Chapter XIV: Section 2275: Revised Statutes as amended in 1891

12 Secretary of Interior repeatedly recommended purchase of claims, but Congress has failed to act on his bills.

13 About 2% of park area is patented, including some of finest timber.

14 This is a placer mine patent. There are also 178 unperfected claims.

15 Establishing act allows claimants to exchange for outside lands under forest lieu land laws. No exchanges to date. State school lands have been exchanged.

16 Of this 360 acres are patented. Remainder in unperfected claims and school lands. Workable coal underlies whole park.

17 Of this 31,535.98 acres are patented. Remainder as noted in Note 16.

_Finances_ (revenues are from leases and concessions):

18 Of this $65,000 is for “maintenance and repair of improvements,” to be expended by War Department.

19 Of this $25,000 is for road building under War Department.

20 Of this $15,000 is toward a sewer if city of Sulphur provides a like amount.

21 Park is supervised by an Indian school officer stationed in the neighborhood.

_Visitors:_

22 First figure is number of baths, free and paid. Second figure is number of persons visiting the mountain observation tower at 25 cents each.

23 Estimated.

24 Includes visitors from outside the immediate neighborhood. Park also serves city of Sulphur.

25 No carriage road to this park. Horse trail, steep and dangerous, 10 miles.

* Proposed park. Bill to establish passed both branches in 60th Congress, but no in identical form. The bills failed to each a conference vote. Tract is now in a National Forest.

II. STATUTORY PROVISIONS RELATING TO NATIONAL PARKS

Name Departments Allied Penalties Protection of “Natural Special Privleges Allowed in Control1 for Misdemeanors10 Condition” specified19 Yellowstone War3 4 Yes11 Yes Hotels, etc.23 Hot Springs2 None Yes12 No Numerous24 Sequoia War3 None13 Yes Hotels, etc.25 Yosemite War3 None13 Yes Hotels, etc.25 Gen. Grant War3 None13 Yes Hotels, etc.25 Casa Grande2 Smithsonian5 None14 Yes20 None Mt. Rainier War4: Agriculture6 None13 Yes Hotels26: Mining27 Crater Lake None Yes15 No21 Hotels26: Mining28 Platt None7 Yes16 No22 Water29 Wind Cave Justice8 Yes17 No22 Hotels: Cavern30 Sully’s Hill None None14 No None Mesa Verde None9 Yes18 Yes Scientific Research31

_Nomenclature and Management:_

1 Interior Department is in all cases the custodian.

2 All are specifically called “parks” in the establishing acts or their amendments except Hot Springs and Casa Grande Ruin. These are termed “reservations.”

3 Policed by troops on request of Interior Department (Sundry Civil Acts of March 3, 1883, and June 6, 1900). Paid for from Army appropriation. Same Superintendent and guard cares for both Sequoia and Gen. Grant Parks.

4 Road construction by Army Engineers (Act of June 6, 1900).

5 Scientific excavations and protective works placed under Smithsonian Institution by Sundry Civil Act of June 30, 1906.

6 At present the Supervisor of Rainier National Forest acts as superintendent of park. Forest surrounds the park. Forest rangers police park in part.

7 Superintendent of park recommends a military guard in summer.

8 The U. S. Marshall for So. Dakota acts voluntarily as advisory superintendent.

9 Scientific excavations and protective works undertaken voluntarily by Smithsonian Institution at request of Interior Department.

_Misdemeanor Penalties:_

10 All National Forest and National Park employees given power of arrest for violation of laws and regulations by Act of Feb. 6, 1905, reënacted by Agriculture Appropriation Act of March 3, 1905. Act of March 3, 1875, provides a fine up to $500 or imprisonment up to one year for cutting or injuring trees or fences, or for unauthorized pasturing on any reserved public lands. Act of June 3, 1878, as amended August 4, 1892, forbids unlawful timber cutting on public lands, the fine being $100 to $1000. Section 5391 Revised Statues and Act of July 7, 1898, makes offences on U. S. property punishable under the law of the State where committed, if such law exists, in cases where there is no U. S. law to cover same. See 11, 12, 13.

11 Special Act of May 7, 1894, “to protect birds and animals in Yellowstone National Park, and to punish crimes in said park.” Fine up to $1000 or imprisonment up to 2 years, or both, with costs. Wyoming State laws apply where U. S. laws are deficient.

12 Fine up to $100 and costs in certain cases on a portion of the reservation (Act of April 20, 1904, amended March 2, 1907). City ordinances and State laws apply in some cases.

13 Violators of rules governing park may only be ejected. State laws do not cover sufficiently. In the case of the Yosemite there is no U. S. Commissioner within 100 miles.

14 Rules and regulations for government are required by law in connection with all National Parks except Casa Grande and Sully’s Hill.

