Chapter XVII: From Tidewater to the Mountains (3)

Washington, Martha, ii. 119;
her life at home, ii. 235.

Washington family tree, ii. 27.

Waters, Fitz Gilbert, ii. 25, 26.

Watson, Elkanah, ii. 215, 216.

Wedding, the first in English America, i. 113.

Weddings, ii. 237.

Weeden, W. B., ii. 251.

Weller, Tony, ii. 142.

Weromocomoco, i. 94, 102, 112, 114, 119, 130-139, 165, 224; ii. 158.

West, Francis, i. 131, 140, 146, 251.

West, John, i. 297, 298.

West, Joseph, ii. 279, 286.

West, Penelope, i. 147.

Westminster Abbey, i. 43.

Westminster School, i. 42.

Westover, i. 225; ii. 257.

West Point, Va., i. 224.

West Virginia, its settlers, ii. 394.

Wetting one’s feet, i. 210.

Weymouth, George, i. 56, 67.

Whalley, Edward, the regicide, ii. 25.

Wharves, private, ii. 206, 220.

Wheat culture in Maryland, ii. 268.

Whigs, ii. 382.

Whigs and Tories, i. 182.

Whitacres, a boon companion of Dr. Pott, i. 252.

Whitaker, Alexander, the apostle, i. 167;
his “Good News from Virginia,” i. 232, 301.

Whitburne, Richard, i. 261.

White, Andrew, a Jesuit father, i. 273-275, 308.

White, John, i. 35, 38, 39, 52, 54, 58, 60,113.

White, Solomon, ii. 265.

White Aprons, the, ii. 87.

White Oak Swamp, i. 100.

White servants in Virginia, ii. 10, 177-191.

“White trash,” origin of, ii. 188,189;
in North Carolina, ii. 315-317;
dispersal of, ii. 319-321.

Whittle family descended from Pocahontas, i. 173.

Whitmore, W. H., ii. 10, 35, 110.

Whitney, E. L., ii. 274, 320.

“Widow Ranter,” the comedy, ii. 179.

Wiffen, Richard, i. 135.

Wilberforce, W., ii. 201.

Wilde, Jonathan, ii. 264.

Willard, Samuel, ii. 119.

William and Mary College, ii. 116-129, 234, 252.

William the Conqueror, i. 259.

William the Silent, i. 9.

William III., ii. 120, 160, 165.

William III. and Mary, ii. 115, 117.

Williams, G. W., ii. 330.

Williams, Roger, i. 272, 313; ii. 160.

Williamsburg, ii. 121, 210, 234, 238, 242.

Williamson, Hugh, ii. 279, 310.

Williamson, Sir J., ii. 102.

Willoughboy, Sarah, her wardrobe, ii. 236.

Willoughby, Sir Hugh, i. 14.

Willoughby, Eng., i. 82.

Wilmington, Del., ii, 139.

Wilmington, N. C., ii. 314.

Window shutters, ii. 223.

Wines, native, ii. 372, 385.

Wingandacoa, i. 32.

Wingfield, E. M., i. 65, 91, 92, 93, 95, 98-100, 102, 112, 124.

Winslow, Josiah, ii. 63.

Winsor, Justin, i. 13, 18, 275; ii. 1, 272, 298.

Winter, Sir William, i. 36; ii. 342.

Winthrop, John, i. 18, 66, 234, 303, 306; ii. 98, 253.

Witenagemote, i. 278.

Wolfe, James, i. 171.

Wood, Abraham, ii. 186.

Wooden houses, ii. 222, 223.

Woods, Leonard, i. 43.

Woollen industries of Ulster, ii. 392, 393.

Woollen industry, i. 44.

Workmen needed in Virginia, i. 128.

Worlidge, William, ii. 186.

Wormeley, Ralph, his library, ii. 243, 244.

Wren, Sir Christopher, ii. 123.

Wright, William, ii. 57.

Wyanoke, i. 225.

Wyatt, Sir Francis, i. 241, 253.

Wythe, George, ii. 128, 266.

Yale College, ii. 253.

Yamassees, a Carolina tribe, ii. 300;
and other tribes incited by the Spaniards attack South Carolina, ii. 305, 365;
war in Carolina, ii. 371.

Yang-tse-Kiang, the river, i. 41.

Yeamans, Sir John, his colony at Cape Fear, ii. 277, 361.

Yeardley, Sir George, i. 171, 176, 184, 241, 242.

Yell of Yellville, ii. 98.

Yellow fever, ii. 293.

Yeomanry, in the 16th century, i. 47; ii. 204.

York River, i. 132, 224.

Yorktown, i. 273, 288.

Zuñiga, i. 59, 76, 178, 194.

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HOUGHTON MIFFLIN COMPANY FOOTNOTES:

[1] It is reprinted in Force’s _Tracts_, vol. ii.; and in Maxwell’s _Virginia Historical Register_, ii. 61-78. The original, of which there is one in the library of Harvard University, was priced by Rich, in 1832, at £1 10 s., and by Quaritch, in 1879, at £20. See Winsor, _Narr. and Crit. Hist._ iii. 157.

[2] The following list of Virginia counties bearing royal names, founded between 1689 and 1765, is interesting:--

King and Queen, 1691, after William and Mary.
Princess Anne, 1691, the princess who was afterwards Queen Anne.
King William, 1701, William III.
Prince George, 1702, the Prince Consort.
King George, 1720, George I.
Hanover, 1720, one of the king’s foreign dominions.
Brunswick, 1720, do. do.
Caroline, 1727, the queen of George II.
Prince William, 1730, William, Duke of Cumberland.
Orange, 1734, the Prince of Orange, who in that
year married Anne, daughter of
George II.
Amelia, 1734, a daughter of George II.
Frederick, 1738, Frederick, Prince of Wales.
Augusta, 1738, after the Princess of Wales.
Louisa, 1742, a daughter of George II.
Lunenburg, 1746, one of the king’s foreign dominions.
Prince Edward, 1753, a son of Frederick, Prince of Wales.
Charlotte, 1764, the queen of George III.
Mecklenburg, 1764, her father, Duke of Mecklenburg.

[3] Jewett’s _History of Worcester County, Massachusetts_, ii. 30. Charlestown was named from the river at the mouth of which it stands.

[4] W. H. Whitmore, _The Cavalier Dismounted_, Salem, 1864.

