Chapter IV: Section D: contains the strongest-bodied and most swift-flying of the (2)

Mr. Smith’s elaborate tables of the distribution of Malayan Hymenoptera (see ‘Proc. Linn. Soc.’ Zool. vol. vii.) show that, out of the large number of 301 species collected in Celebes, 190 (or nearly two-thirds) were absolutely restricted to it, although Borneo, on one side, and the various islands of the Moluccas on the other, were equally well explored by me; and no less than twelve of the genera are not found in any other island of the archipelago. I have just shown in the present paper that, in the Papilionidæ, it has far more species of its own than any other island, and a greater proportion of peculiar species than many of the large groups of islands in the archipelago—and that it gives to a large number of the species and varieties which inhabit it, 1st, an increase of size, and, 2nd, a peculiar modification in the form of the wings, which stamp upon the most dissimilar insects a mark distinctive of their common birth-place.

What, I would ask, are we to do with phenomena such as these? Are we to rest content with that very simple, but at the same time very unsatisfying explanation, that all these insects and other animals were created exactly _as_ they are, and originally placed exactly _where_ they are, by the inscrutable will of their Creator, and that we have nothing to do but to register the facts and wonder? Was this single island selected for a fantastic display of creative power, merely to excite a child-like and unreasoning admiration? Is all this appearance of gradual modification by the action of natural causes—a modification the successive steps of which we can almost trace—all delusive? Is this harmony between the most diverse groups, all presenting analogous phenomena, and indicating a dependence upon physical changes of which we have independent evidence, all false testimony? If I could think so, the study of nature would have lost for me its greatest charm. I should feel as would the geologist, if you could convince him that his interpretation of the earth’s past history was all a delusion—that strata were never formed in the primeval ocean, and that the fossils he so carefully collects and studies are no true record of a former living world, but were all created just as they now are, and in the rocks where he now finds them.

I must here express my own belief that none of these phenomena, however apparently isolated pr insignificant, can ever stand alone—that not the wing of a butterfly can change in form, or vary in colour, except in harmony with, and as a part of, the grand march of nature. I believe, therefore, that all the curious phenomena I have just recapitulated are immediately dependent on the last series of changes, organic and inorganic, in these regions; and as the phenomena presented by the island of Celebes differ from those of all the surrounding islands, it can, I conceive, only be because the past history of Celebes has been to some extent unique and different from theirs. We must have much more evidence to determine exactly in what that difference has consisted. At present, I only see my way clear to one deduction, viz., that Celebes represents one of the oldest parts of the archipelago, that it has been formerly more completely isolated both from India and from Australia than it is now, and that, amid all the mutations it has undergone, a relic or substratum of the fauna and flora of some more ancient land has been here preserved to us.

It is only since my return home, and since I have been able to compare the productions of Celebes side by side with those of the surrounding islands, that I have been fully impressed with their peculiarity, and the great interest that attaches to them. The plants and the reptiles are still almost unknown; and it is to be hoped that some enterprising naturalist may soon devote himself to their study. The geology of the country would also be well worth exploring, and its recent fossils would be of especial interest as elucidating the changes which have led to its present anomalous condition. This island stands, as it were, upon the boundary-line between two worlds. On one side is that ancient Australian fauna which preserves to the present day the facies of an early geological epoch; on the other is the rich and varied fauna of Asia, which seems to contain, in every class and order, the most perfect and highly organized animals. Celebes has relations to both, yet strictly belongs to neither; it possesses characteristics which are altogether its own; and I am convinced that no single island upon the globe would so well repay a careful and detailed research into its past and present history.

In the following catalogue of the Malayan species of Papilionidæ I have included those from Woodlark Island, collected by M. Montrouzier, as that island comes fairly within the limits of the archipelago; while I exclude New Caledonia as belonging more to the Australian and Pacific fauna. I have given full particulars of the variation of the several species, and have described all new species, forms, varieties, and undescribed sexes. The distribution of each species is noted chiefly from my own observations[11]. As the full synonymy and references to almost every work on Lepidoptera are given in the British Museum List of Papilionidæ, I have not thought it necessary to do more than to refer to a good figure and description in well-known works; and I have quoted Boisduval’s ‘Species Général des Lépidoptères’ throughout. In all cases, however, where I have myself corrected the synonymy, or determined sexes which had been before improperly located, I have given much fuller references.

Footnote 11:

Species collected by myself have (Wall.) after the localities where I
have found them.

I have found it necessary to describe and name twenty new species, and to separate six or seven more which have been hitherto considered as varieties or sexes of other species. I have also described and separated twenty-five local forms or races, and twenty polymorphous forms or sexes, as well as several simple varieties. On the other hand, I have reduced fourteen species, which figure in some of our latest lists, to the rank of sexes or local or polymorphic forms of other species. For convenience of reference, I add a list of these, with a reference to the page where will be found the reasons for not adopting them.

Ornithoptera Pronomus, _G. R. Gray_, = O. Poseidon, _Db._ (var.), p. 36. Ornithoptera Archideus, _G. R. Gray_, = O. Poseidon, _Db._ (var.), p. 36. Ornithoptera Euphorion, _G. R. Gray_, = O. Poseidon, _Db._ (♀ var.), p. 36. Ornithoptera Amphimedon, _Cr._, = O. Helena, _L._ ♀, p. 38. Papilio Hegemon, _G. R. Gray_, = P. Polyphontes, _Bd._, p. 43. Papilio Melanides, _De Haan_, = P. Theseus, _Fab._ (♀ form), p. 53. Papilio Romulus, _Cr._, = P. Pammon, _L._ (♀ form), p. 52. Papilio Rumanzovia, _Eschsch._, = P. Emalthion, _Hübn._ (♀ form), p. 48. Papilio Polytes, _L._, = P. Pammon, _L._, ♀, p. 51. Papilio Orophanes, _Bd._, = P. Ambrax, _Bd._, ♀, p. 54. Papilio Elyros, _G. R. Gray_, = P. Alphenor, _Cr._ (♀ form), p. 53. Papilio Amanga, _Bd._, = P. Ormenus, _Guér._ (♀ form), p. 55. Papilio Onesimus, _Hewits._, = P. Ormenus, _Guér._ (♀ form), p. 55. Papilio Drusius, _Cr._, = P. Gambrisius, _Cr._, ♀, p. 58.

As the arrangement of the species of _Papilio_ which I have adopted in this paper is somewhat new, and I hope will be found to be more natural than those which have been previously used, I here add lists of the Indian and Australian species arranged in the same manner. Those already included in my Malayan list will be indicated thus, (Mal.), and printed in _italics_.

_List of the_ PAPILIONIDÆ _of the Indian Region_.

1. Teinopalpus imperialis, _Hope_.

2. Ornithoptera Darsius, _G. R. G._ (Ceylon).

3. —— Rhadamanthus, _Bd._

4. —— _Pompeus_, Cr. (Mal.).

5. —— _Amphrisius_, Cr. (Mal.).

_Papilio_ (Sect. A).

