Chapter XV: Appendix

WHEN Count Tolstoi speaks of the Church and its dogmas, he refers especially, of course, to the Orthodox Greek Church, the national church of Russia. The following summary of the teachings of the Orthodox Greek Church is taken from Prof. T. M. Lindsay's article in the _Encyclopædia Brittanica_, ninth edition, volume xi. p. 158. Variations from the Roman Catholic doctrine are indicated by small capitals, and variations from Protestant doctrine by italics. [Tr.]

"Christianity is a divine revelation, communicated to mankind through Christ; its saving truths are to be learned from the Bible _and tradition_, the former having been written, _and the latter maintained uncorrupted_ through the influence of the Holy Spirit; _the interpretation of the Bible belongs to the Church, which is taught by the Holy Spirit_, but every believer may read the Scriptures.

"According to the Christian revelation, God is a trinity, that is, the divine essence exists in three persons, perfectly equal in nature and dignity, the Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost; THE HOLY GHOST PROCEEDS FROM THE FATHER ONLY. Besides the triune God, there is no other object of divine worship, _but homage_ ([Greek: hyperdoulia]) _may be paid to the Virgin Mary, and reverence_ ([Greek: doulia]) _to the saints and to their pictures and relics_.

"Man is born with a corrupt bias, which was not his at creation; the first man, when created, possessed IMMORTALITY, PERFECT WISDOM, AND A WILL REGULATED BY REASON. Through the first sin, Adam and his posterity lost IMMORTALITY, AND HIS WILL RECEIVED A BIAS TOWARDS EVIL. In this natural state, man, who, even before he actually sins, is a sinner before God by original or inherited sin, commits manifold actual transgressions; _but he is not absolutely without power of will towards good, and is not always doing evil_.

"Christ, the Son of God, became man in two natures, which internally and inseparably united make One Person, and, according to the eternal purpose of God, has obtained for man reconciliation with God and eternal life, inasmuch as he, by his vicarious death has made satisfaction to God for the world's sins; and this satisfaction was PERFECTLY COMMENSURATE WITH THE SINS OF THE WORLD. Man is made partaker of reconciliation in spiritual regeneration, which he attains to, being led and kept by the Holy Ghost. This divine help is offered _to all men without distinction, and may be rejected_. In order to attain to salvation, man is justified, and, when so justified, CAN DO NO MORE THAN THE COMMANDS OF GOD. He may fall from this state of grace through mortal sin.

"Regeneration is offered by the word of God and in the sacraments, _which, under visible signs, communicate God's invisible grace to Christians when administered cum intentione_. There are _seven_ mysteries or sacraments. Baptism _entirely destroys_ original sin. In the Eucharist, the true body and blood of Christ are _substantially present, and the elements are changed into the substance of Christ, whose body and blood are corporeally partaken of by communicants_. ALL Christians should receive the bread and the WINE. _The Eucharist is also an expiatory sacrifice._ The new birth when lost may be restored through repentance, which is not merely (1) sincere sorrow, but also (2) _confession of each individual sin to the priest, and_ (3) _the discharge of penances imposed by the priest for the removal of the temporal punishment, which may have been imposed by God and the Church. Penance, accompanied by the judicial absolution of the priest, makes a true sacrament_.

"The Church of Christ is the fellowship of ALL THOSE WHO ACCEPT AND PROFESS ALL THE ARTICLES OF FAITH TRANSMITTED BY THE APOSTLES, AND APPROVED BY GENERAL SYNODS. _Without this visible Church there is no salvation._ It is under the abiding influence of the Holy Ghost, and _therefore cannot err in matters of faith_. Specially appointed persons are necessary in the service of the Church, _and they form a threefold order, distinct jure divino from other Christians, of Bishops, Priests, and Deacons_. THE FOUR PATRIARCHS OF EQUAL DIGNITY HAVE THE HIGHEST RANK AMONG THE BISHOPS, AND THE BISHOPS _united in a General Council represent the Church and infallibly decide_, under the guidance of the Holy Ghost, all matters of faith and ecclesiastical life. All ministers of Christ must be regularly called and appointed to their office, and are consecrated _by the sacrament of orders_. _Bishops must be unmarried_, and PRIESTS AND DEACONS MUST NOT CONTRACT A SECOND MARRIAGE. To all priests in common belongs, besides the preaching of the word, the administration of the SIX SACRAMENTS,--BAPTISM, CONFIRMATION, PENANCE, EUCHARIST, MATRIMONY, UNCTION OF THE SICK. The _bishops_ alone can administer the _sacrament_ of orders.