[5] _William and Mary College Quarterly_, i. 53. In the same connection we are told that Beverley Tucker apologized for putting on record a brief account of his family, saying “at this day it is deemed arrogant to remember one’s ancestors. But the fashion may change,” etc.

[6] See Cooke’s _Virginia_, p. 161.

[7] Doyle’s _Virginia_, etc. p. 283.

[8] Written in 1771 by his great-grandson William Lee, alderman of London, and quoted in Edmund Lee’s _Lee of Virginia_, Philadelphia, 1895, p. 49.

[9] “The petition of John Jeffreys, of London,” in Sainsbury’s _Calendar of State Papers_, 1574-1660, p. 430; _Lee of Virginia_, p. 61.

[10] Compare L. G. Tyler’s remarks in _William and Mary College Quarterly_, i. 155.

[11] See the testimony of John Gibbon, in _Lee of Virginia_, p. 60.

[12] Beverley, _History and Present State of Virginia_, London, 1705, p. 56; Robertson, _History of America_, iv. 230.

[13] Hening’s _Statutes_, i. 526.

[14] The document is given in _William and Mary College Quarterly_, i. 158, where the bill of items quoted in the next paragraph may also be found. Mr. Philip Malory was an officiating clergyman.

[15] Meade’s _Old Churches_, ii. 137.

[16] The claim to the French crown set up by Edward III. in 1328 led to the so-called Hundred Years’ War, in the course of which Henry VI. was crowned King of France in the church of Notre Dame at Paris in 1431. His sway there was practically ended in 1436, but the English sovereigns continued absurdly to call themselves Kings of France until 1801.

[17] See above, vol. i. p. 250.

[18] See the able paper by Dr. L. G. Tyler on “The Seal of Virginia,” _William and Mary College Quarterly_, iii. 81-96.

[19] For my data regarding land grants I am much indebted to the very learned and scholarly work of Mr. Philip Bruce, _Economic History of Virginia in the Seventeenth Century_, i. 487-571.

[20] _Letters and Times of the Tylers_, i. 41.

[21] He is mentioned by Pepys in his _Diary_, Oct. 12, 1660: “Office day all the morning, and from thence with Sir W. Batten and the rest of the officers to a venison party of his at the Dolphin, where dined withal Colonel Washington, Sir Edward Brett, and Major Norwood, very noble company.”

[22] Waters, _An Examination of the English Ancestry of George Washington_, Boston, 1889.

[23] Sir William Jones’s _Works_, ed. Lord Teignmouth, London, 1807, x. 389.

[24] The change was somewhat gradual, _e. g._ in Massachusetts at first the eldest son received a double portion. See _The Colonial Laws of Massachusetts, reprinted from the edition of 1660_, ed. W. H. Whitmore, Boston, 1889, pp. 51, 201.

[25] See Howard, _Local Constitutional History of the United States_, i. 122.

[26] A few of the oldest Virginia counties, organized as such in 1634, had arisen from the spreading and thinning of single settlements originally intended to be cities and named accordingly. Hence the curious names (at first sight unintelligible) of “James City County” and “Charles City County.”

[27] Edward Channing, “Town and County Government in the English Colonies of North America,” _Johns Hopkins Univ. Studies_, vol. ii.

[28] For an excellent account of local government in Virginia before the Revolution, see Howard, _Local Const. Hist. of the U. S._ i. 388-407; also Edward Ingle in _Johns Hopkins Univ. Studies_, iii. 103-229. With regard to the county lieutenant’s honorary title, Mr. Ingle suggests that it may help to explain the super-abundance of military titles in the South, and he quotes from a writer in the _London Magazine_ in 1745: “Wherever you travel in Maryland (as also in Virginia and Carolina) your ears are astonished at the number of colonels, majors, and captains that you hear mentioned.”

[29] Jefferson’s _Works_, vii. 13.

[30] _Id._ vi. 544.

[31] Ingle, in _J. H. U. Studies_, iii. 90.

[32] “The humble Remonstrance of John Bland, of London, Merchant, on the behalf of the Inhabitants and Planters in Virginia and Mariland,” reprinted in _Virginia Historical Magazine_, i. 142-155.

[33] Bruce, _Economic History of Virginia in the Seventeenth Century_, i. 394.

[34] Papers from the Records of Surry County, _William and Mary College Quarterly_, iii. 123-125.

[35] Pepys, _Diary_, Nov. 29, Dec. 3, 1664.

[36] _Diary_, Jan. 19 and 28, 1661.

[37] Neill, _Virginia Carolorum_, p. 341.

[38] In describing this affair I have relied chiefly upon the affidavits from the records of Westmoreland County, reprinted by Dr. L. G. Tyler, in his admirable _William and Mary College Quarterly_, ii. 39-43. The affidavits were taken by Nicholas Spencer and Richard Lee, son of the Richard Lee mentioned in the preceding chapter. In Browne’s _Maryland_, p. 131, an attempt is made to throw the blame for killing the envoys upon the Virginians, but the affidavits seem to me trustworthy and conclusive. It is not likely that there was or is any discernible difference between human nature in Virginia and in Maryland, and public opinion in both colonies condemned Truman’s conduct.

[39] “Cittenborne Parish Grievances, reprinted from Winder Papers, Virginia State Library,” in _Virginia Magazine_, iii. 35.

[40] “Charles City County Grievances,” _Virginia Magazine_, iii. 137.

[41] The following abridged table shows the relationship (see _Virginia Magazine_, ii. 125):--

Robert Bacon, of Drinkstone, Suffolk.
|
+------------+--------------------+
| | |
Thomas Sir Nicholas James Bacon,
Bacon. Bacon, Lord alderman of
Keeper of the London, d. 1573.
Great Seal, |
b. 1510, d. 1579. |
| |
FRANCIS BACON, Sir James Bacon,
Viscount St. Albans of Friston Hall,
and Lord Chancellor, d. 1618.
b. 1561, d. 1626. |
+--------+-----------+
| |
Nathaniel Bacon, Rev. James Bacon,
b. 1593, d. 1644. Rector of Burgate,
| d. 1670.
| |
Thomas Bacon, |
m. Elizabeth Brooke. Nathaniel Bacon,
| of King’s Creek,
NATHANIEL BACON, b. 1620, d. 1692;
the Rebel, came to Virginia
b. 1648, d. 1676. cir. 1650, and
settled at King’s
Creek, York County.