_Nox group._

6. Papilio _Varuna_, White (Mal.).

7. —— Aidoneus, _Db._

8. —— Philoxenus, _G. R. G._

9. —— Polyceutes, _Db._

10. —— Dasarada, _Moore_.

11. —— Ravana, _Moore_.

12. —— Minereus, _G. R. G._

13. —— Icarius, _Westw._

14. —— Bootes, _Westw._

15. —— Janaka, _Moore_.

_Coon group._

16. Papilio Doubledayi, _Wall._

_Polydorus group._

17. Papilio Jophon, _G. R. G._ (Ceylon).

18. —— _Diphilus_, Esp. (Mal.).

19. —— Alcinous, _Klug._

20. —— Mencius, _Feld._

21. —— Hector, _L._

_Papilio_ (Sect. B).

_Protenor group._

22. Papilio Protenor, _Cr._

23. Papilio Elphenor, _Db._

24. —— Rhetenor, _Westw._

25. —— Sakontala, _Hewits._

_Peranthus group._

26. Papilio Crino, _Fab._ (Ceylon).

27. —— Bianor, _Cr._

28. —— Polyctor, _Bd._

29. —— Ganesa, _Db._

30. —— Arcturus, _Westw._

31. —— Paris, _L._

32. —— Palinurus, _Fab._?

33. —— Krishna, _Moore_.

_Memnon group._

34. Papilio _Androgeus_, Cr. (Mal.).

35. —— Polymnestor, _Cr._ (Ceylon).

36. —— Demetrius, _Cr._

_Helenus group._

37. Papilio _Helenus_, L. (Mal.).

38. —— Chaon, _Westw._

39. —— Castor, _Westw._

40. —— _Nephelus_, Bd. (Mal.).

_Pammon group._

41. Papilio _Pammon_, L. (Mal.).

_Demolion group._

42. Papilio _Demolion_, Cr. (Mal.).

_Papilio_ (Sect. C).

_Erithonius group._

43. Papilio _Erithonius_, Cr. (Mal.).

_Paradoxa group._

44. Papilio Telearchus, _Hewits_.

45. —— Slateri, _Hewits_.

_Dissimilis group._

46. Papilio dissimilis, _L._

47. —— Panope, _L._

48. —— Lacedæmon, _Fab._

49. —— Pollux, _Westw._

_Papilio_ (Sect. D).

_Macareus group._

50. Papilio _Macareus_, God. (Mal.).

51. —— _Leucothoë_, Westw. (Mal.).

52. —— Megarus, _Westw._

53. —— Agestor, _G. R. G._

54. —— Epytides, _Hewits_.

55. —— Xenocles, _Db._

_Antiphates group._

56. Papilio _Antiphates_, Cr. (Mal.).

57. —— Agetes, _Westw._

58. —— Anticrates, _Db._

59. —— Orestes, _Fab._

60. —— Alebion, _G. R. G._

61. —— Glycerion, _G. R. G._

_Eurypylus group._

62. Papilio Gyas, _Westw._

63. —— Evan, _Db._

64. —— Cloanthus, _Westw._

65. —— _Sarpedon_, L. (Mal.).

66. —— Chiron, _Wall._

67. —— _Jason_, Esp. (Mal.).

68. —— _Agamemnon_, L. (Mal.).

69. —— _Rama_, Feld. (Mal.).

4. Chinese species.

61. Indian species.

4. Ceylon species.

_List of the_ PAPILIONIDÆ _of the Australian Region_.

_Ornithoptera (Priamus group)._

1. Ornithoptera _Poseidon_, Db. (Mal.).

2. —— Richmondia, _G. R. G._

_Papilio_ (Sect. A).

_Polydorus group._

3. Papilio _Leodamas_, Wall. (Mal.).

4. —— _Liris_, Godt. (Mal.).

5. —— Godartianus, _Bd._ (Pacific Islands).

_Papilio_ (Sect. B).

_Helenus group._

6. Papilio Capaneus, _Westw._

7. —— Ilioneus, _Don._

_Ulysses group._

8. Papilio Ulyssinus, _Westw._

9. —— Montrouzieri, _Bd._ (New Caledonia).

_Pammon group._

10. Papilio Canopus, _Westw._

_Erectheus group._

11. Papilio Erectheus, _Don._

12. —— Amyntor, _Bd._ (New Caledonia).

_Papilio_ (Sect. C).

_Erithonius group._

13. Papilio _Erithonius_, Cr. (Mal.).

_Anactor group._

14. Papilio Anactor, _McL._

_Papilio_ (Sect. D).

_Antiphates group._

15. Papilio Leosthenes, _Db._

16. —— _Permatus_, G. R. G. (Mal.).

_Eurypylus group._

17. Papilio _Sarpedon_, L. (Mal.).

18. —— Gelon, _Bd._ (New Caledonia).

19. —— Lycaon, _Westw._

20. —— Macleayanus, _Leach._

21. —— Scottianus, _Feld._ (Ash Islands).

22. Eurycus Cressida, _Fab._

6. Pacific Islands.

16. Australia.

_Catalogue of Malayan_ PAPILIONIDÆ.

ORNITHOPTERA (Boisd.).

Fig. 1.

Anal valves of _O. Amphrisius_.
]

The characters in the _larva_ and _pupa_ which have been supposed to distinguish this genus from PAPILIO are erroneous, or at least do not exist in all the species. My own observations on _O. Poseidon_ show that the _larva_ has no “external sheath” to the thoracic tentacles, and that the suspending thread passes round the pupa, and is not “fastened on each side to a silky tubercle.” There remain therefore only the characters of the perfect insect, the most important of which are the anal valves in the male. These are very large, ovate or rounded, coriaceous, and not hairy, and are furnished with projecting points or spines (sometimes very conspicuous) which serve to attach the male more firmly to the female _in copulâ_. In several species I have observed, these points or hooks were buried in the protruded anal gland of the female, and thus effectually prevented the great weight of the insects causing them to separate upon suddenly taking flight. The great strength and size of these insects, the thick texture of their wings, their long curved and stout antennæ, their peculiar form, colour, and distribution, are the only other characters that separate them from _Papilio_. Though these may not perhaps be technically sufficient, I think it advisable and convenient to retain a genus so well known and long established.

_Ornithoptera_ is pre-eminently a Malayan genus, seventeen species inhabiting the archipelago, one (_Rhadamanthus_, Bd.) India and China, one (_Darsius_, G. R. Gray) peculiar to Ceylon, one (_Richmondia_, G. R. Gray) North Australia. _O. Victoriæ_, G. R. Gray, from some island east of New Guinea, should probably be included in the Malayan list; and _Æacus_, Felder, from an unknown locality. The following are the well-established Malayan species.

a. _Priamus_ group.

1. ORNITHOPTERA PRIAMUS, Linnæus.

♂. _Papilio Priamus_, L.; Cram. Pap. Ex. t. 23. f. A, B; Godart,
Enc. Méth. ix. p. 25. _O. Priamus_, Bd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 173.

♀. _P. Panthous_, L.; Cram. Pap. Ex. t. 123. f. A, t. 124. f. A.

