Chapter XXII: Section 1: The representatives of the Democratic party of the (3)

We, therefore, confidently appeal to the people of the United States to hold in abeyance all other questions, however important and even momentous they may appear, to sunder, if need be, all former party ties and affiliations, and unite in one supreme effort to free themselves and their children from the domination of the money power—a power more destructive than any which has ever been fastened upon the civilized men of any race or in any age. And upon the consummation of our desires and efforts we invoke the aid of all patriotic American citizens, and the gracious favor of Divine Providence.

The sound-money Democrats of the country called a national convention that met at Indianapolis on the 2d of September, and adopted the title of the National Democratic party. Governor Flower, of New York, was temporary chairman, and Senator Caffery, of Louisiana, was permanent president. General John M. Palmer, of Illinois, was nominated for President on the 1st ballot, receiving 769-1/2 votes to 118-1/2 votes for General Edward S. Bragg, of Wisconsin. General Simon B. Buckner, of Kentucky, was nominated for Vice-President by acclamation. The following platform was unanimously adopted:

This convention has assembled to uphold the principles on which depend the honor and welfare of the American people, in order that Democrats throughout the Union may unite their patriotic efforts to avert disaster from their country and ruin from their party.

The Democratic party is pledged to equal and exact justice to all men, of every creed and condition; to the largest freedom of the individual consistent with good government; to the preservation of the Federal Government in its constitutional vigor, and to the support of the States in all their just rights; to economy in the public expenditures; to the maintenance of the public faith and sound money; and it is opposed to paternalism and all class legislation.

The declarations of the Chicago convention attack individual freedom, the right of private contract, the independence of the judiciary, and the authority of the President to enforce Federal laws. They advocate a reckless attempt to increase the price of silver by legislation, to the debasement of our monetary standard, and threaten unlimited issues of paper money by the Government. They abandon for Republican allies the Democratic cause of tariff reform, to court the favor of protectionists to their fiscal heresy.

In view of these and other grave departures from Democratic principles, we cannot support the candidates of that convention nor be bound by its acts.

The Democratic party has survived defeats, but could not survive a victory won in behalf of the doctrine and policy proclaimed in its name at Chicago.

The conditions, however, which make possible such utterances from a national convention are the direct result of class legislation by the Republican party. It still proclaims, as it has for years, the power and duty of Government to raise and maintain prices by law, and it proposes no remedy for existing evils, except oppressive and unjust taxation.

The National Democracy here convened therefore renews its declaration of faith in Democratic principles, especially as applicable to the conditions of the times. Taxation—tariff, excise, or direct—is rightfully imposed only for public purposes, and not for private gain. Its amount is justly measured by public expenditures, which should be limited by scrupulous economy. The sum derived by the Treasury from tariff and excise levies is affected by the state of trade and volume of consumption. The amount required by the Treasury is determined by the appropriations made by Congress. The demand of the Republican party for an increase in tariff taxation has its pretext in the deficiency of revenue, which has its causes in the stagnation of trade and reduced consumption, due entirely to the loss of confidence that has followed the Populist threat of free coinage and depreciation of our money, and the Republican practice of extravagant appropriations beyond the needs of good government.

We arraign and condemn the Populist conventions of Chicago and St. Louis for their co-operation with the Republican party in creating these conditions, which are pleaded in justification of a heavy increase of the burdens of the people by a further resort to protection. We therefore denounce protection and its ally, free coinage of silver, as schemes for the personal profit of a few at the expense of the masses, and oppose the two parties which stand for these schemes as hostile to the people of the Republic, whose food and shelter, comfort and prosperity, are attacked by higher taxes and depreciated money. In fine, we reaffirm the historic Democratic doctrine of tariff for revenue only.

We demand that henceforth modern and liberal policies toward American shipping shall take the place of our imitation of the restricted statutes of the eighteenth century, which were long ago abandoned by every maritime power but the United States, and which, to the nation’s humiliation, have driven American capital and enterprise to the use of alien flags and alien crews, have made the Stars and Stripes almost an unknown emblem in foreign ports, and have virtually extinguished the race of American seamen. We oppose the pretence that discriminating duties will promote shipping; that scheme is an invitation to commercial warfare upon the United States, un-American in the light of our great commercial treaties, offering no gain whatever to American shipping, while greatly increasing ocean freights on our agricultural and manufactured products.

The experience of mankind has shown that, by reason of their natural qualities, gold is the necessary money of the large affairs of commerce and business, while silver is conveniently adapted to minor transactions, and the most beneficial use of both together can be insured only by the adoption of the former as a standard of monetary measure, and the maintenance of silver at a parity with gold by its limited coinage under suitable safeguards of law. Thus the largest possible enjoyment of both metals is gained with a value universally accepted throughout the world, which constitutes the only practical bimetallic currency, assuring the most stable standard, and especially the best and safest money for all who earn their livelihood by labor or the produce of husbandry. They cannot suffer when paid in the best money known to man, but are the peculiar and most defenceless victims of a debased and fluctuating currency, which offers continual profits to the money-changer at their cost.

Realizing these truths, demonstrated by long and public inconvenience and loss, the Democratic party, in the interests of the masses and of equal justice to all, practically established by the legislation of 1834 and 1853 the gold standard of monetary measurement, and likewise entirely divorced the Government from banking and currency issues. To this long-established Democratic policy we adhere, and insist upon the maintenance of the gold standard, and of the parity therewith of every dollar issued by the Government, and are firmly opposed to the free and unlimited coinage of silver and to the compulsory purchase of silver bullion. But we denounce also the further maintenance of the present costly patchwork system of national paper currency as a constant source of injury and peril. We assert the necessity of such intelligent currency reform as will confine the Government to its legitimate functions, completely separated from the banking business, and afford to all sections of our country uniform, safe, and elastic bank currency under governmental supervision, measured in volume by the needs of business.

The fidelity, patriotism, and courage with which President Cleveland has fulfilled his great public trust, the high character of his administration, its wisdom and energy in the maintenance of civil order and the enforcement of the laws, its equal regard for the rights of every class and every section, its firm and dignified conduct of foreign affairs, and its sturdy persistence in upholding the credit and honor of the nation, are fully recognized by the Democratic party, and will secure to him a place in history beside the fathers of the Republic.

We also commend the administration for the great progress made in the reform of the public service, and we endorse its effort to extend the merit system still further. We demand that no backward step be taken, but that the reform be supported and advanced until the un-Democratic spoils system of appointments shall be eradicated.

We demand strict economy in the appropriations and in the administration of the Government.

We favor arbitration for the settlement of international disputes.

We favor a liberal policy of pensions to deserving soldiers and sailors of the United States.

The Supreme Court of the United States was wisely established by the framers of our Constitution as one of the three co-ordinate branches of the Government. Its independence and authority to interpret the law of the land without fear or favor must be maintained. We condemn all efforts to degrade that tribunal or impair the confidence and respect which it has deservedly held.

The Democratic party ever has maintained, and ever will maintain, the supremacy of law, the independence of its judicial administration, the inviolability of contracts, and the obligations of all good citizens to resist every illegal trust, combination, or attempt against the just rights of property and the good order of society, in which are bound up the peace and happiness of our people.

Believing these principles to be essential to the well-being of the Republic, we submit them to the consideration of the American people.