[42] Drummond Lake, in the Dismal Swamp, was named for him.

[43] For the picturesque details of this narrative I have followed the well-known document found by Rufus King when minister to Great Britain in 1803, and published by President Jefferson in the _Richmond Enquirer_ in 1804; since reprinted in Force’s _Tracts_, vol. i., Washington, 1836, and in Maxwell’s _Virginia Historical Register_, vol. iii., Richmond, 1850. The original manuscript was written in 1705, and addressed to Robert Harley, Queen Anne’s secretary of state, afterward Earl of Oxford. The writer signs himself “T. M.,” and speaks of himself as dwelling in Northumberland County and possessing a plantation also in Stafford County, which he represented in the House of Burgesses. From these indications it is pretty certain that he was Thomas Mathews, son of Governor Samuel Mathews heretofore mentioned. His account of the scenes of which he was an eye-witness is quite vivid.

[44] Bruce, _Economic History_, ii. 455.

[45] T. M. goes on to remark that “the two chief commanders ... who slew the four Indian great men” were present among the burgesses. This may seem to implicate Colonel Washington and Major Allerton in the killing of the envoys; but T. M.’s recollection, thirty years after the event, is of not much weight when contradicted by the sworn affidavits above cited. The facts that, while Truman was impeached in Maryland, no such action seems to have been undertaken in Virginia against Washington and Allerton, and that, after the governor’s strong words regarding the slaying, the friendly relations between him and these gentlemen continued, would indicate that their skirts were clean.

[46] Beverley (_History and Present State of Virginia_, London, 1705, bk. iv. p. 3) tells us that before 1680 the council and burgesses sat together, like the Scotch parliament, and that the separation occurred under Lord Culpeper’s administration; and his statement is generally repeated by historians without qualification. Yet here in 1676 we find the two houses sitting separately, and the discussion cited shows that it had often been so before; otherwise the sending of two councillors to sit with the burgesses could not have been customary. Beverley’s date of 1680 was evidently intended as the final date of separation; not as the date before which the two houses never sat separately, but as the date after which they never sat together.

[47] The acts of this assembly, known as “Bacon’s Laws,” are given in Hening’s _Statutes_, ii. 341-365.

[48] “It is still their boast that they are the descendants of Powhatan’s warriors. A good evidence of their present laudable ambition is an application recently made by them for a share in the privileges of the Hampton schools. These bands of Indians are known by two names: the larger band is called the Pamunkeys (120 souls); the smaller goes by the name of the Mattaponies (50). They are both governed by chiefs and councillors, together with a board of white trustees chosen by themselves.” Hendren, “Government and Religion of the Virginia Indians,” _Johns Hopkins Univ. Studies_, xiii. 591.

[49] In 1656 a tribe called Ricahecrians, about 700 in number, from beyond the Blue Ridge, had advanced eastward as far as the falls of the James River, where they encountered and defeated Hill and Totapotamoy. After this the Ricahecrians may have retraced their steps westward; we hear no more of them on the Atlantic seaboard.

[50] The original MS. of the manifesto is in the British State Paper Office. It is printed in full in the _Virginia Magazine_, i. 55-61.

[51] The original is in the _Colonial Entry Book_, lxxi. 232-240. It is printed in G. B. Goode’s _Virginia Cousins; a Study of the Ancestry and Posterity of John Goode, of Whitby_, Richmond, 1887, pp. 30^A-30^D. A brief summary is given in Doyle’s _Virginia_, p. 251.

[52] Bacon’s neighbour and adherent, William Byrd, purchaser of the Westover estate, and father of William Byrd the historian.

[53] Bacon’s allusion is to the troubles in North Carolina which broke out during the governorship of George Carteret and were chiefly due to the Navigation Act. See below, p. 280; and as to Maryland, see p. 156.

[54] One of these ladies is said to have been the wife of the elder Nathaniel Bacon!

[55] “A True Narrative of the Rise, Progresse, and Cessation of the Late Rebellion in Virginia, most humbly and impartially reported by his Majestyes Commissioners appointed to enquire into the Affairs of the said Colony,” [Winder Papers, Virginia State Library], reprinted in _Virginia Magazine_, iv. 117-154.

[56] “Persons who suffered by Bacon’s Rebellion; Commissioners Report,” [Winder Papers], reprinted in _Virginia Magazine_, v. 64-70. See, also, the extracts from the Westmoreland County records, in _William and Mary College Quarterly_, ii. 43.

[57] See F. P. Brent, “Some unpublished facts relating to Bacon’s Rebellion on the Eastern Shore of Virginia,” and Mrs. Tyler, “Thomas Hansford, the First Native Martyr to American Liberty,” in _Virginia Historical Society’s Collections_, vol. xi.

[58] Some interesting information about the Cheesmans may be found in _William and Mary College Quarterly_, vol. i.

[59] Neill’s _Virginia Carolorum_, p. 379.

[60] See above, p. 35.

[61] Hening’s _Statutes_, i. 290.

[62] Hening’s _Statutes_, ii. 45. In the same statute it was further enacted “that none shall be admitted to be of the vestry that doth not take the oath of allegiance and supremacy to his Majesty and subscribe to be conformable to the doctrine and discipline of the Church of England.” This effectually excluded Dissenters from taking a part in local government.

[63] See Channing, “Town and County Government in the English Colonies of North America,” _J. H. U. Studies_, ii. 484; Howard, _Local Constitutional History of the United States_, i. 388-404.

[64] “We have not had liberty to choose vestrymen wee humbly desire that the wholle parish may have a free election.” “Surry County Grievances,” _Virginia Magazine_, ii. 172.

[65] See _e. g._ Hening’s _Statutes_, ii. 402, 411, 412, 419, 421, 443, 445, 478, 486.

[66] Hening’s _Statutes_, ii. 396.

[67] _Laws in Force in 1769_, p. 2.

[68] Hening’s _Statutes_, ii. 425.

[69] Sherwood to Sir Joseph Williamson, June 28, 1676, _Virginia Magazine_, i. 171. Sherwood was a gentleman, probably educated as a lawyer, who had been convicted of robbery in England and pardoned through the intercession of Sir Joseph Williamson, secretary of state. (As to gentlemen robbers, compare the reference to Sir John Popham, above, vol. i. p. 81 of the present work.) Sherwood became attorney-general of Virginia in 1677, and was for thirty years an esteemed member of society.