15 Fine up to $500 or imprisonment up to 1 year and liability for all damages.

16 Fine of $5 to $100 or imprisonment up to 6 months.

17 Fine up to $1000, or imprisonment up to 1 year, or both.

18 Fine up to $1000, or imprisonment up to 1 year, and obligation to restore removed property.

_Preservation Terms:_

19 The preservation of the park in its _natural condition_ is required by law on 7 of the 12 parks.

20 Establishing act specifies “protection of said ruin and of the ancient city of which it is a part.” Custodian provided annually by Sundry Civil Act.

21 Custodian required by establishing act to “cause adequate measures to be taken for the preservation of the natural objects” and of timer, game, and fish.

22 Requirement might be implied, however, from general terms of establishing act.

_Privileges:_

23 Act of August 3, 1894, amended March 2, 1907, redefined leasing terms, limiting area to 10 acres, or where more than one location was granted one person or concern, not over 20 acres all told. It forbade leasing any natural wonders, or any land within a fixed distance of chief objects.

24 Railway locations, revocable by Congress, granted by acts of March 3, 1877, and Oct. 19, 1888. Another railway right of Dec. 21, 1893, was defaulted. City reservoir site granted by Act of August 7, 1894. An observation tower with elevator, admission 25 cents, leased a site on the mountain under Act of March 19, 1898. Hotel, bath-house, and sanatorium locations allotted, and hot water from springs sold pursuant to sundry acts of Congress.

25 Revocable locations to power-plants, water-supply works, pole lines, conduits, etc. authorized by Act of Feb. 15, 1901, when not deemed “incompatible with the public interest.” Hetch-Hetchy storage basin grant to San Francisco made hereunto, May, 1908.

26 Hotel leases unlimited as to area or time. Railways may be built _into_, not through, park.

27 Mining claims proved in good faith prior to Act of May 27, 1908, may be worked under regulation of department. 178 such claims in park.

28 Mining claims may be located and worked under regulation of department. Such claims do not carry a fee title to land here.

29 Village of Sulphur supplied from creek under department regulation.

30 Establishing act permits renting cavern, the chief natural feature of the park. Mining claims antedating park would be protected.

31 A bill introduced in 60th Congress by Secretary of Interior to allow hotel and similar leases failed to become law.

(Bill now pending to create Glacier National Park, Montana, allows 20-year leases for private cottages, and also allows removal of mature timber “for the protection and improvement of the park.” No penalties for misdemeanor are provided.)

III. NATIONAL MONUMENTS1

Map Name Location Established Characteristic Features Area: Acres2 No. 14 Devil’s Tower Wyoming Sept. 24, 1906 Example of erosion 1,152.91 15 Petrified Forest Arizona Dec. 8, 1906 Silicified mesozoic forest remains 60,776.02 16 Montezuma Castle Arizona Dec. 8, 1906 Cliff-dwellings, prehistoric 160.02 17 El Moro New Mexico Dec. 8, 1906 Inscribed rocks 160.00 18 Chaco Canyon New Mexico Mch. 11, 1907 Pueblo ruin, prehistoric 20,629.40 19 *Lassen Peak California May 6, 1907 Extinct volcano 1,280.00 20 *Cinder Cone California May 6, 1907 Lava field 5,120.00 21 *Gila Cliff-Dwellings New Mexico Nov. 16, 1907 Cliff-dwellings, prehistoric 160.00 22 *Tonto Arizona Dec. 19, 1907 Cliff-dwellings, prehistoric 640.00 23 Muir Woods3 California Jan. 9, 1908 Primeval redwood forest 295.00 24 *Grand Canyon Arizona Jan. 11, 1908 “Titan of chasms” 806,400.00 25 *Pinnacles California Jan. 16, 1908 Rock pinnacles and caves 2,080.00 26 *Jewel Cave So. Dakota Feb. 7, 1908 Large cavern 1280.00 27 Natural Bridges Utah Apr. 16, 1908 Three natural bridges 4120.00 28 Lewis and Clark Cavern Montana May 11, 1908 Limestone cavern 160,00 29 Tumacacori5 Arizona Sept. 5, 1908 Spanish mission ruin 10.00 30 *Wheeler Colorado Dec. 7, 1908 Volcanic formations 300.00 31 *Mt. Olympus Washington Mch. 2, 1909 Habitat of Olympic elk6 608,640.00 32 Navajo Arizona Mch. 20, 1909 Cliff-dwellings and pueblos 600.00 33 *Oregon Caves Oregon July 10, 1909 Limestone caverns 480.00 1,510,443.35

* Managed by U. S. Forest Service, Department of Agriculture. These areas lie within National Forests. All others managed by Department of Interior. These were created out of National Forest lands. All others except Muir Woods and Tumacacori were created from unpatented public lands. See notes 3 and 5.

