Chapter VI: The Goblin’s Whistle (3)
From this I hope an idea can be formed of the average cost of such travelling for a week or so. For a more protracted journey through the island, it will certainly be preferable to buy the horses, and dispose of them again by auction on returning to Reykjavik. The average price of a pack horse will be 24 rix dollars, and for a riding pony 30 to 40 rix dollars. They will again sell at a half, or at least a third of the money, according to the length of the journey, their condition, and the season of the year. This calculation is made for a journey begun from Reykjavik, which in most respects will be found the most convenient place to start from.
4th. An india-rubber boat will very probably be serviceable, but it will seldom be needed; for on almost every one of the larger rivers there are plenty of ferries.
5th. The very best month for travelling in Iceland undoubtedly is July, and next to it August. A journey can be begun in the middle of June. At an earlier time there will not be sufficient grass for the horses. The journey can usually, without the risk of getting bad weather, be prolonged to the middle of September.
These, my dear sir, are all the hints I am able to give you. I am sure there are many other things which might be taken into consideration, but I have written this to my best ability, although in great haste, which may excuse the many faults I am sure will be found with my English. With my best wishes &c.
Yours very truly,
O. PÁLSSON.
NOTE.—The screw steamer _Arcturus_ makes six trips during the
season, carrying the mails from Copenhagen to Iceland, and
calling at Grangemouth and the Faröe Islands. The first sailing
north is generally about the beginning of March, and the last
towards the end of October. Fares—First cabin £5; second do. £3
10s. Return—only available for the same voyage—first cabin £9;
second do. £6. Further information may be obtained by applying
to Mr. P. L. Henderson, 20 Dixon Street, Glasgow; Messrs. David
Robertson & Co., Grangemouth; or Messrs. Koch & Henderson,
Copenhagen.
-----
Footnote 54:
A rix dollar is equal in value to 2/3 English. A skilling is a
fraction more than a farthing.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
V.
GLOSSARY.
The following Explanatory List of Geographical Terms will
assist the memory, aid the pronunciation, and, it is
believed, prove of interest and practical utility.[55]
á _or_ aa, _river_.
bakki, _hill_.
beru, _bare_.
beru-fjördr, _bare frith_.
blá, _blue_.
bœr, _farm_.
bol, _or_ bol-stadr, _main farm_, or _steading_ (bu _or_ boo, in
Orkney).
brekka, _brink of a precipice_.
brú, _bridge_.
dalr, _valley_.
eingi, _or_ hagi, _meadow_, or _field_.
ey (eyjar, genitive singular; eyja, genitive plural), _an island_
eyri, _sand_, _sand-bank_ or _bar_ (ere, in north of England)
fell, _same as_ fjall.
ferjur, _ferries_.
fjall, (plural fjöll), _fell_, or _height_; as Blá-fjall, _blue fell_,
or, in English, _Scawfell_, _&c._
fjördr, _frith_.
fljót, _a river_ (_fleet_)
fors, _force_, or _waterfall_.
hals, _ridge_, or _col_.
hædir, _heights_.
heidi, _heath_.
hof, _or_ hofdi, _head_, or _headland_.
holl, _hill_.
holt, _wood_.
hraun, _lava_.
hreppr, _a rape_ (whence divisions of land, and “rapes” of Sussex).
hvamm, _a combe_, or _recess surrounded by hills_; _as Ilfra-combe_.
hvit, _white_ (hence hvit-á, _white river_.)
jökull, _ice mountain_.
jökuls-á, is the name given to many rivers, and means only _ice river_;
but it is usually associated with another name, such as Axa-firdi
Jökuls-á, or _ice river of the Axa frith_.
kirk, _church_.
kverk, _chin_ (hence Kverk-fjöll, _Chinfell_).
lid, _lithe_, provincial for _a sloping bank_ (whence Reykja-lid, _the
smoking bank_).
lœkr, _brook_, _stream_.
muli, _mull_, or _cliff_; thing-muli, _the heights_, or _cliffs, under
which an assembly was held_.
myri, _morass_.
ness, _headland_.
nupr, _bluff_, or _inland cliff_.
orœfi, _wastes_.
rafn, _raven_.
reyk, _smoke_.
sandr, _sands_.
skard, _pass_, _defile_.
skógr, _underwood_.
stadr, _stede_, _stead_, or _sted_; _as Hampstead_.
strönd, _strand_.
sysla, _or_ syssel, _district_.
thing, _meeting_.
vatn (plural, vötn), _lake_.
vellir, _plain_.
vik, vikr, _bay_; Grunda-vik, _green bay_; Greenwich = Green-vik.
-----
Footnote 55:
Extracted from the postscript to Mr. William Longman’s “Suggestions
for the Exploration of Iceland”—an address delivered to the members of
the Alpine Club, of which he is Vice-President.—Longman & Co., 1861.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
VI.
OUR SCANDINAVIAN ANCESTORS.[56]
Few subjects possess greater interest for the British race than the Scandinavian North, with its iron-bound rampart of wave-lashed rocks, its deeply indented fiords, bold cliffs, rocky promontories, abrupt headlands, wild skerries, crags, rock-ledges, and caves, all alive with gulls, puffins and kittiwakes; and in short, the general and striking picturesqueness of its scenery, to say nothing of the higher human interest of its stirring history, and the rich treasures of its grand old literature.
The British race has been called Anglo-Saxon; made up however, as it is, of many elements—Ancient Briton, Roman, Anglo-Saxon, Dane, Norman, and Scandinavian—the latter predominates so largely over the others as to prove by evidence, external and internal, and not to be gainsaid, that the Scandinavians are our true progenitors.
The Germans are a separate branch of the same great Gothic family, industrious, but very unlike us in many respects. The degree of resemblance and affinity may be settled by styling them honest but unenterprising inland friends, whose ancestors and ours were first cousins upwards of a thousand years ago.
To the old Northmen—hailing from the sea-board of Norway, Sweden, and Denmark—may be traced the germs of all that is most characteristic of the modern Briton, whether personal, social, or national. The configuration of the land, and the numerous arms of the sea with which the north-west of Europe is indented, necessitated boats and seamanship. From these coasts, the Northmen—whether bent on piratical plundering expeditions, or peacefully seeking refuge from tyrannical oppression at home—sallied forth in their frail barks or skiffs, which could live in the wildest sea, visiting and settling in many lands. We here mention, in geographical order, Normandy, England, Scotland, Orkney, Shetland, Faröe, and Iceland. Wherever they have been, they have left indelible traces behind them, these ever getting more numerous and distinct as we go northwards.
Anglen, from which the word England is derived, still forms part of Holstein a province in Denmark; and the preponderance of the direct Scandinavian element in the language itself has been shewn by Dean Trench, who states, that of a hundred English words, sixty come from the Scandinavian, thirty from the Latin, five from the Greek, and five from other sources.
In Scotland many more Norse words, which sound quite foreign to an English ear, yet linger amongst the common people; while, as in England, the original Celtic inhabitants were driven to the west before the Northmen, who landed for the most part on the east. In certain districts of the Orkneys a corrupt dialect of Norse was spoken till recently, and the Scandinavian type of features is there often to be met with.
The Norse language is still understood and frequently spoken in Shetland, where the stalwart, manly forms of the fishermen, the characteristic prevalence of blue eyes and light flaxen hair, the universal observance of the Norse Yule, and many other old-world customs, together with the oriental and almost affecting regard paid to the sacred rites of hospitality, on the part of the islanders, all plainly tell their origin.
The language of the Faröe islanders is a dialect of the Norse, approaching Danish, and peculiar to themselves. It is called Faröese. The peaceful inhabitants not only resemble, but are Northmen.
In Iceland we have pure Norse, as imported from Norway in the ninth century, the lone northern sea having guarded it, and many other interesting features, from those modifications to which the Norwegian, Danish, and Swedish have been subjected by neighbouring Teutonic or German influences. This language, the parent, or at least the oldest and purest form of the various Scandinavian dialects with which we are acquainted, has been at different times named Dönsk-tunga, Norræna, or Norse, but latterly it has been simply called Icelandic, because peculiar to that island.
The language, history, and literature of our ancestors having been thus preserved in the north, we are thereby enabled to revisit the past, read it in the light of the present, and make both subservient for good in the future.