"_Ecclesiastical ceremonies are part of the divine service; most of them have apostolic origin; and those connected with the sacrament must not be omitted by priests under pain of mortal sin._"

INDEX.

Abraham, 165.
Adam, fall of, 118, 122.
Age, consummation of, 139, 152.
Amusements, harmful, 105;
maintained by coercion, 106.
Anger, the commandment against, 70
_et seq._; destructive of happiness,
247; temptations to, 247.
[Greek: anistêmi], meaning of, 146.
Army, the Christophile, 15.
Art has forsaken the Church, 224.
_auferstehn_, meaning of, 146.
Aurelius, Marcus, 126.
Average man, the, and the
problem of existence, 229.
Belief, if true, always brings
forth works, 160 _et seq._
Believers, and the problem of
existence, 228.
Berditchef, circus at, 135, 157.
Bible, 17.
Biblical references.--O. T.:
Gen. (iii. 22) 149;
Exod. (iii. 6) 144;
Levit. (xix. 12) 86, (xix. 17, 18) 94;
Deut. (xiii. 21, 34) 86, (xxiv. 1) 77,
(xxx. 15-19) 150, (xxxii. 39, 40) 149;
Judges (ix. 4) 76; Sam. (I. viii.-xii.)
18; Isaiah (lxi. 1, 2) 110. N. T.:
Matt. (iv. 1-11) 178, (iv. 37) 253,
(v.) 17, (v., vi., vii.) 5, (v. 17-20)
51, 52, 53, (v. 18) 262, (v. 19) 70,
(v. 21-26) 70, 76, (v. 21-48) 69,
(v. 22-44) 109, (v. 27-32) 77,
(v. 28-32) 109, (v. 32) 79, 81,
(v. 33-37) 86, 91, (v. 34-37) 109,
(v. 36) 89, (v. 38, 39) 7, 8, (v. 38-42)
92, 93, 110, (v. 40) 26, (v. 43-48) 95,
110, (v. 44) 256, (vii. 1) 23, (vii. 12)
57, (x. 10) 200, 254, (xi. 30) 14,
(xii. 16-21) 138, (xii. 31) 217,
(xii. 35-40) 139, (xii. 40) 145,
(xiii. 52) 62, (xiv. 2) 146,
(xvi. 13-21) 145, (xvi. 21) 145,
(xvii. 23) 145, (xix.) 79, (xix. 4-6)
250, (xix. 4-9) 80, (xix. 9) 81, 84,
(xix. 17) 151, (xx. 1-16) 167, 168,
(xx. 19) 145, (xx. 20-28) 166,
(xxi. 33-42) 139, (xxii. 44) 98,
(xxiii. 13-35) 217, (xxv. 14-46) 142,
(xxvi. 32) 145, (xxvii. 42) 163;
Mark (viii. 31) 145, (ix. 31) 145,
(x. 5-12) 79, (x. 28-30) 180,
(x. 34) 145, (x. 35-48) 166, (x. 45)
202, 254, (xii. 21-24) 144,
(xii. 26, 27) 144, (xii. 36) 98,
(xiv. 25) 145, (xv. 32) 163; Luke
(i. 71, 74) 98, (iv. 1-13) 178,
(iv. 18, 19, 21) 111, (vi. 37) 23,
(vi. 37-49) 24, (ix. 22) 145, (x. 5, 7)
200, (x. 26) 61, (x. 28) 151, (x. 29)
98, (xi. 30) 145, (xi. 35) 125, 216,
(xii. 22-27) 137, (xii. 32) 263,
(xii. 54-57) 136, (xiii. 1-5) 135,
(xiv. 28-31) 136, (xvi. 15-18) 54,
(xvi. 16) 57, (xvi. 18) 79, (xvi. 31)
147, (xviii. 33) 145, (xx. 43) 98,
(xxii. 67) 163; John (i. 9-12) 171,
(i. 17) 245, (iii. 5, 6, 7) 125,
(iii. 19-21) 171, (iii. 14-17) 125,
(v. 39) 150, (v. 44) 164, (vi. 30) 163,
(vii. 18) 164, (vii. 19) 57, (viii. 17)
57, (viii. 28) 125, 258, (viii. 32) 258,
(viii. 35) 141, (viii. 40) 171,
(viii. 46) 171, (x. 25, 26) 163,
(xi. 19-22) 145, (xii. 31) 244,
(xii. 35) 125, (xiv. 6) 172,
(xiv. 16, 17) 172, (xiv. 27) 109,
(xv. 25) 57, (xvi. 33) 244, (xviii. 37)
172, (xix. 7) 57; Acts (vii. 27) 98,
