Chapter VI: Part 6

It has been for many years the practice of Bethlem Hospital to administer to the curable patients four or five emetics in the spring of the year; but, on consulting my book of cases, I have not found that such patients have been particularly benefited by the use of this remedy. From one grain and half to two grains of tartarized antimony has been the usual dose, which has hardly ever failed of procuring full vomiting. In the few instances where the plan of exhibiting this medicine in nauseating doses was pursued for a considerable time, it by no means answered the expectations which had been raised in its favour by very high authority. Where the tartarized antimony, given with this intention, operated as a purgative, it generally produced beneficial effects.

Ten years have elapsed since the former edition of this work appeared; but this length of time, and subsequent observation, have not enabled me to place any greater confidence in the operation of emetics, as a cure for insanity.

An author[36] who has lately published a work, entitled "_Practical Observations on Insanity_," is however a determined fautor of emetics in maniacal cases. In his skilful hands they have worked marvellous cures; nor have any prejudicial effects ever resulted from their employment. Perhaps no one has enjoyed a fairer opportunity of witnessing the effects of remedies for insane persons than myself; and when emetics are employed in Bethlem Hospital they have the best chance of effecting all the relief they are competent to afford, as they are given by themselves, without the intervention of other medicines; and this course of emetics usually continues six weeks. Had Dr. Cox confined himself to the relation of his own victories in combating madness with vomits, it would have been sufficient; but he endeavours to raise the levee en masse of medical opinion to co-operate with his sentiments. He says, page 78, "Yet _every_ physician, who has devoted his attention to this branch of the profession, _must_ differ from him when he treats of vomiting." It was never my intention to deny, in a disordered state of the stomach, that the madman would be equally benefited with one in his senses by the operation of a vomit: but I have asserted, that after the administration of many thousand emetics to persons who were insane, but otherwise in good health, that I never saw any benefit derived from their use. It will also be granted, that some ascendancy may be gained over a furious maniac by forcing him to take a vomit, or any other medicine, but this is widely different from any positive advantage resulting from the act of vomiting. Sir John Colebatch, in his "_Dissertation concerning Misletoe_," says, _p._ 35, "But I have been for some years afraid of giving vomits, even of the gentlest sort, in convulsive distempers, from some terrible accidents, that have been likely to ensue, from moderate doses of Ipecacuanha itself."

In St. Luke's hospital, the largest public receptacle for insane persons, where the medical treatment is directed by a physician of the highest character and eminence, and whose experience is, at least, equal to that of any professional man in this country, vomits are by no means considered as the order of the day; they may be employed to remove symptoms concomitant with madness, but are not held as specifics for this disease.

In reading over the cases related by Dr. Cox, there is no one, where emetics have been solely employed as agents of cure; they have been always linked with other remedies; and it requires more sagacity than even the doctor can exact, to pronounce, when different means of cure are combined, to which the palm should be adjudged. In the relation of my own experience concerning vomiting, as a remedy for insanity, I have had only in view the communication of facts, for I entertain neither partiality nor aversion to any remedies, beyond the fair claim which their operations possess. Had I modestly ventured to state, after the example of the Doctor, "that I had _devoted_ myself _exclusively_ and _assiduously_ for a _series of years_, to the care of insane patients in an _establishment_, where persons of _both sexes_ are received,"[37] it might be suspected, that the superstructure of my philosophy had been reared on the basis of private emolument.

_Camphor._

This remedy has been highly extolled, and doubtless with reason, by those who have recommended it: my own experience merely extends to ten cases; a number, from which no decisive inference of its utility ought to be drawn. The dose was gradually increased, from five grains to two drachms, twice a day; and, in nine cases, the use of this remedy was continued for the space of two months. Of the patients, to whom the camphor was given, only two recovered: one of these had no symptoms of convalescence for several months after the use of this remedy had been abandoned: the other, a melancholic patient, certainly mended during the time he was taking it; but he was never able to bear more than ten grains thrice a day. He complained that it made him feel as if he were intoxicated. Considering the insoluble nature of camphor, and the impracticability of compelling a lunatic to swallow a pill or bolus, it has been found convenient (when a large quantity was required) to give this medicine in the form of an emulsion, by dissolving the camphor in hot olive oil, and afterwards adding a sufficient quantity of warm water and aqua ammoniae purae.