This may be at once distinguished from all the allied species with which it has been often confounded—in the _male_, by the more rounded and deeply scalloped hind wings, with larger black spots and a broader border, the upper wings with no green on the median nervure or its branches, and the sooty patch extending only to the second median nervule; in the _female_, by the very constant and peculiar light olive-brown colour, the absence of any spots in the discoidal cell of the upper wings, and the broad shallow scallops of the hinder margin.

_Hab._ Amboyna and Ceram, probably also Bouru (_Wall._).

2. ORNITHOPTERA POSEIDON, Doubleday.

_O. Poseidon_, Db. Ann. of Nat. Hist. xvi. p. 173; Westwood, Cat. of
Orient. Ent. pl. 11, 14.

The numerous specimens of _Ornithoptera_ which I obtained in various parts of New Guinea and the adjacent islands show so much instability of form, colouring, and even of neuration, no two individuals being exactly alike, that I am obliged to include them all in one variable species, to which I believe must also be referred _O. Pronomus_, G. R. Gray, from Cape York, _O. Euphorion_, G. R. Gray, from North Australia, _O. Archideus_, G. R. Gray (ex Boisd.), erroneously said to be from Celebes, and _O. Boisduvalii_, Montrouzier, from Woodlark Island.

Var. _a_, Aru Islands (_Wall._). _O. Arruana_, Feld. Lep. Frag. p. 24.

Individuals from this locality differ in the arrangement of the nervures; in some the third subcostal nervure of the upper wings branches from the same point with the upper disco-cellular, in others considerably beyond it; the points from which the subcostal nervures branch also vary. The amount of green colour on the median nervure and its branches varies. In some specimens there is a spot at the anal angle of lower wings beneath, agreeing with _O. Pronomus_, G. R. Gray; but this is generally wanting.

Var. _b_, Dorey, Salwatty, south-west coast of New Guinea (_Wall._).

These agree very closely with _O. Poseidon_, as figured by Westwood; they differ individually in the same manner as the last, and also in the length of the lower disco-cellular nervure on the under wings. They have generally no golden spots beneath the wings. They vary also in the outline of the under wings, the outer and anal angles being more acute in some specimens than in others. Some have the under wings of a uniform green entirely without spots, while others have a range of black spots more or less fully developed.

Var. _c_, Waigiou (_Wall._). _Archideus_, G. R. Gray, ♀.

This agrees with the last; but the male is of a more delicate green than any of the others, and has less of that colour on the median veins. On the under side there are no golden spots. The whole surface has a golden tinge, and the central portion of the lower wings is tinged with amber-brown.

The females of all the above vary extremely, much more even than the males, and from the same locality two specimens are rarely alike. The discoidal cell is in some specimens more than half occupied by a whitish patch, while in others there are only a few small spots. One of my specimens from Salwatty almost exactly agrees with that figured by Westwood (Cat. of Or. Ent. pl. 14) as from Cape York. One of the Waigiou specimens is the same as _Archideus_, G. R. G., figured by Boisduval (Voy. de l’Astrolabe, t. 4. f. 1, 2); and another, from New Guinea, differs very little from _Euphorion_, G. R. G. (Brit. Mus. Cat. Lep. pt. 1. pl. 2. f. 3), from North Australia.

From these facts I am led to conclude that we have here a variable form spread over an extensive area, and kept variable by the continual intercrossing of individuals, which would otherwise segregate into distinct and sharply defined races. The same area is inhabited by many species of birds common to all parts of it; and just as the birds of Ceram and Amboyna are almost all distinct species from those of New Guinea, so do we find those islands inhabited by the _Ornithoptera Priamus_, a well-marked and constant species, readily distinguishable in either sex from the inconstant forms of New Guinea proper. The same parallel holds in North Australia. Many New Guinea species of birds extend, with very slight variation, to the country about Cape York; but when we reach the Moreton Bay district all these have disappeared, and we find only true Australian species. So the variable forms of _O. Poseidon_ reach North Australia and Cape York, while in the Moreton Bay district we find the comparatively well-marked species _O. Richmondia_. Similar causes, whether geographical or climatal, have thus produced an analogous distribution in these widely separated groups of animals.

3. ORNITHOPTERA CRŒSUS, Felder.

_O. Crœsus_, Feld. Wien. Ent. Monats., Dec. 1859. _O. Crœsus_, G. R.
Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1859, p. 424.

_Hab._ Batchian (Moluccas) (_Wall._).

Local form, _a._—_Male_: has the orange colour of the upper surface of a much deeper fiery-red hue; on the under surface, the black spots of the lower wings are nearer the margin, and the yellow spots below them are entirely absent; there is also a green line between the subcostal nervure and the margin; on the under surface of the fore wings the green patch in the discoidal cell extends to its base, and is reflexed in a narrow line along its upper edge.

_Female_: differs still more from that sex in _O. Crœsus_; the white markings on all the wings are so large as almost to fill up the spaces between the veins, the lower part of the discoidal cell in both upper and under wings being also occupied with a whitish patch; the range of spots occupying the posterior margin are of a dusky yellow colour.

_Hab._ Ternate (♂), Gilolo (♀) (_Wall._).

This well-marked local form is no doubt peculiar to Gilolo and the small adjacent islands, as the original species is to Batchian.

I was three months in the island of Batchian before I obtained a specimen of this fine insect, which I had seen once or twice only flying high in the air. I at length came upon it flying about a beautiful cinchonaceous shrub with white bracts and yellow flowers (_Mussænda_, sp.); and having cleared a path round about, I visited the place every morning on my way to the forest, and once or twice a week had the satisfaction of capturing a fine male specimen of _O. Crœsus_. The females were more plentiful and more easily caught. I afterwards sent out one of my men with a net every day to look after this insect only. He would stay out all day long, wandering up a broad rocky torrent, where the males flew up and down occasionally or settled on the rocks which just appeared above the water. He generally brought me one, and sometimes even two or three specimens; and thus, with those that I myself captured at the flowers, I secured a fine series of this richly coloured species.

4. ORNITHOPTERA TITHONUS, De Haan.

_O. Tithonus_, De Haan, Verh. Nat. Gesch. Ned. t. 1. f. 1.

_Hab._ S.W. Coast of New Guinea (_Leyden Museum_).

This remarkable species must be very rare, as I never saw it in any part of the New Guinea district that I visited; nor was it seen during the exploration, a few years ago, by a Dutch steamer which visited the part of the coast where the only specimen known was said to have been obtained.

5. ORNITHOPTERA URVILLIANA, Guérin.

_Papilio Urvilliana_, Guér. Voy. de la Coquille, Lép. t. 13. f. 1, 2,
♂.

_O. Urvilliana_, Boisd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 175.

_Hab._ New Ireland (_Paris Museum_).

b. _Pompeus_ group.

6. ORNITHOPTERA REMUS, Cramer.

_Papilio Remus_, Cr. Pap. Ex. t. 135. f. A, t. 136. f. A (♀), t. 386.
f. A, B (♂); Fab. Syst. Ent. iii. 1. p. 11.