[70] Ludwell to Sir Joseph Williamson, June 28, 1676, _Virginia Magazine_, i. 179.

[71] In other words, they entertained communistic ideas. I have italicised the statement, to mark its importance.

[72] The same letter, _Virginia Magazine_, i. 183.

[73] T. M.’s Narrative, _Virginia Historical Register_, iii. 126. It will be remembered that Masaniello’s insurrection occurred in 1647, and was thus fresh in men’s memories. Masaniello was twenty-four years of age, and was murdered in his hour of apparent triumph.

[74] “A True Narrative, etc.” _Virginia Magazine_, iv. 125.

[75] _Virginia Magazine_, i. 433.

[76] See Miss Rowland’s admirable _Life of George Mason_, 1725-1792, New York, 1892, i. 17.

[77] From the list of Surry grievances we may cite “6. That the 2 s per hhd Imposed by ye 128^{th} act for the payment of his majestyes officers & other publique debts thereby to ease his majestyes poore subjects of their great taxes: wee humblely desire that an account may be given thereof.... 10. That it has been the custome of County Courts att the laying of the levy to withdraw into a private Roome by w^{ch} meanes the poore people not knowing for what they paid their levy did allways admire how their taxes could be so high. Wee most humbly pray that for the future the County levy may be laid publickly in the Court house.” From the Isle of Wight grievances, “21. Wee doe also desire to know for what purpose or use the late publique leavies of 50 pounds of tobacco and cask per poll and the 12 pound per polle is for and what benefit wee are to have for it.” _Virginia Magazine_, ii. 171, 172, 389.

[78] Isle of Wright grievances, “16. Also wee desire that evrie man may be taxed according to the tracks [tracts] of Land they hold.” _Virginia Magazine_, ii. 388.

[79] “One proclamation commanded all men in the land on pain of death to joine him, and retire into the wildernesse upon arrival of the forces expected from England, and oppose them untill they should propose or accept to treat of an accomodation, which we who lived comfortably could not have undergone, so as the whole land must have become an Aceldama if god’s exceeding mercy had not timely removed him.” So says T. M., whose narrative is by no means unfriendly to Bacon.

[80] Bruce, _Economic History of Virginia_, i. 402.

[81] Bruce, _Economic History of Virginia_, i. 405; Hening’s _Statutes_, ii. 562.

[82] Doyle’s _Virginia_, p. 261.

[83] Hening’s _Statutes_, iii. 10.

[84] Doyle’s _Virginia_, pp. 259-265; Stanard, “Robert Beverley and his Descendants,” _Virginia Magazine_, ii. 405-413; Hening’s _Statutes_, iii. 41, 451-571.

[85] _William and Mary College Quarterly_, i. 66.

[86] From time to time there had been futile attempts to take up the matter afresh; see, for example, Hening’s _Statutes_, ii. 30.

[87] Dr. Blair held the presidency for fifty years, until his death in 1743.

[88] _William and Mary College Quarterly_, i. 65.

[89] I leave this as it was first written a few years ago, and take pleasure in adding to it the following quotation from Mr. Bruce: “That the entire site of the town will not finally sink beneath the waves of the river will be due to the measures of protection which the National Government have adopted at the earnest solicitation of the _Association for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities_. This organization is performing a noble and sacred work in rescuing so many of the ancient landmarks of the state from ruin, a work into which it has thrown a zeal, energy, and intelligence entitling it to the honour and gratitude of all who are interested in the history, not merely of Virginia, but of America itself.” _Economic History of Virginia_, ii. 562.

[90] Hening’s _Statutes_, iii. 122.

[91] _William and Mary College Quarterly_, i. 66.

[92] _William and Mary College Quarterly_, ii. 65.

[93] _Id._ i. 187.

[94] Cooke’s _Virginia_, p. 306.

[95] _William and Mary College Quarterly_, iii. 263.

[96] _William and Mary College Quarterly_, ii. 55, 56.

[97] See my _American Revolution_, i. 18, 19.

[98] This charming story is only one of many good things for which I am indebted to President L. G. Tyler; see _William and Mary College Quarterly_, i. 11.

[99] _Partonopeus de Blois_, 1250, ed. Crapelet, tom. i. p. 45. “She acts like a woman, and so does well, for under the heavens there is nothing so daring as the woman who loves, when God wills to turn her that way: God bless the ladies all!”

[100] _William and Mary College Annual Catalogue_, 1894-95.

[101] See Sparks, “Causes of the Maryland Revolution of 1689,” _Johns Hopkins University Studies_, vol. xiv. p. 501, a valuable contribution to our knowledge of the subject.

[102] See above, p. 20.

[103] For this description of Herman I am much indebted to E. H. Vallandigham’s paper on “The Lord of Bohemia Manor,” reprinted in Lee Phillips, _Virginia Cartography_, Washington, 1896, pp. 37-41.

[104] To enable him to hold real estate in Maryland, Herman received letters of naturalization, the first ever issued in that province, and he is supposed by some writers to have been the first foreign citizen thus naturalized in America.

[105] See Browne’s _Maryland_, p. 137.

[106] Johnson, “Old Maryland Manors,” _Johns Hopkins University Studies_, vol. i.

[107] Johnson, _op. cit._ p. 21.

[108] F. E. Sparks, _op. cit._ p. 65.

[109] _Archives of Maryland: Assembly_, ii. 64.

[110] _Archives of Maryland: Council_, ii. 18.

[111] _MSS. Archives of Maryland, Liber R. R. and R. R. R. and Council Books 1677-1683, of the Council Proceedings_: Maryland Historical Society.

[112] See Greene’s _History of Rhode Island_, ii. 490-494.

[113] The petition and answer are given in Scharf’s _History of Maryland_, i. 345-348.

[114] Probably in honour of Princess Anne, the heiress presumptive, afterward Queen Anne.

[115] Every bearskin paid 9d., elk 12d., deer or beaver 4d., raccoons 3 farthings, muskrats 4d. per dozen, etc. Scharf, i. 352.

[116] Meade’s _Old Churches_, ii. 352. Bishop Meade adds: “My own recollection of statements made by faithful witnesses ... accords with the above.”