_Cold Bathing._

This remedy having for the most part been employed, in conjunction with others, it becomes difficult to ascertain how far it may be exclusively beneficial in this disease. The instances where it has been separately used for the cure of insanity, are too few to enable me to draw any satisfactory conclusions. I may, however, safely relate, that in many instances, paralytic affections have in a few hours supervened on cold bathing, especially where the patient has been in a furious state, and of a plethoric habit. That this is not unlikely to happen may be supposed from the difficulty of compelling the patient to go head-foremost into the bath. In some cases vertigo, and in others a considerable degree of fever ensued after immersion. The shower-bath was employed some years ago in the hospital, and many cases were selected in order to give a fair trial to this remedy, but I am unable to say, that any considerable advantage was derived to the patients from its use. If I might be permitted to give an opinion on this subject, the principal benefit resulting from this remedy, has been in the latter stages of the disease, and when the system had been previously lowered by evacuations. As a remedy for insanity cold bathing has been disregarded by a celebrated practitioner. To a question from a select committee of the House of Commons to Doctor Willis, 9th March, 1807, the following answer was given.

_Question._ Are you of opinion that warm and cold baths are necessary for lunatic patients?

_Answer._ I think warm baths may be very useful, but it _can seldom happen_ that a cold bath will be required.[38]

_Blisters._

These have been in several cases applied to the head, and a very copious discharge maintained for many days, but without any manifest advantage. The late Dr. John Monro, who had, perhaps, seen more cases of this disease than any other practitioner, and who, joined to his extensive experience, possessed the talent of accurate observation, mentions, that he "never saw the least good effect of blisters in madness, unless it was at the beginning, while there was some degree of fever, or when they have been applied to particular symptoms accompanying this complaint."[39] Dr. Mead also concurs in this opinion. "Blistering plasters applied to the head will possibly be thought to deserve a place among the remedies of this disease, but I have often found them do more harm than good by their over great irritation."--_Medical Precepts, page 94._ Although blisters appear to be of little service, when put on the head, yet I have, in many cases, seen much good result from applying them to the legs. In patients who have continued for some time in a very furious state, and where evacuations have been sufficiently employed, large blisters applied to the inside of the legs, have often, and within a short time, mitigated the violence of the disorder.

In a few cases setons have been employed, but no benefit has been derived from their use, although the discharge was continued above two months.

Respecting opium, it may be observed, that whenever it has been exhibited, during a violent paroxysm, it has hardly ever procured sleep: but, on the contrary, has rendered those who have taken it much more furious: and, where it has for a short time produced rest, the patient has, after its operation, awaked in a state of increased violence.

Many of the tribe of narcotic poisons have been recommended for the cure of madness; but, my own experience of those remedies is very limited, nor is it my intention to make further trials. Other, and perhaps whimsical modes of treating this disorder, have been mentioned: whirling,[40] or spinning a madman round, on a pivot, has been gravely proposed; and, music has been extolled, with a considerable glow of imagination, by the same gentleman.--That the medical student may be fully aware of the manifold agents which _practical physicians_ have suggested for the restoration of reason, I shall conclude my volume with the following extract.[41]