_O. Remus_, Bd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 176. _Papilio Panthous_ ♂, Clerck,
Icon. t. 18 (♀).

_Hab._ Amboyna, Ceram, Gilolo, Morty Island, Sulla Island, Celebes
(_Wall._).

The specimens above quoted agree well with Cramer’s figures. The female from the Sulla Islands differs only in having more yellow towards the anal angle of the lower wings. The specimens figured by Cramer in pls. 10, 11, under the name of “_Hypolitus_” seem to be a remarkable variety, in which the female has much of the character of the male. Messrs. Doubleday and G. R. Gray have adopted _Panthous_ as the specific name of this insect; but this name was first used by Linnæus for the female of _Priamus_ only, in the 10th ed. of the ‘Systema Naturæ’ (1758). Clerck (in 1759) adopted the name, but supposed he had found the male in the female of _Remus_. Linnæus, in Mus. Lud. Ulric. (1764), and in the 12th ed. of the ‘Systema Naturæ’ (1766), adopts this error, so far as referring to Clerck’s two figures; but in both these works his description refers only to the female of _P. Priamus_, indicating that the supposed other sex (_P. Remus_) was not known to him personally. The name of _Panthous_ must therefore altogether drop, it having been applied to this species only through a double error—first, that of Linnæus, in supposing his _Panthous_ to be distinct from _Priamus_, and then that of Clerck, in thinking that a female _Remus_ was the male of the Linnean _Panthous_.

7. ORNITHOPTERA HELENA, Linnæus.

♂. _P. Helena_, Cram. Pap. Ex. t. 140. f. A, B. _O. Helena_, Boisd.
Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 177.

♀. _P. Amphimedon_, Cram. Pap. Ex. t. 194. f. A. _O. Amphimedon_,
Boisd. Sp. Gén. p. 176.

_Hab._ Amboyna and Ceram (_Wall._).

The females from these localities are always sooty, with the spots and markings on the hinder wings of a dull buff-colour even in the freshest specimens.

_a._ Local form _Bouruensis_.—_Male_: exactly resembles the Amboyna specimens, except that the yellow patch is more variable in form and extent.

_Female_: nearly black, and with the markings on the lower wings almost as pure and deep yellow as in the males: size a little smaller than in the type.

_Hab._ Bouru (_Wall._).

_b._ Local form _Papuensis_.—_Female_: sooty black, the two first branches of the subcostal nervure margined with whitish near their origin; markings of the lower wings of the same tint of orange-yellow as is _O. Helena_ ♂, but not so glossy.

_Male_ not known.

_Hab._ New Guinea, Salwatty (_Wall._).

_c._ Local form _Celebensis_.—_Male_: wings a little more pointed than in _O. Helena_; yellow patch of lower wings extending nearer to the posterior margin, and bounded towards the abdominal margin by the first branch of the median nervure. Beneath, having the nervures between the discoidal cell and the outer border ashy-margined.

_Female_ not known.

_Hab._ Macassar (Celebes) (_Wall._).

_Remarks._—Of these three local modifications of _O. Helena_, the first is very distinct in the female, but not separable in the male sex. Of the second and third, only one sex is known; and they may very probably prove to be well-marked species when more materials are obtained.

8. ORNITHOPTERA LEDA, n. s.

_Male_: upper wings elongate, triangular, glossy black, quite uniform and immaculate; the outer margin delicately white-marked at the termination of the nervures. Lower wings yellow, as in the allied species, with a black border about the same width as in _O. Pompeus_ on the outer and abdominal margins, narrower on the inner margin; the posterior scalloping of the yellow patch not so deep as in _O. Pompeus_, and having a spot at the anal angle connected more or less with the margin.

The under surface differs from that of _O. Pompeus_ by the ashy margins of the veins of the upper wings being entirely absent, and in having much less white on the outer edge. There are no submarginal spots except the anal one, much red at the base of the wings, and no black spots on the abdomen.

_Female_: this sex varies very much, some having the upper wings immaculate, while others have the veins about the end of the discoidal cell broadly margined with whitish. The marginal series of spots on the lower wings vary as they do in _O. Pompeus_ and _O. Amphrisius_. The best distinction from _O. Pompeus_ (♀) seems to be the more elongated wings, the less crenellated margin, and the more produced outer angle of the lower wings. The yellow patch is also of a deeper colour both on the upper and under surfaces.

_Hab._ Celebes (Macassar and Menado) (_Wall._)

9. ORNITHOPTERA POMPEUS, Cramer.

_P. Pompeus_, Cr. Pap. Ex. t. 25. f. A (♂). _P. Minos_, Cr. Pap. Ex.
t. 195. f. A (♀). _P. Heliacon_, Fab. Ent. Syst. 3. i. p. 19, 60.

_O. Heliacon_, Boisd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 178.

_Hab._ Sumatra, Borneo, Java, Lombock (_Wall._), India (var.).

_Remark._—The form that occurs in India, in its more elongate wings and darker colouring, approaches very closely to _O. Rhadamanthus_.

10. ORNITHOPTERA NEPHEREUS, G. R. Gray.

_P. Astenous_, Eschscholtz, Voy. Kotzebue, t. 4. f. A, B, C. (nec
Fab.).

_O. Nephereus_, G. R. G., List of Lep. B. M. Papilionidæ, p. 6.

_Hab._ Philippine Islands.

_Remark._—This is quite distinct from _O. Rhadamanthus_, Bd., with which it has generally been identified.

11. ORNITHOPTERA MAGELLANUS, Felder.

_O. Magellanus_, Feld. Lep. Nov. Phil. p. 11.

_Hab._ North of Luzon (Philippines).

_Remark._—This fine species has a beautiful opalescent glow on the lower wings when viewed obliquely.

12. ORNITHOPTERA CRITON, Felder.

_O. Criton_, Feld. Lep. Fragm. p. 49.

_Hab._ Batchian, Ternate, Gilolo, Morty Island (_Wall._).

13. ORNITHOPTERA PLATO, n. s.

_Male_: resembles _O. Criton_ in the form and extent of the yellow patch, but the upper wings differ in having the outer half of a lighter tint; on the under surface this outer half of the wing is of a light ash-colour. Abdomen almost wholly black beneath. No red patches at the base of the wings, or any red collar.

_Female_ unknown.

_Hab._ Timor (_Wall._).

This is a very distinct species, though at first sight resembling several others. I obtained a single male specimen only.

14. ORNITHOPTERA HALIPHRON, Boisduval.

_O. Haliphron_, Bd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 181 (♂); Felder, Lep. Fragm. p.
37, Taf. ii. f. 2, 3 (♂, ♀).

_Hab._ Macassar (Celebes) (_Wall._).

15. ORNITHOPTERA AMPHRISIUS, Cramer.

_P. Amphrisius_, Cr. Pap. Ex. t. 219. f. A; Godardt, Enc. Méth. ix. p.
27, pt.

_O. Amphrisius_, Bd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 178.

_Hab._ Malacca, Java, Borneo (_Wall._).

This may be readily distinguished from the allied species by the upper wings in the male being yellow-marked, and by the absence of red spots at the base of the wings beneath in both sexes.

c. _Brookeana_ group.

