Chapter I: Front Matter

NIEBUHR’S LECTURES

ON

ROMAN HISTORY.

VOL. II.

NIEBUHR’S LECTURES

ON

ROMAN HISTORY

TRANSLATED FROM THE EDITION OF DR. M. ISLER,

BY H. M. CHEPMELL, M.A., AND F. DEMMLER, PH.D.

_IN THREE VOLUMES.--VOL. II._

London:
CHATTO & WINDUS, PICCADILLY.
1875.

CONTENTS.

Page

FIRST PUNIC WAR, 1

Foundation of Carthage, 1

Earliest history of Carthage, 2

Extent of the Carthaginian empire at the outbreak of the war, 4

Constitution of Carthage, 5

Geographical description of Sicily, 8

Division of the war, 9

Siege of Agrigentum, 10

Conquest of Agrigentum, 11

A Roman fleet built, 12

Boarding-bridges, 14

Naval victory of C. Duilius near Mylæ, 15

Events of less importance, 16

New naval force of the Romans, 17

Seafight near Ecnomus, 19

Regulus lands in Africa, 20

Prodigy in Regulus’ camp, 21

Negotiations for a peace, 21

Xanthippus, 22

Regulus defeated, 24

Shipwreck of the Roman fleet, 24

Regulus’ death. Criticism on the tales concerning it, 25

Victory of Metellus near Panormus, 28

Siege of Lilybæum, 29

Defeat of P. Claudius near Drepana, 32

Claudius appoints M. Claudius Glycia as dictator, 33

Destruction of a merchant fleet, 34

Eryx surprised and taken, 35

Hamilcar Barcas, 35

Seafight near the Ægatian Isles, 38

End of the war, 40

SICILY A ROMAN PROVINCE. _PRÆTOR PEREGRINUS._ WAR WITH THE
FALISCANS. MUTINY OF THE MERCENARIES AT CARTHAGE. THE FIRST
ILLYRIAN WAR. THE _LEX FLAMINIA_ FOR THE DIVISION OF THE
_AGER GALLICUS PICENUS_. WAR AGAINST THE CISALPINE GAULS.
SECOND ILLYRIAN WAR. THE CARTHAGINIANS FOUND AN EMPIRE IN SPAIN, 41