Herodotus mentions that tin was procured from Britain. Strabo informs us that the Phœnicians traded to our island, receiving tin and skins in exchange for earthenware, salt, and vessels of brass; but our first authentic particulars regarding the ancient Britons are derived from Julius Cæsar, whose landing on the southern portion of our island, and hard-won battles, were but transient and doubtful successes. The original inhabitants were Celts from France and Spain; but, as we learn from him, these had long before been driven into the interior and western portion of the island by Belgians, who crossed the sea, made good their footing, settled on the east and south-eastern shores of England, and were now known as Britons. With these Cæsar had to do. The intrepid bravery of the well-trained and regularly disciplined British warriors commanded respect, and left his soldiers but little to boast of. The Roman legions never felt safe unless within their entrenchments, and, even there, were sometimes surprised. Strange to realise such dire conflicts raging at the foot of the Surrey hills, probably in the neighbourhood of Penge, Sydenham, and Norwood, where the Crystal Palace now peacefully stands. Even in these dark Druid days, the Britons, although clothed in skins, wearing long hair, and stained blue with woad, were no mere painted savages as they have sometimes been represented, but were in possession of regularly-constituted forms of government. They had naval, military, agricultural and commercial resources to depend upon, and were acquainted with many of the important arts of life. The Briton was simple in his manners, frugal in his habits, and loved freedom above all things. Had the brave Caswallon headed the men of Kent, in their attack upon the Roman maritime camp, Cæsar and his hosts would never, in all likelihood, have succeeded in reaching their ships, but would have found graves on our shores. His admirable commentaries would not have seen the light of day, and the whole current of Roman, nay, of the world’s history might have been changed.
Our British institutions and national characteristics were not adopted from any quarter, completely moulded and finished, as it were, but everywhere exhibit the vitality of growth and progress, slow but sure. Each new element or useful suggestion, from whatever source derived, has been tested and modified before being allowed to take root and form part of the constitution. The germs have been developed in our own soil.
Thus, to the Romans, we can trace our municipal institutions—subjection to a central authority controlling the rights of individuals. To the Scandinavians, we can as distinctly trace that principle of personal liberty which resists absolute control, and sets limits—such as Magna Charta—to the undue exercise of authority in governors.
These two opposite tendencies, when united, like the centripedal and centrifugal forces, keep society revolving peacefully and securely in its orbit around the sun of truth. When severed, tyranny, on the one hand, or democratic license, on the other—both alike removed from freedom—must result, sooner or later, in instability, confusion, and anarchy. France affords us an example of the one, and America of the other. London is not Britain in the sense that Paris is France; while Washington has degenerated into a mere cockpit for North and South.
From the feudal system of the Normans, notwithstanding its abuses, we have derived the safe tenure and transmission of land, with protection and security for all kinds of property. British law has been the growth of a thousand years, and has been held in so much respect that even our revolutions have been legally conducted, and presided over by the staid majesty of justice. Were more evidences wanting to show that the Scandinavian element is actually the backbone of the British race—contributing its superiority, physical and moral, its indomitable strength and energy of character—we would simply mention a few traits of resemblance which incontestably prove that the “child is father to the man.”
The old Scandinavian possessed an innate love of truth; much earnestness; respect and honour for woman; love of personal freedom; reverence, up to the light that was in him, for sacred things; great self-reliance, combined with energy of will to dare and do; perseverance in overcoming obstacles, whether by sea or land; much self-denial, and great powers of endurance under given circumstances. These qualities, however, existed along with a pagan thirst for war and contempt of death, which was courted on the battle-field that the warrior might rise thence to Valhalla.
To illustrate the love of freedom, even in thought, which characterises the race, it can be shewn that, while the Celtic nations fell an easy prey to the degrading yoke of Romish superstition, spreading its deadly miasma from the south, the Scandinavian nations, even when for a time acknowledging its sway, were never bound hand and foot by it, but had minds of their own, and sooner or later broke their fetters. In the truth-loving Scandinavian, Jesuitical Rome has naturally ever met with its most determined antagonist; for
“True and tender is the North.”
In the dark days of the Stuarts, witness the noble struggles of the Covenanters and the Puritans for civil and religious liberty.
Notwithstanding mixtures and amalgamations of blood, as a general rule the distinctive tendencies of race survive, and, good or bad, as the case may be, reappear in new and unexpected forms. Even habit becomes a second nature, the traces of which, centuries with their changes cannot altogether obliterate.
On the other side of the Atlantic, the Puritan Fathers, their descendants, and men like them, have been the salt of the north; while many of the planters of the south, tainted with cavalier blood, continue to foster slavery—“that sum of all villanies”—and glory in being man-stealers, man-sellers, and murderers, although cursed of God, and execrated by all right thinking men. John Brown of Harper’s Ferry, who was the other day judicially murdered, we would select as an honoured type of the noble, manly, brave, truth-loving, God-fearing Scandinavian—_The Times_ and _Athenæum_ notwithstanding.[57] His heroism in behalf of the poor despised slave had true moral grandeur in it—it was sublime. America cannot match it. Washington was great—John Brown was greater. Washington resisted the imposition of unjust taxes on himself and his equals, but was a slave-holder; John Brown unselfishly devoted his energies—nay, life itself—to obtain freedom for the oppressed, and to save his country from just impending judgments. The one was a patriot; the other was a patriot and philanthropist. The patriotism of Washington was limited by colour; that of Brown was thorough, and recognised the sacred rights of man. He was hanged for trying to accomplish that which his murderers ought to have done—nay, deserved to be hanged for not doing—hanged for that which they shall yet do, if not first overtaken and whelmed in just and condign vengeance; for the cry of blood ascends. He was no less a martyr to the cause of freedom than John Brown of Priesthill, who was ruthlessly shot by the bloody Claverhouse. These two noble martyrs, in virtue alike of their name and cause, shall stand together on the page of future history, when their cruel murderers and the abettors of them have long gone to their own place. For such deeds there shall yet be tears of blood. The wrongs of Italy are not to be named in comparison with those of the slave. Let those who boast of a single drop of Scandinavian blood in their veins no longer withhold just rights from the oppressed—rights which, if not yielded at this the eleventh hour, shall be righteously, though fearfully, wrested from the oppressors, when the hour of retribution comes.[58]
Perhaps the two most striking outward resemblances between Britons and Scandinavians may be found in their maritime skill, and in their powers of planting colonies, and governing themselves by free institutions, representative parliaments, and trial by jury.
The Norse rover—bred to the sea, matchless in skill, daring, loving adventure and discovery, and with any amount of pluck—is the true type of the British tar. In light crafts, the Northmen could run into shallow creeks, cross the North Sea, or boldly push off to face the storms of the open Atlantic. These old Vikings were seasoned “salts” from their very childhood—“creatures native and imbued unto the element;” neither in peace nor war, on land nor sea, did they fear anything but fear.
“Tameless spirits of the past!
Boldest and noblest of earth’s kind were ye—
Conquerors of nations—fathers of a race
Of giant princes.”[59]
In them we see the forerunners of the buccaneers, and the ancestors of those naval heroes, voyagers, and discoverers—those Drakes and Dampiers, Nelsons and Dundonalds, Cooks and Franklins, who have won for Britain the proud title of sovereign of the seas—a title which she is still ready to uphold against all comers.
In Shetland, we still find the same skilled seamanship, and the same light open boat, like a Norwegian yawl; indeed, planks for building skiffs are generally imported from Norway, all prepared and ready to put together. There the peace-loving fishermen, in pursuit of their perilous calling, sometimes venture sixty miles off to sea, losing sight of all land, except perhaps the highest peak of their island-homes left dimly peering just above the horizon-line. Sometimes they are actually driven, by stress of weather, within sight of the coast of Norway, and yet the loss of a skiff in the open sea, however high the waves run, is a thing quite unknown to the skilled Shetlander. The buoyancy of the skiff (from this word we have ship and skipper) is something wonderful. Its high bow and stern enables it to ride and rise over the waves like a sea-duck, although its chance of living seems almost as little, and as perilous, as that of the dancing shallop or mussel-shell we see whelmed in the ripple. Its preservation, to the onlooker from the deck of a large vessel, often seems miraculous. It is the practice, in encountering the stormy blasts of the North Sea, to lower the lug-sail on the approach of every billow, so as to ride its crest with bare mast, and to raise it again as the skiff descends into the more sheltered trough of the wave. By such constant manœuvering, safety is secured and progress made. When boats are lost—and such tragedies frequently occur, sometimes leaving poor lonely widows bereft, at one fell swoop, of husband, father, and brothers, for the crews are too often made up of relatives—it is generally when they are caught and mastered by strong currents running between the islands, which neither oar nor sail can stem. Such losses are always on the coasts—never at sea.