The National Prohibition party held its national convention at Pittsburg on the 27th of May. A. A. Stevens, of Pennsylvania, was temporary chairman, and Oliver W. Stewart, of Illinois, permanent president. The deliberations of the convention were seriously disturbed by the free-silver issue, and the opposing factions known as the “Narrow-Gaugers” and the “Broad-Gaugers,” the latter being favorable to a general platform covering free coinage and all other national questions, while the former wanted the issue confined to the liquor question. The majority and minority reports were made on the platform, and the convention decided to bring both reports before the body and pass upon them seriatim. It was finally decided by a vote of 427 to 387 to reject the free-coinage plank, and the “Narrow-Gaugers” then adopted their own platform as follows:

We, the members of the Prohibition party, in national convention assembled, renewing our declaration of allegiance to Almighty God as the rightful Ruler of the universe, lay down the following as our declaration of political purpose:

The Prohibition party, in national convention assembled, declares its firm conviction that the manufacture, exportation, importation, and sale of alcoholic beverages has produced such social, commercial, industrial, and political wrongs, and is now so threatening the perpetuity of all our social and political institutions, that the suppression of the same, by a national party organized therefor, is the greatest object to be accomplished by the voters of our country, and is of such importance that it of right ought to control the political actions of all our patriotic citizens until such suppression is accomplished.

The urgency of this course demands the union, without further delay, of all citizens who desire the prohibition of the liquor traffic; therefore be it

_Resolved_, That we favor the legal prohibition by State and national legislation of the manufacture, importation, and sale of alcoholic beverages. That we declare our purpose to organize and unite all the friends of prohibition into one party, and in order to accomplish this end we deem it of right to leave every Prohibitionist the freedom of his own convictions upon all other political questions, and trust our representatives to take such action upon other political questions as the changes occasioned by prohibition and the welfare of the whole people shall demand.

_Resolved_, That the right of suffrage ought not to be abridged on account of sex.

Immediately after the adoption of the platform, the “Broad-Gaugers” withdrew, and those who remained nominated Joshua Levering, of Maryland, for President by acclamation, and on a ballot for Vice-President, Hale Johnson, of Illinois, was chosen, receiving 309 votes to 132 for T. C. Hughes, of Arizona.

The seceders from the Prohibition convention met in Pittsburg on the next day, May 28th, with A. L. Moore, of Michigan, as chairman, and the roll-call showed 299 delegates present. Rev. Charles E. Bentley, of Nebraska, was nominated for President, and James A. Southgate, of North Carolina, was nominated for Vice-President, both by acclamation. The following platform was adopted:

The National party, recognizing God as the author of all just power in government, presents the following declaration of principles, which it pledges itself to enact into effective legislation when given the power to do so:

1. The suppression of the manufacture and sale, importation, exportation, and transportation of intoxicating liquors for beverage purposes. We utterly reject all plans for regulating or compromising with this traffic, whether such plans be called local option, taxation, license, or public control. The sale of liquors for medicinal and other legitimate uses should be conducted by the State, without profit, and with such regulations as will prevent fraud or evasion.

2. No citizen should be denied the right to vote on account of sex.

3. All money should be issued by the General Government only, and without the intervention of any private citizen, corporation, or banking institution. It should be based upon the wealth, stability, and integrity of the nation. It should be a full legal tender for all debts, public and private, and should be of sufficient volume to meet the demands of the legitimate business interests of the country. For the purpose of honestly liquidating our outstanding coin obligations, we favor the free and unlimited coinage of both silver and gold, at the ratio of 16 to 1, without consulting any other nation.

4. Land is the common heritage of the people and should be preserved from monopoly and speculation. All unearned grants of land subject to forfeiture should be reclaimed by the Government, and no portion of the public domain should hereafter be granted except to actual settlers, continuous use being essential to tenure.

5. Railroads, telegraphs, and other natural monopolies should be owned and operated by the Government, giving to the people the benefit of service at actual cost.

6. The national Constitution should be so amended as to allow the national revenues to be raised by equitable adjustment of taxation on the properties and incomes of the people, and import duties should be levied as a means of securing equitable commercial relations with other nations.

7. The contract convict labor system, through which speculators are enriched at the expense of the State, should be abolished.

8. All citizens should be protected by law in their right to one day of rest in seven, without oppressing any who conscientiously observe any other than the first day of the week.

9. The American public schools, taught in the English language, should be maintained, and no public funds should be appropriated for sectarian institutions.

10. The President, Vice-President, and United States Senators should be elected by direct vote of the people.

11. Ex-soldiers and sailors of the United States army and navy, their widows and minor children, should receive liberal pensions, graded on disability and term of service, not merely as a debt of gratitude, but for service rendered in the preservation of the Union.

12. Our immigration laws should be so revised as to exclude paupers and criminals. None but citizens of the United States should be allowed to vote in any State, and naturalized citizens should not vote until one year after naturalization papers have been issued.

13. The initiative and referendum, and proportional representation should be adopted.

The Socialist Labor party held a national convention in New York on the 4th of July, and gave a full week to the deliberations of the body, which were devoted almost wholly to disputation as to the policy and purposes of the organization. The attendance was limited, as Charles H. Matchett, of New York, was nominated for President on the 1st ballot, receiving 43 votes to 23 for Matthew Maguire, of New Jersey, and 4 for William Watkins, of Ohio. Matthew Maguire was then nominated for Vice-President by acclamation. The following platform was adopted:

The Socialist Labor party of the United States, in convention assembled, reasserts the inalienable right of all men to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.

With the founders of the American Republic, we hold that the purpose of government is to secure every citizen in the enjoyment of this right; but in the light of our social conditions, we hold, furthermore, that no such right can be exercised under a system of economic inequality, essentially destructive of life, of liberty, and of happiness.

With the founders of this Republic, we hold that the true theory of politics is that the machinery of government must be owned and controlled by the whole people; but in the light of our industrial development we hold, furthermore, that the true theory of economics is that the machinery of production must likewise belong to the people in common.

To the obvious fact, that our despotic system of economics is the direct opposite of our democratic system of politics, can plainly be traced the existence of a privileged class, the corruption of government by that class, the alienation of public property, public franchises, and public functions to that class, and the abject dependence of the mightiest nations upon that class.

Again, through the perversion of Democracy to the ends of plutocracy, labor is robbed of the wealth which it alone produces, is denied the means of self-employment, and, by compulsory idleness in wage slavery, is even deprived of the necessaries of life. Human power and natural forces are thus wasted that the plutocracy may rule. Ignorance and misery, with all their concomitant evils, are perpetuated, that the people may be kept in bondage. Science and invention are diverted from their humane purpose to the enslavement of women and children.

Against such a system the Socialist Labor party once more enters its protest. Once more it reiterates its fundamental declaration, that private property in the natural sources of production and in the instruments of labor is the obvious cause of all economic servitude and political dependence.

The time is fast coming when, in the natural course of social evolution, this system, through the destructive action of its failures and crises on the one hand, and the constructive tendencies of its trusts and other capitalistic combinations on the other hand, shall have worked out its own downfall.

We therefore call upon the wage-workers of the United States, and upon all other honest citizens, to organize under the banner of the Socialist Labor party into a class-conscious body, aware of its rights and determined to conquer them by taking possession of the public powers; so that, held together by an indomitable spirit of solidarity under the most trying conditions of the present class struggle, we may put a summary end to that barbarous struggle by the abolition of classes, the restoration of the land, and of all the means of production, transportation, and distribution to the people as a collective body, and the substitution of the co-operative commonwealth for the present state of planless production, industrial war, and social disorder; a commonwealth in which every worker shall have the free exercise and full benefit of his faculties, multiplied by all the modern factors of civilization.