Sicily a Roman province. Definition of the word province, 41

_Prætor peregrinus_, 42

The public festivals are paid for by the ædiles, 42

The character of the senate changes, 43

War with the Faliscans, 43

Mutiny of the mercenaries at Carthage, 44

Sardinia rebels against Carthage, 45

Another peace between Carthage and Rome, 46

The first Illyrian war, 46

Embassy of the Romans to Greece, 47

Greek affairs, 48

The agrarian law of Flaminius, 50

War with the Cisalpine Gauls, 52

Battle near Clastidium, 56

Second Illyrian war, 57

A Carthaginian empire founded in Spain, 58

Peoples of Spain, 59

Death of Hamilcar, 61

THE SECOND PUNIC WAR, 61

Sources and literature, 62

Hannibal, 64

P. Cornelius Scipio, 66

Q. Fabius Maximus, 67

M. Claudius Marcellus, 68

Division of the war, 68

War in Spain, 68

Siege of Saguntum, 71

Embassy to Carthage, 72

March of Hannibal across the Pyrenees, 75

Hannibal in Gaul, 76

His passage over the Alps, 77

Battle on the Ticinus, 83

Battle on the Trebia, 84

C. Flaminius, 87

Hannibal wades through the marshes, 89

Battle of the Trasimene lake, 91

Q. Fabius Maximus dictator, 94

Fabius hems in Hannibal near Mount Callicula, 96

Minucius defeated by Hannibal, 97

C. Terentius Varro, 97

Battle of Cannæ, 99

Maharbal advises Hannibal to march to Rome, 103

Hannibal in Capua, 103

The Italian peoples fall off from Rome, 107

Efforts made by the Romans, 108

Ti. Sempronius Gracchus conquers near Beneventum, 110

Hannibal at the gates of Rome, 112

Taking of Capua, 113

Death of Hiero, 114

Negotiations of Hieronymus, 115

Disturbances at Syracuse, 115

Siege of Syracuse, 116

Archimedes, 117

Taking of Syracuse. Marcellus’ conduct, 117

Taking of Agrigentum, 119

War in Spain, 120

Death of the two Scipios, 121

P. Cornelius Scipio Africanus, 122

Taking of New Carthage, 124

Hasdrubal goes to Italy, 124

Battle of Sena, 126

Spain in the power of the Romans, 128

Mutiny of the troops in the camp of Scipio in Spain, 128

Scipio goes to Africa to Syphax, 131

Scipio is appointed consul, 132

Voluntary armaments of the Italians, 133

Scipio lands in Africa, 135

Masinissa, 135

Syphax made prisoner, 137

Offers of peace by the Carthaginians, 137

Hannibal and Mago summoned to Africa, 139

Battle of Zama, 140

Peace, 141

MACEDONIAN WAR, 143

Treaty of Philip with Hannibal, 143

Philip, 144

Affairs of the Greek states, 144

Peace of the Romans with the Ætolians, 146

Peace of the Romans with Philip, 146

Attacks of Philip and Antiochus on the Egyptian empire, 147

Causes of the second Macedonian war, 148

Its outbreak, 150

State of Greece, 150

T. Quinctius Flamininus, 153

Victory of the Romans near the _fauces Antigoneæ_, 155

Battle of Cynoscephalæ, 157

Quarrels of the Romans and Ætolians, 159

Peace with Philip, 161

Peace with Greece, 161

THE INSUBRIANS AND BOIANS VANQUISHED. WAR WITH ANTIOCHUS. WAR
WITH THE GALATIANS, 164

War with the Insubrians, 164

War with the Boians, 164

Antiochus, 165

Hannibal in Syria, 167

Battle of Thermopylæ, 173

Siege of Ambracia, 174

Peace with the Ætolians, 175

Battle of Myonnesus, 175

Battle of Magnesia, 178

Peace with Antiochus, 179

War with the Galatians, 180

Earlier history of the Galatians, 181

Cn. Manlius conquers the Galatians, 182

IMPEACHMENT OF L. SCIPIO. END OF P. SCIPIO AFRICANUS AND OF
HANNIBAL. DOMESTIC AFFAIRS. M. PORCIUS CATO, 184

Impeachment of the Scipios, 184

Increase of the tribes, 185

Increase of the number of prætors, 185

Fate of the Italians, 186

Changes at home, 187

Corruption of morals, 188

Embellishment of the city, 190

M. Porcius Cato, 190

Influence of moneyed property, 192

Hannibal’s death, 193

LITERATURE OF THE ROMANS AT THIS PERIOD. _ATELLANÆ_,
_PRÆTEXTATÆ_; LIVIUS ANDRONICUS; NÆVIUS; ENNIUS; PLAUTUS.
ROMAN HISTORIANS IN GREEK, 194

Native Roman civilization, 194

Atellan plays, 195

Translation of Greek literature. Livius Andronicus, 195

Nævius, Plautus, 196

Ennius, 198

Pacuvius, 199

Q. Fabius Pictor. L. Cincius Alimentus, 199

WARS WITH THE LIGURIANS; WITH THE CELTIBERIANS. THE THIRD
MACEDONIAN WAR. PEACE WITH THE RHODIANS. FURTHER WARS IN SPAIN.
STATE OF AFFAIRS AT HOME, 199