Of the Scandinavian powers of colonising:—There is ample evidence of their having settled in Shetland, Orkney, and on our coasts, long before those great outgoings of which we have authentic historical records. To several of these latter we shall briefly advert, viz., the English, Russian, Icelandic, American, and Norman.
We may first mention that, in remote ages, this race swept across Europe from the neighbourhood of the region now called Circassia, lying between the Black Sea and the Caspian, to the shores of the Baltic, settling on the north-west coast of Europe. Their traditions, and numerous eastern customs—allied to the Persians and the inhabitants of the plains of Asia Minor in old Homeric days—which they brought along with them, all go to confirm their eastern origin. Nor did they rest here, but, thirsting for adventure in these grim warrior ages, sailed forth as pirates or settlers, sometimes both, and, as can be shewn, made their power and influence felt in every country of Europe, from Lapland to the Mediterranean.
They invaded England in A.D. 429, and founded the kingdoms of South, West, and East Seaxe, East Anglia, Mercia, Deira, and Bernicea; thus overrunning and fixing themselves in the land, from Devonshire to North of the Humber. From the mixture of these Angles, or Saxons, as they were termed by the Britons, with the previous Belgian settlers and original inhabitants, we have the Anglo-Saxon race. The Jutes who settled in Kent were from Jutland. In A.D. 787, the Danes ravaged the coast, beginning with Dorsetshire; and, continuing to swarm across the sea, soon spread themselves over the whole country. They had nearly mastered it all, when Alfred ascended the throne in 871. At length, in A.D. 1017, Canute, after much hard fighting, did master it, and England had Danish kings from that period till the Saxon line was restored in 1042.
In the year A.D. 862, the Scandinavian Northmen established the Russian empire, and played a very important part in the management of its affairs, even after the subsequent infusion of the Sclavonic element. In the “Mémoires de la Société Royale des Antiquaries du Nord,” published at Copenhagen, we find that, of the fifty names of those composing Ingor’s embassy to the Greek Emperor at Constantinople in the year A.D. 994, only three were Sclavic, and the rest Northmen—names that occur in the Sagas, such as Ivar, Vigfast, Eylif, Grim, Ulf, Frode, Asbrand, &c. The Greeks called them Russians, but Frankish writers simply Northmen.
In the year A.D. 863, Naddodr, a Norwegian, discovered Iceland,[60] which, however, had been previously visited and resided in at intervals for at least upwards of seventy years before that time, by fishermen, ecclesiastics, and hermits, called Westmen, from Ireland, Iona and other islands of the Hebrides. Of these visits Naddodr found numerous traces.
In A.D. 874, Ingolf with followers, many of whom were related to the first families in Norway, fleeing from the tyranny of Harold Harfagra, began the colonisation of Iceland, which was completed during a space of sixty years. They established a flourishing republic, appointed magistrates, and held their Althing, or national assembly, at Thingvalla.
Many of the Northmen who at various times had settled on our shores, accompanied by their acquired relatives, also set sail and joined their brethren; thus making use of Britain as a stepping stone between Scandinavia and Iceland. Many traces of these early links yet remain. We heard of a family in the island that can trace its descent, in a direct line, from a royal ancestor of Queen Victoria.
Thus, in this distant volcanic island of the Northern Sea, the old Danish language was preserved unchanged for centuries; while, in the various Eddas, were embodied those folk-songs and folk-myths, and, in the sagas, those historical tales and legends of an age at once heroic and romantic, together with that folk-lore which still forms the staple of all our old favourite nursery tales, as brought with them from Europe and the East by the first settlers.[61] All these, as well as the productions of the Icelanders themselves, are of great historical and literary value. They have been carefully edited and published, at Copenhagen, by eminent Icelandic, Danish, and other antiquarians. We would refer to the writings of Müller, Magnusen, Rafn, Rask, Eyricksson, Torfæus, and others. Laing has translated “The Heimskringla,” the great historical Saga of Snorro Sturleson, into English.[62] Various other translations and accounts of these singularly interesting Eddas, sagas, and ballads, handed down by the scalds and Sagamen, are to be met with; but by far the best analysis, with translated specimens, is that contained in Howitt’s “Literature and Romance of Northern Europe.”[63] We would call attention, in passing, to that Edda, consisting of the original series of tragic poems from which the German “Niebelungen-lied” has been derived. Considered as a series of fragments, it is a marvellous production, and, to our thinking, absolutely unparalleled in ancient or modern literature, for power, simplicity, and heroic grandeur.
Christianity was established in Iceland in the year 1000. Fifty-seven years later, Isleif, Bishop of Skálholt, first introduced the art of writing the Roman alphabet, thus enabling them to fix oral lessons of history and song; for, the Runic characters previously in use were chiefly employed for monuments and memorial inscriptions, and were carved on wood staves, on stone or metal. On analysis, these rude letters will be found to be crude forms and abridgments of the Greek or Roman alphabet. We have identified them all, with the exception of a few letters, and are quite satisfied on this point, so simple and obvious is it, although we have not previously had our attention directed to the fact.
Snorro Sturleson was perhaps one of the most learned and remarkable men that Iceland has produced.
In 1264, through fear and fraud, the island submitted to the rule of Haco, king of Norway:—he who died at Kirkwall, after his forces were routed by the Scots at the battle of Largs. In 1387, along with Norway, it became subject to Denmark. In 1529, a printing press was established; and in 1550 the Lutheran reformation was introduced into the island—which form of worship is still retained.
True to the instinct of race, the early settlers in Iceland did not remain inactive, but looked westward, and found scope for their hereditary maritime skill in the discovery and colonising of Greenland. They also discovered Helluland (Newfoundland), Markland (Nova Scotia), and Vineland (New England). They were also acquainted with American land, which they called Hvitramannaland, (the land of the white men), thought to have been North and South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida. We have read authentic records of these various voyages, extending from A.D. 877 to A.D. 1347. The names of the principal navigators are Gunnbiorn, Eric the Red, Biarni, Leif, Thorwald, &c. But the most distinguished of these American discoverers is Thorfinn Karlsefne, an Icelander, “whose genealogy,” says Rafn, “is carried back, in the old northern annals, to Danish, Swedish, Norwegian, Scottish, and Irish ancestors, some of them of royal blood.” With singular interest we also read that, “in A.D. 1266, some priests at Gardar, in Greenland, set on foot a voyage of discovery to the arctic regions of America. An astronomical observation proves that this took place through Lancaster Sound and Barrow’s Strait to the latitude of Wellington’s Channel.”
When Columbus visited Iceland in A.D. 1467, he may have obtained confirmation of his theories as to the existence of a great continent in the west; for, these authentic records prove the discovery and colonisation of America, by the Northmen from Iceland, upwards of five hundred years before he re-discovered it.
The Norman outgoing is the last to which we shall here allude. In A.D. 876 the Northmen, under Rollo, wrested Normandy from the Franks; and from thence, in A.D. 1065, William, sprung from the same stock, landed at Hastings, vanquished Harold, and to this day is known as the Conqueror of England. It was a contest of Northmen with Northmen, where diamond cut diamond.
Instead of a chapter, this subject, we feel, would require a volume. At the outset we asserted that northern subjects possessed singular interest for the British race. In a very cursory manner we have endeavoured to prove it, by shewing that to Scandinavia, as its cradle, we must look for the germs of that spirit of enterprise which has peopled America, raised an Indian empire, and colonised Australia, and which has bound together, as one, dominions on which the sun never sets; all, too, either speaking, or fast acquiring, a noble language, which bids fair one day to become universal.
The various germs, tendencies, and traits of Scandinavian character, knit together and amalgamated in the British race, go to form the essential elements of greatness and success, and, where sanctified and directed into right channels, are noble materials to work upon.