With a view to immediate improvement in the condition of labor, we present the following demands:

1. Reduction of the hours of labor in proportion to the progress of production.

2. The United States to obtain possession of the mines, railroads, canals, telegraphs, telephones, and all other means of public transportation and communication; the employés to operate the same co-operatively under control of the Federal Government and to elect their own superior officers, but no employé shall be discharged for political reasons.

3. The municipalities to obtain possession of the local railroads, ferries, water-works, gas-works, electric plants, and all industries requiring municipal franchises; the employés to operate the same co-operatively under control of the municipal administration and to elect their own superior officers, but no employé shall be discharged for political reasons.

4. The public lands to be declared inalienable. Revocation of all land grants to corporations or individuals, the conditions of which have not been complied with.

5. The United States to have the exclusive right to issue money.

6. Congressional legislation providing for the scientific management of forests and waterways, and prohibiting the waste of the natural resources of the country.

7. Inventions to be free to all; the inventors to be remunerated by the nation.

8. Progressive income tax and tax on inheritances; the smaller incomes to be exempt.

9. School education of all children under fourteen years of age to be compulsory, gratuitous, and accessible to all by public assistance in meals, clothing, books, etc., where necessary.

10. Repeal of all pauper, tramp, conspiracy, and sumptuary laws. Unabridged right of combination.

11. Prohibition of the employment of children of school age, and the employment of female labor in occupations detrimental to health or morality. Abolition of the convict labor contract system.

12. Employment of the unemployed by the public authorities (county, city, state, and nation).

13. All wages to be paid in lawful money of the United States. Equalization of women’s wages with those of men where equal service is performed.

14. Laws for the protection of life and limb in all occupations, and an efficient employers’ liability law.

15. The people to have the right to propose laws and to vote upon all measures of importance, according to the _referendum_ principle.

16. Abolition of the veto power of the executive (national, State, and municipal) wherever it exists.

17. Abolition of the United States Senate and all upper legislative chambers.

18. Municipal self-government.

19. Direct vote and secret ballots in all elections. Universal and equal right of suffrage without regard to color, creed, or sex. Election days to be legal holidays. The principle of proportional representation to be introduced.

20. All public officers to be subject to recall by their respective constituencies.

21. Uniform civil and criminal law throughout the United States. Administration of justice to be free of charge. Abolition of capital punishment.

The great battle of 1896 is yet fresh in the memories of the people. Its most notable feature was the unexampled campaign made by Bryan, the Democratic candidate for President. He covered a larger portion of territory and delivered more speeches during the campaign than had ever before been accomplished by any man in our political history, and he enthused his followers to a very remarkable degree. Considering the complications which confronted him, resulting from the internal feuds of his own household, and an open split on the Vice-Presidency, he made the most memorable Presidential campaign of the Republic and swept every State west of the Mississippi, with the exception of California, Oregon and North Dakota. Even Kansas and Nebraska, two rock-ribbed Republican States, gave Bryan large majorities, but Bryan did not carry a single electoral vote east of the Mississippi and north of the Ohio and the Potomac. The following tables exhibit the popular and electoral votes of 1896:

POPULAR VOTE.

══════════════╤═════════╤═════════╤═══════════╤═════════╤═════════╤══════════╤══════════
│ William │ William │ Bryan │ John M. │ Joshua │Charles E.│Charles H.
STATES. │McKinley,│J. Bryan,│ and │ Palmer, │Levering,│ Bentley, │Matchett,
│ Ohio. │Nebraska.│Watson.[31]│Illinois.│Maryland.│Nebraska. │New York.
──────────────┼─────────┼─────────┼───────────┼─────────┼─────────┼──────────┼──────────
Alabama │ 54,737│ 131,226│ 24,089 │ 6,462 │ 2,147 │ ―― │ ――
Arkansas │ 37,512│ 110,103│ ―― │ ―― │ 839 │ 893 │ ――
California │ 146,688│ 144,766│ 21,730 │ 2,006 │ 2,573 │ 1,047 │ 1,611
Colorado │ 26,271│ 161,269│ 2,389 │ 1 │ 1,717 │ 386 │ 160
Connecticut │ 110,285│ 56,740│ ―― │ 4,336 │ 1,806 │ ―― │ 1,223
Delaware │ 20,452│ 16,615│ ―― │ 966 │ 602 │ ―― │ ――
Florida │ 11,257│ 31,958│ 1,977 │ 1,772 │ 644 │ ―― │ ――
Georgia │ 60,091│ 94,672│ 440 │ 2,708 │ 5,716 │ ―― │ ――
Idaho │ 6,324│ 23,192│ ―― │ ―― │ 181 │ ―― │ ――
Illinois │ 607,130│ 464,523│ 1,090 │ 6,390 │ 9,796 │ 793 │ 1,147
Indiana │ 323,754│ 305,573│ ―― │ 2,145 │ 3,056 │ 2,267 │ 324
Iowa │ 289,293│ 223,741│ ―― │ 4,516 │ 3,192 │ 352 │ 453
Kansas │ 159,541│ 171,810│ 46,194 │ 1,209 │ 1,921 │ 630 │ ――
Kentucky │ 218,171│ 217,890│ ―― │ 5,114 │ 4,781 │ ―― │ ――
Louisiana │ 22,037│ 77,175│ ―― │ 1,915 │ ―― │ ―― │ ――
Maine │ 80,461│ 34,587│ 2,387 │ 1,866 │ 1,589 │ ―― │ ――
Maryland │ 136,978│ 104,746│ ―― │ 2,507 │ 5,922 │ 136 │ 588
Massachusetts │ 278,976│ 105,711│ 15,181 │ 11,749 │ 2,998 │ ―― │ 2,114
Michigan │ 293,582│ 237,268│ ―― │ 6,968 │ 5,025 │ 1,995 │ 297
Minnesota │ 193,503│ 139,735│ ―― │ 3,222 │ 4,363 │ ―― │ 954
Mississippi │ 5,123│ 63,793│ 7,517 │ 1,071 │ 485 │ ―― │ ――
Missouri │ 304,940│ 363,652│ ―― │ 2,355 │ 2,169 │ 293 │ 599
Montana │ 10,494│ 42,537│ ―― │ ―― │ 186 │ ―― │ ――
Nebraska │ 103,064│ 115,999│ ―― │ 2,797 │ 1,243 │ 797 │ 186
Nevada │ 1,938│ 8,377│ 575 │ ―― │ ―― │ ―― │ ――
New Hampshire │ 57,444│ 21,650│ 379 │ 3,520 │ 779 │ 49 │ 228
New Jersey │ 221,367│ 133,675│ ―― │ 6,373 │ 5,614 │ ―― │ 3,985
New York │ 819,838│ 551,369│ ―― │ 18,950 │ 16,052 │ ―― │ 17,667
North Carolina│ 155,222│ 174,488│ ―― │ 578 │ 676 │ 245 │ ――
North Dakota │ 26,335│ 20,686│ ―― │ ―― │ 358 │ ―― │ ――
Ohio │ 525,991│ 477,497│ 2,615 │ 1,858 │ 5,068 │ 2,716 │ 1,167
Oregon │ 48,779│ 46,662│ ―― │ 977 │ 919 │ ―― │ ――
Pennsylvania │ 728,300│ 433,230│ 11,176 │ 10,921 │ 19,274 │ 870 │ 1,683
Rhode Island │ 37,437│ 14,459│ ―― │ 1,166 │ 1,160 │ 5 │ 558
South Carolina│ 9,313│ 58,801│ ―― │ 824 │ ―― │ ―― │ ――
South Dakota │ 41,042│ 41,225│ ―― │ ―― │ 683 │ ―― │ ――
Tennessee │ 148,773│ 166,268│ 4,525 │ 1,951 │ 3,098 │ ―― │ ――
Texas │ 167,520│ 370,434│ 79,572 │ 5,046 │ 1,786 │ ―― │ ――
Utah │ 13,491│ 64,607│ ―― │ 21 │ ―― │ ―― │ ――
Vermont │ 50,991│ 10,607│ 461 │ 1,329 │ 728 │ ―― │ ――
Virginia │ 135,388│ 154,985│ ―― │ 2,127 │ 2,350 │ ―― │ 115
Washington │ 39,153│ 51,646│ ―― │ 1,668 │ 968 │ 148 │ ――
West Virginia │ 104,414│ 92,927│ ―― │ 677 │ 1,203 │ ―― │ ――
Wisconsin │ 268,135│ 165,523│ ―― │ 4,584 │ 7,509 │ 346 │ 1,314
Wyoming │ 10,072│ 10,655│ 286 │ ―― │ 136 │ ―― │ ――
──────────────┼─────────┼─────────┼───────────┼─────────┼─────────┼──────────┼──────────
Totals │7,111,607│6,509,052│ 222,583 │ 134,645 │ 131,312 │ 13,968 │ 36,373
══════════════╧═════════╧═════════╧═══════════╧═════════╧═════════╧══════════╧══════════