"The medical philosopher, in his study of human nature, must have observed, that _sympathetic correspondence of action_ between the mind and body, which is _uniformly_ present in health and disease, though _varying_ with circumstances. The different passions, according to their nature, the degree or intensity of application, and the sensibility of the party, exhibit certain characteristic expressions of countenance, and produce obvious _changes_, actions, or motions, in the animal economy. MUSIC has been found to occasion _all_ these actions, changes, and movements, in some sensible systems; and where one passion morbidly predominates, as frequently happens in mania, those species of simple or combined sounds, _capable of exciting an opposite passion_, may be _very usefully_ employed. _If_ then such effects _can_ be produced by such a power, acting on a mind only endued with its healthy proportion of susceptibility, what may we _not_ expect where the sensibility is morbidly increased, and where the patient is alive to the most minute impressions? Cases frequently occur where such acuteness of sensibility, and _extreme_ delicacy of system exist, that most of the more common, _moral_, and medical means are contra-indicated; _here_ relief may be often administered through the medium of the _senses_; the _varied modulations, the lulling, soothing_ cords of even an Eoelian harp have _appeased_ contending passions, _allayed_ miserable feeling, and afforded ease and tranquillity to the bosom _tortured_ with real or fancied woe: and I can easily _imagine_, that _jarring discord_, _grating harsh rending_ sounds, applied to an ear _naturally_ musical, would uniformly excite great commotion. Under circumstances calculated to assist this action, by producing unpleasant impressions through the medium of the other senses, as when SCREECHES and YELLS are made in an apartment painted _black_ and _red_, or _glaring white_, every man must be painfully affected: the maniacal patient, _however torpid_, _must_ be roused: or, on the contrary, where an opposite state obtains, extreme sensibility and impatience of powerful impression, there _much may be expected_ from placing the patient in an _airy room_, surrounded with _flowers breathing odours_, the walls and furniture _coloured green_, and the air agitated by undulations of the softest harmony. _Much_ of this may appear FANCIFUL and RIDICULOUS, but the _enquiring_ practitioner _will_ find, on making the experiment, it deserves his _serious_ attention; and no mean is to be despised that is capable of arresting the attention, changing the trains of thought, interesting the affections, removing or diminishing painful sensations, and ultimately rendering both mind and body sensible to impressions, and _all this has been effected by music_. Every individual is not capable of accurately estimating the _extensive powers_ of this agent; but I would ask the _musical amateur_, or the _experienced professor_, if he have not frequently felt sensations the most _exquisite_ and _indescribable_; if he have not experienced the whole frame _trilling_ with _inexpressible delight_, when the _tide_ of full harmony has FLOWN on his ear, and the most _wretched miserable_ feeling, UNIVERSAL HORRIPILATIO and CUTIS ANSERINA from the _grating crash_ of discord? All the varied sensations from transport to disgust, have been occasioned by the different movements in one piece of music. I might _amuse_ my readers with a great variety of instances where persons have been very singularly affected by means of music, and where its powers have extended to the _brute creation_, but this I purposely avoid."

FINIS.

Printed by G. HAYDEN,}
Brydges Street, Covent Garden.}

FOOTNOTES:

[1] The choice of these words must be left to the taste of the reader, Dr. Johnson not having thought proper to admit them into his dictionary.

[2] Some doubts are entertained whether Dr. Boord was physician to King Henry the eighth, but he was certainly a fellow of the College.

[3] Apprehension of sensations. This is perhaps only an endeavour to explain the thing, _by_ the thing, or producing words of similar import with different sounds. Junius, speaking of the word hand (as derived from the gothic Handus) says, "Quidam olim deduxerunt vocabulum ab antiquo verbo HENDO, _Capio_: unde PREHENDO, APPREHENDO, &c."--_Gothicum Glossarium_, p. 188. Professor Ihre conceives it equally probable that the old latin word _hendo_ may have had a northern origin. "Id vero non possum, quin addam, oppido mihi probabile fieri, ipsammet hanc vocem latio olim peregrinam non fuisse, quod quippe augurar ex derivato HENDO, capio, unde prehendo cum derivatis pullularunt."--_Glossarium Sviogothicum. tom. i. p. 778._

[4] Quere. Why should the most _active_ characteristics of our nature be termed _Passions_? The word seems properly employed in _Passion week_, the period commemorative of Christ's suffering or _Passion_. But we are said to _fly_, or _fall_ into a passion, and then passion _gets the better of us_. For the softer sex we conceive the most delicate, refined, and honorable _passion_, yet every one allows the dreadful consequences which ensue from an indulgence of our _passions_, and most persons agree that _passion_, carried to excess, constitutes madness--we live in a world of metaphor.

[5] In many instances, although it is far from being general, pain of the head, and throbbing of its arteries precede an attack of insanity; sometimes giddiness is complained of as a precursory symptom. Those who have been several times disordered, are now and then sensible of the approaching return of their malady. Some have stated, a sense of working in the head, and also in the intestines, as if they were in a state of fermentation. Others observe that they do not seem to possess their natural feelings, but they all agree that they feel confused from the sudden and rapid intrusion of unconnected thoughts.

[6] To illustrate how necessarily our sensations, or ideas must become confused, when their succession is too rapid, the relation of some experiments on that subject will sufficiently conduce.