It is Britain’s pride to be at once the mistress of the seas, the home of freedom, and the sanctuary of the oppressed. May it also be her high honour, by wisely improving outward privileges, and yet further developing her inborn capabilities, pre-eminently to become the torch-bearer of pure Christianity—with its ever-accompanying freedom and civilisation—to the whole world!
-----
Footnote 56:
This chapter, written in December 1859, has already appeared in the
pages of a periodical.—A.J.S.
Footnote 57:
These journals, while admitting, in a general though apologetic way,
that great evils exist in connection with slavery, yet, somehow, on
every occasion, systematically and persistently uphold pro-slavery
measures and interests.
Footnote 58:
Fuller information and subsequent events in America have justified and
amply confirmed this estimate of Brown, formed at the time. Having had
access to documents, published and unpublished, and being in a
position to judge, we would confidently refer the reader to a volume
of 452 pp. 8vo., since published by Smith, Elder & Co.—“The Life and
Letters of Captain John Brown, edited by Richard D. Webbe”—as
presenting a fair statement of the facts of the case. From Brown’s
deeds and words, therein recorded, it will be clearly seen, how calm,
noble and dignified was the bearing of the man whom short-sighted
trimmers, on both sides the Atlantic, have attempted to brand as a
fanatic.
Footnote 59:
See “Lay of the Vikings,” p. 278.
Footnote 60:
The antiquarian book to which we have already referred, erroneously
attributes the discovery to Garder, a Dane of Swedish origin. Our
authority is Gísli Brynjúlfsson, the Icelandic poet, now resident in
Copenhagen, to whose kindness we are also indebted for the copy of
this work which we possess.
Footnote 61:
For these last, we would refer to Thorpe’s “Yuletide Stories,”
Dasent’s “Popular Tales from the Norse,” our own Nursery Lore, and to
preceding Stories and Tales in this appendix.
Footnote 62:
Mr. Dasent has since published an admirable translation of “Njal’s
Saga,” which presents a vivid picture of life in Iceland at the end of
the tenth century.
Footnote 63:
See the preceding specimens of old Icelandic poetry.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
INDEX
Abrasions of Ice-drift, 72, 76, 86
Academy, 61
Ailsa, 44
Akur Eyri, 57
Almannagjá, 77-82, 88-89
Alsey, 44
Althing, 86-90, 141
America discovered by Northmen, 306
Amphitheatre, head of Seydisfiord, 201
Amptmen, 154
Anchorage at Reykjavik, 48
Anglen, 294
Angles, 303
Apavatn, 103
Appearance of Great Geyser, 126
Approach to Faröe, 13
Approach to the Geysers, 106-107
Arch of rock under water, 111
Arctic discovery in A.D. 1266, 307
Armannsfell, 140
Arrival of Steamer, 50
Ascent of Hrafnagjá, 92
Ashes carried to Bergen, 169,
to Faröe, 176, 191
Auks, 15
Balls of fire, 164
Bannockburn, Burn’s, in Icelandic, 65
Basin of Great Geyser, 108
Bay at Reykjavik, 160
Beck, Rev. S. D. 84
Beds, 72
Bells of water, 113
Berufiord, 199, 201
Biarni Sveinsson and his sister Salvör, 226
Bible associations, 127-128
Birches, 91, 100, 106
Birds very tame, 100
Bjarnarey, 43
Blae-berries, 106
Blesi, 111, 136,
Blue tint of, 112
Boats’ crews, fishing, 99
Boxes for baggage, 70
Breida Fiord, 47, 199
Breidamerkr Jökul, 197
Bressay, 8
Bridge at Bruará Waterfall, 103-105
Brimnæs Fjall, 208
Britain’s, honour and duty, 308
British race, Origin of, 293
Brown, Capt. John, of Harper’s Ferry, 299
Bruará, 103,
Fording of, 103-105, 135
Bruce’s address at Bannockburn, in Icelandic, 65
Brushwood, 91
Brynjúlfsson, Gísli, 65
Bunsen’s Geyser theory, 124
Buttercups, 108
Butterflies, 105
Canute, 303
Cathedral at Reykjavik, 48, 62-64
Celtic nations, Traits of, 298
Central authority, 297
Central molten fire, 129
Chadbourne’s, Professor, night quarters at Farm, 133
Chalcedony, 204
Changeling, The, 257
Chaos, Iceland in winter like, 75
Chasms, 91
Chimney capped amphitheatre of hills, 205
Christianity introduced, 88, 306
Christian Names, 182
Church Swimming, 170
Church at Thorshavn, 24
Church rebuilding, 83
Churchyard at Reykjavik, 66,
at Thingvalla, 141
Cinder-range, 94-96
Circassian origin of the Northmen, 302
Clearness of northern atmosphere, 47
Clergyman’s daughter married to a Fairy Man, 253
Climate of Iceland, 55-58, 67
Coal, 97
Coast near Reykjavik, 45
Cod-fish Heads, 66
Colonies, Planting, 300, 302
Coloured Clays, 131
Columbus, 42, 307
Column of Fire, 173
Commissariat on Shipboard, 5
Conundrum, Icelandic, 55
Cooking at the Geysers, 115
Coppice, 91
Cormorants, 15
Corrivreckan, 13
Corrugated Lava, 76, 86, 139
Costume of the Faröese, 22, 28, 29;
of Icelandic Ladies, 51, 52, 68
Cowper on Earthquakes and Volcanoes, 193
Cragsmen, 14
Crater, Extinct, 93-94
Crimes, 155
Criminals, 88
Curlew, 72, 134
Dark School, The, 219
Danish Monopolists, 41-42
Death of the Old Norse King, 206
Do. in Icelandic, 207
Defile, 79
Derivation of name Faröe, 12
Descent into Almannagjá, 78-81
Diapensia, 74
Dimon, 14
Dirty Habits, 98
Distaff in use, 207
Distance, Ideas of, compounded, 47
Dome of water, 113
Donny, M., of Ghent’s Geyser Experiment, 125
Drainage needed, 142
Drángr, 44
Dream at the Geyser, 116
Dried Fish, 99
Drongs, 179
Druid days, 296
Dwarf Willows, 139
Dyrhólaey, 39
Earthquakes, 164, 169, 172, 173, 175, 176.
List of, 196
East, Iceland recalls the, 101, 103, 127-128
East coast, 197
Education, 61-62
Eider-down, 54.
Ducks, 48
Einarsdrángr, 44
Eldey, 46, 162
Endurance, Powers of, 298
English Tapestry and Linen in Iceland, 41
Eric, 41, 307
Erlendsey, 44
Eruptions, List of, 195-196
Essian Mountains, 160
Evening at Governor’s, 144
Exports from Faröe, 25
Extinct Geysers, 110
Eyafialla Jökul, 162
Factories, 200, 203.
Mr. Henderson’s, 202
Fair, Annual, 99
Fair Isle, 7-8, 214
Fairy Tales, 226
Famine and pestilence, 172, 192
Farms, 72, 96-98, 101.
Above Seydisfiord, 205.
Fifty destroyed, 173
Faröese, 12-34, 209
Faröese Atmospheric effects, 33.
Birds, 15, 34.
Boatman, 28.
Boatmen in saloon of steamer, 212.
Book, 211.
Cataracts, 33.
Interior, Mediæval aspect of, 26.
Knives, 26.
Lakes, 33.
Tidal currents, 33
Faxa Fiord, 47, 199
Fellow travellers, 3
Ferns, 88
Feudal system, 297
Fiords, 198-201.
Uses of, 200
First sight of Iceland, 38
Fisheries at Westmanna Islands, 40
Fishermen on East coast of Scotland, 6
Fishing boats, Faröese, 28
Fish, Mode of catching, at Lax-elv, 71
Fissures at Althing, containing water, 87
Fitful Head, 8
Fishermen’s houses at Reykjavik, 66
Flames and floods, 168, 171
Flosi, 87
Flowers larger in the North, 73
Fly, The, 224
Foaming fire-stream, 189
Foam-flakes, 9
Folk-lore, 305
Food, 97
Foola, 10
Forest, Dwarf, 91, 100
Formation of Faröe islands, 12-13, 32-33
Fort at Thorshavn, 23
Fox, 210
Free institutions, 296, 300
French policy and interests in Iceland, 58-59
Frodi, Ari, 125
Front street of Reykjavik, 52
Frost, Action of, on rocks, 14
Fuel, 97
Garden-plots at Reykjavik, 67
Geirfuglasker, 44
Geranium, Wild, 73
German race, 293
Germs of British character, 298, 301
Geyser bumpers, 130
Geysers, how formed, 109, 100
Geyser Eruption, 117.