[31] Bryan and Watson’s vote is included in the vote for W. J. Bryan.

ELECTORAL VOTE.

═══════════════╤══════════════════╦═══════════════════════
│ PRESIDENT. ║ VICE-PRESIDENT.
STATES. ├─────────┬────────╫───────┬───────┬───────
│McKinley.│ Bryan. ║Hobart.│Sewall.│Watson.
───────────────┼─────────┼────────╫───────┼───────┼───────
Alabama │ ―― │ 11 ║ ―― │ 11 │ ――
Arkansas │ ―― │ 8 ║ ―― │ 5 │ 3
California │ 8 │ 1 ║ 8 │ 1 │ ――
Colorado │ ―― │ 4 ║ ―― │ 4 │ ――
Connecticut │ 6 │ ―― ║ 6 │ ―― │ ――
Delaware │ 3 │ ―― ║ 3 │ ―― │ ――
Florida │ ―― │ 4 ║ ―― │ 4 │ ――
Georgia │ ―― │ 13 ║ ―― │ 13 │ ――
Idaho │ ―― │ 3 ║ ―― │ 3 │ ――
Illinois │ 24 │ ―― ║ 24 │ ―― │ ――
Indiana │ 15 │ ―― ║ 15 │ ―― │ ――
Iowa │ 13 │ ―― ║ 13 │ ―― │ ――
Kansas │ ―― │ 10 ║ ―― │ 10 │ ――
Kentucky │ 12 │ 1 ║ 12 │ 1 │ ――
Louisiana │ ―― │ 8 ║ ―― │ 4 │ 4
Maine │ 6 │ ―― ║ 6 │ ―― │ ――
Maryland │ 8 │ ―― ║ 8 │ ―― │ ――
Massachusetts │ 15 │ ―― ║ 15 │ ―― │ ――
Michigan │ 14 │ ―― ║ 14 │ ―― │ ――
Minnesota │ 9 │ ―― ║ 9 │ ―― │ ――
Mississippi │ ―― │ 9 ║ ―― │ 9 │ ――
Missouri │ ―― │ 17 ║ ―― │ 13 │ 4
Montana │ ―― │ 3 ║ ―― │ 2 │ 1
Nebraska │ ―― │ 8 ║ ―― │ 4 │ 4
Nevada │ ―― │ 3 ║ ―― │ 3 │ ――
New Hampshire │ 4 │ ―― ║ 4 │ ―― │ ――
New Jersey │ 10 │ ―― ║ 10 │ ―― │ ――
New York │ 36 │ ―― ║ 36 │ ―― │ ――
North Carolina │ ―― │ 11 ║ ―― │ 6 │ 5
North Dakota │ 3 │ ―― ║ 3 │ ―― │ ――
Ohio │ 23 │ ―― ║ 23 │ ―― │ ――
Oregon │ 4 │ ―― ║ 4 │ ―― │ ――
Pennsylvania │ 32 │ ―― ║ 32 │ ―― │ ――
Rhode Island │ 4 │ ―― ║ 4 │ ―― │ ――
South Carolina │ ―― │ 9 ║ ―― │ 9 │ ――
South Dakota │ ―― │ 4 ║ ―― │ 2 │ 2
Tennessee │ ―― │ 12 ║ ―― │ 12 │ ――
Texas │ ―― │ 15 ║ ―― │ 15 │ ――
Utah │ ―― │ 3 ║ ―― │ 2 │ 1
Vermont │ 4 │ ―― ║ 4 │ ―― │ ――
Virginia │ ―― │ 12 ║ ―― │ 12 │ ――
Washington │ ―― │ 4 ║ ―― │ 2 │ 2
West Virginia │ 6 │ ―― ║ 6 │ ―― │ ――
Wisconsin │ 12 │ ―― ║ 12 │ ―― │ ――
Wyoming │ ―― │ 3 ║ ―― │ 2 │ 1
───────────────┼─────────┼────────╫───────┼───────┼───────
Totals │ 271 │ 176 ║ 271 │ 149 │ 27
═══════════════╧═════════╧════════╩═══════╧═══════╧═══════

No mere party contest in the history of the country, and indeed no other contest, with the single exception of the issue of secession and civil war, ever exhibited so large a measure of political independence as is shown in the vote for President in 1896. While the Democrats had a sound-money national ticket with such acceptable candidates as Palmer and Buckner, a very small proportion of the sound-money Democratic vote of the country was cast for that ticket. McKinley certainly received 500,000 Democratic votes, cast for him directly to assure the defeat of Bryan, and Bryan certainly received not less than 250,000 Republican votes.

It was not until six weeks before the election that the Republicans felt confident of Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois. The first canvass of the Republican State committee made in Ohio indicated the defeat of McKinley, but as the business and industrial interests of the country faced the question of cheap money, and the business convulsion it must produce, the Republican ranks were steadily increased, and the States which were regarded as doubtful in September gave large majorities for McKinley in November.

This campaign gave a most impressive illustration of the true independence of American journalism. A number of the leading newspapers of the country which had supported Cleveland in his three contests, repudiated the Chicago platform and its candidate, and they stood in the forefront of American journalism, embracing such journals as the Boston _Herald_ and _Globe_, the Hartford _Times_, the New York _World_, _Sun_, _Herald_, _Times_, and _Evening Post_, the Philadelphia _Times_ and _Record_, the Baltimore _Sun_, the Louisville _Courier-Journal_, and others. These journals were all strongly owned and entirely independent in their political action. Not one of them ever had conference or communication with the McKinley leaders, or received or proposed any terms for their support, or ever sought, accepted, or desired favors from the McKinley administration. Some of them suffered pecuniary sacrifice, but they performed a heroic duty, and it was the inspiration they gave to the conservative Democratic sentiment of the country that made McKinley President by an overwhelming majority.