1 Monuments created by Presidential proclamation under Act of June 8, 1906, “For the Preservation of American Antiquities.” Act specifies “historic landmarks, historic and prehistoric structures, and other objects of historic or scientific interest” as reservable under this authority. No power given to lease any part of such lands. The Secretaries of the Interior, Agriculture, and War are directed to draw uniform rules for the control of these tracts. They may permit “properly qualified institutions” to carry on scientific investigations, including excavations and collecting. No appropriation ever made for maintenance of monuments. No revenue derived therefrom. A fine up to $500 or imprisonment up to 90 days, or both, is the penalty for unlicensed excavating or collecting, or for injuring the reserved properties.

2 Includes any possible private claims. Extent of patented lands not known to Interior Department.

3 Gift of WIlliam and Elizabeth Thacher Kent of Chicago, Illinois.

4 Proposal to enlarge under consideration.

5 A perfected patent on this land was relinquished by the entryman.

6 The Olympic elk is a rare species and found only in this section of Cascade Mountains.

IV. LOCATION AND AREA OF THE NATIONAL FORESTS IN THE UNITED STATES, ALASKA, AND PORTO RICO, AND DATES WHEN LATEST PROCLAMATIONS BECAME EFFECTIVE.

June 30, 1909.

[_Official Table of the Forest Service, United States Department of Agriculture._]

State or Territory Forest Headquarters of Proclamation Area: Acres Total
Supervisor Effective
Arizona Apache Springerville Mar. 2, 1909 1,785,711
Chiricahua1 Douglas July 2, 1908 287,520
Coconino Flagstaff July 2, 1908 3,689,982
Coronado Benson July 2, 1908 966,368
Crook Stafford July 1, 1908 788,624
Dixie2 St. George, Utah Feb. 10, 1909 626,800
Garces Nogales July 2, 1908 644,395
Kaibab Kanab, Utah July 2, 1908 1,080,000
Prescot Prescott Feb 1, 1908 1,541,762
Sitgreaves Snowflake Mar. 2, 1909 1,470,364
Tonto Roosevelt Feb. 10, 1909 2,110,354
Zuñi3 Mar. 2, 1909 266,981
15,258,861
Arkansas Arkansas Mena Feb. 27, 1909 1,663,300
Ozark Harrison Feb. 25, 1909 1,526,481
3,189,781
California Angeles Los Angeles July 1, 1908 1,350,900
California Willows Feb. 25, 1909 1,114,904
Cleveland San Diego Jan. 26, 1909 2,236,178
Crater4 Medford, Oreg. July 1, 1908 58,614
Inyo5 Bishop July 2, 1908 1,458,444
Klamath Yreka Feb. 13, 1909 2,094,467
Lassen Red Buff Mar. 2, 1909 1,373,043
Modoc Alturas Feb. 25, 1909 1,471,817
Mono6 Gardnerville, Nevada Mar. 2, 1909 813,789
Monterey Salinas July 2, 1908 514,477
Plumas Quincy Mar. 2, 1909 1,407,053
San Luis San Luis Obispo July 1, 1908 355,990
Santa Barbara Santa Barbara July 1, 1908 2,027,180
Sequoia Hot Springs, Tulare Co. Mar. 2, 1909 3,079,942
Shasta Sisson Mar. 2, 1909 1,754,718
Sierra Northfork July 2, 1908 1,935,680
Siskiyou7 Grants Pass, Oregon July 1, 1908 37,814
Stanislaus Sonora July 2, 1908 1,117,625
Tahoe8 Nevada City Mar. 2, 1909 1,931,042
Trinity Weaverville Mar. 2, 1909 1,834,833
27,968,510
Colorado Arapaho Sulphur Springs July 1, 1908 796,815
Battlement9 Collbran July 1, 1908 759,002
Cochetopa Saguache July 1, 1908 932,890
Cochetopa Saguache July 1, 1908 932,890
Gunnison Gunnison July 1, 1908 945,350
Hayden10 Encampment, Wyoming July 1, 1908 84,000

