, 1757, p. 499.

---- ---- ---- ---- at Lingfield in Surrey, and Edenbridge in Kent, Jan. 24, 1758, p. 614.

---- ---- ---- ---- at Herculaneum, p. 619.

---- ---- ---- ---- in New England, and the neighbouring parts of America, Nov. 18, 1755, p. 1.

---- ---- observations upon a very particular tho’ slight one, p. 645.

_Eclipsis_ lunaris facta Matriti, a P. Joanne Wendlingen, die 30 Julii, 1757, p. 640.

---- lunæ observatio, die 30 Julii, 1757, Olissipone habita, p. 769.

---- ---- ---- ---- die 27 Martii, 1755, Olissipone habita, p. 374.

---- ---- ---- ---- die 4 Februarii, 1757, Olissipone habita, p. 376.

_Eclipsium_ satellitum Jovis observationes, Olissipone habitæ, anno 1757, p. 378.

---- ---- ---- ---- observationes, Olissipone habitæ, p. 377.

_Edystone_, remarks on the different temperature of the air there from that observed at Plymouth, between July 7 and 14, 1757, p. 488.

_Edenbridge_, account of an earthquake felt there, Jan. 24. 1758, p. 614.

_Edwards_, Mr. Geo. his observations on an evening, or rather nocturnal, solar Iris, p. 293.

---- ---- ---- ---- account of a new-discovered species of snipe, or tringa, p. 255.

_Eles_, Henry, Esq; remarks on his opinion concerning the ascent of vapour, p. 240.

_Electricity_, the effects of it in paralytic cases, p. 481.

---- further account of its effects in curing some diseases, p. 695.

---- its virtue in the cure of a palsey, p. 392.

_Ellis_, Mr. John, his account of a red coral from the East Indies, of a very singular kind, p. 189.

---- ---- ---- remarks on Dr. Job. Baster’s observationes de corallinis, &c. p. 280.

---- ---- ---- answer to the remarks upon his letter to Philip Carteret Webb, Esq; p. 441.

---- ---- ---- account of several rare species of Barnacles, p. 845.

----, Henry, Esq; his account of the heat of the weather in Georgia, p. 754.

_Equator_, Terrestrial, resolution of a general proposition for determining the horary alteration of the position of it, p. 416.

_Eye_, diseased, an extraordinary case of one, p. 747.

F

_Fauquier_, Francis, Esq; his account of an extraordinary storm of hail in Virginia, p. 746.

_Fire-Engine_, further experiments for increasing the quantity of steam in it, p. 370.

---- ---- attempt to improve the manner of working ventilators by the help of it, p. 727.

_Fitz-Gerald_, Keane, Esq; his further experiments for increasing the quantity of steam in a fire-engine, p. 370.

---- ---- ---- experiments on applying Dr. Hales’s method of distilling salt water to the steam-engine, p. 53.

---- ---- ---- concerning an attempt to improve the manner of working ventilators by the assistance of the fire-engine, p. 727.

_Flexor_ tendon, an account of one torn out in its whole extent, together with the first joint of the thumb, p. 617.

_Forbes_, Dr. George, his letter concerning the Patella, or Limpet-Fish, found at Bermuda, p. 859.

_Forster_, Rev. Mr. Richard, his extract of the register of the parish of Great Shefford, with observations, p. 356.

---- ---- ---- ---- his letter concerning the number of the people of England, p. 457.

_Fruits_, fossil, and other bodies, account of some found in the island of Shepey, p. 396.

G

_Gaze_, Mr. John, his account of a boy cured of convulsive fits by the discharge of worms, p. 521.

_Gall-stones_, two extraordinary cases relating to them, p. 543.

_Gaubil_, F. his description of the plan of Peking, p. 704.

_Georgia_, account of the heat of the weather there, p. 754.

_Glass_, in windows, dissertation on the antiquity of it, p. 601.