Expedition, Arranging for, 50-51
Geyser ground, 123
Geyser water, Analysis of, 109
Gilitrutt, 240
Glaciers, 30, 179
Glades, 74
Glen above Seydisfiord, 205
Globes, Vast red-hot, 174
Glossary, 292
Goblin, The, and the Cowherd, 222
Goblin’s Whistle, The, 225
Government, 154
Governor, 154
Grand eruption of Great Geyser, 117
Grassy plot, 74
Great Geyser, 107
Grimsey, Island of, 57
Gritty slope, 107-108
Grœnavatn, 103
Guide, 50
Guillemots, 15
Guldbringu, Sysla, 99
Gudmundsson, M., 157
Gudrun and Sigurd, 265
Gusts in Faröe, 28
Haco, 306
Harold Harfagra, 304
Hastings, 307
Haukadal, 103, 107
Bird’s eye view of, 125
“Hávamál,” The, or High Song of Odin, 266
Hay-harvest, 84.
In túns, 85, 96.
200 Loads of, destroyed, 167.
Head-dress of Icelandic females, 49, 51, 68
Heimaklettur, 43
Heimaey, 40
Hekla, 99, 135,
Eruption of in A.D. 1766, 136.
Abode of Hela, 138
Heradsthing, 155
Hermanness, 11
Hildur the Fairy Queen, 244
Holum, 137
Hornafiord, 198
Horses sure-footed, 73, 75, 80, 92, 105-106
Hostess’ duties to Guests, 133-134
Hotel at Reykjavik, 64, 149
Hot Springs, 112.
At Laugervatn, 96
Houses of Faröese Fishermen, 21
Houses at Reykjavik, 67
Household Suffrage, 153
Hrafnagjá, 79, 89, 92, 139
Hummocks on pasture land, 85
Hung-milk, 97
Hvitá, 103
Ice-floes from Greenland, 55-58
Icebergs from Spitzbergen, 55-58
Ice-drift, Effects of, 72, 76, 86
Iceland Spar, 144,
where found, 204
Iceland left behind, 209
Illusory feeling over flowing water, 105
Indoor occupations, 98
Ingolf, 304
Intercourse between Britain and Iceland in Fifteenth century, 41-42
Inundations of melted ice, 166
Islands Minni, 146
Islendingur newspaper, 157
Islet-patches, 108
Jacks-of-all-trades, 98
Jökuls, 106
Jökulsá, 197.
formed, 166
Jonsbook, 155
Jonson, Rector, 157
Jutes, 303
Kaupstadr, 40
Kirkuboe, Church of, 210
Kiss of peace, 102
Kitchen fires, 72
Kittiwakes, 15
Kleifervatn, 158
Krisuvik, 45.
Ride to, 158
Kötlugjá, 125, 162.
Eruptions of, 163-177
Lambs, Mode of carrying, 101
Landfoged, 155
Lang Jökul, 103
Lang-spiel, 144
Laugervalla, 96, 99, 103
Laugervatn, 96
Language, Scandinavian element in, 294
Launay’s, Capt., vessel, _Agile_, 150
Latin conversation, 85, 141
Latin Vowel Sounds, 34
Lava-blister, 93
Lava, ejected by Skaptár, Bulk of, 187
Lava-waste, 74, 86
Lava-streams, Fluid, 188.
Extent of, 190
Lay of the Vikings, 278.
do. in Icelandic, 279
Laxá, 103
Lax-elv, or salmon river, 71
Leather bottle, 101
Leif, 307
Lerwick, 8.
Sloop, 211
Library at Reykjavik, 152.
at Thorshavn, 23-24
Light-house north of Orkney, 214
Lime juice, 151
Literature, Icelandic love of, 62
Little breakfast, 149
Little Geyser, 107, 111, 114, 123
Löbner, Miss, visit to 211
Lögberg, 86-90
Love of country, 145
Love of truth, 298
Lutheran Service at Thorshavn, 29-31
Maelsek, 46
Magna Charta, 297
Magnetic stones, 137
Mackenzie’s, Sir George, Geyser theory, 124
Markarfliót, 177
Meddomsmen, 155
Meeting on the Althing, 88-89
Milk diet, 97-98
Mits with two thumbs, 53-54
Mortality of children, 98
Mosquitoes, 105
Mud-caldrons, 158
Municipal institutions, 297
Mural precipice, 78
Myrdals Jökul, 162
Naalsöe, 15, 212
Naddodr, 304
National Song, 144
Native Manufactures of Iceland, 53
Needle Rocks or Drongs, 33
Nesey, 76
Newspapers, 157
Njal’s Saga, 305.
Scene of, 177
Nordurfari, 65
Norse Language, 183
Norse Words, 294,
Customs, 295
Norfolk commerce with Iceland, 41
Norman outgoing, 307
Northern “Dim,” 116
Northmen, The, 293.
Traces of, 294, 303.
Invade England, 303.
In Russia, 303.
Noss, 9
Occupations of Faröese, 26.
Of the Icelanders, 181.
Old Nick made himself as little as he was able, 224
Olfusá, 103
Oræfa Jökul, 185
Organ in Church at Thorshavn, 29
Our Scandinavian Ancestors, 293
Outfit for Iceland, 2, 289
Out-door Occupations, 98
Oxerá, 82, 88-90, 140.
Waterfall of, 78
Pack of Lava Blocks, 86
Pálsson’s, Rev. Olaf, Library, 60-61
Parliament, Functions of, 88.
Assembled, 152
Parnassia, 94, 108
Pasturage covered with ashes, 169, 172, 191
Perseverance, 298
Personal Liberty, 297
Pet Raven, 209
Petrifactions, Geyser, 108
Piratical Habits, 294, 300, 303
Plain, 94
Plateau, 74
Planters, 299
Plopping Pits, 107
Ploughs, 85
Plover, Golden, 75, 93, 100
Pluck, 301
Poems on Northern Subjects, 278
Poetry, Specimens of old Icelandic, 260
Ponies, 51.
Guided by the heel, 106.
Left to shift for themselves, 106.
Adventure of a, 158
Population of Faröe, 13, 26.
Of Iceland, 61
Porpoises, 18
Portland, 179, 182, 184
Portland Huk, 38
Premonitory symptoms of Geyser eruptions, 113
Preserved salmon, 71
Priest’s house, 82, 90
Produce, 203
Ptarmigan, 100
Puffins, 15
Pumice, 137
Puritan Fathers, 299
Rainfall, 55-56
Rake, 85
Rampart, 79
Randröp, Mr., 60
Range of vari-coloured hills, 94-95
Raven, Tame, 204
Ravine, 73
Red-hot stones, 189
Relay ponies, 71, 75
Remembrance of Iceland, The, 147
Representative parliaments, 153, 296, 304
Retrospect of Icelandic travel, 215-216
Reverence, 298
Reydarfiord, 199, 204, 209
Reykjanes, 45, 162
Reykjavik, 48-68, 143.
Library of, 63-64
Ride to the Geysers, 69
River disappears, 188
Rock-walls, 78, 79, 82
Rolling of ship, 35
Rollo, 307
Rover, Norse, 300
Runic characters, 306
Run-milk, 97
Sæmund gets the living of Oddi, 221.
Stories of, 219
Sagas, 305
Salmon-preserve of Europe, Iceland the, 59.
River, 144
Salutations, 101-102
Sandey, 76
Sand-glasses in church at Thorshavn, 24
Saula-hleith, 141
Scalds, 305
Scandinavian Ancestors, Our, 293
Scoriæ, 74
Scythe, 85
Sea-birds, Graceful motions of, 39
Swarms of, 40, 43
Sea training, 294, 301
Sea-pinks, 76, 108
Sea swallows, 134
Sea-fowls used as food, 16
Sea-gull shot, 16
Seamanship, Shetland, 301
Seething clay, 112
Self-denial, Self-reliance, 298
Seydisfiord, 201
Sheep’s knee bone, 101
Shetland Isles, 8-11
Shoes, Icelandic, 53
Showers, 76
Silex, 132
Silica in solution, 109
Silver Trinkets, 53, 60, 150
Sira, 102
Sivertsen, Mr., 52-53.