1 Total of Chiricahua in Arizona and New Mexico = 466,497 acres.

2 Total of Dixie in Arizona and Utah = 1,102,655 acres.

3 Total of Zuñi in Arizona and New Mexico = 670,981 acres.

4 Total of Crater in California and Oregon = 1,119,834 acres.

5 Total of Inyo in California and Nevada = 1,521,017 acres.

6 Total of Mono in California and Nevada = 1,349,126 acres.

7 Total of Siskiyou in California and Oregon = 1,302,393 acres.

8 Total of Tahoe in California and Nevada = 1,992,127 acres.

9 Area of Battlement revised by General Land Office, May 27, 1909.

10 Total of Hayden in Colorado and Wyoming = 454,911 acres.

State or Territory Forest Headquarters of Proclamation Area: Acres Total
Supervisor Effective
Colorado Holly Cross1 Glenwood Springs April 26, 1909 595,840
—cont. La Sal2 Moab, Utah Mar. 16, 1909 29,502
Las Animas3 La Veta Mar. 1, 1907 196,140
Leadville Leadville July 1, 1908 1,184,730
Medicine Bow Fort Colins July 1, 1908 659,780
Montezuma Mancos July 1, 1908 1,175,811
Pike Denver July 1, 1908 1,457,524
Rio Grande Monte Vista July 1, 1908 1,262,158
Routt Steamboat Springs July 1, 1908 1,049,686
San Isabel Westcliffe July 2, 1908 560,848
San Juan Durango July 1, 1908 1,460,880
Sopris1 Aspen April 26, 1909 655,360
Uncompahgre Delta July 1, 1908 921,243
White River Meeker May 21, 1904 970,880
15,698,439
Florida Choctawhatchee Nov. 27, 1908 467,606
Ocala Nov. 24, 1908 207,285
674,891
Idaho Beverhead4 Dillon, Mont. July 1, 1908 304,140
Boise Boise July 1, 1908 1,147,360
Cache5 Logan, Utah July 1, 1908 276,640
Caribou6 Idaho Falls Jan. 15, 1907 733,000
Challis Challis July 1, 1908 1,161,040
Clearwater Kooskia July 1, 1908 2,687,860
Coeur d’Alene Wallace July 1, 1908 1,543,844
Idaho Elo July 1, 1908 1,293,280
Kaniksu7 Newport, Wash. July 1, 1908 544,220
Lemhi Mackay July 1, 1908 955,408
Minidoka8 Oakley July 2, 1908 619,204
Nezperce Grangeville July 1, 1908 1,946,340
Payette Emmett July 1, 1908 844,240
Pend d’Oreille Sandpoint July 1, 1908 913,364
Pocatello9 Pocatello July 1, 1908 288,148
Salmon Salmon July 1, 1908 1,762,472
Sawtooth Hailey July 1, 1908 1,211,920
Targhee10 St. Anthony July 1, 1908 1,101,720
Weiser Weiser July 1, 1908 764,829
20,099,029
Kansas Kansas Garden City May 15, 1908 302,387
302,387
Michigan Marquette Feb. 10, 1909 30,603
Michigan Feb. 11, 1909 132,770
163,373
Minnesota Minnesota Cass Lake May 23, 1908 294,752
Superior Ely Feb. 13, 1909 909,734
1,204,486
Montana Absaroka Livingston July 1, 1908 980,440
Beartooth Red Lodge July 1, 1908 685,293
Beaverhead4 Dillon July 1, 1908 1,506,680