[117] Alexander Graydon tells us that in his early days any jockeying, fiddling, wine-bibbing clergyman, not over-scrupulous as to stealing his sermons, was currently known as a “Maryland parson.” Graydon’s _Memoirs_, Edinburgh, 1822, p. 102. This was in Pennsylvania, and any sneering remark or phrase current in any of our states with reference to its next neighbours is entitled to be taken _cum grano salis_. But there was doubtless justification for what Graydon says.

[118] Scharf, i. 368.

[119] Scharf, i. 370, 383.

[120] The following estimate of the population of the twelve colonies in 1715 (from Chalmer’s _American Colonies_, ii. 7) may be of interest:--

White. Black. Total.
Massachusetts 94,000 2,000 96,000
Virginia 72,000 23,000 95,000
Maryland 40,700 9,500 50,200
Connecticut 46,000 1,500 47,500
Pennsylvania} 43,300 2,500 45,800
Delaware }
New York 27,000 4,000 31,000
New Jersey. 21,000 1,500 22,500
South Carolina 6,250 10,500 16,750
North Carolina 7,500 3,700 11,200
New Hampshire 9,500 150 9,650
Rhode Island 8,500 500 9,000
------- ------ -------
375,750 58,850 434,600

[121] Scharf, i. 390.

[122] Knapp and Baldwin, _Newgate Calendar_, ii. 385-397; Pelham, _Chronicles of Crime_, i. 213-220.

[123] Doyle’s _Virginia_, p. 192.

[124] For runaways additional terms of from two to seven years were sometimes prescribed. The birth of a bastard was punished by an additional term of from one and a half to two and a half years for the mother and a year for the father. See Ballagh, “White Servitude in the Colony of Virginia,” _Johns Hopkins Univ. Studies_, xiii. 315.

[125] “Among the rest, she often told me how the greatest part of the inhabitants of that colony came thither in very indifferent circumstances from England; that, generally speaking, they were of two sorts: either, 1st, such as were brought over by masters of ships to be sold as servants; or, 2nd, such as are transported after having been found guilty of crimes punishable with death. When they come here ... the planters buy them, and they work together in the field till their time is out.... [Then] they have a certain number of acres of land allotted them by the country, and they go to work to clear and cure the land, and then to plant it with tobacco and corn for their own use; and as the merchants will trust them with tools and necessaries upon the credit of their crop before it is grown, so they again plant every year a little more [etc.].... Hence, child, says she, many a Newgate-bird becomes a great man, and we have ... several justices of the peace, officers of the trained bands, and magistrates of the towns they live in, that have been burnt in the hand.... You need not think such a thing strange; ... some of the best men in the country are burnt in the hand, and they are not ashamed to own it; there’s Major ----, says she, he was an eminent pickpocket; there’s Justice B---- was a shoplifter, ... and I could name you several such as they are.” _Moll Flanders_, p. 66.

[126] _Plays written by the late Ingenious Mrs. Behn_, London, 1724, iv. 110-112.

[127] Postlethwayt’s _Dictionary of Commerce_, 3d ed., London, 1766, vol. ii. fol. 4 M, 2 _recto_, col. 1.

[128] Boswell’s _Life of Johnson_, ed. Birkbeck Hill, ii. 312. Professor James Butler, in an excellent paper on “British Convicts shipped to American Colonies,” _American Historical Review_, ii. 12-33, suggests that Johnson’s impression may have been derived from his long connection with the _Gentleman’s Magazine_, wherein the lists of felons, reprieved from the gallows and sent to America were regularly published.

[129] Whitmore, _The Cavalier Dismounted_, p. 17.

[130] Pike, _History of Crime in England_, ii. 447.

[131] _American Historical Review_, ii. 25.

[132] _Penny Cyclopædia_, xxv. 138.

[133] _Report of Royal Historical MSS. Commission_, xiii. 605.

[134] The only specific mention which Professor Butler has been able to find of a criminal sent to New England is that of Elizabeth Canning, who was sent out for seven years under penalty of death if she returned to England during that time. She was brought to Connecticut in 1754, married John Treat two years afterward, and died in Wethersfield in 1773. _American Historical Review_, ii. 32.

[135] _Massachusetts Acts and Resolves_, i. 452; ii. 245.

[136] Bruce, _Economic History of Virginia_, i. 609; Gardiner, _History of the Commonwealth_, i. 464. It is commonly said that many of the prisoners condemned for taking part in Monmouth’s rebellion, 1685, were sent to Virginia (see Bancroft, _Hist. of U. S._ i. 471; Ballagh, _J. H. U. Studies_, xiii. 293). But an examination of the lists shows that nearly all were sent to Barbadoes, and probably none to Virginia. See Hotten, _Original Lists of Persons of Quality, Emigrants, Religious Exiles, Political Rebels_, etc., pp. 315-344.

[137] Hening’s _Statutes_, ii. 50.

[138] Mr. Bruce has well said that in the seventeenth century the white servant was “the main pillar of the industrial fabric” of Virginia, and “performed the most honourable work in establishing and sustaining” that colony. “There can be no doubt, as he goes on to say, that the work of colonization which has been performed by the people of England surpasses, both in extent and beneficence, that of any other race which has left an impression upon universal history, and the part the manual labourers have taken in this work is not less memorable than the part taken by the higher classes of the nation.” _Economic History of Virginia_, i. 573, 582.

[139] Neill’s Virginia Carolorum, p. 279; Hotten’s _Original Lists_, pp. 207, 233, 254; Hening’s _Statutes_, i. 386.

[140] In the absence of detailed specific knowledge it is unsafe to base inferences upon the word “servant,” inasmuch as in the seventeenth century it included not only menials but clerks and apprentices, even articled students in a lawyer’s or doctor’s office, etc. See _William and Mary College Quarterly_, i. 22; Bruce, _Economic History_, i. 573-575; ii. 45.

[141] “Tour through the British Plantations,” _London Magazine_, 1755.

[142] Hugh Jones, _Present State of Virginia_, 1724, p, 114.

[143] Meade’s _Old Churches_, i. 366.

[144] Before the Revolution this grievance had come to awaken fierce resentment. A letter printed in 1751 exclaims: “In what can Britain show a more sovereign contempt for us than by emptying their gaols into our settlements, unless they would likewise empty their offal upon our tables?... And what must we think of those merchants who for the sake of a little paltry gain will be concerned in importing and disposing of these abominable cargoes!”--_Virginia Gazette_, May 24, 1751.