(xxiii. 8) 143; Rom.
(i. 32, ii. 1, ii. 4) 31; Cor.
(I. vii. 1-11) 80, (I. xv. 2) 75; Heb.
(ii. 2) 115; Jas. (ii. 12, 13) 30,
(ii. 13) 29, (ii. 14-26) 163,
(iv. 11, 12) 28, (v. 6) 35, (v. 12) 89;
John (I. v. 3) 14, (I. v. 4) 244.
Borovitzky Gate, 19.
Brahmins, 173, 218.
Buddha, 134, 218.
Buddhism, 124.
Catechism analyzed, 213.
Children, education of, 105.
Christian rationalists in Russia, 223.
Christianity, substance of, 2, 13;
a spiritual tendency, 4;
lack of ethical and moral instruction
in, 123.
Christians may believe in Jesus, 241;
duties of, 258 _et seq._
Chrysostom, xi., 33, 63 _et seq._;
79, 92.
Church, the fathers of, 31, 81, 93;
the Orthodox, 2; creed of, 265;
inadequacy of 3, 4, 175, 209-244;
teachings of, 4, 40, 47, 58, 62, 107,
115, 127, 154, 178, 213-217, 227;
compulsory in Russia, 216; the true,
262.
Churches, as useless sentinels, 224.
Civilization, characteristics of, 42, 233.
Clement, x.
Commandments, abrogated by the Church,
214.
Commentators, pseudo-Christian, 91;
liberal, 93.
_condemnare_, 34.
Confucius, 124, 126, 127, 218.
Constantine, 31, 219.
Cosmopolitanism, importance of, 257.
Daniel, apocryphal book of, 149.
Death, inevitable, 137, 138, 139.
Death penalty, sanctioned by the Church,
221.
Debauchery, 77 _et seq._; Paul's idea
of, 80; destructive of happiness, 249;
temptations to, 251.
Devotion, a pagan book of, 212.
Divorce, denounced by Jesus, 78
_et seq._; sanctioned by the
Church, 221.
[Greek: doxa], meaning of, 164.
[Greek: egeirô], meaning of, 146.
_ehebruch_, meaning of, 84.
[Greek: eikê], meaning and textual
authenticity of, 75.
Elijah, 48, 145.
[Greek: hêlikian], meaning of, 137.
Enemy, love for, 95 _et seq._;
meaning of, 98.
Epictetus, 89, 126, 127.
Error, temptation of Jesus by, 178; the
cohesive power of, 262.
Esdras, 56.
Evil, submission to, 8 _et seq._, 13,
92-94; resistance to, 15; destructive of
happiness, 253; to speak, 28, 32.
Existence, its futilities, 226.
Faith, defined, 115, 162, 166, 244; and
works, 160, 169; based on the dictates
of reason, 170; source of, 171; the
false, 173.
Fall, dogma of the, 120, 153.
Family, the, a condition of happiness, 187.
Foreigners, hostility toward, 100;
destructive of happiness, 255.
Formalism, evils of, 68.
_fornicatio_, meaning of, 83.
Free-will, an illusion, 124.
French war of 1870, 198.
Galilee, 41, 44, 48, 49, 178.
Galileans, massacre of, 135.
Germans, 45, 259.
Ghengis Khan, 36.
God, service of, 21; appears to Elijah,
48; commandments of, 51; kingdom of,
108, 111, 160; how brought, 209.
Gospels, exegesis, 1, 55, 75.
Griesbach, 175.
Happiness, conditions of, 185-189.
_hayai leolam_, meaning of, 148.
Health, a condition of happiness, 189.
Hebrews, 176.
Hegelianism, 122.
Herod, 25, 146.
High Priests, 25, 59.
Householder, parable of, 168.
_hurerei_, meaning of, 83.