His late son, 53
Skagi, 48
Skaptár Jökul, 135, 186-187.
Eruption of, in A.D. 1783, 187-193
Skialdbreid, 140
Skier, 97-98, 99
Skiffs of the Northmen, 302
Skogar-foss, 178
Skua-gulls, 15.
Mode of obtaining fish, 37
Sky darkened with dust and ashes, 166, 170, 171, 174, 189
Slag, 93
Slattaretind, 33
Sleeping Apartment in Farm, 206
Sleeping at Thingvalla, 91
Smith, Dr. R. Angus, 132
Smith, Icelandic use of the word, 183
Snæfell’s Jökul, 47, 161
Snaps, 203
Snorro Sturleson, 305
Snow-birds, 75, 100
Sog, The, 103
“Sólar Ljód,” or “Sun Song,” 262
Solheima Sand formed, 165
Sport, 17-18
Stappen, 161
Start for the Geysers, 70
Statistics, 180-182
Steaming Holes, 107
Steward’s Bell, 5
Stock fish, 203
Stock, Icelanders rear, 96
Stony Moor, 74
Store at Seydisfiord, 204
Streets of Thorshavn, 21
Strokr, 107, 110, 121, 123.
Eruption of, provoked by turf, 111, 121
Stromoe, 15.
Caves on, 32, 210
Stuffed Birds, 150
Sulphur Banks, 158.
Spring, 46
Sumburgh Head, 8
Sumpter Ponies, Mode of loading, 69
Sunset, 6, 44.
Due north, 45
Surnames, 182
Surturbrand, 205
Sysselmen, 154
Tabasheer, 109
Temperature of Geysers, 113.
Of Faröe, 29.
Of Iceland, 55-58
Tent in a gale, 130
Terns, 75
Thea, 149
Thingvalla, 86, 92, 140.
Lake of, 76, 92.
Vale of, 77-80
Thingore, 137
Thióthólfr Newspaper, 157
Thorláksson, 62
Thorshavn, 18-31
Thorlevsholm, 88
Thorpe, 200
Thrasi’s Treasure, 178
Thorwaldsen’s Font, 63
Thyckvaboe, 169
Thyme, 94, 108
Time of Henry III, 41
Tints of Mountains, 47, 50.
Peaks, Reykjavik, 160
Tintron, Crater of, 93-94
Toilet at the Geyser, 120
Tourists, Information for intending, 2
Trackless wastes, 75
Tracks worn in Turf, 100
Traffic, 203
Trampe, Count Von, 58
Transparency of Atmosphere, 141
Trap Hills in Faröe, 13, 32
Trial by Jury, 300
Trout, 83
Tún, 72, 85, 96
Túngufljot, 103
Turf-fires, 72
Turf-roofs, 19, 21, 40, 49, 82, 90, 96
Two-thumbed mits, 149
Una the Fairy, 235
Unpacking Traps, 83
Vale of Thingvalla, 77-80
Varder or Guiding Marks, 75
Vegetables grown, 67
Velvet Turf, 106
Ventilation on Shipboard, 11
Véron’s, Capt., Vessel, _Artemise_, 151
Ver-tima, 98
Vestments of the Bishop, 63
Videy, 48
Vikings, 301.
Raven, The, 281
Volcanic History, 193.
Sand, 93.
Wastes, 72
Völuspá 260
War, Thirst for, 298
Waterfalls, 39.
Of the Oxerá, 90.
Above Seydisfiord, 204
Water-floods, 167, 172
Waterfowl, Lines to, 36
Westmanna Islands, 39-45.
In the 13th and 19th century, 42-43
Westmanna Skerries, 43, 44
Westmannshavn, 40
Whales, 179-80.
Whale-flesh, 22.
Rib-rafters, 72.
Steak, 213
Whirlpool at the Monk, 13
Wild-flowers, 74, 88, 100, 134
Wilderness, 75
William the Conqueror, 307
Willows, Dwarf, 91, 100, 106
Witchcraft, 88
Wrinkled rock surfaces, 76, 86, 139
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Just Published, foolscap 8vo. price 5s. cloth.
NEW EDITION.
HAREBELL CHIMES
OR
SUMMER MEMORIES AND MUSINGS.
BY
ANDREW JAMES SYMINGTON.
-------
_Also, by the same Author_,
THE BEAUTIFUL
IN
NATURE, ART, AND LIFE.
In 2 vols. crown 8vo. price 21s. cloth.
---------------------
LONDON: LONGMAN, GREEN, LONGMAN & ROBERTS
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Transcriber’s Notes
=Note:= Use of Icelandic diacritics by the author/printer is very inconsistent, and usage has partly been regularized. All types of diacritics which have historically not been used for Icelandic have been changed, as noted below. Spelling of individual words has also been normalized where there was variation. Otherwise, spelling of Icelandic words has been retained.
Obvious misspellings of English words and printer’s errors have been changed. Hyphenation inconsistencies have been retained, except in cases where a predominant form has been found.
Pg. vii: Proper name consistency: ‘Skaptar Jökel’ to ‘Skaptár Jökul’
Pg. vii: Punctuation consistency: ‘on Northern Subjects.’ to ‘on Northern Subjects’—Removed period at end of TOC entry
Pg. vii: Proper name consistency: ‘Kötluja’s’ to ‘Kötlugjá’s’
Pg. vii: Corrected accent: ‘Sölar’ to ‘Sólar’
Pg. viii: Corrected accent: ‘Bruarâ’ to ‘Bruará’
Pg. viii: Proper name consistency: ‘Kötlujá’ to ‘Kötlugjá’
Pg. 12: Repeated word: ‘in in the time’ to ‘in the time’
Pg. 17: Hyphenation consistency: ‘on-goings’ to ‘ongoings’
Pg. 23: Hyphenation consistency: ‘flag-staff’ to ‘flagstaff’
Pg. 25: Corrected typo: ‘posseses’ to ‘possesses’
Pg. 26: Hyphenation consistency: ‘lambskin’ to ‘lamb-skin’
Pg. 29: Punctuation fix: ‘Mr’ to ‘Mr.’
Pg. 31: Punctuation fix: ‘Mr’ to ‘Mr.’