1 Holy Cross divided into Holy Cross and Sopris National Forests, April 26, 1909.

2 Total of La Sal in Colorado and Utah = 474,130 acres.

3 Total of Las Animas in Colorado and New Mexico = 196,620 acres.

4 Total of Beaverhead in Idaho and Montana = 1,810,820 acres.

5 Total of Cache in Idaho and Utah = 533,840 acres.

6 Total of Caribou in Idaho and Wyoming = 740,740 acres.

7 Total of Kaniksu in Idaho and Washington = 950,740 acres.

8 Total of Minidoka in Idaho and Utah = 736,407 acres.

9 Total of Pocatello in Idaho and Utah = 298,868 acres

10 Total of Targhee in Idaho and Wyoming = 1,479,320 acres.

11 Minnesota National Forest created by act of Congress.

State or Territory Forest Headquarters of Proclamation Area: Acres Total
Supervisor Effective
Montana Bitterroot Missoula July 1, 1908 1,180,900
—cont. Blackfeet Kalispell July 1, 1908 1,956,340
Cabinet Thompson Falls July 1, 1908 1,020,960
Custer Ashland July 2, 1908 590,720
Deerlodge Anaconda July 1, 1908 1,080,220
Flathead Kalispell July 1, 1908 2,092,785
Gallatin Bozeman July 1, 1908 907,160
Helena Helena July 1, 1908 930,180
Jefferson Great Falls July 2, 1908 1,255,320
Kootenai Libby July 1, 1908 1,661,260
Lewis and Clark Chouteau July 1, 1908 884,136
Lolo Missoula Nov. 6, 1906 1,211,680
Madison Sheridan July 1, 1908 1,102,860
Missoula Missoula July 1, 1908 1,237,509
Sioux1 Camp Crook, So. Dakota Feb. 15, 1909 145,253
20,389,696
Nebraska Nebraska Halsey July 2, 1908 566,072
566,072
Nevada Humboldt Elko Jan. 20, 1909 1,158,814
Inyo2 Bishop, Cal. July 2, 1908 62,573
Moapa Las Vegas Jan. 21, 1909 390,580
Mono3 Gardnerville Mar. 2, 1909 535,337
Nevada Ely Feb. 10, 1909 1,222,312
Tahoe4 Nevada City, Cal. Mar. 2, 1909 61,085
Toiyabe Austin Feb. 20, 1909 1,678,714
5,109,415
New Mexico Alamo Alamogordo Mar. 2, 1909 1,513,817
Carson Antonito, Colo. Mar. 2, 1909 1,390,680
Chiricahua5 Douglas, Ariz. July 2, 1908 178,977
Datil Magdalena Feb. 23, 1909 2,869,888
Gila Silver City Feb. 15, 1909 1,782,562
Jemez Santa Fé July 1, 1908 944,085
Las Animas6 La Veta, Colo. Mar. 1, 1907 480
Lincoln Capitan Mar. 2, 1909 677,790
Manzano Albuquerque Apr. 16, 1908 587,110
Pecos Santa Fé Jan. 28, 1909 622,322
Zuñi7 Mar. 2, 1909 404,000
10,971,711
North Dakota Dakota Camp Crook, So. Dakota Nov. 24, 1908 13,940
13,940
Oklahoma Whichita Cache May 29, 1906 60,800
60,800
Oregon Cascade Eugene July 1, 1908 1,767,370
Crater8 Medford July 1, 1908 1,061,220
Deschutes Prineville July 14, 1908 1,504,207
Fremont Lakeview July 14, 1908 1,260,320
Malheur John Day July 1, 1908 1,167,400
Oregon Portland July 1, 1908 1,787,280
Siskiyou9 Grants Pass July 1, 1908 1,264,579
Siuslaw Eugene July 1, 1908 821,794
Umatilla Heppner July 1, 1908 540,496
Umpqua Roseburg July 1, 1908 1,567,500

1 Total of Sioux in Montana and South Dakota = 249,653 acres.

2 Total of Inyo in California and Nevada = 1,521,017 acres.

3 Total of Mono in California and Nevada = 1,349,126 acres.

4 Total of Tahoe in California and Nevada = 1,992,127 acres.

5 Total Chiricahua in Arizona and New Mexico = 466,497 acres.

6 Total of Las Animas in Colorado and New Mexico = 196,620 acres.

7 Total of Zuñi in Arizona and New Mexico = 670,981 acres.

8 Total of Crater in California and Oregon = 1,119,834 acres.

9 Total of Siskiyou in California and Oregon = 1,302,393 acres.

State or Territory Forest Headquarters of Proclamation Area: Acres Total
Supervisor Effective
Oregon Wallowa Wallowa July 2, 1908 1,750,240
—cont. Wenaha1 Walla Walla, Washington Mar. 1, 1907 494,942
Whitman Sumpter July 1, 1908 1,234,020
16,221,368
South Dakota Black Hills Deadwood Feb. 15, 1909 1,190,040
Sioux2 Camp Crook Feb. 15, 1909 104,400
1,294,440
Utah Ashley3 Vernal July 1, 1908 947,490
Cache4 Logan July 1, 1908 257,200
Dixie5 St. George Feb. 10, 1909 475,865
Fillmore Beaver July 1, 1908 578,459
Fishlake Salina July 2, 1908 537,233
La Sal6 Moab Mar. 16, 1909 444,628
Manti Ephraim Apr. 25, 1907 786,080
Minidoka7 Oakley, Idaho July 2, 1908 117,203
Nebo Nephi July 1, 1908 343,920
Pocatello8 Pocatello, Idaho July 1, 1908 10,720
Powell Escalante July 2, 1908 726,159
Sevier Panguitch Jan. 17, 1906 710,920
Uinta Provo July 1, 1908 1,250,610
Wasatch Salt Lake City July 2, 1908 249,840
7,436,327
Washington Chelan Chelan July 1, 1908 2,492,500
Columbia Portland, Oreg. July 1, 1908 941,440
Colville Republic Mar. 1, 1907 869,520
Kaniksu9 Newport July 1, 1908 406,520
Olympic Olympia Mar. 2, 1907 1,594,560
Rainier Orting July 1, 1908 1,641,280
Snoqualmie Seattle July 1, 1908 961,120
Washington Bellingham July 1, 1908 1,419,040
Wenaha1 Walla Walla Mar. 1, 1907 318,400
Wenatchee Leavenworth July 1, 1908 1,421,120
12,065,500
Wyoming Ashley3 Vernal, Utah July 1, 1908 4,596
Bighorn Sheridan July 2, 1908 1,151,680
Bonneville Pinedale July 1, 1908 1,627,840
Caribou10 Idaho Falls, Idaho Jan. 15, 1907 7,740
Cheyenne Laramie July 1, 1908 617,932
Hayden11 Encampment July 1, 1908 370,911
Shoshone Cody July 1, 1908 1,689,680
Sundance Sundance July 1, 1908 183,224
Targhee St. Anthony, Idaho July 1, 1908 377,600
Teton Jackson July 1, 1908 1,991,200
Wyoming Afton July 1, 1908 976,320
8,998,723