_Gravity_, Specific, of living men, essay towards ascertaining it, p. 30.

_Grindall_, Mr. Richard, his account of the efficacy of the bark in a mortification, p. 379.

_Guadaloupe_, Isle of, account of a visitation of the leprous persons there, p. 38.

H

_Hague_, state of thermometer there, Jan. 9, 1757, p. 148.

---- observations there on the comet in Sept. and Oct. 1757, p. 483.

_Hail_, an extraordinary storm in Virginia, p. 746.

_Herculaneum_, accounts of the late discoveries of antiquities made there, p. 49, 88, 619.

_Heat_ of the air, July 1757, remarks on it by Dr. Huxham and Dr. Watson, p. 428.

---- of the weather, account of that in July 1757, by Dr. Huxham, p. 523.

---- of the weather in Georgia, account of it, p. 754.

_Hemlock Dropwort_, further account of its poisonous effects, p. 556.

_Himsel de_, Nicholai, M. D. de rariori quadam specie, in Suecia reperta, tractatus, p. 692.

_Home_, Robert, Surgeon, his account of the flexor tendon torn out in its whole extent, and the first joint of the thumb torn off, p. 617.

_Horned Cattle_, the usefulness of inoculation to prevent the contagious distemper among them, p. 528.

_Huxham_, John, M. D. his remarks on the heat of the air, July 1757, p. 428.

---- ---- ---- ---- ---- on the extraordinary heat of the weather in July 1757, p. 523.

I

_Jenty_, Nicholas, his account of a man, whose intestines, &c. all cohered, and who after death fell under his inspection, p. 550.

_Ileum_, the gut, cut thro’ by a knife, instance of the successful treatment of it, p. 35.

_Indigo_ plant, effects of it, and of the opuntia, or prickly pear, in colouring the juices of living animals, p. 296.

_Inoculation_, its usefulness on horned cattle, to prevent the contagious distemper among them, p. 528.

_Intestines_, remarkable case of the cohesions of all of them in a man, p. 550.

_Johnstone_, James, M. D. his account of two extraordinary cases of gall-stones, p. 543.

_Iris_, solar, observations on an evening, or rather nocturnal one, p. 293.

K

_Klinkenberg_, Mr. D. his observations upon the comet in Sept. and Oct. 1757, p. 483.

L

_Lacteals_, experiment to prove that salt of steel does not enter them, p. 594.

_Lanreath_, effects of a storm of thunder and lightning there, June 27, 1756, p. 104.

_Layard_, Daniel Peter, M. D. his account of an extraordinary case of a diseased eye, p. 747.

---- Daniel Peter, M. D. his discourse on the usefulness of inoculating the horned cattle, p. 528.

_Leprous_ persons in the isle of Guadaloupe, account of a visitation of them, p. 38.

_Lestwithiel_, in Cornwall, effects of lightning upon the church and steeple there, p. 198.

_Lewis_, William, M. B. his experimental examination of Platina, Paper V. and VI. p. 148, 156.

_Lichen_, memoir concerning it, p. 652.

_Light_, some experiments concerning its different refrangibility, p. 733.

_Lightning_, its effects upon the church and steeple of Lestwithiel in Cornwall, p. 198.

_Limax_ non cochleata, observations on it, p. 585.

_Lime-water_, its lithontriptic virtue, p. 386.

_Limpet-Fish_, found at Bermuda, account of it, p. 859.

_Linnæus_, his account of the faculty called Vigiliæ Florum, with an enumeration of several plants subject to that law, p. 506.

_Lingfield_, in Surry, account of an earthquake felt there, Jan. 24, 1758, p. 614.

_Looe_, effects of a storm of thunder and lightning there, June 27, 1756, p. 104.

M

_Maps_, Geographical, the best form of them, p. 553.

---- and Charts, a short dissertation on them, p. 563.

_Magnetism_, and Polarity, given to brass, p. 774.