[145] Lecky, _History of England_, i. 127.

[146] Smyth’s _Tour in the United States_, London, 1784, i. 72. In 1748 Maryland had 98,357 free whites, 6,870 redemptioners, 1,981 convicts, and 42,764 negroes. See Williams, _History of the Negro Race in America_, i. 247.

[147] See above, vol. i. p. 16.

[148] At the famous meeting in the Tabernacle at New York, in May, 1850, when Isaiah Rynders and his ruffians made a futile attempt to silence Garrison, one of the speakers maintained “that the blacks were not men, but belonged to the monkey tribe.” _William Lloyd Garrison: the Story of his Life, told by his Children_, iii. 294. Defenders of slavery at that time got much comfort from Agassiz’s opinion that the different races of men had distinct origins. It was perhaps even more effective than the favourite “cursed be Canaan” argument.

[149] Bruce, _Economic History_, ii. 94. About 1854 (I am not quite sure as to the date) it was reported in Middletown, Conn., that the “horrid infidel,” Rev. Theodore Parker, had, on a recent Sunday in the Boston Music Hall, brought forward sundry cats and dogs and baptized them in the name of Father, Son, and Holy Ghost!!! I shall never forget the chill of horror which ran through the neighbourhood at this tale of wanton blasphemy. In 1867 I found the belief in the story still surviving among certain persons in Middletown with a tenacity that no argument or explanation could shake. The origin of the ridiculous tale was as follows: The famous abolitionist, Parker Pillsbury, made a speech in which he quoted what the lady said to Godwyn, that “he might as well baptize puppies as negroes.” In passing from mouth to mouth the report of this incident underwent an astounding transformation. First the speaker’s name was exchanged for that of another famous abolitionist, the strong and lovely Christian saint, Theodore Parker; and then the figure of speech was developed into an act and clothed with circumstance. Thus from the true statement, that Parker Pillsbury told a story in which an allusion was made to baptizing puppies, grew the false statement that Theodore Parker actually baptized cats and dogs. A great deal of what passes current as history has no better foundation than this outrageous calumny.

[150] Bruce, _op. cit._ ii. 96-98.

[151] Hening’s _Statutes_, ii. 260.

[152] Hening, iii. 333-335.

[153] For many of these details concerning slavery I am indebted to Bruce’s _Economic History of Virginia_, chap, xi.,--a book which it would be difficult to praise too highly.

[154] Bruce, _op. cit._ ii. 107.

[155] Beverley, _History and Present State of Virginia_, London, 1705, part iv. pp. 36-39. The historian was son of Major Robert Beverley mentioned above, on pages 109-114 of the present volume.

[156] Burk’s _History of Virginia_, Petersburg, 1805, ii. 300.

[157] Hening’s _Statutes_, iii. 537. For the loss of this slave by emancipation his master was indemnified by a payment of £40 from the colonial treasury.

[158] Hening, iii. 461; vi. 111. In England in the Middle Ages such mutilation was a common punishment for rape; sometimes, in addition, the culprit’s eyes were put out. See Pollock and Maitland, _History of English Law before the Time of Edward I._ ii. 489.

[159] Hening, iii. 210.

[160] Hening, vi. 105.

[161] Hening, vi. 107.

[162] Hening, v. 558.

[163] Hening, vi. 112.

[164] Hening, iii. 87, 88.

[165] Bruce, _op. cit._ ii. 129.

[166] Hening, iv. 133, 134.

[167] Hening, iii. 448, act of 1705.

[168] See Larned’s excellent _History for Ready Reference_, iv. 2921, where the case is ably summed up.

[169] Jefferson’s _Notes on Virginia_, 1782, Query xviii.

[170] Hening, iii. 87, 454.

[171] Hening, iii. 87.

[172] Hening, ii. 170, act of 1662.

[173] See Bruce, _Economic History_, ii. 109, where we are told that Jamestown was sorely scandalized by the loose behaviour of “thoughtful Mr. Lawrence.”

[174] “The gain from the African labour outweighed all fears of evil from the intermixture.” Foote’s _Sketches of Virginia_, i. 23.

[175] Baird, _History of the Huguenot Emigration to America_, ii. 178.

[176] Brock, _Documents relating to the Huguenot Emigration to Virginia_, Va. Hist. Soc. Coll. N. S. v.; cf. Hayden’s _Virginia Genealogies_, Wilkes-Barré, 1891.

[177] Chesapeake Bay, says Rev. Francis Makemie, is “a bay in most respects scarce to be outdone by the universe, having so many large and spacious rivers, branching and running on both sides; ... and each of these rivers richly supplied, and divided into sundry smaller rivers, spreading themselves ... to innumerable creeks and coves, admirably carved out and contrived by the omnipotent hand of our wise Creator, for the advantage and conveniency of its inhabitants; ... so that I have oft, with no small admiration, compared the many rivers, creeks, and rivulets of water ... to veins in human bodies.” _A Plain and Friendly Perswasive_, London, 1705, p. 5. “One receives the impression in reading of colonial Virginia that all the world lived in country-houses, on the banks of rivers. And the Virginia world did live very much in this way.” Miss Rowland’s _Life of George Mason_, i. 90.

[178] The Huguenots seem to have preferred a French wine, for one of the first things they did (in 1704) was to “begin an essay of wine, which they made of the wild grapes gathered in the woods; the effect of which was noble, strong-bodied claret, of a curious flavour.” Beverley, _History of Virginia_, London, 1705, part iv. p. 46. This has the earmark of truth. American clarets are to this day strong-bodied, with a curious flavour!

[179] Bruce, _Economic History of Virginia_, ii. 340-342.

[180] Weeden, _Economic and Social History of New England_, ii. 501.

[181] Bruce, _op. cit._ ii. 471, where we are also told that “in many cases the wealthy planters imported from England the clothes worn by these servants and slaves.”

[182] Bruce, _op. cit._ ii. 395, 399, 403, 405.

[183] Beverley, _History and Present State of Virginia_, book iv. pp. 58, 83.

[184] Hening, ii. 172-176.

[185] Hening, ii. 471-478; iii. 53-69.