"But by the able assistance of Mr. Herschel, I am in a condition to give some approximation, at least, towards ascertaining the velocity of our audible sensations. For having, by means of a clock, produced sounds, which succeeded each other with such rapidity, that the intervals between each of them were (as far as could be judged) the smallest posible; he found he could evidently distinguish one hundred and sixty of them to flow in a second of time. Now as each interval must in this case be reckoned as a sensation likewise, as it might be filled up with a sound thereby making it a continued one; it follows, that we are capable of entertaining at least three hundred and twenty audible sensations in that period of time."--_Vide a Treatise on Time, by W. Watson, Jun. M. D. F. R. S. 8vo, 1785, page 32._

[7] The late Dr. Johnson was remarkably distinguished by certain peculiarities of action when his mind was deeply engaged. Sir Joshua Reynolds was of opinion "that it proceeded from a habit he had indulged himself in, of accompanying his thoughts with certain untoward actions." "One instance of his absence, and particularity as it is characteristic of the man, may be worth relating. When he and I took a journey into the West, we visited the late Mr. Banks, of Dorsetshire; the conversation turning upon pictures, which Johnson could not well see, he retired to a corner of the room, stretching out his right leg as far as he could reach before him, then bringing up his left leg, and stretching his right still further on. The old gentleman observing him, went up to him, and in a very courteous manner assured him, that though it was not a new house, the flooring was perfectly safe. The Doctor started from his reverie like a person waked out of his sleep, but spoke not a word."--_Boswell's Life of Dr. Johnson, vol. i. p. 76._ In the same work other of his tricks are recorded, as talking to himself, measuring his steps in a mysterious manner, half whistling, clucking like a hen, rubbing his left knee, &c. Many sensible persons, with whom I am now acquainted, when particularly thoughtful, discover strange bodily motions, of which they are by no means conscious at the time.

[8] This gritty matter, subjected to chemical examination, was found to be _phosphat of lime_.

[9] This appearance I have found frequently to occur in maniacs who have suffered a violent paroxysm of considerable duration: and in such cases, when there has been an opportunity of inspecting the contents of the cranium after death, water has been found between the dura mater and tunica arachnoidea.

[10] Morbid Anatomy, page 304.

[11] Mr. Fourcroy does not appear to have given any particular attention to this fluid. He says, "Cette humeur ne parait pas differer de celle qui mouille toutes les parois membraneuses du corps humain en general, et dont j'ai deja parle. C'est un liquide mucoso gelatineux, plus ou moins albumineux, et contenant _quelques matieres salines_."--_Systeme des Connoisances Chimiques, 8vo. tom. ix. p. 303._

[12] It may be remarked, that all children in the early attempts at language, speak of themselves and others in the third person, and never employ the pronoun; they likewise never use connectives, or the inflections of verbs, until they begin to acquire some knowledge of numbers. Beyond this rude state our patient never advanced.

[13] For this term the indulgent reader must give the author credit, because he finds himself unable adequately to explain it.--It is a complex _term_ for many ideas, on which language has not as yet, and perhaps will never be imposed. Very unfortunately there are many terms of this nature, equally incapable of description--a smile, for instance, is not very easy to be defined. Dr. Johnson calls it "a slight contraction of the face" which applies as properly to a paralytic affection. He also states it to be "opposed to frown." If curiosity should prompt the inquisitive reader to seek in the same author for the verb, to frown, he will find it "to express displeasure _by contracting the face_ to wrinkles." He who would

"Finde the minde's construction in the face"

must not expect to be able to communicate to others, in a few words, that knowledge which has been the slow and progressive accumulation of years.

[14] These are the usual terms employed by writers on this subject, but the propriety of their use must be left to the judgment of the reader. Every person will occasionally hesitate whether certain occurrences, said to be causes, ought to be referred to one class, in preference to the other. They are loose and vague names: for instance, a course of debauchery long persisted in, would probably terminate in paralysis; excessive grief we know to be capable of the same effect. Paralysis frequently induces derangement of mind, and in such case it would be said, that the madness was induced by the paralysis as a physical cause. But it often happens that debauchery and excessive grief are followed by madness, without the intervention paralysis. Moral, in this sense, means merely habitudes or customs, reiteration of circumstances confirmed into usage; and these may be indifferently accounted physical or moral.

[15]

"----nessun maggior dolore,
Che ricordarsi del tempo felice
Nella miseria."--_Dante._

[16] The Jews also were particularly instrumental in the practice and propagation of medical knowledge at that period.

[17] Cogitatio, (hic minime praetereunda) est motus peculiaris Cerebri, quod hujus facultatis est proprium organum: vel potius Cerebri pars quaedam, in medulla spinali et nervis cum suis meningibus continuata, tenet animi principatum, motumque perficit tam cogitationis quam sensationis; quae secundum Cerebri diversam in omnium animalium structuram, mire variantur.--_Tolandi Pantheisticon, p. 12._

[18] 1796, 1797.