Total of 147 National Forests in the United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167,677,749

1 Total of Wenaha in Oregon and Washington = 813,342 acres.

2 Total of Sioux in Montana and South Dakota = 249,653 acres.

3 Total of Ashley in Utah and Wyoming = 952,086 acres.

4 Total of Cache in Idaho and Utah = 523,840 acres.

5 Total of Dixie in Arizona and Utah = 1,102,665 acres.

6 Total of La Sal in Colorado and Utah = 474,130 acres.

7 Total of Minidoka in Idaho and Utah = 736,407 acres.

8 Total of Pocatello in Idaho and Utah = 298,868 acres.

9 Total of Kaniksu in Idaho and Washington = 950,740 acres.

10 Total of Caribou in Idaho and Wyoming = 740,740 acres.

11 Total of Hayden in Colorado and Wyoming = 454,911 acres.

12 Total of Targhee in Idaho and Wyoming = 1,479,320 acres.

State or Territory Forest Headquarters of Proclamation Area: Acres Total
Supervisor Effective
Alaska Chugach Ketchikan Feb. 23, 1909 11,280,640
Tongass Ketchikan Feb. 16, 1909 15,480,986
26,761,626
Porto Rico Luquillo Jan. 17, 1903 65,950
65,950

Grand total of 150 National Forests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194,505,325

INDEX

Adenostema fasciculatum, heathlike shrub, its influence on the physiognomy of Sierra landscapes, 142.

Age of trees, pine, 69, 104, 107, 108, 114, 275; libocedrus, 118; juniper, 124; fir, 275, 276; sequoia, 260, 275-280, 297, 299.

Alaska, plants and animals of, 7-11.

Alpenglow, 74.

Apple, wild, 22, 23.

Aspen, 131

Aster, 164

Avalanches, snow, 27, 251-255; rock, 140, 259.

Azalea, 146, 181, 303.

Axe clearings, 101.

Bear-hunters, 353; Duncan, 179; David Brown and his dog Sandy, 181.

Bears, 28, 52, 57, 144, 314; food of Sierra, 172; interviews with 174, 177; tracks, 178; and sheep, 185.

Beaver, 16, 25, 53.

Beaver, mountain, 201.

Beaver meadows, 23, 37.

Birds, of the Yosemite Park, 213.

Blackberries, 24.

Bogs, 139, 166.

Brodiæa, 23, 155.

Bryanthus, 148.

California, floweriness of, 137.

Calochortus, 23, 145.

Calypso borealis, 7, 23.

Camassia, 156.

Campanula, 282.

Camping, 56, 133, 161, 163.

Cañon, the Grand, of the Colorado, 35; Yellowstone, 49; Merced, 259; Tuolumne, 259.

Cañons of the Sierra, 83.

Cassiope, 147.

Cathedral Peak, 90.

Ceanothus, 145.

Cedar, incense, 116; red, 123, 273.

Chamæbatia foliolosa, a forest carpet, 143.

Chaparral, 142, 144, 146.

Cherry, 23, 146.

Chestnut, 22.

Chinquapin, 146.

Chipmunk, 196.

Climates of the Sierra, 138, 160, 161, 164.

Clintonia, 18, 23.

Clouds, 77, 164, 276, 281.

Colds, 133.

Coyote, 194.

Crow, Clarke, 228.

Crystals, 161.

Currants, 24.

Cypripedium, 156.

Daisy, 94, 149.

Danger, 28, 57, 133, 184, 208.

Deer, 189, 315.

Deserts, 6.

De Soto, 71.

Diver, great northern, 227.

Dog, Carlo, 175; Sandy, 181.

Dogwood, flowering, 22, 130.

Douglas, David, in forests of Oregon, 110.

Duck-hunters, 353.

Ducks, 226.

Dwarf willow, 94.

Eagle, 228.

Earthquake, 261; ancient, 265; taluses, formation of, 260; influence on cañon scenery, 265.

Emerson, his visit to Yosemite and the Mariposa Grove of Big Trees, 131, 235.

Eriogonum, 149, 166.

Erythronium, 23, 31.

Farm lands of Washington and Oregon, 24, 25.

Ferns, 149, 160; Woodwardia, 149; Pteris, 150; Pellæa, five species of, 151; Cryptogramme, 151; Phegopteris, 151; Cheilanthes, three species of, 152;

Adiantum, two species, 152.

Fir. _See_ Silver fir.

Floods, 256.

Floral cascades, 159.

Flower beds of the Sierra, 142.

Flowers, of pine, spruce, fir, and hemlock, 168, 169; sequoia, 284.