_Malverne_ waters, their good effects, p. 23.

_Memoir_, an historical one on the genus of plants called Lichen, Usnea, Coralloides, and Lichenoides, p. 652.

_Men_, living, essay towards ascertaining their specific gravity, p. 30.

_Milles_, Jeremiah, D. D. letters to him, with accounts of the effects of thunder and lightning at Looe and Lanreath, June 27, 1756, p. 104.

---- ---- ---- his account of the Carlsbad mineral waters in Bohemia, p. 25.

_Miller_, Mr. Philip, concerning the effects of a storm at Wigton in Cumberland, p. 194.

---- ---- ---- his remarks on a letter of Mr. John Ellis to P. C. Webb, Esq; printed in Phil. Trans. vol. xlix. part ii. p. 806.--p. 430.

_Mitchell_, Sir Andrew, his account of an extraordinary shower of black dust, that fell in the Island of Zetland, Oct. 20, 1755, p. 297.

_Mixtures_, effervescent, strange effects of some, p. 19.

_Moffat_, in Annandale, a new medicinal well lately discovered there, p. 117.

_Mortification_, remarkable efficacy of the bark in one, p. 379.

_Mount’s-Bay_, account of some trees discovered underground on the shore there, p. 51.

_Mounsey_, James, M. D. his account of the strange effects of some effervescent mixtures, p. 19.

_Mountaine_ and Dodson, tables of the variation of the magnetic needle by them, adapted to every five degrees of lat. and long. in the more frequented oceans, p. 329.

---- Wm. his dissertation on maps and charts, p. 563.

_Murdoch_, Patrick, his description of the best form of geographical maps, p. 553.

---- ---- his trigonometry abridged, p. 538.

_Munckley_, Nich. M. D. his account of the extraordinary efficacy of the bark in the delirium of a fever, p. 609.

N

_Needle_, magnetic, its variation, p. 329.

_New England_, account of an earthquake felt there, Nov. 18, 1755. p. 1.

_Newbury_, in Berkshire, account of the peat-pit near it, p. 109.

_Nightshade_, deadly, botanical and medical history of it, p. 62.

_Nixon_, Rev. John, A. M. his account of some of the antiquities discovered at Herculaneum, &c. p. 88.

---- ---- ---- ---- his account of the temple of Serapis at Pozzuoli in Naples, p. 166.

---- ---- ---- ---- his dissertation on the antiquity of glass in windows, p. 601.

_Norfolk_ Boy, observations on the case of one, who was cured of convulsive fits by the discharge of worms, p. 836.

_Number_ of the people of England, observations on it, p. 356, 457, 465.

O

_Observationes_ anatomico-medicæ de monstro bicorporeo virgineo, p. 311.

_Oenanthe_ aquatica succo viroso crocante of Lobel, farther account of its poisonous effects, p. 856.

_Oil_, its efficacy, taken as a vermifuge, p. 837.

_Operation_, an extraordinary one performed in the dock-yard at Portsmouth, p. 288.

_Opuntia_, or prickly pear, effects of it, and of the Indigo plant, in colouring the juices of living animals, p. 296.

_Orthoceratitis_, de rariori quadam specie, in Suecia reperta, tractatus, p. 692.

_Oram_, Rev. Richard, his account of a boy cured of convulsive fits by the discharge of worms, p. 518.

_Oxford_, account of the black assize there, p. 699.

P

_Paderni_, Camillo, his account of the late discoveries at Herculaneum, p. 49.

---- ---- ---- ---- of an earthquake at Herculaneum, and of some late discoveries there, p. 619.

_Palsey_, instance of the cure of it by electricity, p. 392.

_Pantheon_, at Rome, account of the alterations making in it, p. 115.

_Parsons_, James, M. D. his account of some extraordinary tumours upon the head of a man in St. Bartholomew’s Hospital, p. 350.