On the other side, especially in the West, and to some extent in the South, scores of thousands of the Republicans who had always voted the national ticket gave enthusiastic support to Bryan, as he carried some of the strongest Republican States of the West, while losing a large fraction of the Democratic vote. This struggle settled the financial policy of the country, as Congress has recently distinctly established the gold standard by statute, in accord with the financial policy of all the great civilized nations of the world; and while the money issue may play some part in the national struggle of the present year, it will be wisely subordinated to other issues and probably be eliminated from the future political battles of the nation.

SUMMARY OF POPULAR VOTES FOR PRESIDENTS

I was surprised, after careful examination of the various political handbooks, to find no table of the popular vote for President prior to 1824, and I made exhaustive effort to obtain official records in the archives of the nation and of the different States, to supply something approaching an intelligent table of the popular vote cast for the early Presidents; but I learned that the failure of others to supply such tables was not because of negligence, but because there are no records to furnish them. In Pennsylvania the vote returned to the Capitol was less than 5000 for Washington, and the vote of record for his second election but little exceeds 5000. The returns, however, are fragmentary and valueless. I was compelled to abandon the purpose of giving tables of the popular vote for Presidents prior to 1824, because all that could be obtained would be confusing rather than instructive.

I have also found much difficulty in trying to reconcile the conflicting returns of every Presidential election since 1824. After a very full and careful examination of these conflicting figures, I have adopted the tables prepared by Mr. Stanwood in his admirable work entitled “A History of the Presidency,” and I regard them as more nearly accurate than any other tables presented. The entire accuracy of these election tables is not a matter of vital importance, as in none of the many conflicting returns of different States would the result have been changed by the variations in the returns as stated in the many publications which for some years past have annually given them. The following summary of the popular vote for Presidents since 1824, with the electoral vote cast at each election, is taken from the New York _World Almanac_ for 1900, the figures of which, as will be seen, usually vary from those presented in the tables I give with each chapter of this volume:

ELECTORAL AND POPULAR VOTES.