16. ORNITHOPTERA BROOKEANA, Wallace.

_O. Brookeana_, Wall. Proc. Ent. Soc. 1855, p. 104; Hewitson, Ex.
Butt. Papilionidæ, i. f. 1. _Papilio Trogon_, V. Voll. Tijdschrift
voor Ent. 1860, p. 69, pl. 6.

_Hab._ Borneo (Sarawak) (_Wall._), Sumatra (_Leyden Museum_).

_Remarks._—I have been in much doubt about the position of this remarkable species, and was for some time inclined to place it among the Papilios. It agrees, however, far better with _Ornithoptera_ in the form and stoutness of the wings, the long stout and curved antennæ, the red collar and patches at the base of the wings beneath, the abdominal fold, and the flight and general appearance. It is powerful on the wing, and occasionally settles on the ground in damp sunny places. It inhabits the interior of North-west Borneo and the mountains of West Sumatra. The female is unknown. It is peculiar in the great length of the discoidal cell of the wings and its altogether unique style of coloration, and must be considered as the type of a distinct group of the genus _Ornithoptera_.

PAPILIO.

This is without doubt the finest and most remarkable genus of Diurnal Lepidoptera. About 360 species are now known, all, except ten, being tropical or subtropical. I have given at p. 23 the characters of the sections and groups into which I divide the Malayan species.

SECTION A.

a. _Nox_ group.

17. PAPILIO NOX, Swainson.

_P. Nox._, Sw. Zool. Ill. pl. 102; Horsf. Lep. Ins. E. I. C. pl. 1. f.
1; Boisd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 277.

_P. Neesius_, Zink. Nov. Act. Acad. Nat. Cur. xv. t. 14. f. 1.

_Hab._ Java (♂, ♀) (_Wall._), Penang (♂) (_Brit. Mus._).

18. PAPILIO NOCTIS, Hewitson. Tab. V. fig. 1 (♂)[12].

Footnote 12:

In all the Plates, the wings on one side of each figure are detached
from the body, and represent the _under surface_ of the same insect.
In one case only (Tab. VII. f. 1.) the upper surfaces of two varieties
of the same species are given.

_P. Noctis_, Hewits. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1859, p. 423, pl. 66. f. 5 (♀).

_Male_: differs from the same sex of _P. Nox_ by the broader apex of the fore wings, and by the hind wings being more elongate, more glossy, and especially by the entire nondentated hinder margin.

_Hab._ Borneo (Sarawak) (_Wall._), (♂, ♀ Mus. nost.)

19. PAPILIO EREBUS, Wallace.

_P. Nox_, var., De Haan, Verh. Nat. Gesch. t. 5. f. 3 (♀).

_Hab._ Malacca (_Wall._), Banjermassing, Borneo (_De Haan_).

_Remarks._—I am somewhat doubtful of the species, the female only being known; but it differs so strikingly from the same sex of _P. Nox_ and _P. Noctis_ (the former of which seems very constant), that I think it better to separate it in order to draw attention to other specimens that may exist in collections. It differs from _P. Nox_ (♀) by its narrower and more elongate hind wings, which are black, glossed with steel-blue; the fore wings are black, with the veins beyond the cell clearly white-margined. The lower margin is also much less strongly dentated.

20. PAPILIO VARUNA, White.

♀. _P. Varuna_, Wh., Entomologist, 1842, p. 280; Westw. Ann. Nat.
Hist. ix. p. 37. _P. Chara_, Westw. Arc. Ent. pl. 66. f. 2.

♂. _P. Astorion_, Westw. Ann. Nat. Hist. ix. p. 37; Arc. Ent. pl. 66.
f. 1.

_Hab._ Pulo Penang, Sylhet.

21. PAPILIO SEMPERI, Felder.

_P. Semperi_, Feld. Lep. Nov. Philipp, pp. 1, 11.

_Hab._ Luzon, Philippines (♂, ♀).

N.B. The _Philoxenus_ group peculiar to India follows on after these.

b. _Coon_ group.

22. PAPILIO NEPTUNUS, Guérin.

_P. Neptunus_, Guér. Deless. Voy. dans l’Inde, p. 69, t. 19 (_P.
Saturnus_).

_Hab._ Malacca, Borneo (♂, ♀) (_Wall._).

23. PAPILIO COON, Fabricius.

_P. Coon_, Fab. Ent. Syst. iii. 1. pp. 10, 27; Don. Ins. China, pl.
24. f. 1; Lucas, Lep. Ex. t. 6. f. 2; Boisd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 201.

_Hab._ Java, Sumatra (_Wall._), Borneo (_De Haan_).

_Remarks._—The specimens from Sumatra are constantly larger than those from Java. The Indian form, in which the markings are red instead of yellow, with other differences, I consider a distinct species, for which I propose the name of _P. Doubledayi_, after the late Mr. Edward Doubleday of the British Museum[13].

Footnote 13:

PAPILIO DOUBLEDAYI, Wallace. (_P. Coon_, var., B. M. Cat.)

_Above_: upper wings as in _P. Coon_, but the base darker. Lower wings
broader than in _P. Coon_; the white spot in the cell toothed below,
and divided by one or two faint blackish lines, cut off at the middle
of the cell by the black triangular basal patch. The marginal spot
next within the tail wanting; the two anal spots, end of abdomen, and
its rings (which are yellow in _P. Coon_) red; collar behind the eyes
and palpi (which are black in _P. Coon_) also red.

_Beneath_: base of lower wings broadly black; white spots all much
broader and rounder than in _P. Coon_; sides of the thorax, end of the
abdomen, and the marginal spots in the caudal and anal region red.

The female differs in a corresponding manner from _P. Coon_ ♀. Size
about the same.

_Hab._ Moulmein, Assam.

c. _Polydorus_ group.

24. PAPILIO POLYDORUS, Linnæus.

_P. Polydorus_, L.; Clerck, Icon. t. 33. f. 3. _P. Leobates_, Reinw.
Verh. Nat. Gesch. Zool. t. 6. f. 3 (♀).

_Hab._ Ceram, Matabello Island, Bouru, Batchian (♂, ♀) (_Wall._).

Local form or variety _a_.—The white markings on the fore wings forming a patch below the cell; red spots on the hind wings nearer to the posterior margin and that next the anal angle larger.

_Hab._ Ké Island, Aru Island (♂, ♀) (_Wall._).

25. PAPILIO LEODAMAS, n. s. Tab. V. fig. 2 (♂).

_P. Polydorus_, in Brit. Mus. List of Papilionidæ, p. 10.

_Male._ Above, glossy black, upper wings immaculate (the veins pale-margined in the female). Lower wings with a rounded white spot divided into six parts by fine nervures, of which the outermost and that in the cell are sometimes reduced to points; marginal row of red spots obscured with black, and but faintly indicated.

Beneath, the white patch has a small red spot attached to the part next the anal angle; and the marginal row of six red spots are clearly marked, that at the anal angle being twice the size of the rest. Wings short, much rounded, scarcely or not at all produced in the caudal region.