Husbandmen, parable of, 139.
Immortality, belief in, 147, 150, 153, 155.
Irenæus, 62.
Isaiah, 56, 61.
James, 167.
Jesus, as the "charmant docteur," 41;
divinity of, 15; the enemies of, 60; his
use of the Mosaic law, 67; commandments
of, 69, 76, 86, 194, 242, 246 _et seq._;
mission of, 108; the Messiah, 111, 145,
158; his revelation of the true life,
139; his doctrine of eternal life, 153;
as a Saviour, 158; his definition of
belief, 164; of true life, 167; his
temptation in the wilderness, 177;
offers the water of truth, 196.
Jesus, doctrine of, its simplicity, vi.,
6, 7, 11, 12, 69, 194; as a metaphysical
theory and an ethical system, 218, 231;
a doctrine of grace and truth, 246;
practical results of, 107; key to, 2,
16, 17; requirements of, 248; its
meaning, 7, 43, 50, 58, 108, 172, 193,
199, 240; its rewards, 179, 202; to
bring the kingdom of God, 209; its
relation to the Church, 209-244; its
adaptability to Christians, 241; to the
philosopher, 242; to the "average" man,
243; difficulty in obeying, 14, 16, 112,
132, 160, 173, 194, 259; belief in, 160
_et seq._; requirements of, 245
_et seq._; a protest against
ceremonial, 219; its concealment, 49,
68, 90, 173, 174; and military
regulations, 19, 22, 104, 223; its
universality, 241; delusions with regard
to, 23, 101, 114, 191 _et seq._,
204; will overcome the world, 244;
substance of, 124; and social customs,
58, 90, 93, 133, 194; where are its
martyrs? 195.
Jews, criminal law of, 27.
John, 167.
John the Baptist, 43, 54, 108, 135, 145,
146.
Jonah, 146; story of, 176.
Judaism, 124, 220.
Judgment, parable of the last, 139, 152.
Laborer, worthy of his sustenance, 200,
205; rewards of, 201, 203.
Law, the eternal, 53, 55.
Law of struggle, 47, 181, 197.
Lazarus, 147.
_libertinage_, meaning of, 83.
Libertinism, 83, 85.
Liberty, law of, 29.
Life, essence of, 118, 138, 165; the
personal, 134, 139, 174; salvation of,
152, 165; renunciation of, 141, 142;
the eternal, 143; how perpetuated, 150;
rewards of, 167; doctrine of, enforced
by the police, 232.
Loaves and fishes, lesson of the, 206.
Luke, 34, 54, 55, 80.
Luther, 34, 84.
Manu, laws of, 89.
Mark, 80.
Martyrs, Christian, number of, 192.
Martyrs to the world, 183, 193.
Materialism, 122.
Men, brotherhood of, 110, 246, 256;
intercourse with, essential to
happiness, 188; nature of, 112; debt to
the past, 141; mutual dependence, 207;
temptations against, 246.
[Greek: metanoia], meaning of, 135, 141.
Michael, Archbishop, 93.
Military regulations, 19.
[Greek: moichasthai], meaning of, 83.
Monasticism, contrary to the doctrine of
Jesus, 176.
Monogamy the natural law of humanity, 250.
Moscow, 183.
Mount, the Sermon on the, 5, 6, 10, 11,
17, 26, 78, 79, 108.
Müller, Max, 148.
Nationality, renunciation of, 257.
Nature, the law of, 46; communion with,
essential to happiness, 185.
Neighbor, meaning of, 97 _et seq._