---- ---- ---- his account of fossil fruits, and other bodies, found in the island of Shepey, p. 396.

_Paralytic_ cases, the effects of electricity in them, p. 481.

_Patella_, or Limpet-Fish, found at Bermuda, account of it, p. 859.

_Peyssonel_, John Andrew, M. D. his account of a visitation of the leprous persons in the isle of Guadaloupe, p. 38.

---- ---- ---- ---- his observations on the worms that form sponges, p. 590.

---- ---- ---- ---- observations on the Limax non cochleata purpur ferens, p. 585.

---- ---- ---- ---- observations on the Alga marina latifolia, p. 631.

---- ---- ---- ---- observations on a slight but very particular earthquake, p. 645.

---- ---- ---- ---- observations on the Manchenille apple, p. 772.

---- ---- ---- ---- observations on the Corona Solis Marina Americana, or American Sea-Sun-Crown, p. 843.

_Peat-pit_, account of one near Newbury in Berkshire, p. 109.

_People_ of England, concerning the number of them, p. 457.

---- ---- ---- an answer to Mr. Forster’s letter, concerning their number and increase, 465.

_Peking_, a description of the plan of it, p. 704.

_Perry_, Mr. his letter to Dr. Stukeley, concerning the Earthquake at Sumatra in Nov. and Dec. 1756, p. 491.

_Phœnician_ numeral characters anciently used at Sidon, dissertation on them, p. 791.

_Plants_, impressions of them on the slates of coals, p. 228.

---- catalogue of the fifty from Chelsea Garden, for 1756, p. 236.

---- observations on the sleep of them, p. 506.

---- catalogue of the fifty from Chelsea Garden, for 1757, p. 648.

_Platina_, experimental examination of it, Paper V. and VI. p. 148, 156.

_Platt_, Mr. Joshua, his account of the fossil thigh-bone of an animal dug up at Stonesfield, near Woodstock, p. 524.

_Polarity_ and Magnetism, communicated to brass, p. 774.

_Polypus_, Sea, account of it, p. 777.

_Pozzuoli_, account of the temple of Serapis there, p. 166.

_Postscript_ to Dr. Whytt’s observations on Lord Walpole’s case, p. 385.

_Pringle_, John, M. D. on the virtues of soap in dissolving the stone, p. 221.

---- ---- ---- ---- his account of the effects of electricity in paralytic cases, p. 481.

_Problems_, isoperimetrical, a further attempt to facilitate the solution of them, p. 623.

_Pulteney_, M. Richard, his botanical and medical history of the Solanum Lethale, p. 62.

---- ---- ---- his observations on the sleep of plants, p. 506.

_Pulse_, quickness of it in coughs, attended with infarction of the lungs, lessened by blisters, p. 569.

R

_Register_, Parish, extract of that in Great Shefford in Berkshire, with observations, p. 356.

_Remarks_ on Dr. Job Baster’s Observationes de corallinis, &c. p. 280.

_Robertson_, Mr. John, his essay towards ascertaining the specific gravity of living men, p. 30.

---- ---- ---- ---- account of an extraordinary operation performed in Portsmouth dock-yard, p. 288.

---- ---- ---- ---- ---- of the fall of water under bridges, p. 492.

S

_Salt-water_, experiments on applying Dr. Hales’s method of distilling it to the steam-engine, p. 53.

_Satellite_, concerning the irregularities in the motion of one, arising from the spheroidical figure of its primary planet, p. 807.

_Sea-water_, method of making it fresh with wood-ashes, p. 635.

_Sea Alga_ with broad leaves, observations on it, p. 631.

_Series_, invention of a general method for determining the sum of every 2d, 3d, 4th, 5th, &c. term of one, taken in order, p. 757.

_Serapis_, Temple of, at Pozzuoli, account of it, p. 166.

_Shepey_ Island, account of fossil fruits, and other bodies, found there, p. 396.