Expanse of wings 3¾ in. to 4 in.

_Hab._ New Guinea, Mysol (♂, ♀) (_Wall._), Rockingham Bay (Australia),
(_Brit. Mus._, ♀).

26. PAPILIO DIPHILUS, Esper.

_P. Diphilus_, Esp. Ausl. Schmett. t. 40. f. 1. P. _Polydorus_, Boisd.
Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 267; and most authors.

_Hab._ Java, Malacca (_Wall._), Philippine Islands, India.

_Remarks._—The specimens from Manilla are larger, and the females paler-coloured, than those from other localities, all of which have slight characteristic peculiarities; but they also vary in the individuals from each locality, so that no perfect segregation of local forms has yet taken place.

27. PAPILIO ANTIPHUS, Fabricius.

_P. Antiphus_, Fab. Syst. Ent. iii. 1. pp. 10–28; Boisd. Sp. Gén. Lép.
p. 266.

_Hab._ Sumatra, Borneo, Lombock, Java (_Wall._), Philippine Islands.

_Remarks._—The Philippine form (_P. Kotzebuea_, Eschsch.) is rather larger and of a more uniform glossy black than those from other localities. _P. Theseus_, Cram., has been erroneously supposed to be the female of this species, whereas it is the female of one of the _Pammon_ group, belonging to a different section of the genus. De Haan figures _P. Theseus_ as _P. Antiphus_ ♀, in Verh. Nat. Gesch. t. 8. f. 2. As has been already pointed out, _P. Theseus_ mimics this species.

28. PAPILIO POLYPHONTES, Boisduval.

_P. Polyphontes_, Bd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 268. _P. Hegemon_, G. R. G.,
List of Papilionidæ in B. Mus.

_Hab._ Celebes, Batchian, Morty Isl. (♂, ♀) (_Wall._).

_Remarks._—The markings vary from pure white to a smoky tint; but otherwise all the specimens from the above localities agree. De Haan gives (Verh. Nat. Gesch. t. 8. f. 4) a female of one of the _Pammon_ group as _P. Polyphontes_ ♀.

29. PAPILIO ANNÆ, Felder.

_P. Annæ_, Feld. Lep. Nov. Philipp, p. 1.

_Hab._ Mindoro (Philippines).

30. PAPILIO LIRIS, Godart.

_P. Liris_, God. Enc. Méth. iv. p. 72; Boisd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 268; De
Haan, Verh. Nat. Gesch. p. 38, t. 4. f. 3 (♀).

_Hab._ Timor (_Wall._), N.W. Australia (_Brit. Mus._).

_Remarks._—The Australian specimens are smaller. The female of _P. Œnomaus_ mimics this species, as has been already mentioned (p. 22). Both species were taken by myself on the same spot, and, though such large and conspicuous insects, they could never be distinguished without a close examination after capture. The female of this species differs very little from the male, being rather larger, with broader wings and less vivid coloration.

SECTION B.

d. _Ulysses_ group.

31. PAPILIO ULYSSES, Linnæus.

_P. Ulysses_, L., Cramer, Pap. Ex. t. 121. f. A, B (♀), t. 122 A (♀).
_P. Diomedes_, Boisd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 202.

_Hab._ Amboyna, Ceram (♂, ♀) (_Wall._).

_Remark._—The largest specimens of this glorious insect are found in the island of Amboyna, where it is rather common, hovering about the forest pathways. It sometimes visits the gardens in the town of Amboyna.

32. PAPILIO PENELOPE, n. s.

_Male_: rather smaller than _P. Ulysses_. Upper wings with six black cottony patches, and all separate from each other; whereas in _P. Ulysses_ there are seven, and the four lower ones are always united at their margins. The blue colour fills the discoidal cell, and generally extends beyond it at the extremity; the upper disco-cellular nervure not black-bordered as in _P. Ulysses_. Lower wings with the blue colour extending further along the abdominal margin, and not quite so far towards the outer angle.

_Female_: has the blue colour of the same form and extent as in _P. Ulysses_ ♀, but of the same bright tint as in the male; the marginal lunules more deeply curved.

Expanse of wings 5 inches.

_Hab._ New Guinea, Waigiou, Aru Is. (♂, ♀) (_Wall._).

_Remark._—As all the other forms closely allied to _P. Ulysses_ have received names (_Telemachus_, Montr., _Chaudoiri_, Feld., _Telegonus_, Feld., and _Ulyssinus_, Westw.), I have also given one to this form peculiar to New Guinea and the Papuan Islands, the distinctive characters of which, though very slight, seem sufficiently constant.

33. PAPILIO TELEGONUS, Felder.

_P. Telegonus_, Feld. Lep. Fragm. p. 50.

_Hab._ Batchian, Gilolo (♂, ♀) (_Wall._).

_Remark._—A very distinct species, separated from _P. Ulysses_ by the extent of the cottony patch on the upper wings, and by the different form and colour of the blue markings.

34. PAPILIO TELEMACHUS, Montrouzier.

_P. Telemachus_, Mont. Ann. de la Soc. d’Agriculture de Lyon, 1856, p.
395.

_Hab._ Woodlark Isl. (S. E. of New Guinea).

_Remark._—This is a small species (exp. 4 in.), with less blue on the lower wings.

e. _Peranthus_ group.

35. PAPILIO PERANTHUS, Fabricius.

_P. Peranthus_, Fab. Syst. Ent. iii. 1. p. 15; Don. Ins. China, pl.
26; Lucas, Lep. Ex. t. 12. f. 2; Boisd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 203.

_Hab._ Java, Lombock (_Wall._).

36. PAPILIO PERICLES, n. sp. Tab. VI. fig. 1 (♂).

Wings more elongate, and upper wings more pointed, than in _P. Peranthus_.

_Above_: black, the basal half of a silvery blue, greenish towards the base of the costa, and purplish on the outer margin, where on the lower wings it shades off into separate scales. On the submedian and two lower branches of the median nervure are elongate black cottony patches as in _P. Ulysses_, the lower ones joined at the base, the upper one separate; above these the outer margin is of a brown-black, with a few atoms of yellow and blue scales towards the apex; the blue colour extends beyond the discoidal cell of the upper wings in a line parallel with the outer margin, on the lower wings it rounds away to the anal angle, and below it are five submarginal lunules of blue atoms, the outer one almost obsolete, and that next the tail largest and most deeply coloured. Thorax and body green.

_Beneath_: as in _P. Peranthus_, but the posterior range of lunules margined with brilliant blue and orange brown.

Expanse of wings 3½ inches.

_Hab._ Timor (♂) (_Wall._).

37. PAPILIO PHILIPPUS, Wallace. Tab. VI. fig. 3.

_P. Peranthus_, var. A, Boisd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 204.

_Above_: basal half of the wings of a rich green-blue, the rest black, with a triangular patch at the apex of the uppers, formed of green atoms situated between the nervures; on the lower wings six large submarginal lunules, the lowest of which sends out some green atoms along the tail. The black cottony spot is of a different form from that of _P. Peranthus_, the separate patches being only joined in the middle, and two of them extending along the nervures in a point nearly to the discoidal cell.