Forest fires, 297, 307, 335, 352, 356-359.

Forest picture, 302.

Forest Reservations, Rocky Mountain, 15; Pacific Coast, 19, 31, 34; opposition to, 24, 360; wildness of, 24.

Forest Reserve, Black Hills, 13; Bitter Root, 16; Flathead, 17; Sierra, 31; Grand Cañon, 34.

Forest sepulchres, 64.

Forests, growing interest in, 2, 5, 33; of the Cascade Mountains, 22; fossil, 60; of the Yellowstone Park, 67; Sierra, 80, 98-136; Giant, of the Kaweah, 300; of the Tule River, 318; American, 331; destruction of, 336, 344; influence on streams, 337, 346, 359; management of, 337-365; redwood (_Sequoia semper-virens_), 347-352.

Fountains of the Sierra, 241, 245.

Fritillaria, 23, 156.

Frogs, 211.

Frost crystals, 165.

Gardens, wild, of California, 5; the East, 6; Alaska, 7; Black Hills, 14; Rocky Mountains, 18, 19; Cascade Mountains, 23, 30; Sierra, 137-142; forest 155; cliff, 157; wall, 159; pot-hole, shadow, alpine, 160; winter, 161; meadow, 163; sky, Mono, and tree, 167.

Gaultheria, 23, 350.

Geese, 225.

General Grant National Park and tree, 298.

Gentians, 94, 142, 164.

Geyser basins, 43, 44.

Geyser craters, 46.

Geysers, 38, 41, 43, 53; distribution of, 55.

Giants of Sierra forests, 108; Western, 116.

Glacial action, 84, 92, 96, 138.

Glacial and post-glacial denudation, 84, 89.

Glacial period, 64, 65, 78, 96, 242.

Glacier lakes, 78, 95.

Glacier landscapes, 65, 91.

Glacier meadows, 37, 163.

Glacier monuments, 84.

Glacier pavements, 83, 84-86.

Glacier sparrow, 231.

Glaciers, 19, 30, 64, 78; of the Sierra, 95; ancient Tuolumne, 88, 90.

Goat, wild, 24, 29.

Gold, influence of, 11, 361.

Goldenrods, 17, 142, 164.

Gray, Asa, 33.

Great Basin, the, 94.

Grouse, 215.

Hackmatack, 18.

Hawks, 228.

Hayden, F. V., his work exploring the Yellowstone region, and getting it set apart as a national park, 39.

Hazel, 23, 146.

Hazel Green, 81.

Heathworts, 23, 147.

Hemlock, mountain, 125, 170.

Home-going, 98.

Honeysuckle, 142, 147.

Hooker, Sir Joseph, 33.

Hothouses, natural, 161.

Hot springs, 38, 41, 43, 54.

Huckleberries, 24.

Hulsea, 167.

Hunters and trappers, 51, 58.

Indian summer, 165, 283, 316.

Indians, 24, 51, 263; their orchards, 105; hunting grounds, 14, 122, 193; tame, 317.

Johnson, Dr., on the trees of Scotland, 108.

Joliet and Father Marquette on the upper Mississippi, 71.

Juniper, western, 123, 273.

Lakes, McDonald, 18; Avalanche, 19; Yellowstone, 47, 70; Mono, 94, Tahoe, 48; Tenaya, 86.

Landscapes, new, 8; changes in, 4; of the Sierra, 87.

Landslip, 287.

Larch, western, 18; Lyall, 18.

Lark, meadow, 238.

La Salle, 71.

Lewis and Clark, 28.

Library, geological, 59.

Light, 82, 165.

Lightning, 276.

Lilies, 23, 153, 155, 350.

Linnæa borealis and companions, 18, 50.

Lizards, 204.

Log houses, 288, 305, 320.

Loggers, 29.

Lumbering in the Sierra, 100.

Man influence on landscapes, 4.

Manzanita, 143.

Maple, 22, 130.

Mariposa tulip, 155.

Marmot, 17, 199.

Meadows, glacier, 37, 163; in sequoia woods, 296, 302.

Monardella, 282.

Moneses, 18.

Monument, the Glacier, 87.

Mosses, 22.

Mt. Rainier, 30; Amethyst, 60, 73; Washburn, 66; Dana, 90, 93; Lyell, McClure, Gibbs, 90; Hoffman, 161.

Mountaineering, 285, 306.

Mountains, the Western, 2; new, 4; Cascade, 19; Olympic, 19; Rocky, 12-18, 37, 38; Sierra, 76.

Mud, 44.

Mule, Brownie, 285, 295, 301; his prayer, 318.

Names, 58.

Nature, 56, 73, 97, 332; laboratories of, 44.

Night air, 133.

Nights, 165

Nuts, pine, 103.

Oaks, California black, 128; gold-cup live-oak, 128.

Orchids, 23, 156.