═════════╤═════════════════════════════════╤═══════════╤══════════╤═════════╤═══════════════════════════════════╤═════════
Year of │Candidates for President, State, │ Popular │Plurality.│Electoral│ Candidates for Vice-President, │Electoral
Election.│ and Political Party. │ Vote. │ │ Vote. │ State, and Political Party. │ Vote.
─────────┼─────────────────────────────────┼───────────┼──────────┼─────────┼───────────────────────────────────┼─────────
=1824= │Andrew Jackson, Tenn., Rep. │ 155,872 │ 50,551 │ (b)99 │John C. Calhoun,[32] S. C., Rep. │ 182
│John Q. Adams,[32] Mass., Rep. │ 105,321 │ .... │ 84 │Nathan Sanford, N. Y., Rep. │ 30
│Henry Clay, Ky., Rep. │ 46,587 │ .... │ 37 │Nathaniel Macon, N. C., Rep. │ 24
│Wm. H. Crawford, Ga., Rep. │ 44,282 │ .... │ 41 │Andrew Jackson, Tenn., Rep. │ 13
│ │ │ │ │M. Van Buren, N. Y., Rep. │ 9
│ │ │ │ │Henry Clay, Ky., Rep. │ 2
─────────┼─────────────────────────────────┼───────────┼──────────┼─────────┼───────────────────────────────────┼─────────
=1828= │Andrew Jackson,[32] Tenn., Dem. │[32]647,231│ 138,134 │ 178 │John C. Calhoun,[32] S. C., Dem. │ 171
│John Q. Adams, Mass., Nat. R. │[32]509,097│ .... │ 83 │Richard Rush, Pa., Nat. R. │ 83
│ │ │ │ │William Smith, S. C., Dem. │ 7
─────────┼─────────────────────────────────┼───────────┼──────────┼─────────┼───────────────────────────────────┼─────────
=1832= │Andrew Jackson,[32] Tenn., Dem. │ 687,502 │ 157,313 │ 219 │M. Van Buren,[32] N. Y., Dem. │ 189
│Henry Clay, Ky., Nat. R. │ 530,189 │ .... │ 49 │John Sergeant, Pa., Nat. R. │ 49
│John Floyd, Ga., Ind. │⎫ │ │ ⎧ 11 │Henry Lee, Mass., Ind. │ 11
│William Wirt (c), Md., Anti-M. │⎭ 33,108 │ .... │ ⎩ 7 │Amos Ellmaker (c), Pa., Anti-M. │ 7
│ │ │ │ │William Wilkins, Pa., Dem. │ 30
─────────┼─────────────────────────────────┼───────────┼──────────┼─────────┼───────────────────────────────────┼─────────
=1836= │Martin Van Buren,[32] N. Y., Dem.│ 761,549 │ 24,893 │ 170 │R. M. Johnson (d),[32] Ky., Dem. │ 147
│W. H. Harrison, O., Whig │⎫ │ ⎧│ 73 │Francis Granger, N. Y., Whig │ 77
│Hugh L. White, Tenn., Whig │⎪ │ ⎪│ 26 │John Tyler, Va., Whig │ 47
│Daniel Webster, Mass., Whig │⎪ 736,656 │ ....⎪│ 14 │William Smith, Ala., Dem. │ 23
│Willie P. Mangum, N. C., Whig │⎭ │ ⎩│ 11 │ │
─────────┼─────────────────────────────────┼───────────┼──────────┼─────────┼───────────────────────────────────┼─────────
=1840= │W. H. Harrison,[32] O., Whig │ 1,275,017 │ 146,315 │ 234 │John Tyler,[32] Va., Whig │ 234
│Martin Van Buren, N. Y., Dem. │ 1,128,702 │ .... │ 60 │R. M. Johnson, Ky., Dem. │ 48
│James G. Birney, N. Y., Lib. │ 7,059 │ .... │ .. │L. W. Tazewell, Va., Dem. │ 11
│ │ │ │ │James K. Polk, Tenn., Dem. │ 1
─────────┼─────────────────────────────────┼───────────┼──────────┼─────────┼───────────────────────────────────┼─────────
=1844= │James K. Polk,[32] Tenn., Dem. │ 1,337,243 │ 38,175 │ 170 │George M. Dallas,[32] Pa., Dem. │ 170
│Henry Clay, Ky., Whig │ 1,299,068 │ .... │ 105 │T. Frelinghuysen, N. J., Whig │ 105
│James G. Birney, N. Y., Lib. │ 62,300 │ .... │ .. │Thomas Morris, O., Lib. │ ..
─────────┼─────────────────────────────────┼───────────┼──────────┼─────────┼───────────────────────────────────┼─────────
=1848= │Zachary Taylor,[32] La., Whig │ 1,360,101 │ 139,557 │ 163 │Millard Fillmore,[32] N. Y., Whig │ 163
│Lewis Cass, Mich., Dem. │ 1,220,544 │ .... │ 127 │William O. Butler, Ky., Dem. │ 127
│Martin Van Buren, N. Y., F. Soil │ 291,263 │ .... │ .. │Chas. F. Adams, Mass., F. Soil │ ..
─────────┼─────────────────────────────────┼───────────┼──────────┼─────────┼───────────────────────────────────┼─────────
=1852= │Franklin Pierce,[32] N. H., Dem. │ 1,601,474 │ 220,896 │ 254 │William R. King,[32] Ala., Dem. │ 254
│Winfield Scott, N. J., Whig │ 1,380,576 │ .... │ 42 │William A. Graham, N. C., Whig │ 42
│John P. Hale, N. H., F. D. (i) │ 156,149 │ .... │ .. │George W. Julian, Ind., F. D. │ ..
│Daniel Webster (k), Mass., Whig │ 1,670 │ .... │ .. │ │
─────────┼─────────────────────────────────┼───────────┼──────────┼─────────┼───────────────────────────────────┼─────────
=1856= │James Buchanan,[32] Pa., Dem. │ 1,838,169 │ 496,905 │ 174 │J. C. Breckenridge,[32] Ky., Dem. │ 174
│John C. Fremont, Cal., Rep. │ 1,341,264 │ .... │ 114 │William L. Dayton, N. J., Rep. │ 114
│Millard Fillmore, N. Y., Amer. │ 874,538 │ .... │ 8 │A. J. Donelson, Tenn., Amer. │ 8
─────────┼─────────────────────────────────┼───────────┼──────────┼─────────┼───────────────────────────────────┼─────────
=1860= │Abraham Lincoln,[32] Ill., Rep. │ 1,866,352 │ 491,195 │ 180 │Hannibal Hamlin,[32] Me., Rep. │ 180
│Stephen A. Douglas, Ill., Dem. │ 1,375,157 │ .... │ 12 │H. V. Johnson, Ga., Dem. │ 12
│J. C. Breckenridge, Ky., Dem. │ 845,763 │ .... │ 72 │Joseph Lane, Ore., Dem. │ 72
│John Bell, Tenn., Union │ 589,581 │ .... │ 39 │Edward Everett, Mass., Union │ 39
─────────┼─────────────────────────────────┼───────────┼──────────┼─────────┼───────────────────────────────────┼─────────
=1864= │Abraham Lincoln,[32] Ill., Rep. │ 2,216,067 │ 407,342 │ (e)212 │Andrew Johnson,[32] Tenn., Rep. │ 212
│George B. McClellan, N. J., Dem. │ 1,808,725 │ .... │ 21 │George H. Pendleton, O., Dem. │ 21
─────────┼─────────────────────────────────┼───────────┼──────────┼─────────┼───────────────────────────────────┼─────────
=1868= │Ulysses S. Grant,[32] Ill., Rep. │ 3,015,071 │ 305,456 │ (f)214 │Schuyler Colfax,[32] Ind., Rep. │ 214
│Horatio Seymour, N. Y., Dem. │ 2,709,615 │ .... │ 80 │F. P. Blair, Jr., Mo., Dem. │ 80
─────────┼─────────────────────────────────┼───────────┼──────────┼─────────┼───────────────────────────────────┼─────────
=1872= │Ulysses S. Grant,[32] Ill., Rep. │ 3,597,070 │ 752,991 │ 286 │Henry Wilson,[32] Mass., Rep. │ 286
│Horace Greeley, N. Y., D. & L. │ 2,834,079 │ .... │ (g).. │B. Gratz Brown, Mo., D. L. │ 47
│Charles O’Conor, N. Y., Dem. │ 29,408 │ .... │ .. │John Q. Adams, Mass., Dem. │ ..
│James Black, Pa., Temp. │ 5,608 │ .... │ .. │John Russell, Mich., Temp. │ ..
│Thomas A. Hendricks, Ind., Dem. │ .... │ .... │ 42 │George W. Julian, Ind., Lib. │ 5
│B. Gratz Brown, Mo., Dem. │ .... │ .... │ 18 │A. H. Colquitt, Ga., Dem. │ 5
│Charles J. Jenkins, Ga., Dem. │ .... │ .... │ 2 │John M. Palmer, Ill., Dem. │ 3
│David Davis, Ill., Ind. │ .... │ .... │ 1 │T. E. Bramlette, Ky., Dem. │ 3
│ │ │ │ │W. S. Groesbeck, O., Dem. │ 1
│ │ │ │ │Willis B. Machen, Ky., Dem. │ 1
│ │ │ │ │N. P. Banks, Mass., Lib. │ 1
─────────┼─────────────────────────────────┼───────────┼──────────┼─────────┼───────────────────────────────────┼─────────
=1876= │Samuel J. Tilden, N. Y., Dem. │ 4,284,385 │ 250,935 │ 84 │T. A. Hendricks, Ind., Dem. │ 184
│Rutherford B. Hayes,[32] O., Rep.│ 4,033,950 │ .... │ (h)185 │William A. Wheeler,[32] N. Y., Rep.│ 185
│Peter Cooper, N. Y., Gre’nb. │ 81,740 │ .... │ .. │Samuel F. Cary, O., Gre’nb. │ ..
│Green Clay Smith, Ky., Pro. │ 9,522 │ .... │ .. │Gideon T. Stewart, O., Pro. │ ..
│James B. Walker, Ill., Amer. │ 2,636 │ .... │ .. │D. Kirkpatrick, N. Y., Amer. │ ..
─────────┼─────────────────────────────────┼───────────┼──────────┼─────────┼───────────────────────────────────┼─────────
=1880= │James A. Garfield,[32] O., Rep. │ 4,449,053 │ 7,018 │ 214 │Chester A. Arthur,[32] N. Y., Rep. │ 214
│W. S. Hancock, Pa., Dem. │ 4,442,035 │ .... │ 155 │William H. English, Ind., Dem. │ 155
│James B. Weaver, Iowa, Gre’nb. │ 307,306 │ .... │ .. │B. J. Chambers, Texas, Gre’nb. │ ..
│Neal Dow, Me., Pro. │ 10,305 │ .... │ .. │H. A. Thompson, O., Pro. │ ..
│John W. Phelps, Vt., Amer. │ 707 │ .... │ .. │S. C. Pomeroy, Kan., Amer. │ ..
─────────┼─────────────────────────────────┼───────────┼──────────┼─────────┼───────────────────────────────────┼─────────
=1884= │Grover Cleveland,[32] N. Y., Dem.│ 4,911,017 │ 62,683 │ 219 │T. A. Hendricks,[32] Ind., Dem. │ 219
│James G. Blaine, Me., Rep. │ 4,848,334 │ .... │ 182 │John A. Logan, Ill., Rep. │ 182
│John P. St. John, Kan., Pro. │ 151,809 │ .... │ .. │William Daniel, Md., Pro. │ ..
│Benjamin F. Butler, Mass., Peop. │ 133,825 │ .... │ .. │A. M. West, Miss., Peop. │ ..
│P. D. Wigginton, Cal., Amer. │ .... │ .... │ .. │ │
─────────┼─────────────────────────────────┼───────────┼──────────┼─────────┼───────────────────────────────────┼─────────
=1888= │Grover Cleveland, N. Y., Dem. │ 5,538,233 │ 98,017│ 168 │Allen G. Thurman, O., Dem. │ 168
│Benjamin Harrison,[32] Ind., Rep.│ 5,440,216 │ ... │ 233 │Levi P. Morton,[32] N. Y., Rep. │ 233
│Clinton B. Fisk, N. J., Pro. │ 249,907 │ ... │ .. │John A. Brooks, Mo., Pro. │ ..
│Alson J. Streeter, Ill., U. L. │ 148,105 │ ... │ .. │C. E. Cunningham, Ark., U’d L. │ ..
│R. H. Cowdry, Ill., U’d L. │ 2,808 │ ... │ .. │W. H. T. Wakefield, Kan., U’d L. │ ..
│James L. Curtis, N. Y., Amer. │ 1,591 │ ... │ .. │James B. Greer, Tenn., Amer. │ ..
─────────┼─────────────────────────────────┼───────────┼──────────┼─────────┼───────────────────────────────────┼─────────
=1892= │Grover Cleveland,[32] N. Y., Dem.│ 5,556,918 │ 380,810 │ 277 │Adlai E. Stevenson,[32] Ill., Dem. │ 277
│Benjamin Harrison, Ind., Rep. │ 5,176,108 │ ... │ 145 │Whitelaw Reid, N. Y., Rep. │ 145
│James B. Weaver, Iowa, Peop. │ 1,041,028 │ ... │ 22 │James G. Field, Va., Peop. │ 22
│John Bidwell, Cal., Pro. │ 264,133 │ ... │ .. │James B. Cranfill, Tex., Pro. │ ..
│Simon Wing, Mass., Soc. L. │ 21,164 │ ... │ .. │Charles H. Matchett, N. Y., Soc. L.│ ..
─────────┼─────────────────────────────────┼───────────┼──────────┼─────────┼───────────────────────────────────┼─────────
=1896= │William McKinley,[32] O., Rep. │ 7,104,779 │ 601,854 │ 271 │Garret A. Hobart,[32] N. J., Rep. │ 271
│William J. Bryan, Neb., Dem. ╮ │ 6,502,925 │ ... │ 176 │Arthur Sewall, Me., Dem. │ 176
│William J. Bryan, Neb., Pop. ╯ │ │ ... │ .. │Thomas E. Watson, Ga., Pop. │ ..
│Joshua Levering, Md., Pro. │ 132,007 │ ... │ .. │Hale Johnson, Ill., Pro. │ ..
│John M. Palmer, Ill., N. Dem. │ 133,148 │ ... │ .. │Simon B. Buckner, Ky., N. Dem. │ ..
│Charles H. Matchett, N. Y., │ 36,274 │ ... │ .. │Matthew Maguire, N. J., Soc. L. │ ..
│ Soc. L. │ ” │ │ │ │
│Charles E. Bentley, Neb., │ 13,969 │ ... │ .. │James H. Southgate, N. C., Nat. (j)│ ..
│ Nat. (j) │ ” │ │ │ ” │
═════════╧═════════════════════════════════╧═══════════╧══════════╧═════════╧═══════════════════════════════════╧═════════