_Short_, James, M. A. his account of some experiments concerning the different refrangibility of light by Mr. John Dollond, p. 733.

_Shefford_, Great, extract of the parish register there, with observations, p. 356.

_Simpson_, Mr. Tho. his resolution of a general proposition for determining the horary alteration of the terrestrial equator, &c. p. 416.

---- ---- ---- ---- further attempt to facilitate the resolution of isoperimetrical problems, p. 623.

---- ---- ---- ---- invention of a general method for determining the sum of every 2d, 3d, 4th, or 5th, &c. term of a series, taken in order, p. 757.

_Skeleton_ of an animal, description of a fossil one found in the alum rock near Whitby, p. 786.

_Slates_ of Coals, account of the impressions of plants on some, p. 228.

_Sleep_ of plants, observations on it, p. 506.

_Smeaton_, Mr. John, concerning the effects of lightning upon the church and steeple of Lestwithiel in Cornwall, p. 198.

---- ---- ---- his remarks on the different temperature of the air at Edystone, from that observed at Plymouth, between July 7th and 14th, 1757, p. 488.

_Snail_, the naked, producing purple, observations on it, p. 585.

_Snipe_, or Tringa, a new-discovered species of it, p. 255.

_Solanum_ Lethale, Bella-Donna, or Deadly Nightshade, brief botanical and medical history of it, p. 62.

_Soap_, its virtues in dissolving the stone, p. 221, 386.

_Sponges_, formed by worms, new observations on them, p. 590.

_Steam-Engine_, experiments on applying Dr. Hales’s method of distilling salt-water to it, p. 53.

_Steam_, farther experiments for increasing the quantity of it in a fire-engine, p. 570.

_Stone_, the virtues of soap in dissolving it, p. 221.

_Stones_, remarkable instance of four rough ones discovered in an human urinary bladder, extracted by the lateral method of cutting for the stone, p. 579.

_Storm_, effects of one at Wigton in Cumberland, p. 194.

---- ---- ---- ---- at Looe and Lanreath, p. 104.

_Stonesfield_, account of the fossil thigh-bone of an animal dug up there, p. 524.

_Sumatra_, Island of, account of an earthquake felt there in Nov. and Dec. 1756, p. 491.

_Swinton_, the Rev. John, his remarks on a Parthian coin with a Greek and Parthian legend, never before published, p. 175.

---- ---- ---- ---- ---- dissertation upon the Phœnician numeral characters antiently used at Sidon, p. 791.

T

_Tables_ of the variation of the magnetic needle, a sett, which exhibit the result of upwards of fifty thousand observations, adapted to every five degrees of lat. and long. in the more frequented oceans, p. 329.

_Tendon_, Flexor, one torn out in its whole extent, and the first joint of the thumb torn off, p. 617.

_Thermometer_, state of it at the Hague, Jan. 9, 1757. p. 148.

_Thermometers_, description of some for particular uses, p. 300.

_Thigh-bone_ of a large animal, a fossil one dug up at Stonesfield, near Woodstock, in Oxfordshire, p. 524.

_Thunder_ and Lightning, the effects of them in the parishes of Looe and Lanreath, June 27th, 1756, p. 104.

_Torkos_, Just. Joan. observationes anatomico-medicæ de monstro bicorporeo virgineo, p. 311.

_Travers_, Mr. Peter, his successful treatment of the gut ileum cut thro’ by a knife, p. 35.

_Trees_, some discovered under-ground on the shore at Mount’s-Bay in Cornwall, p. 51.

_Trembley_, Mr. Abraham, extract of a letter from him on several curious subjects of natural history, p. 58.

---- ---- ---- his state of the thermometer at the Hague, Jan. 9, 1757, p. 148.

_Trigonometry_, abridgement of it, p. 538.

_Tumours_, some extraordinary ones upon the head of a man in St. Bartholomew’s-Hospital, p. 350.

_Tringa_, or Snipe, account of a new-discovered species, p. 255.