[19] Vide Report, Part II. p. 25.

[20] Report, p. 59.

[21] Ibid, 57.

[22] Report 54.

[23] "We shall use the general term of methodism, to designate these three classes of fanatics, [Arminian and Calvinistic methodists, and the _evangelical_ clergymen of the church of England] not troubling ourselves to point out the finer shades, and nicer discriminations of lunacy, but treating them all as in one general conspiracy against common sense, and rational orthodox christianity."--_Edinburgh Review, Jan. 1808, p. 342._

[24] Traite Medico-Philosophique sur l'Alienation Mentale, 8vo. Paris, an. 9, p. 47.

[25] The late Reverend Dr. Willis.

[26] With respect to the persons, called Keepers, who are placed over the insane, public hospitals have generally very much the advantage. They are there better paid, which makes them more anxious to preserve their situations by attention and good behaviour: and thus they acquire some experience of the disease. But it is very different in the private receptacles for maniacs. They there procure them at a cheaper rate; they are taken from the plough, the loom, or the stable; and sometimes this tribe consists of decayed smugglers, broken excisemen, or discharged sheriffs' officers:

"All that at home no more can beg or steal."

How well such a description of persons is calculated to regulate and direct the conduct of an insane gentleman may be easily conjectured. If any thing could add to the calamity of mental derangement, it would be the mode which is generally adopted for its cure. Although an office of some importance and great responsibility, it is held as a degrading and odious employment, and seldom accepted but by idle and disorderly persons.

[27] Vide Cullen, First Lines, vol. iv. p. 154.

[28] "_D'uno luogo chiamato Timarahane, dove si castigano i matti._

"In Costantinopoli fece fare un luogo Sultan Paiaxit dove si dovessero menare i pazzi, accioche non andassero per la citta, facendo pazzie, et e fatto a modo d'uno Spedale, dove sono circa cento cinquanta guardiani in loro custodia, et sonvi medicine, et altre cose per loro bisogni, e i detti guardiani vanno per la citta con bastoni cercando i matti, et quando ne truovano alcuno, lo'ncatenano per il collo con cathene di ferro, et per le mani, et a suon di bastoni lo menano al detto luogo, et quivi gli mettono una catena al collo assai maggiore, che e posta nel muro, et viene sopra del letto, tal mente che nel letto per il collo tutti gli tengono incatenati, et vene saranno per ordine, lontano l'uno dall'altro numero di quaranta, i quali per piacere di quelli della citta molte volte sono visitati, et di continovo col bastone i guardiani gli stanno appresso: Percio che non essendovi guastano i letti, et tiransi le tavole l'uno a l'altro: et venuta l'hora del mangiare, i guardiani gli vanno esaminando tutti per ordine, et trovando alcuno, che non istia in buon proposito, crudelmente lo battono, et se a caso truovano alcuno, che non faccia piu pazzie, gli banno miglior cura, che a gli altri." _J. Costumi et la vita de Turchi di Gio. Antonio Menavino Genovese da Vultri, 12mo, in Fiorenza, 1551._

[29] Traite sur la Mania, page 103.

[30] The frequent recurrence of any propensity leads, by sure steps, to the final adjustment of the character; and even when the propensity is ideal, the repetition of the fits will, in the end, invest fancy with the habitudes of nature.--_Criticism on the Elegy written in a Country Church Yard, p. 3._

[31] Remarks on Dr. Batties' Treatise on Madness, p. 38.

[32] Dr. Cox, Practical Observations on Insanity, p. 28.

[33] Dr. John Monro's Remarks on Dr. Battie, p. 39.

[34] Vide Dr. Cox's _Practical_ Obs. on Insanity, p. 42.

[35] It is a painful recollection to recur to the number of interesting females I have seen, who, after having suffered a temporary disarrangement of mind, and undergone the brutal operation of _spouting_, in private receptacles for the insane, have been restored to their friends without a front tooth in either jaw. Unfortunately the task of forcing patients to take food or medicines is consigned to the rude hand of an ignorant and unfeeling servant: it should always be performed by the master or mistress of the mad-house, whose reputations ought to be responsible for the personal integrity of the unhappy beings committed to their care.

[36] Dr. Cox.

[37] See Dr. Cox's Advertisement prefixed to his book.

[38] Vide Report from the select committee appointed to enquire into the state of lunatics, page 25.