[32] The candidates starred were elected, (a) The first Republican Party is claimed by the present Democratic Party as its progenitor. (b) No candidate having a majority of the electoral vote, the House of Representatives elected Adams, (c) Candidates of the Anti-Masonic Party. (d) There being no choice, the Senate elected Johnson. (e) Eleven Southern States, being within the belligerent territory, did not vote. (f) Three Southern States disfranchised. (g) Horace Greeley died after election, and Democratic electors scattered their vote, (h) There being a dispute over the electoral votes of Florida, Louisiana, Oregon, and South Carolina, they were referred by Congress to an electoral commission composed of eight Republicans and seven Democrats, which, by a strict party vote, awarded 185 electoral votes to Hayes and 184 to Tilden. (i) Free Democrat. (j) Free-Silver Prohibition Party, (k) In Massachusetts. There was also a Native American ticket in that State, which received 184 votes.

I also present the lists of the Presidents and Vice-Presidents of the United States, as given in the New York _World Almanac_ for 1900, as follows:

PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

══════════════════════╤═══════════════════════╤═════╤═════════════╤══════════╤════════════╤═════════╤═════════════════════╤═════╤═════
│ │ │ │ │Inaugurated.│ │ │ │
NAME. │ Birthplace. │Year.│ Paternal │Residence.├──────┬─────┤Politics.│ Place of Death. │Year.│Age.
│ │ │ Ancestry. │ │ Year.│ Age.│ │ │ │
──┬───────────────────┼───────────────────────┼─────┼─────────────┼──────────┼──────┼─────┼─────────┼─────────────────────┼─────┼─────
1│George Washington │Westmoreland Co., Va. │ 1732│English │ Va. │ 1789 │ 57 │ Fed. │Mt. Vernon, Va. │ 1799│ 67
2│John Adams │Quincy, Mass. │ 1735│English │ Mass. │ 1797 │ 62 │ Fed. │Quincy, Mass. │ 1826│ 90
3│Thomas Jefferson │Shadwell, Va. │ 1743│Welsh │ Va. │ 1801 │ 58 │ Rep. │Monticello, Va. │ 1826│ 83
4│James Madison │Port Conway, Va. │ 1751│English │ Va. │ 1809 │ 58 │ Rep. │Montpelier, Va. │ 1836│ 85
5│James Monroe │Westmoreland Co., Va. │ 1758│Scotch │ Va. │ 1817 │ 59 │ Rep. │New York City │ 1831│ 73
6│John Quincy Adams │Quincy, Mass. │ 1767│English │ Mass. │ 1825 │ 58 │ Rep. │Washington, D. C. │ 1848│ 80
7│Andrew Jackson │Union Co., N. C. │ 1767│Scotch-Irish │ Tenn. │ 1829 │ 62 │ Dem. │Hermitage, Tenn. │ 1845│ 78
8│Martin Van Buren │Kinderhook, N. Y. │ 1782│Dutch │ N. Y. │ 1837 │ 55 │ Dem. │Lindenwold, N. Y. │ 1862│ 79
9│William H. Harrison│Berkeley, Va. │ 1773│English │ O. │ 1841 │ 68 │ Whig │Washington, D. C. │ 1841│ 68
10│John Tyler │Greenway, Va. │ 1790│English │ Va. │ 1841 │ 51 │ Dem. │Richmond, Va. │ 1862│ 72
11│James K. Polk │Mecklenburg, Co., N. C.│ 1795│Scotch-Irish │ Tenn. │ 1845 │ 50 │ Dem. │Nashville, Tenn. │ 1849│ 53
12│Zachary Taylor │Orange Co., Va. │ 1784│English │ La. │ 1849 │ 65 │ Whig │Washington, D. C. │ 1850│ 65
13│Millard Fillmore │Summerhill, N. Y. │ 1800│English │ N. Y. │ 1850 │ 50 │ Whig │Buffalo, N. Y. │ 1874│ 74
14│Franklin Pierce │Hillsboro, N. H. │ 1804│English │ N. H. │ 1853 │ 49 │ Dem. │Concord, N. H. │ 1869│ 64
15│James Buchanan │Cove Gap, Pa. │ 1791│Scotch-Irish │ Pa. │ 1857 │ 66 │ Dem. │Wheatland, Pa. │ 1868│ 77
16│Abraham Lincoln │Larne Co., Ky. │ 1809│English │ Ill. │ 1861 │ 52 │ Rep. │Washington, D. C. │ 1865│ 56
17│Andrew Johnson │Raleigh, N. C. │ 1808│English │ Tenn. │ 1865 │ 57 │ Rep. │Carter’s Depot, Tenn.│ 1875│ 66
18│Ulysses S. Grant │Point Pleasant, O. │ 1822│Scotch │ D. C. │ 1869 │ 47 │ Rep. │Mt. McGregor, N. Y. │ 1885│ 63
19│Rutherford B. Hayes│Delaware, O. │ 1822│Scotch │ O. │ 1877 │ 54 │ Rep. │Fremont, O. │ 1893│ 70
20│James A. Garfield │Cuyahoga Co., O. │ 1831│English │ O. │ 1881 │ 49 │ Rep. │Long Branch, N. J. │ 1881│ 49
21│Chester A. Arthur │Fairfield, Vt. │ 1830│Scotch-Irish │ N. Y. │ 1881 │ 51 │ Rep. │New York City │ 1886│ 56
22│Grover Cleveland │Caldwell, N. J. │ 1837│English │ N. Y. │ 1885 │ 48 │ Dem. │ .. │ .. │ ..
23│Benjamin Harrison │North Bend, O. │ 1833│English │ Ind. │ 1889 │ 55 │ Rep. │ .. │ .. │ ..
24│Grover Cleveland │Caldwell, N. J. │ 1837│English │ N. Y. │ 1893 │ 56 │ Dem. │ .. │ .. │ ..
25│William McKinley │Niles, O. │ 1843│Scotch-Irish │ O. │ 1897 │ 54 │ Rep. │ .. │ .. │ ..
══╧═══════════════════╧═══════════════════════╧═════╧═════════════╧══════════╧══════╧═════╧═════════╧═════════════════════╧═════╧═════