Pg. 37: Hyphenation consistency: ‘zigzagging’ to ‘zig-zagging’
Pg. 38: Corrected typo: ‘ROCKSOFF--’ to ‘ROCKS--OFF’
Pg. 43: Proper name consistency: ‘Aladin’ to ‘Aladdin’
Pg. 47: Proper name consistency: ‘Guldbringe’ to ‘Guldbringu’
Pg. 48: Punctuation fix: ‘their nests are lined’ to ‘their nests are lined.’—Added missing period at para end
Pg. 49: Proper name consistency: ‘Gudmundson’ to ‘Gudmundsson’
Pg. 49: Proper name consistency: ‘Hjaltelin’ to ‘Hjaltalin’
Pg. 52: Punctuation fix: ‘cleanliness comfort and refinement’ to ‘cleanliness, comfort and refinement’—Added missing comma
Pg. 55: Repeated word: ‘the the’ to ‘the’
Pg. 60: Corrected typo: ‘fastideous’ to ‘fastidious’
Pg. 62: Hyphenation consistency: ‘fire-side’ to ‘fireside’
Pg. 64: Corrected typo: ‘substanial’ to ‘substantial’
Pg. 64: Corrected typo: ‘supplimented’ to ‘supplemented’
Pg. 65: Corrected typo: ‘órfjálsum’ to ‘ófrjálsum’
Pg. 66: Corrected typo: ‘sgiri’ to ‘sigri’
Pg. 66: Hyphenation consistency: ‘church-yard’ to ‘churchyard’
Pg. 66: Hyphenation consistency: ‘buttercups’ to ‘butter-cups’
Pg. 66: Proper name consistency: ‘Hjaltelin’ to ‘Hjaltalin’
Pg. 66: Corrected accent: ‘höggí’ to ‘höggi’
Pg. 70: Corrected typo: ‘at each others’ to ‘at each other’s’—Added missing apostrophe
Pg. 76: Hyphenation consistency: ‘sea pink’ to ‘sea-pink’
Pg. 78: Hyphenation consistency: ‘Oxerâ’ to ‘Oxerá’
Pg. 81: Proper name consistency: ‘ALMANNAGJA’ to ‘ALMANNA GJÁ’
Pg. 81: Proper name consistency: ‘ALMANNAGJA’ to ‘ALMANNA GJÁ’
Pg. 82: Proper name consistency: ‘Oxerâ’ to ‘Oxerá’
Pg. 83: Proper name consistency: ‘OXERA’ to ‘OXERÁ’
Pg. 84: Proper name consistency: ‘Shakspeare’s ’ to ‘Shakspere’s ’
Pg. 85: Corrected accent: ‘tuns’ to ‘túns’
Pg. 86: Punctuation fix: ‘conceivable direction,’ to ‘conceivable direction.’—Comma at para end
Pg. 90: Proper name consistency: ‘OXERA’ to ‘OXERÁ’
Pg. 94: Hyphenation consistency: ‘hillside’ to ‘hill-side’
Pg. 96: Hyphenation consistency: ‘Lauger-vatn’ to ‘Laugervatn’
Pg. 96: Hyphenation consistency: ‘Apa-vatn’ to ‘Apavatn’
Pg. 96: Hyphenation consistency: ‘Lauger-vatn’ to ‘Laugervatn’
Pg. 97: Hyphenation consistency: ‘stockfish’ to ‘stock-fish’
Pg. 102: Corrected accent: ‘thèr’ to ‘thér’
Pg. 102: Corrected accent: ‘thèr’ to ‘thér’
Pg. 105: Corrected accent: ‘BRUARA´’ to ‘BRUARÁ’
Pg. 106: Hyphenation consistency: ‘head-land’ to ‘headland’
Pg. 112: Proper name consistency: ‘Skaptar’ to ‘Skaptár’
Pg. 115: Hyphenation consistency: ‘day-light’ to ‘daylight’
Pg. 116: Spelling consistency: ‘Igdrasill’ to ‘Yggdrasill’
Pg. 117: Corrected typo: ‘minature’ to ‘miniature’
Pg. 125: Corrected accent: ‘Landnàmabok’ to ‘Landnámabok’
Pg. 129: Corrected typo: ‘asteriods’ to ‘asteroids’
Pg. 134: Proper name consistency: ‘SKAPTAR’ to ‘SKAPTÁR’
Pg. 135: Proper name consistency: ‘Skaptar’ to ‘Skaptár’
Pg. 138: Missing punctuation: ‘Faröe Islands. pp 30’ to ‘Faröe Islands, pp 30’—Period for comma
Pg. 140: Hyphenation consistency: ‘Oxerâ’ to ‘Oxerá’
Pg. 146: Corrected typo: ‘girnmunst’ to ‘girnumst’
Pg. 147: Corrected typo: ‘vir’ to ‘vér’
Pg. 148: Proper name consistency: ‘Rändrop’ to ‘Randröp’
Pg. 148: Proper name consistency: ‘Rändrop’ to ‘Randröp’
Pg. 154: Spelling consistency: ‘amtmen’ to ‘amptmen’
Pg. 156: Punctuation fix: ‘312-323’ to ‘312-323.’—Added missing period
Pg. 157: Corrected accent: ‘Thiöthölfr’ to ‘Thióthólfr’
Pg. 158: Corrected typo: ‘Kleiservatn’ to ‘Kleifervatn’
Pg. 159: Corrected typo: ‘Bryujúlfsson’ to ‘Brynjúlfsson’
Pg. 161: Corrected accent: ‘JOKUL’ to ‘JÖKUL’—Added diaeresis for consistency
Pg. 163: Corrected typo: ‘Elldborg’ to ‘Eldborg’
Pg. 163: Apostrophe usage: ‘KÖTLUGJÁS’ to ‘KÖTLUGJÁ’S’
Pg. 164: Hyphenation consistency: ‘waterfloods’ to ‘water-floods’
Pg. 166: Hyphenation consistency: ‘waterfloods’ to ‘water-floods’
Pg. 166: Corrected accent: ‘Kötlugjâ’ to ‘Kötlugjá’
Pg. 166: Hyphenation consistency: ‘waterfloods’ to ‘water-floods’
Pg. 167: Corrected typo: ‘Eyaffialla’ to ‘Eyafialla’
Pg. 167: Proper name consistency: ‘Skaptafells-syssel’ to ‘Skaptáfells-syssel’
Pg. 167: Quote placement: ‘has ever occurred.’ to ‘has ever occurred.”’—Added missing close-quote to quote end
Pg. 171: Corrected typo: ‘Hsfrsey’ to ‘Hafrsey’
Pg. 171: Hyphenation consistency: ‘west-ward’ to ‘westward’
Pg. 171: Hyphenation consistency: ‘east-ward’ to ‘eastward’
Pg. 171: Punctuation fix: ‘issue from Kötlugjá,’ to ‘issue from Kötlugjá.’—Comma for period
Pg. 172: Corrected typo: ‘counrty’ to ‘country’
Pg. 173: Hyphenation consistency: ‘over-flowed’ to ‘overflowed’
Pg. 176: Duplicate word: ‘the the’ to ‘the’
Pg. 176: Proper name consistency: ‘Guldbringé’ to ‘Guldbringu’
Pg. 176: Quote placement: ‘80 to 90 miles distant.”’ to ‘80 to 90 miles distant.’—Removed extra close-quote
Pg. 177: Proper name consistency: ‘Guldbringé’ to ‘Guldbringu’
Pg. 177: Proper name consistency: ‘Markarflíót’ to ‘Markarfliót’
Pg. 178: Corrected accent: ‘aúdug’ to ‘audug’
Pg. 178: Corrected accent: ‘Fiflskù’ to ‘Fiflsku’
Pg. 178: Spelling consistency: ‘thángast’ to ‘thángad’
Pg. 182: Proper name consistency: ‘Huc’ to ‘Huk’
Pg. 183: Corrected accent: ‘skörsmidr’ to ‘skórsmidr’
Pg. 184: Corrected accent: ‘JOKUL’ to ‘JÖKUL’—Added diaeresis for consistency
Pg. 184: Corrected accent: ‘KOTLUGJA’ to ‘KÖTLUGJÁ’—Added diaeresis for consistency
Pg. 185: Corrected accent: ‘JOKUL’ to ‘JÖKUL’—Added diaeresis for consistency
Pg. 187: Proper name consistency: ‘SKAPTAR’ to ‘SKAPTÁR’
Pg. 189: Corrected typo: ‘distingushed’ to ‘distinguished’
Pg. 189: Extra punctuation: ‘lava. continued’ to ‘lava continued’—Removed extra period
Pg. 194: Proper name consistency: ‘Elldborg’ to ‘Eldborg’
Pg. 194: Proper name consistency: ‘Guldbringé’ to ‘Guldbringu’
Pg. 195: Proper name consistency: ‘Skeideræ’ to ‘Skeidará’
Pg. 195: Proper name consistency: ‘Skeideræ’ to ‘Skeidará’
Pg. 196: Proper name consistency: ‘Elldborg’ to ‘Eldborg’
Pg. 196: Corrected typo: ‘Heinabegr’s’ to ‘Heinaberg’s’