V

_Vapour_, remarks on the opinion of Henry Eles, Esq; concerning the ascent of it, p. 240.

_Ventilators_, attempt to improve the manner of working them by the help of a fire-engine, p. 727.

_Vessels_, lymphatic, of animals, observations on their origin and use, p. 322.

_Vigiliæ florum_, account of that faculty, p. 506.

_Virginia_, remarkable storm of hail there, p. 746.

W

_Wall_, John, M.D. concerning the good effects of Malverne waters, p. 23.

---- ---- ---- his observations on the case of the Norfolk Boy cured of convulsions by the discharge of worms, p. 836.

_Walmesley_, Mr. Charles, his letter on the irregular motions of a satellite, p. 807.

_Walker_, Mr. John, his account of a new medicinal well lately discovered at Moffat in Annandale, p. 117.

_Walpole_, Lord Horace, sequel to his account of his own case (Phil. Trans. vol. xlvii. p. 43 & 472.) p. 205.

_Ward_, John, LL.D. letter communicated by him, with an account of the alterations making in the Pantheon at Rome, p. 115.

---- ---- ---- his account of the black assize at Oxford, p. 699.

_Warner_, Jos. Surgeon, his account of a remarkable case of an aneurism, &c. p. 363.

---- ---- ---- ---- instance of four rough stones extracted from the urinary bladder of a man, by the lateral method of cutting for the stone, p. 579.

_Water_, account of its fall under bridges, p. 492.

---- fresh, method of procuring it from salt water with wood-ashes, p. 635.

_Waters_, the Carlsbad mineral, account of them, p. 25.

---- ---- ---- ---- their lithontriptic virtue with lime-water and soap, p. 386.

---- Malverne, the good effects of them, p. 23.

---- medicinal, at Moffat in Annandale, account of them, p. 117. Various experiments on them, p. 121.

_Watson_, William, M. D. memoir concerning a genus of plants called Lichen, &c. p. 652.

---- ---- ---- his account of some extraordinary effects arising from convulsions, p. 743.

---- ---- ---- his further account of the poisonous effects of the Oenanthe aquatica succo viroso crocanthe of Lobel, or Hemlock Dropwort, p. 856.

_Well_, medicinal, a new one discovered near Moffat in Annandale, p. 117.

_Weather_, extraordinary heat of it in July 1757, p. 523.

---- ---- ---- ---- ---- in Georgia, p. 754.

_Wendlingen_, P. Joan. observatio eclipsis lunaris facta Matriti, die 30 Julii 1757, p. 640.

_White_, Taylor, Esq; his discourse on the Cinamon, Cassia, or Canella, p. 860.

_Whytt_, Robert, M. D. his account of the lithontriptic virtue of the Carlsbad waters, lime-water and soap, p. 386.

---- ---- ---- concerning the remarkable effects of blisters in lessening the quickness of the pulse in coughs attended with infarction of the lungs, p. 569.

_Wigton_, in Cumberland, effects of a storm there, p. 194.

_Winthrop_, Mr. Professor, concerning an earthquake felt in New England, and the neighbouring parts of America, Nov. 18, 1755, p. 1.

_Windows_, dissertation on the antiquity of glass in them, p. 601.

_Wright_, Edward, M.D. his account of an experiment, whereby it appears that salt of steel does not enter the lacteals, p. 594.

_Wood-ashes_, their use in distilling fresh water from sea-water, p. 635.

_Wooller_, Mr. his description of the fossil skeleton of an animal found in the alum rock near Whitby, p. 786.

_Worms_, account of a boy cured of convulsive fits by the discharge of some, p. 518. Other cases of the like nature, p. 839.

---- that form sponges, new observations on them, p. 590.

Z

_Zetland_, island of, account of an extraordinary shower of black dust which fell there, Oct. 20, 1755, p. 297.

ERRATA.