_Beneath_: brilliantly marked with lunules of buff, black, and blue.

Expanse of wings 4½–5 inches.

_Hab._ Moluccas (_Wall._).

_Remarks._—My specimen from Ceram is of a greener tinge, and the colour extends a little beyond the end of the discoidal cell; that from Batchian is smaller, of a bluer tinge, and the colour of less extent. The species seems to be very rare.

38. PAPILIO MACEDON, Wallace. Tab. VI. fig. 2 (♂).

_P. Peranthus_, var. B., Boisd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 204.

Boisduval’s description sufficiently shows the remarkable differences of form, size, and colouring which this species presents, compared with that of which he considers it a variety. The female agrees with the male, except that the colours are a little less brilliant, and the cottony patches of the fore wings are absent.

Expanse of wings, ♂, 5 inches; ♀, 5–6 inches.

_Hab._ Macassar, Menado (Celebes) (_Wall._).

39. PAPILIO BRAMA, Guérin.

_P. Brama_, Guér. Rev. Zool. 1840, p. 43, t. 1. f. 3, 4. _P.
Palinurus_, De Haan, Verh. Nat. Gesch. pp. 5, 29.

_Hab._ Malacca, Sumatra (_Wall._).

40. PAPILIO DÆDALUS, Felder.

_P. Dædalus_, Feld. Lep. Nov. Philipp. p. 2.

_Hab._ Luzon (Philippine Islands).

41. PAPILIO BLUMEI, Boisduval. Tab. VI. fig. 4 (♂).

_P. Blumei_, Boisd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 206.

_Hab._ Menado (Celebes) (_Wall._). “Amboyna,” _Bd._, error of
locality.

_Remark._—This very fine species comes nearest to the last, but is of much larger size, and is conspicuous by its brilliantly coloured tails.

42. PAPILIO ARJUNA, Horsfield.

_P. Arjuna_, Horsf. Cat. Lep. E. I. Comp. pl. 1. f. 14; Boisd. Sp.
Gén. Lép. p. 209. _P. Arjuna_, var. _a._, Brit. Mus. Cat. of
Papilionidæ, p. 17.

_Hab._ Java, Borneo, Sumatra (_Wall._).

The Bornean form differs from that of Java by its larger size, and on the under surface by the three middle lunules being formed of a violet line only, with scarcely a trace of red beneath it, and by the orange-red lunules both at the anal and outer angles being divided (not margined) by a violet line. The scales sprinkled at the base of the lower wings are white and blue, and are neither so dense nor do they extend so far as the yellowish scales of the Java specimens. In all these particulars the Sumatra specimens are somewhat intermediate, but approach most to those of Borneo. This is one of the examples which show the isolation of Java, notwithstanding its proximity to Sumatra.

f. _Memnon_ group.

(N.B. The _Protenor_ group of India is intermediate between this and the last group.)

43. PAPILIO MEMNON, Linnæus. Tab. I. figs. 1 (♂), 2, 3, 4 (♀s).

♂, _P. Memnon_, L., Cram. Pap. Ex. t. 91. f. C (♂); Boisd. Sp. Gén.
Lép. p. 192.

♀, 1st dimorphic form, _P. Anceus_, Cr. Pap. Ex. t. 222. f. A, B.

? _P. Laomedon_, Cr. Pap. Ex. t. 50. f. A, B; De Haan, Verh. Nat.
Gesch. p. 24, t. 3. f. 2.

♀, 2nd dimorphic form, _P. Achates_, Cr. Pap. Ex. t. 243. A.

_Hab._ Java, Sumatra (_Wall._).

Local form _a_.—_Male_: border of posterior wings beneath narrow and of an ashy-blue colour.

_Female_: near _P. Anceus_, Cr., and _P. Laomedon_, Cr., but of an olive-ashy colour.

_Hab._ Borneo (_Wall._).

Local form _b_.—_Male_: band on under side of posterior wings ashy; the spots large, with reddish-orange lunules between the two series, and below the four outer ones.

_Hab._ Lombock (_Wall._).

_Remarks._—The difference between the male and the 2nd form of female is so great, both in form and colouring, that they could not have been imagined to be the same, had they not been bred from the same larvæ. They have also been taken “_in copulâ_” by myself. Each form varies considerably, both individually and locally; yet there are none intermediate between the two. I consider them, therefore, as presenting a fine instance of dimorphism; and I also believe that the second form mimics _P. Coon_, for reasons which I have explained at p. 21.

44. PAPILIO ANDROGEUS, Cramer.

♂, _P. Androgeus_, Cr. Pap. Ex. t. 91. f. A, B.

♀, 1st dimorphic form, _P. Agenor_, L., Cr. Pap. Ex. t. 32. f. A, B.

♀, 2nd dimorphic form, _P. Achates_, Cr. Pap. Ex. t. 182. f. A, B; _P.
Alcanor_, Cr. Pap. Ex. t. 166, f. A.

_Hab._ Malacca (_Wall._), India.

_Remarks._—Ever since it was discovered that the insects figured by the old authors as _P. Anceus_, _P. Agenor_, _P. Achates_, &c. were varying females of _P. Memnon_ and _P. Androgeus_, the whole of these were very naturally concluded to belong to one varying species. An examination of many extensive collections, however, has convinced me that the continental forms, on the one hand, and the insular ones, on the other, can be readily distinguished, and really form two very well-marked species. The red lunules at the anal region beneath characterize all specimens from India (_Androgeus_, Cr.), while these are entirely absent in all the insular specimens (_Memnon_, Cr.); and the same characteristic difference can be traced in a greater or less degree throughout all the infinitely varying female specimens. My specimen from Malacca has a faint trace only on the upper surface of the characteristic red mark at the base of the anterior wings; in other respects it resembles the continental individuals. This form mimics the Indian form of _P. Coon_ (_P. Doubledayi_, Wall.).

45. PAPILIO LAMPSACUS, Boisduval.

_P. Lampsacus_, Bd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 190; De Haan, Verh. Nat. Gesch.
p. 23, t. 2. f. 2.

_Hab._ Java (♂) (_Wall._).

46. PAPILIO PRIAPUS, Boisduval.

_P. Priapus_, Bd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 190; De Haan, Verh. Nat. Gesch. p.
23, t. 2. f. 1.

_Hab._ Java (_Boisd._), Sumatra (_Raffles_), Borneo (_De Haan_).

47. PAPILIO EMALTHION, Hübner.

♂, _Iliades Emalthion_, Hübn. Samml. Exot. ii. t. 117; _P. Emalthion_,
Boisd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 196; _P. Floridor_, Godt. Enc. Méthod. ix.
p. 809; _P. Kruscusterina_ in Eschsch. Voy. Kotzebue, t. 3. f. 5.

♀, 1st form, _P. Emalthion_, Cat. of Lep. Brit. Mus. pl. 5. f. 4.

♀, 2nd form, _P. Rumanzovia_, Eschsch. Voy. Kotz. t. 2. f. 4; _P.
Descombesi_, Boisd. Sp. Gén. p. 197; _P. Floridor_, ♀. Godt. Enc.
Méth. ii. p. 809.