Pg. 196: Proper name consistency: ‘Skeidaræ’ to ‘Skeidarár’
Pg. 197: Proper name consistency: ‘Briedamerkasandr’ to ‘Breidamerkr-sandr’
Pg. 197: Proper name consistency: ‘Breidamerks’ to ‘Breidamerkr’
Pg. 190: Corrected typo: ‘Skuptaà’ to ‘Skaptaá’
Pg. 199: Hyphenation consistency: ‘Breida-fiords’ to ‘Breida fiords’
Pg. 205: Hyphenation consistency: ‘Buttercups’ to ‘Butter-cups’
Pg. 208: Chapter / TOC consistency: ‘N/A’ to ‘SEYDISFIORD, BY FARÖE TO LEITH’—Added section heading where indicated in TOC
Pg. 209: Corrected typo: ‘similiar’ to ‘similar’
Pg. 215: Punctuation fix: ‘breakfast on board,’ to ‘breakfast on board.’—Comma at end of sentence
Pg. 219: Corrected accent: ‘PALSSON’ to ‘PÁLSSON’
Pg. 220: Proper name consistency: ‘Kalfar’ to ‘Kalfur’
Pg. 221: Corrected typo: ‘dont’ to ‘don’t’
Pg. 221: Heading consistency: ‘II.--SÆMUND GETS’ to ‘II. SÆMUND GETS’—Removed em-dash in section title to match other headers
Pg. 226: Proper name consistency: ‘A. J. S.’ to ‘A.J.S.’—Usually without spaces
Pg. 228: Hyphenation consistency: ‘Iceland moss’ to ‘Iceland-moss’
Pg. 228: Corrected typo: ‘wont’ to ‘won’t’
Pg. 229: Proper name consistency: ‘Skagafiörd’ to ‘Skagafiord’
Pg. 232: Corrected typo: ‘wont’ to ‘won’t’
Pg. 234: Proper name consistency: ‘Skagafiörd’ to ‘Skagafiord’
Pg. 234: Proper name consistency: ‘Skagafiörd’ to ‘Skagafiord’
Pg. 235: Proper name consistency: ‘Skagafiörd’ to ‘Skagafiord’
Pg. 236: Corrected typo: ‘dont’ to ‘don’t’
Pg. 239: Missing punctuation : ‘such a rib as this’ to ‘such a rib as this?’—Added missing ‘?’ at para end
Pg. 241: Corrected typo: ‘wont’ to ‘won’t’
Pg. 242: Missing punctuation : ‘if she does’ to ‘“if she does’—Added missing opening quotation mark
Pg. 252: Corrected typo: ‘Fairies’’ to ‘Fairies’
Pg. 254: Corrected typo: ‘dont’ to ‘don’t’
Pg. 255: Corrected typo: ‘parishoners’ to ‘parishioners’
Pg. 259: Quote placement: ‘little porridge pot.’ to ‘little porridge pot.”’—Added missing close-quote at quote end
Pg. 260: Proper name consistency: ‘Volu’ to ‘Völu’
Pg. 260: Proper name consistency: ‘Vola’ to ‘Vala’—Nominative form corrected, see next sentence
Pg. 260: Chapter / TOC consistency: ‘N/A’ to ‘FROM THE “VÖLUSPÁ”’—Added section heading where indicated in TOC
Pg. 261: Corrected typo: ‘Gjallarborn’ to ‘Gjallarhorn’
Pg. 261: Corrected typo: ‘Nighögg’ to ‘Nidhögg’
Pg. 262: Chapter / TOC consistency: ‘N/A’ to ‘FROM THE “SÓLAR LJÓD”’—Added section heading where indicated in TOC
Pg. 264: Quote placement: ‘this Sun’s Song!’ to ‘this Sun’s Song!”’—Added missing close-quote at poem end
Pg. 265: Hyphenation consistency: ‘Niebelungen lied’ to ‘Niebelungen-lied’
Pg. 265: Corrected typo: ‘illustrions’ to ‘illustrious’
Pg. 265: Corrected typo: ‘mornfully’ to ‘mournfully’
Pg. 265: Quote placement: ‘Odin’s High Song’ to ‘“Odin’s High Song’—Added missing open-quote at quote beginning
Pg. 265: Chapter / TOC consistency: ‘N/A’ to ‘FROM THE POEMS RELATING TO SIGURD & BRYNHILD.’—Added section heading where indicated in TOC
Pg. 267: Missing punctuation : ‘the man speaks his mind’ to ‘the man speaks his mind.’—Missing period added at stanza end
Pg. 269: Repeated word: ‘and and a straw-rick’ to ‘and a straw-rick’
Pg. 272: Missing punctuation: ‘live without crime’ to ‘live without crime.’—Missing period added at stanza end
Pg. 274: Hyphenation consistency: ‘fire-wood’ to ‘firewood’
Pg. 274: Missing punctuation: ‘in her breast’ to ‘in her breast.’—Missing period added at stanza end
Pg. 275: Corrected typo: ‘CXII’ to ‘XCII’
Pg. 277: Quote placement: ‘Gunlöd is weeping.’ to ‘Gunlöd is weeping.”’—Added missing close-quote at poem end
Pg. 279: Corrected accent: ‘I’shafs’ to ‘Íshafs’
Pg. 279: Corrected accent: ‘O’lmar’ to ‘Ólmar’
Pg. 279: Proper name consistency: ‘Thorlakson’ to ‘Thorláksson’
Pg. 280: Corrected typo: ‘Ogöruggar’ to ‘Og öruggar’
Pg. 280: Corrected accent: ‘I’brjósti’ to ‘Í brjósti’
Pg. 280: Corrected accent: ‘A´’ to ‘Á’
Pg. 280: Corrected typo: ‘Horrfiun’ to ‘Horrfinn’
Pg. 280: Corrected accent: ‘I’vöggu’ to ‘Í vöggu’
Pg. 280: Corrected accent: ‘A´’ to ‘Á’
Pg. 280: Corrected typo: ‘þaðað’ to ‘það að’
Pg. 280: Corrected accent: ‘I’talska’ to ‘Ítalska’
Pg. 280: Corrected typo: ‘semheyri’ to ‘sem heyri’
Pg. 281: Corrected accent: ‘I’mekkjum’ to ‘Ímekkjum’
Pg. 281: Proper name consistency: ‘Hiatland’ to ‘Hialtland’
Pg. 281: Corrected typo: ‘Ogaldinn’ to ‘Og aldinn’
Pg. 281: Corrected accent: ‘þer’ to ‘þér’
Pg. 287: Corrected accent: ‘þèr’ to ‘þér’
Pg. 287: Corrected accent: ‘Skjött’ to ‘Skjótt’
Pg. 287: Corrected typo: ‘húrsa’ to ‘húsa’
Pg. 287: Corrected accent: ‘A´’ to ‘Á’
Pg. 287: Corrected typo: ‘bœði’ to ‘bæði’
Pg. 287: Corrected accent: ‘O´’ to ‘Ó’
Pg. 287: Corrected accent: ‘I´’ to ‘Í’
Pg. 287: Corrected accent: ‘Fo´tum’ to ‘Fótum’
Pg. 287: Corrected accent: ‘I´’ to ‘Í’
Pg. 287: Corrected accent: ‘bùið’ to ‘búið’
Pg. 288: Corrected typo: ‘Ogdökkvir’ to ‘Og dökkvir’
Pg. 288: Corrected typo: ‘Mæki’ to ‘Mœki’
Pg. 288: Corrected typo: ‘Irá’ to ‘Frá’
Pg. 288: Corrected accent: ‘O´mur’ to ‘Ómur’
Pg. 288: Corrected accent: ‘A´vita’ to ‘Á vita’
Pg. 288: Corrected accent: ‘O´ðins’ to ‘Óðins’
Pg. 288: Corrected accent: ‘A´skipi’ to ‘Á skipi’
Pg. 288: Corrected accent: ‘I´marar’ to ‘Í marar’
Pg. 288: Corrected accent: ‘I´niðmyrkvu’ to ‘Í niðmyrkvu’
Pg. 288: Corrected accent: ‘I´blindmyrkri’ to ‘Í blindmyrkri’
Pg. 288: Corrected accent: ‘I´ógna’ to ‘Í ógna’
Pg. 288: Corrected accent: ‘O´ðinn’ to ‘Óðinn’
Pg. 288: Corrected typo: ‘myskbláu’ to ‘myrkbláu’
Pg. 292: Corrected accent: ‘sỳsla’ to ‘sysla’
Pg. 292: Corrected accent: ‘sỳssel’ to ‘syssel’
Pg. 292: Punctuation fix: ‘lava,’ to ‘lava.’—Comma for period at entry end
Pg. 292: Corrected accent: ‘fljöt’ to ‘fljót’
Pg. 295: Proper name consistency: ‘Caesar’ to ‘Cæsar’
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Pen and pencil sketches of Faröe and IcelandChapter VI: The Goblin’s Whistle (3)
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