[186] There was much strong feeling and vehement writing on the subject by those who were disgusted at the prevalent state of things: “I always judged such as are averse to towns to be three sorts of persons: 1. Fools, who cannot, neither will see their own interest and advantage in having towns. 2. Knaves, who would still carry on fraudulent designs and cheating tricks in a corner or secret trade, afraid of being exposed at a public market. 3. Sluggards, who rather than be at labour and at any charge in transporting their goods to market, though idle at home, and lose double thereby rather than do it. To which I may add a fourth, which are Sots, who may be best cured of their disease by a pair of stocks in town.” Makemie’s _Plain and Friendly Perswasive_, London, 1705, p. 16.

[187] _Present State of Virginia_, 1697, p. 12.

[188] A kind of cleaver.

[189] Bruce, _Economic History_, ii. 382-383.

[190] Conway, _Barons of the Potomack and the Rappahannock_, p. 116.

[191] Though the attempts to stimulate shipbuilding met with little success, the manufacture of barges, pinnaces, and shallops was sustained by imperative necessity. See Bruce, _op. cit._ ii. 426-439.

[192] Elkanah Watson, _Men and Times of the Revolution_, 2d ed., New York, 1856, chap. ii.

[193] See Ripley’s _Financial History of Virginia_, pp. 119-124.

[194] Bruce, _op. cit._ ii. 411-416.

[195] Ripley, _Financial History of Virginia_, p. 122; cf. Bruce, _op. cit._ ii. 368.

[196] McMaster, _History of the People of the United States_, i. 273.

[197] Hening, ii. 192. An old satirical writer mentions the same custom at a Maryland inn, where, however, he did not seem in all respects to relish his supper:--

So after hearty Entertainment
Of Drink and Victuals without Payment;
For Planters Tables, you must know,
Are free for all that come and go.
While Pon and Milk, with Mush well stoar’d,
In Wooden Dishes grac’d the Board;
With Homine and Syder-pap,
(Which scarce a hungry dog would lap)
Well stuff’d with Fat from Bacon fry’d,
Or with _Mollossus_ dulcify’d.
Then out our Landlord pulls a Pouch
As greasy as the Leather Couch
On which he sat, and straight begun
To load with Weed his _Indian_ Gun....
His Pipe smoak’d out, with aweful Grace,
With aspect grave and solemn pace,
The reverend Sire walks to a Chest;...
From thence he lugs a Cag of Rum.

The night had for our traveller its characteristic American nuisance:--

Not yet from Plagues exempted quite,
The Curst Muskitoes did me bite;
Till rising Morn and blushing Day
Drove both my Fears and Ills away;

but the morning-meal seems to have made amends:--

I did to Planter’s Booth repair,
And there at Breakfast nobly Fare
On rashier broil’d of infant Bear:
I thought the Cub delicious Meat,
Which ne’er did ought but Chesnuts eat.

Ebenezer Cook, _The Sot-Weed Factor; or, a Voyage to Maryland_, London, 1708, pp. 5, 9.

[198] For the description of the planter’s house and its surroundings I am much indebted to the admirable work of Mr. Bruce, chap. xii.

[199] Beverley, _History and Present State of Virginia_, book iv. p. 56.

[200] One often hears it said, of some old house or church in Virginia, that it was built of bricks imported from England; but, according to Mr. Bruce, all bricks used in Virginia during the seventeenth century seem to have been made there. Bricks were 8 shillings per 1,000 in Virginia when they were 18s. 8¼d. in London, to which the ocean freight would have had to be added. It is not strange, therefore, that Virginia exported bricks to Bermuda. As early as the Indian massacre of 1622 some of the Indians were driven away with brickbats. See Bruce, _Economic History_, ii. 134, 137, 142.

[201] See above, vol. i. p. 212.

[202] The Marquis de Chastellux, who visited Monticello in 1782, says: “We may safely aver that Mr. Jefferson is the first American who has consulted the fine arts to know how he should shelter himself from the weather.” See Randall’s _Life of Jefferson_, i. 373.

[203] _Lee of Virginia_, p. 116.

[204] Larousse, _Dictionnaire universel_, viii. 668.

[205] A _double entendre_, either “fork-bearer” or “gallows-bird.”

[206]

_Meercraft._--Have I deserved this from you two, for all
My pains at court to get you each a patent?

_Gilthead._--For what?

_Meercraft._--Upon my project o’ the forks.

_Sledge._--Forks? what be they?

_Meercraft._--The laudable use of forks,
Brought into custom here, as they are in Italy,
To the sparing o’ napkins

Ben Jonson, _The Devil is an Ass_, act v. scene 3.

[207] _Lee of Virginia_, p. 116.

[208] _Lee of Virginia_, _loc. cit._

[209]

For Planters’ Cellars, you must know,
Seldom with good _October_ flow,
But Perry Quince and Apple Juice
Spout from the Tap like any Sluce.

Cook’s _Sot-Weed Factor_, p. 22.

[210] A minute account of the beverages and their use is given in Bruce, _op. cit._ ii. 211-231.

[211] Smyth’s _Tour in the United States_, London, 1784, i. 41.

[212] Samuel Peters, a Tory refugee, published in London, in 1781, an absurd “History of Connecticut,” in which he started the story of the “Blue Laws” of the New Haven Colony, which most people allude to incorrectly as “Blue Laws of Connecticut.” These “Blue Laws” were purely an invention of the mendacious Peters. There never were any such laws. See my _Beginnings of New England_, p. 136.

[213] Miss Rowland’s _Life of George Mason_, i. 101, 102. This Mason, author of the Virginia Bill of Rights, and member of the Federal Convention of 1787, was great-grandson of the George Mason who figured in Bacon’s rebellion. His son John, whose narrative I here quote, was father of James Murray Mason, author of the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850, and one of the Confederacy’s commissioners taken from the British steamer Trent by Captain Wilkes in 1861.

[214] Meade’s _Old Churches_, i. 98.

[215] A rich Oriental silk, usually watered, first made in the _Attabiya_ quarter of Bagdad, whence its name.

[216] Mr. Bruce gives many inventories taken from county records, of which the following may serve as a specimen: “The wardrobe of Mrs. Sarah Willoughby, of Lower Norfolk, consisted of a red, a blue, and a black silk petticoat, a petticoat of India silk and of worsted prunella, a striped linen and a calico petticoat, a black silk gown, a scarlet waistcoat with silver lace, a white knit waistcoat, a striped stuff jacket, a worsted prunella mantle, a sky-coloured satin bodice, a pair of red paragon bodices, three fine and three coarse holland aprons, seven handkerchiefs, and two hoods.” _Economic History_, ii. 194.