Nicodemus, 60, 108, 125.
[Greek: nomos], meaning of, 56.
Oaths, the commandment against, 87
_et seq._; destruction of happiness,
252; evils of, 252.
Origen, 102.
Pascal, 134.
Paul, x., 30, 56, 80, 88, 115; his
metaphysico-cabalistic doctrine, 219.
Peace, the reign of, 108; how violated,
109.
Penalty, the death, 36.
Pentateuch, 57, 148.
Persons, respect of, 29.
Pessimism, 122.
Peter, 11, 145, 167, 168, 180.
Pharisees, 54, 59, 60, 85, 88, 143, 178.
Philosophers, and the problem of
existence, 229.
Pilate, 135, 175.
[Greek: porneia], meaning of, 83 _et seq._
Poverty, the blessings of, 199;
indispensable to the follower of Jesus,
200.
_prissaiaga_, meaning of, 85.
Prophets, the Hebrew, 43, 57, 143.
_qum_, meaning of, 146.
_raca_, meaning of, 73, 76.
Reason, authority of, 124.
Redemption, dogma of, 120, 122, 153.
Religions, requirements of, 220.
Renan, 31, 93.
Repentance, 60; necessity of, 135.
Resurrection, not taught by Jesus, 143.
_resusciter_, meaning of, 146.
Reuss, 79.
Revolution, the French, 36.
Revolutionists, atheistic, 39; Christian,
39.
Riches, the struggle for, 184.
Righteousness, progress toward, 48.
Sadducees, 60, 143.
Samaritan, 98.
Sanhedrim, 25.
Schopenhauer, 148.
Science, hostile to the Church, 223.
Security, struggle for, its futility, 198.
Seneca, 89.
Sisyphus, labor of, 184.
Slave, 39.
Slavery, sanctioned by the Church, 221.
Slavophile, 39.
Socrates, 124, 126.
Soldier, at Borovitzky Gate, 19, 88;
Russian nickname for, 88.
Solomon, 134.
Son of man, doctrine regarding, 125
_et seq._; 142, 150, 152, 156, 263.
Spirit, the Holy, 68.
Spiritism, 123.
State, service of, 21, 22, 257;
independent of the Church, 223.
States, divisions into, a barbarism, 107.
Stoics, 124, 173.
Strauss, 41, 93.
Suffering, useless, 183.
Sukhareff Tower, 183.
Talents, parable of the, 142.
Talmud, 17, 56, 143, 173.
Theologians, declarations of, 6.
Theophylact, 33.
Thief, on the cross, vii.
Tiele, 148.
Tischendorf, 55, 75.
Tohu, 18, 19, 21, 22, 42, 43.
Torah, 56, 61, 68.
Tribunals, 23, 24; contrary to law of
Jesus, 25 _et seq._; sanctioned by
the Church, 221.
Trinity, 14, 40, 58, 116, 117, 127.
Truth, Christian, 4.
Tübingen, school of, 33.
Turks, 259.
_verdammen_, meaning of, 34.
Violence, renunciation of, 38; organized,
45, 196; destructive to happiness, 253;
temptations to, 254; futility of, 259
_et seq._
Virgins, parable of, 139.
_voskresnovit_, meaning of, 146.
Vulgate, 34.
War, organized murder, 101, 192; justified
by the Church, 211, 221.
Wars of our century, victims of, 193.
Work, an inevitable condition of
happiness, 186, 201, 205, 207.
World, the doctrine of, illustrated, 129;
sufferings for, 181, 185-192; its
commands, 191; its necessities, 184
_et seq._; justification of, 188;
its relation to the Church, 221
_et seq._
Worldly advantage, 11.
_zanah_, meaning of, 83.