War with the Ligurians, 200

Standing armies, 201

Campaign of Cato in Spain, 202

Ti. Sempronius Gracchus concludes the war with the
Celtiberians, 203

Third Macedonian war, 203

Negotiations with the Bastarnians, 204

Perseus, Demetrius, 205

Character of Perseus, 206

State of affairs in Greece and Asia, 206

Murderous attack on Eumenes at Delphi, 206

Outbreak of the war, 208

The neighbouring countries inclined in favour of Perseus, 211

L. Æmilius Paullus, general of the Romans, 212

Battle of Pydna, 213

Perseus, a prisoner of the Romans, 215

Fate of the Greek states, 216

Macedon newly constituted, 217

Moral condition of Rome, 218

Peace with Rhodes, 219

Wars in Gaul and Dalmatia, 220

Prusias, Eumenes, 221

Events in Egypt. The Parthians, 221

War in Spain, 222

M. Claudius Marcellus, 222

Treachery of Sulpicius Galba to the Lusitanians, 224

_Lex Voconia_, 225

_Lex Ælia et Fusia_, 225

Changes in the system of enlistment, 226

Law against the _ambitus_, 227

THE THIRD PUNIC WAR, 227

Masinissa, 228

War of the Carthaginians against Masinissa, 229

Opinions in Rome with regard to Carthage, 230

War against Carthage resolved upon at Rome, 231

Conditions of the Romans, 232

Outbreak of the war, 233

Masinissa tries to connect himself with Carthage, 236

P. Cornelius Scipio _Paulli f._, 237

Typography of Carthage, 239

Scipio’s attack on the town, 241

The Carthaginian fleet destroyed, 242

Conquest of the town, 243

Destruction of Carthage, 244

THE PSEUDO-PHILIP. THE ACHÆAN WAR. DESTRUCTION OF CORINTH, 244

Andriscus, 245

Victory of Metellus, 247

The Achæan war, 248

Its causes, 249

Successes of Metellus, 254

Mummius takes the command, 255

Destruction of Corinth, 256

Polybius, 256

WARS IN SPAIN. VIRIATHUS. DESTRUCTION OF NUMANTIA, 257

Viriathus, 257

War with the Celtiberians, 260

War with Numantia, 260

Q. Pompeius _A. f._, 261

C. Hostilius Mancinus conquered and hemmed in, 262

Ti. Gracchus, 262

Scipio conquers Numantia, 263

Destruction of Numantia, 264

SERVILE WAR IN SICILY. ACQUISITION OF THE KINGDOM OF PERGAMUS.
ARISTONICUS. DOMESTIC AFFAIRS, 264

State of Sicily, 264

Servile war, 265

Death of Attalus, 266

Aristonicus, 267

The consulate for the first time filled by two plebeians, 268

TIBERIUS SEMPRONIUS GRACCHUS, 269

_Ager publicus_ and the Licinian law, 271

Agrarian law of Tib. Gracchus, 277

Opposition to this law, 279

Dismissal of the tribune M. Octavius, 281

Opposition of the Latins, 282

Distribution of the inheritance of Attalus, 283

_Comitia_ for elections; murder of Tib. Gracchus, 284

Tyranny of the victorious party, 287

C. Papirius Carbo, 288

Death of P. Cornelius Scipio, 289

Rebellion of Fregellæ, 291

CAIUS SEMPRONIUS GRACCHUS, 291

C. Gracchus in Sardinia, 293

His tribuneship, 293

Laws against the adversaries of his brother, 294

Corn law, 295

Relief of the soldiers, 296

The dispensation of justice transferred from the senate
to the knights, 296

Plan for the extension of the franchise, 299

Distribution of the provinces, 300

Counter operations of M. Livius Drusus, 301

Reaction against C. Gracchus. His death, 303

Persecutions of his partizans, 306

FOREIGN CONQUESTS DOWN TO THE WAR WITH JUGURTHA, 307

Conquest of the Balearic isles and of Dalmatia, 307

War against the Allobroges, 307

The Cimbri and Scordiscans, 308

THE WAR AGAINST JUGURTHA. Q. CÆCILIUS METELLUS NUMIDICUS. C.
MARIUS, 309

Sallust, 309

State of Numidia after Masinissa’s death, 309

Division of the empire. Jugurtha, 310

M. Æmilius Scaurus, 312

Horace’s want of historical lore, 312

L. Calpurnius Bestia goes to Africa, 314

Jugurtha in Rome, 315

An inquiry instituted in Rome, 316

Metellus goes to Africa, 316

His success against Jugurtha, 317

C. Marius, 318

Marius elected consul, 319

End of the war of Jugurtha, 321

WAR WITH THE CIMBRI AND TEUTONES, 322

Ethnography of the Cimbri, 322

The Teutones, 323

Their victories over the Romans, 323

Marius changes the Roman tactics, 325

The Cimbri march into northern Italy, 328

Q. Lutatius Catulus, 328

Victory of the Romans over the Ambrones, 329

Victory over the Teutones near Aquæ Sextiæ, 330

Victory over the Cimbri near Vercellæ (campi Raudii), 332

Triumph of Marius, 333

MARIUS’ SIXTH CONSULSHIP. L. APULEIUS SATURNINUS. C. SERVILIUS
GLAUCIA, 334

L. Apuleius Saturninus, 334

C. Servilius Glaucia, 336

Legislation of Saturninus, 336

Agrarian law, 337

Opposition of Metellus, 338

Defeat of Saturninus and Glaucia, 339