[39] Remarks on Dr. Batties' Treatise on Madness.

[40] See Dr. Cox, page 102.

[41] Dr. Cox, p. 61.

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20--EARLE's (Sir JAMES) OBSERVATIONS on HAEMORRHOIDAL EXCRESCENCES, the Second Edition, price, _sewed_, 1s 6d, 1807.

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22--GIBBON's MEDICAL CASES and REMARKS, Part I. on the Good Effects of Salivation in Jaundice, arising from Calculi. Part II. on the free Use of Nitre in Haemorrhages, _boards_, 2s 6d, 8vo.

23--GIRDLESTONE on DIABETES, with an Historical Sketch of that Disease, _sewed_, 2s 6d, 8vo.

24--GORDON's (Dr. Alexander) TREATISE on the EPIDEMIC PUERPERAL FEVER of ABERDEEN, _sewed_, 2s 6d.

25--HARTY's (Dr.) OBSERVATIONS on the SIMPLE DYSENTERY, and its COMBINATIONS; containing a Review of the most celebrated Authors, who have written on this Subject, and also an Investigation into the Source of Contagion, in that and some other Diseases, _boards_, 7s 6d, 8vo.

"This Work we find no difficulty in recommending to our Readers; it
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as the most valuable digest of all that has been written upon
it."--Vide MEDICAL and PHYSICAL JOURNAL, for December, 1805.

26--HAMILTON's OBSERVATIONS on SCROPHULOUS AFFECTIONS, with Remarks on Schirrus Cancer, and Rachitis, _boards_, 3s, 12mo.

27--INDENTITIES ASCERTAINED; or, an Illustration of Mr. Ware's Opinion respecting the sameness of Infection in Venereal Gonorrhoea, and the Ophthalmia of Egypt; with an Examination of Affinity between ancient Leprosy and Lues--price 2s 6d, 8vo. 1808.

28--LAWRENCE's (WILLIAM) TREATISE on HERNIA, being the Essay which gained the Prize offered by the Royal College of Surgeons, in the year 1806, _illustrated with three plates, boards_, 9s.

"Mr. Lawrence has done his part: he has united in this Essay elegance
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and a fund of learning, which does equal credit to his talents and his
industry."--CRITICAL REVIEW for Feb. 1808.

29--LIND on DISEASES incidental to EUROPEANS in HOT CLIMATES, with the Method of preventing their fatal Consequences, the Sixth Edition, in one vol. octavo, price 8s, _boards_, 1808.

30--LONDON PRACTICE of MIDWIFERY; or, a MANUAL for STUDENTS; being a complete Course of Practical Midwifery; in which are included the Treatment of Lying-in Women and the Diseases of Children, the second edition corrected, 12mo. _boards_, 6s. 1807.

31--LUXMORE's FAMILIAR OBSERVATIONS on RUPTURES, for the Use of Patients of both Sexes afflicted with those Complaints. Second edition, price 2s.

32--LIPSCOMB's MANUAL of INOCULATION, for the Use of the Faculty and private families; pointing out the most approved method of Inoculating, and conducting Patients through the Small Pox, _sewed_, 1s.

33--LONDON DISSECTOR; or, a Compendium of Practical Anatomy; containing a Description of the Muscles, Vessels, Nerves, and Viscera of the Human Body, as they appear on Dissection. A new Edition improved, _boards_, 5s. 1808.

34--MEDICAL FACTS and OBSERVATIONS; consisting principally of original Communications from Gentlemen of the Faculty, on important Subjects, in Medicine and Surgery, &c. by Dr. Simmons, vol. 8, _boards_, 4s 6d, 8vo.

35--POLE's ANATOMICAL INSTRUCTOR; or, an Illustration of the modern and most approved Method of preparing and preserving the different Parts of the Human Body, and of Quadrupeds, with _plates, boards_, 7s, 8vo.

36--PEARSON's (JOHN) PRACTICAL OBSERVATIONS on CANCEROUS COMPLAINTS, with an Account of some Diseases, which have been confounded with the Cancer; also, Critical Remarks on some of the Operations performed in Cancerous Cases, _sewed_, 2s 6d, 8vo.

37--PEARSON's OBSERVATIONS on the EFFECTS of VARIOUS ARTICLES of the MATERIA MEDICA, in the CURE of LUES VENEREA, illustrated with Cases. By JOHN PEARSON, F. R. S. Senior Surgeon of the Lock Hospital and Asylum, and Surgeon to the Public Dispensatory; Reader on the Principles and Practice of Surgery, the Second Edition, with Additions, _price_ 7s, 8vo. 1807.