_P._ 769. _l._ 3. _read_ the order of

_P._ 791. _l._ 6. _for_ Oxon, _with a comma, read_ Oxon. _with a full-point_.

_P._ 792. _l._ 5. _of the quotations, for_ Froel. _read_ Frœl.

_In the Contents to Part_ I. _of this Vol. Page_ 5. _l._ 21. _for_ 115. _read_ 117.

FOOTNOTES:

[1] Manna lies about 50 miles to the southward of Marlborough.

[2] The island of Sumatra is between 7 and 800 miles long from north to south.

[3] Cumberland-house is a new well-built house for the governor of the place.

[4] _N. B. Both these are contiguous to the fort._

[5] Laye house or factory is about 30 miles to the northward of Marlborough, and Manna house or factory fifty miles to the southward.

[6] The sugar-plantation is five or six miles from Marlborough.

[7] The _qualloe_ is the country word for a river’s mouth.

[8] Poblo Point lies about three leagues to the southward of Marlborough.

[9] _Doosoons_ are villages.

[10] Letter from William Veale, Esq;

[11] Letter from John Trehawk, Esq;

[12] A timber support of the deads.

[13] Loose rubbish and broken stones of the mine.

[14] Mr. J. Nantcarrow.

[15] Trifolium quoque inhorrescere et folia contra tempestatem subrigere certum est. Hist. Nat. lib. xviii. cap. 35.

[16] Flor. Lappon. p. 222.

[17] Prosp. Alpin. de plantis Ægypti, cap. 10.

[18] It is not improbable, that a considerable portion of whiting might be used instead of pure white lead, which is frequently done: and this supposition is favoured by the mixture’s not proving fatal to the boy, as such a quantity of white lead in all probability would.

[19] What Lhwyd calls _ostreum minus falcatum_, Nº. 451.

[20] Memoires de l’Acad. des Sciences, anno 1748. p. 326.

[21] Ibid. p. 338.

[22] Ibid. p. 337.

[23] See my Essay on the contagious Distemper, p. 70.

[24] Pag. 143 and 338.

[25] Essay on the Plague.

[26] See Logarith. Canon. deser. _Edinb._ 1614. p. 48.

[27] _Senex_ drew several of that form.

[28] See the Preface to the small Berlin Atlas.

[29] This constant logarithm contains the reduction of the diff. of longitude to parts of radius unity, and to _Briggs_’s Modulus.

[30] See _Cotesii_ Logometr. prop. 6.

[31] Physiological Essays, p. 69.

[32] Physiological Essays, p. 69.

[33] Dr. Pringle’s Observations on the Diseases of the Army, part iii. chap. 2.

[34] Vincentius Menghinus _de Ferrearum particularum progressu in Sanguinem. Comment. Acad. Bonon._ T. II. P. 2. pag. 475.

[35] Phil. Transact. by Lowthorpe, vol. iii. p. 102. edit. 1749. the same by Jones, vol. v. p. 259.

[36] Vol. I. art. xii. p. 364.

[37] In a paper read Feb. 24. 1757. See Art. xiii. p. 88.

[38] _Porticuum, in quibus spatiari consueverat (Domitianus) parietes phengite lapide distinxit, e cujus splendore per imagines quicquid a tergo fieret, provideret._ Sueton. Domit. c. 14.

[39] Plin. Nat. Hist. lib. xxxvi. c. 26. §. 66.

[40] Pliny mentions a kind of glass or jet called _obsidianum_: --_nigerrimi coloris, aliquando et translucidi, crassiore visu, atque in speculis parietum pro imagine umbras reddente_. Nat. Hist. lib. xxxvi. c. 26. §. 67.

And that the practice of staining glass was known in his time, appears from what he says concerning the _obsidianum_ mentioned above:--_Fit et genere tincturæ--totum rubens vitrum, atque non translucidum_. Ibid.

[41] Panciroll. Rer. Mem. p. 288.