Ousel, water, 29, 52, 238.

Owens River water, 246.

Parks, national, of the West, 12; Mt. Rainier, 30; Yellowstone, 37; Yomesite, 76; animals of, 172, 201; birds, 213; General Grant and Sequoia, 298, 328, 329; management of, 40, 351.

Petrified forests, 38, 60.

Phlox, 94.

Pika, 162, 201.

Pine, yellow, 13, 112, 115; contorted, lodge-pole, Murray, two leaved, tamarack, 15, 18, 67, 68, 83, 121, 122; mountain, 18, 108; Sabine, 102; hard cone (attenuata), 103; dwarf, 106; sugar, 100, 109; nut, 105; white, 68, 105.

Plover, 227.

Plum, 23.

Polemonium, alpine, 167.

Poplar, 130.

Primrose, shrubby, 147.

Prospectors, 289, 352.

Pyrola, 18.

Quail, mountain, 219; valley, 222.

Railroads in western forests, 357.

Rain, 26.

Raspberries, 24.

Rat, wood, 201.

Rattlesnakes, 28, 57, 206.

Redwood, 100, 268.

Reservations, _See_ Forest Reservations.

Rhododendron, 23, 146, 350.

Ribes, 282.

River, the Yellowstone, 48; Mississippi, 71; Columbia, 73; Missouri, 73; Colorado, 73; Tuolumne, 95, 258; Merced, 95, 258; San Joaquin, 95.

Rivers, 37; Sierra, 242.

Riverside trees, 130.

Robin, 236.

Rock ferns, 149.

Rose, 23, 147, 282.

Rubus, 147.

Sage-cock, 214.

Salmon berries, 24.

Sandhill crane, 227.

Sanger Lumber Co., 298.

Sarcodes, 281.

Sawmills, in sequoia woods, 292, 298, 299, 319, 351.

Scenery, habit, 2, 3; best, care-killing, 17; cañon, 259, 266.

Seed collectors, 101.

Seeds of conifers, 120.

Sequoia ditches, 291.

Sequoia gigantea, 268; cones, 274; age, 275; death, 276; groves in spring, 281; summer, 282; autumn, 283; winter, 283; studies, 285; seedlings, 297; young trees, 288, 296; oldest, 297; size of, 294, 322; durability of wood, 291; gum, 292; groves of Yosemite Park, 109; Mariposa Grove, 286, 328; Fresno Grove, 287-292; Dinky Grove, 293; forests of Kings River, 295; Kaweah and Tule river basins, 300, 314, 316; distribution of, 322, 325; permanence of the species, 323; influence on streams, 324, 329.

Shake-makers, 298, 353.

Sheep, wild, 194; hoofed locusts, 317, 318, 352.

Shepherds, 33, 185, 293, 317.

Sierra climate, change of, 324.

Silex pavements, 46.

Silver fir, alpine, 31, 68, 170; magnificent, 83, 118, 170; white, noble, grand, and lovely, 119, 170.

Snow, 26, 247.

Snow avalanches, 251.

Snow plant (Sarcodes), 156, 281.

Snowstorms, 249, 283.

Soil, 65, 67; moraine, 100, 138; crystal, 140, 161; earthquake boulder, 140, 259.

Sparrow, the glacier, 231.

Spiræa, 142.

Spiritual world, the, 74.

Springs, 244, 245; soda, 247.

Spruce, Engelmann, 14, 68; Douglas, 19, 22, 68, 100, 116; Sitka, 170.

Squirrels, 19, 52, 192, 194, 274, 284.

Storms, 267.

Streams of the Sierra, 241, 246, 248; in spring, 256; in summer and autumn, 257.

Sunflowers, crystal, 162.

Swamps, 7.

Talus, earthquake, 140, 259.

Tamarack, 18.

Thoreau, his description of the pistillate flowers of the white pine, 169; on the destruction of trees and shrubs, 356.

Torreys, 131.

Tourists, 21, 27, 53.

Trapper, 57.

Travel, modern, 1, 50, 56.

Tree flowers, 168; how best to see them, 165.

Tree gardens, 167.

Trout, 18, 48, 67, 211.

Tumion, 131.

Tundra, Alaska, 7.

Vaccinium, 18, 94, 148.

Valley, Central, of California, 5, 137.

Violets, 142, 281.

Volcanic cones, 30, 94.

Volcanic rocks, 60.

Volcanic storms, 61.

Volcanoes, 30; mud, 51.

Water, action of, on soilbeds, 138.

Water, Owens River, 246.

Waterfalls, Yellowstone, 49; Kaweah, 300.

Wildness, 2; unchangeable, 4.

Willow, dwarf, 94.

Wind, action of, on soilbeds, 139.

Woodchuck, 199.

Woodpeckers, 233, 282.

Wood-rat, 201.