38--PEARSON's PRINCIPLES of SURGERY, for the Use of Chirurgical Students. A new Edition with Additions. By JOHN PEARSON, F. R. S. &c. 8vo. _boards_, 8s 6d. 1808.

39--POTT's (P) CHIRURGICAL WORKS: a new Edition, with his last Corrections. To which are added, a short Account of the Life of the Author, a Method of curing the Hydrocele by Injection, and occasional Notes and Observations. By Sir James Earle, 3 vol. _boards_, 1l 7s. 1808.

40--RICHERAND's ELEMENTS of PHYSIOLOGY; containing a Comprehensive View and Clear Explanation of the Functions of the Human Body, in which the modern Improvements in Chemistry, Galvanism, and other Sciences, are applied to explain the Actions of the Animal Economy with a new Classification, and a copious Index; translated from the French of A. Richerand, Professor of Anatomy and Physiology, and principal Surgeon of the Hospital of the North, in Paris. By ROBERT KERRISON, Member of the Royal College of Surgeons, in London, &c. _In one closely printed vol._ 8vo. price 6s. _boards_, 1806.

41--REES's (Dr. GEORGE) OBSERVATIONS on DISEASES of the UTERUS; in which are included, Remarks on Moles, Polypi, and Prolapsus, as also on Schirrous and Cancerous Affections of that Organ, _boards_, 4s 6d, 8vo.

42--REES's (Dr. GEORGE) TREATISE on the PRIMARY SYMPTOMS of LUES VENEREA, with a concise, critical, and chronological Account of all the English Writers on this Subject, from 1735 to 1783, to which is added, an Analysis of a Course of Lectures delivered by the Author, _boards_, 5s, 8vo.

43--ROLLO's CASES of the DIABETES MELLITUS, with the Results of the Trials of certain Acids and other Substances, in the Cure of the Lues Venerea, Second Edition, with large Additions, _boards_, 6s, 8vo. 1806.

44--ROYSTON's OBSERVATIONS on the RISE and PROGRESS of the MEDICAL ART in the BRITISH EMPIRE; containing Remarks on Medical Literature, and a View of a Bibliographia Medicinae Britannicae, by W. ROYSTON, Esq. _price_ 2s, 1808.

45--RYDING's VETERINARY PATHOLOGY; or, a Treatise on the Cure and Progress of the Disease of the Horse, &c. &c. and an Appendix, or Veterinary Dispensatory, &c. _boards_, 3s 6d, 8vo.

46--SMITH's ESSAY on the CAUSES of the VARIETY of COMPLEXION and FIGURE in the HUMAN SPECIES; to which are added, STRICTURES on LORD KAIMES's DISCOURSE of the ORIGINAL DIVERSITY of MANKIND, _boards_, 3s.

47--UNDERWOOD's TREATISE on the DISEASES of CHILDREN, with Directions for the Management of Infants, from the Birth, and now precisely adapted to professional Readers, Fifth Edition, 3 vol. _boards_, 13s 6d, 8vo.

48--UNDERWOOD's SURGICAL TRACTS, containing a Treatise on ULCERS of the LEGS, in which, former Modes of Treatment are examined and compared with one more rational and safe, effected without Rest and Confinement:--together with Hints on a successful Method of treating some Scrophulous Tumours, the Mammary Abscess, and sore Nipples of Lying-in Women; Observations on the more common Disorders of the Eye, and on Gangrene, _boards_, 6s, 8vo.

49--WEBSTER's FACTS, tending to shew the CONNEXION of the STOMACH with LIFE, DISEASE, and RECOVERY, _sewed_, 1s 6d.

50--WADD's PRACTICAL OBSERVATIONS, on the Nature and Cure of STRICTURES in the URETHRA. By WILLIAM WADD, Member of the Royal College of Surgeons in London, 8vo, 3s 6d, 1808.

51--WATT (ROBERT) CASES of DIABETES, CONSUMPTION, &c. with Observations on the History and Treatment of Disease in general, _boards_, 8s, 1808.

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Transcriber's Notes:

Passages in italics are indicated by _italics_.

The original text includes symbols that are represented in this text version as [Precsription], [ounce], and [dram].

The original text includes Greek and Gothic characters. For this text version these letters have been replaced with transliterations.

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