[217] The following specimen of a bill of funeral expenses is given in Bruce, _op. cit._ ii. 237:--

lbs. tobacco.
Funeral sermon 200
For a briefe 400
“ 2 turkeys 80
“ coffin 150
2 geese 80
1 hog 100
2 bushels of flour 90
Dunghill fowle 100
20 lbs. butter 100
Sugar and spice 50
Dressing the dinner 100
6 gallon sider 60
6 “ rum 240

[218] _Virginia Magazine_, ii. 294; cf. _William and Mary College Quarterly_, iii. 136.

[219] Jones’s _Present State of Virginia_, London, 1724, p. 48.

[220] Mr. W. G. Stanard, in an admirable paper on this subject, gives some names of famous horses then imported, “many of them being ancestors of horses on the turf at the present day;” such as “Aristotle, Bolton, Childers, Dabster, Dottrell, Fearnaught, Jolly Roger, Juniper, Justice, Merry Tom, Sober John, Vampire, Whittington, James, Sterling, Valiant, etc.” _Virginia Magazine_, ii. 301.

[221] Smyth’s _Tour in the United States_, i. 20.

[222] Ford, _The True George Washington_, pp. 194-198.

[223] Hening, v. 102, 229-231; vi. 76-81. Washington was very fond of playing at cards for small stakes, also at billiards; and he sometimes bet moderately at horse-races. See Ford, _loc. cit._

[224] About four dollars.

[225] _Virginia Gazette_, October, 1737, cited in Rives’s _Life of Madison_, i. 87, and Lodge’s _History of the English Colonies_, pp. 84, 85.

[226] The recorder was a member of the flute family, and its name may be elucidated by Shakespeare’s charming lines (Pericles, act iv., prologue):--

To the lute
She sang, and made the night-bird mute
That still records with moan.

Mr. Bruce (_op. cit._ ii. 175) mentions _cornets_ as in use in Old Virginia, but this of course means an obsolete instrument of the hautboy family, not the modern brass cornet, which has so unhappily superseded the noble trumpet.

[227] The inventory is printed in _William and Mary College Quarterly_, iii. 251.

[228] The full list is given in _William and Mary College Quarterly_, iii. 170-174.

[229] See Lyman Draper, in _Virginia Historical Register_, iv. 87-90.

[230] _William and Mary College Quarterly_, iii. 247-249.

[231] Hening, ii. 517.

[232] Hening, ii. 518.

[233] _Virginia Magazine_, i. 326, 348; _William and Mary College Quarterly_, v. 113. Allusion has already been made, on page 5 of the present volume, to the school founded by Benjamin Symms, or Symes.

[234] Hening, i. 336.

[235] President Tyler cites from the vestry-book of Petsworth Parish, in Gloucester County, an indenture of October 30, 1716, wherein Ralph Bevis agrees to “give George Petsworth, a molattoe boy of the age of 2 years, 3 years’ schooling, and carefully to Instruct him afterwards that he may read well in any part of the Bible, also to Instruct and Learn him y^e s^d molattoe boy such Lawfull way or ways that he may be able, after his Indented time expired, to gitt his own Liveing, and to allow him sufficient meat, Drink, washing, and apparill, until the expiration of y^e s^d time, &c., and after y^e finishing of y^e s^d time to pay y^e s^d George Petsworth all such allowances as y^e Law Directs in such cases, as also to keep the afores^d Parish Dureing y^e afores^d Indented time from all manner of Charges,” etc. _William and Mary College Quarterly_, v. 219.

[236] Miss Rowland’s _Life of George Mason_, i. 97.

[237] Butler’s “British Convicts Shipped to American Colonies,” _American Historical Review_, ii. 27.

[238] The worthy pastor even goes so far as to exclaim, with a groan, that two thirds of the schoolmasters in Maryland were convicts working out a term of penal servitude! Boucher’s _Thirteen Sermons_, p. 182. But in such declamatory statements it is never safe to depend upon numbers and figures. In the present case we may conclude that the number of such schoolmasters was noticeable; we are not justified in going further.

[239] From the excellent papers by W. G. Stanard, on “Virginians at Oxford,” _William and Mary College Quarterly_, ii. 22, 149, I have culled a few items which may be of interest:--

John Lee, _armiger_ (son of 1st Richard, see above, p, 19), educated at Queens, B. A. 1662, burgess.

Rowland Jones, _cler._, Merton, matric. 1663, pastor Bruton Parish.

Ralph Wormeley, _armiger_, of Rosegill (see above, p. 243), Oriel, matric. 1665, secretary of state, etc.

Emanuel Jones, _cler._, Oriel, B. A. 1692, pastor Petsworth Parish.

Bartholomew Yates, _cler._, Brasenose, B. A. 1698, Prof. Divinity W. & M.

Mann Page, _armiger_, St. John’s, matric. 1709, member of council.

William Dawson, _plebs._, Queens, matric. 1720, M. A. 1728, D. D. 1747, Prof. Moral Phil. W. & M. 1729, Pres. W. & M. 1743-52.

Henry Fitzhugh, _gent._, Christ Church, matric. 1722, burgess.

Christopher Robinson, _gent._, Oriel, matric. 1724, studied at Middle Temple.

Christopher Robinson, _gent._, Oriel, matric. 1721, M. A. 1729, Fellow of Oriel.

Musgrave Dawson, _plebs._, Queens, B. A. 1747, pastor Raleigh Parish.

Lewis Burwell, _armiger_, Balliol, matric. 1765.

[240] Weeden, _Economic and Social History of New England_, i. 282, 412, 419; ii. 861. For neglecting to “set up school” for the year, a town would be presented by the grand jury of the county, and would then try to make excuses. “In February, 1744, the usual routine was repeated. The farmers were summoned ‘to know what the Town’s Mind is for doing about a School for the insuing year.’ The school of the previous year having cost £55 old tenor, which may have been equivalent to 55 Spanish dollars, and it being necessary to raise this sum by a general taxation, the Town’s Mind was for doing nothing; and not until the following July did it consent to have a school opened.” Bliss, _Colonial Times on Buzzard’s Bay_, p. 118.

[241] In my _Beginnings of New England_, pp. 148-153.