[42] These glass balls had sometimes water within them: _Cùm additâ aquâ vitreæ pilæ sole adverso in tantum excandescant, ut vestes exurant_. Plin. lib. xxxvi. c. 22. §. 45.

_Invenio medicos, quæ sunt urenda corporum, non alitèr utilius id fieri putare, quam crystallinâ pilâ adversis positâ solis radiis._ Plin. Nat. Hist. lib. xxxvii. c. 6. §. 10.

[43] Vid. Mons. Renaudot Memoires de l’Acad. des Inscript. tom. I.

[44] Vid. infra, not. 11.

[45] _Theatrum Scauri_----_scena ei triplex in altitudinem_ CCCLX _columnarum_.----_Ima pars scenæ e marmore fuit_: media e vitro: _summa e tabulis inauratis_. Nat. Hist. lib. xxxvi. c. 15.

[46] A. V. 678. Hard. not. Plin. lib. xxxvi. c. 8.

[47] _Agrippa in thermis, quas Romæ fecit, figlinum opus encausto pinxit, in reliquis albaria adornavit: non dubiè_ vitreas facturus cameras, si prius inventum id fuisset, _aut a parietibus scenæ--Scauri pervenisset in cameras_. Lib. xxxvi. c. 25. §. 64.

[48] Seneca, exposing the luxury of the Romans with regard to their baths, says, _Pauper sibi videtur ac sordidus, nisi parietes magnis ac pretiosis orbibus refulserint--nisi_ vitro absconditur camera.--Ep. 86.

[49] Plin. Nat. Hist. lib. xxxvi. c. 22. §. 45.

[50] Nat. Hist. lib. xxxvi. c. 22. §. 45.

[51] Vid. Salmasius in a passage to be produced hereafter.

[52] Hist. de l’Acad. des Inscrip. tom. I.

[53] Montfauc. Antiq. vol. III. part i. lib. iii. c. 4. Lipsius in loc. _&c._

[54] _Quædam nostrâ demum prodiisse memoriâ scimus; ut speculariorum usum, perlucente testâ, clarum transmittentium lumen._ Sen. ep. 90.

[55] _Quod fenestris obducebatur ad translucendum, ac lucem admittendam_ specular _vetens Latini vocârunt. Idque ex speculari lapide, quí est_ φεγγιτης, _aut_ ex vitro _fiebat, aut aliâ translucidâ materiâ. Nam_ specular dictum, non quod ex speculari lapide _factum esset, sed quod visum transmitteret, ac per id_ speculari _liceret_. Salm. Exerc. Plin. in Solin. tom. II. p. 771.

[56] Villa’s of the Anc. illustrated, p. iv.

[57] One of Pliny’s cautions for preserving apples is--_Austros specularibus arcere_. Nat. Hist. lib. xv. c. 16.

Martial further informs us, that the Romans used to screen their orchards of choice fruit-trees with _specularia_. Lib. viii. epig. 14.

[58] I suppose he means that of Fortuna Seia. Lib. xxxvi. c. 22.

[59] Salmasius, speaking of the custom of adorning chambers with glass, says--_Quod proximè ætatem suam incepisse fieri narrat Plinius. Quum M. Scaurus_----Ex. Plin. tom. II. p. 854.

I do not find this expresly asserted by Pliny: but it might have been so in fact. This fashion indeed was not begun till after Agrippa had built his _thermæ_: but if we suppose that to have been even as late as his third consulship, _viz. ante Christ._ 27. (_Helvicus_), when he erected the Pantheon (or at least its portico), near adjoining to those _thermæ_, there would have been sufficient room, from that period to the birth of Pliny (_viz. anno Christi_ 24), for the introduction of this usage.

[60] Plin. Ep. V. I. 111.

[61] Plin. Nat. Hist. lib. xxxvi. c. 26. §. 66.

[62] Vid. supra.

[63] Anno Christi 80.