VICE-PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

═══════════════════════╤════════════════════╤═════╤═══════╤══════════╤══════════╤═══╤════════════════════╤═════╤══════
│ │ │ ╰Residence.│Qualified.╯ │ │ │
Name. │ Birthplace. │Year.│ Paternal │ ” │ ” │Politics.│ Place of Death. │Year.│Age at
│ │ │ Ancestry. │ ” │ ” │ │ │ │Death.
──┬────────────────────┼────────────────────┼─────┼────────────┼─────┼────┼─────────┼────────────────────┼─────┼──────
1│John Adams │Quincy, Mass. │ 1735│English │Mass.│1789│ Fed. │Quincy, Mass. │1826 │ 90
2│Thomas Jefferson │Shadwell, Va. │ 1743│Welsh │Va. │1797│ Rep. │Monticello, Va. │1826 │ 83
3│Aaron Burr │Newark, N. J. │ 1756│English │N. Y.│1801│ Rep. │Staten Island, N. Y.│1836 │ 80
4│George Clinton │Ulster Co., N. Y. │ 1739│English │N. Y.│1805│ Rep. │Washington, D. C. │1812 │ 73
5│Elbridge Gerry │Marblehead, Mass. │ 1744│English │Mass.│1813│ Rep. │Washington, D. C. │1814 │ 70
6│Daniel D. Tompkins │Scarsdale, N. Y. │ 1774│English │N. Y.│1817│ Rep. │Staten Island, N. Y.│1825 │ 51
7│John C. Calhoun │Abbeville, S. C. │ 1782│Scotch-Irish│S. C.│1825│ Rep. │Washington, D. C. │1850 │ 68
8│Martin Van Buren │Kinderhook, N. Y. │ 1782│Dutch │N. Y.│1833│ Dem. │Kinderhook, N. Y. │1862 │ 79
9│Richard M. Johnson │Louisville, Ky │ 1780│English │Ky. │1837│ Dem. │Frankfort, Ky. │1850 │ 70
10│John Tyler │Greenway, Va. │ 1790│English │Va. │1841│ Dem. │Richmond, Va. │1862 │ 72
11│George M. Dallas │Philadelphia, Pa. │ 1792│English │Pa. │1845│ Dem. │Philadelphia, Pa. │1864 │ 72
12│Millard Fillmore │Summer Hill, N. Y. │ 1800│English │N. Y.│1849│ Whig │Buffalo, N. Y. │1874 │ 74
13│William R. King │Sampson Co., N. C. │ 1786│English │Ala. │1853│ Dem. │Dallas Co., Ala. │1853 │ 67
14│John C. Breckenridge│Lexington, Ky. │ 1821│Scotch │Ky. │1857│ Dem. │Lexington, Ky. │1875 │ 54
15│Hannibal Hamlin │Paris, Me. │ 1809│English │Me. │1861│ Rep. │Bangor, Me. │1891 │ 81
16│Andrew Johnson │Raleigh, N. C. │ 1808│English │Tenn.│1865│ Rep. │Carter Co., Tenn. │1875 │ 66
17│Schuyler Colfax │New York City, N. Y.│ 1823│English │Ind. │1869│ Rep. │Mankato, Minn. │1885 │ 62
18│Henry Wilson │Farmington, N. H. │ 1812│English │Mass.│1873│ Rep. │Washington D. C. │1875 │ 63
19│William A. Wheeler │Malone, N. Y. │ 1819│English │N. Y.│1877│ Rep. │Malone, N. Y. │1887 │ 68
20│Chester A. Arthur │Fairfield, Vt. │ 1830│Scotch-Irish│N. Y.│1881│ Rep. │New York City, N. Y.│1886 │ 56
21│Thos. A. Hendricks │Muskingum Co., O. │ 1819│Scotch-Irish│Ind. │1885│ Dem. │Indianapolis, Ind. │1885 │ 66
22│Levi P. Morton │Shoreham, Vt. │ 1824│Scotch │N. Y.│1889│ Rep. │ │ │
23│Adlai E. Stevenson │Christian Co., Ky. │ 1835│Scotch-Irish│Ill. │1893│ Dem. │ │ │
24│Garret A. Hobart │Long Branch, N. J. │ 1844│English │N. J.│1897│ Rep. │Paterson, N. J. │1899 │ 55
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President Buchanan was the only Chief Magistrate of the Republic who, having served one term in the Presidency, was not a candidate for re-election. He announced his purpose not to be a candidate in his inaugural address, and I doubt not that he never swerved from that determination. At the close of his administration the political conditions gave no promise of his re-election, however much he might have desired it, but he was then past the patriarchal years, and he is the one President who entered the office to serve only a term and adhered to it. The elder Adams was defeated for re-election by Jefferson; the younger Adams was defeated for re-election by Jackson; Van Buren was defeated for re-election by the elder Harrison, and the younger Harrison was defeated for re-election by Cleveland, while Hayes, Polk and Pierce were candidates for re-election, but were rejected by the party.

Four Vice-Presidents succeeded to the Presidency by the death of the President, and all of them were earnest candidates for election to another term. Tyler and Johnson sought the Democratic nomination and failed. Fillmore failed in the struggle for the Whig nomination, and Arthur was defeated by Blaine.

Washington, Jefferson, Madison, Monroe, Jackson, Lincoln, Grant, and Cleveland were twice elected President. Jefferson, Jackson, and Cleveland were each defeated for the Presidency, although twice elected. Jefferson and Jackson were defeated in their first contests, and then elected to two successive terms, and Cleveland was elected in 1884, defeated in 1888, and re-elected in 1892. Jackson and Cleveland are the only two Presidents who were candidates in three national elections and received an increased plurality in each successive contest. Both were defeated in one battle when they had received the largest popular vote. Grant was the only President who made a struggle for a third term.

Four Presidents died in office—namely, Harrison in 1841, after having served but little over a month; Taylor in 1850, after having served less than a year and a half; Lincoln in 1865, only a little more than a month after his second inauguration, and Garfield in 1881, before the close of the first year of his administration.