_Hab._ Philippine Islands.

_Remarks._—I have no doubt whatever that we have here another case of dimorphism, and I therefore unhesitatingly place these supposed species under one name. The male of _P. Emalthion_ very closely resembles the next species (_P. Deiphontes_), and the 2nd form of female (_P. Rumanzovia_, Eschsch.) as closely resembles the female of the same species; so that there can be no doubt that Godardt was right in describing them as the sexes of his _P. Floridor_. The female figured in the British Museum Catalogue is intermediate between these, but has more of the characters of the male; and it is to be remarked that both these forms of female have arrived in Europe accompanied by the same male. I am therefore obliged to reduce by one the hitherto received species of Philippine Papilios.

48. PAPILIO DEIPHONTES, n. s.

_P. Deiphobus_, var. A., Bd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 201.

♂. _Above_: exactly as in _P. Deiphobus_, but having a small tooth only in place of the tail, and the posterior band of a clear ashy blue.

_Beneath_: with the markings as in _P. Emalthion_, except that the red patch at the base of the upper wings is smaller.

♀. Also tailless, but resembling in markings the same sex of _P. Deiphobus_, the pale patch on the upper wings not extending into the discoidal cell.

Expanse of wings, ♂, 5½ inches; ♀, 5¾ inches.

_Hab._ Batchian, Gilolo, Ternate, Morty Isl. (_Wall._).

49. PAPILIO DEIPHOBUS, Linnæus.

_P. Deiphobus_, L., Cramer, Pap. Ex. t. 181. f. A, B; Donovan, Ins.
Ind. pl. 17. f. 2; Lucas, Lep. Ex. t. 11; Boisd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p.
200.

♀, _P. Alcandor_, Cr. Pap. Ex. t. 40. f. A, B.

_Hab._ Ceram, Amboyna, Bouru (_Wall._).

_Remark._—A simple variety of both this and the last species frequently occurs, in which all the markings on the under side are ochre-yellow instead of red.

50. PAPILIO ASCALAPHUS, Boisduval.

_P. Ascalaphus_, Bd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 200 (♂); De Haan, Verh. Nat.
Gesch. p. 26, t. 1. f. 2 (♀).

_Hab._ Menado, Macassar (Celebes), Sulla Isl. (_Wall._).

51. PAPILIO ŒNOMAUS, Godardt.

_P. Œnomaus_, Godt. Encyc. Méth. ix. p. 72; Boisd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p.
190; De Haan, Verh. Nat. Gesch. p. 24, t. 4. f. 1 (♂), 2 (♀).

_Hab._ Timor (♂, ♀) (_Wall._).

_Remark._—As has been already noticed (p. 22), the female of this species closely resembles _P. Liris_ ♀, in company with which it was captured.

g. _Helenus_ group.

52. PAPILIO SEVERUS, Cramer.

_P. Severus_, Cr. Pap. Ex. t. 227. f. A, B (♂), t. 278. f. A, B (♀);
Boisd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 212.

_Hab._ Bouru, Ceram, Amboyna, Gilolo, Batchian, Aru Isl. (_Wall._).

_Remarks._—This species exhibits a large amount of simple variation, in the presence or absence of a pale patch on the uppers, in the brown submarginal marks on the lower wings, in the form and extent of the yellow band, and in the size of the specimens. The most extreme forms, as well as the intermediate ones, are often found in one locality and in company with each other, indicating that over the above range continual intermixture probably takes place, and thus prevents any one form from becoming specialized in a restricted area. The two following modifications of it, however, have acquired perfect stability, each in a large island situated on the extreme limits of the species. I therefore consider them to be distinct, though the actual differences are but small.

53. PAPILIO PERTINAX, n. s. Tab. V. fig. 4 (♂).

_Upper side_: anterior wings rather more elongate and pointed than in _P. Severus_, dusky brown, with faint longitudinal rows of yellow scales in the cell, and with rather denser scales between the nervures beyond it; these are condensed into a narrow yellowish band parallel to the outer margin, and rather nearer to the cell than to it. Hind wings black, with three yellowish white subquadrate spots (the upper one smallest) situate between the outer angle and the discoidal nervule; beyond these and continued to the anal angle are a few very faint and minute groups of scales.

_Under side_ as above, but the transverse band on the upper wings is whiter, and on the lower wings are seven submarginal brownish-yellow lunules, the middle ones least marked, and those at the outer and anal angles having above them a very small group of minute blue scales.

The female is paler-coloured, with the markings rather more diffused, and has on the under side an imperfect ocellus at the anal angle, a row of faint brown lunules extending to the three white spots, and two irregular lunules of blue atoms below those next the abdominal margin.

Expanse of wings, ♂, 4¼ inches; ♀, 5 inches.

_Hab._ Macassar (Celebes) (_Wall._).

_Remark._—This species was rather abundant near Macassar, in woody places, and was very constant in its markings and general aspect.

54. PAPILIO ALBINUS, n. s. Tab. V. fig. 5 (♂).

Wings broader than in _P. Severus_, costa less arched, tail smaller, and the caudal margin less produced.

_Upper side_: brown-black; anterior wings with very faint horizontal lines of yellowish scales in the cell; apical portion of the wing more thickly powdered between the nervures, the powdering fading away towards the outer angle. Posterior wings with a large yellowish-white patch, commencing close to the anterior margin, widening in the middle so as to cross the end of the cell, and ending in a triangle with prolonged apex at the abdominal margin; the outer edge of this spot is regularly angulated and scalloped; two very faint brown lunules occur next the anal angle; and the outer margin is rather broadly white-edged between the dentations.

_Under side_: the anterior wings have distinct greyish lines of scales between the nervures in the apical region; posterior wings not dotted with scales as in _P. Severus_, but with two or three single rows of scales in the cell only; the yellowish band consisting of a lunule next the upper margin, followed by three rhomboidal spots notched below, of which the middle one is the largest, then a roundish spot and a small horizontal mark; a row of seven submarginal lunules, of which the three middle ones are smallest and nearly obsolete, and that at the anal angle much the largest and, with the whitish marginal spot below it, forming an incomplete ocellus.

Expanse of wings 3½–3¾ inches.

_Hab._ New Guinea (♂) (_Wall._).

55. PAPILIO PHESTUS, Guérin.

_P. Phestus_, Guér. Voyage de la Coquille, t. 14. f. 2; Bd. Voy. de
l’Astrolabe, i. p. 41; Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 212.

_Hab._ New Guinea (_Paris Museum_).

56. PAPILIO HELENUS, Linnæus.

_P. Helenus_, L.; Cramer, Pap. Ex. t. 153. f. A, B; Lucas, Lep. Ex. t.
15. f. 2; Boisd. Sp. Gén. Lép. p. 211.

_Hab._ China (“_type_,” _Cramer’s figure_).

Local form _a_. Has more falcate wings and longer tail; the red marks at the anal angle beneath are divided by a violet-white mark.

_Hab._ North India.