Chapter I

Confidential letter from Louis-Philippe to the Emperor
Nicholas--The Czar's reply--What France could do after the
Revolution of July--Louis-Philippe and Ferdinand VII.--The
Spanish refugees--Reaction in the Home department--Scraping
of the public monuments--Protest

The last sentence in my previous chapter virtually shows how far the reaction in Paris had progressed at the moment I returned there after my absence of six weeks or two months.

The conversation between the lieutenant-general and the Republicans on the night of 3 July will be recollected, and how Louis-Philippe had then revealed his system of _juste milieu_, a system which had been so repugnant to our young men that Cavaignac had exclaimed--

"Oh! if that is how things are going to be, Monsieur, we need have no anxiety, for you will not hold out for four years!"

Cavaignac was not mistaken in his prophecy, although he was wrong as to the date--merely a chronological error, after all. Moreover, a letter, made public by the very man to whom it had been addressed, a prince, whose aristocratic and hereditary pride took pleasure in humbling a king sprung from a Revolution, had published, far more clearly than the light words of a conversation, the programme of the new reign. Copies of this letter actually sent from St. Petersburg were in circulation: it was from the King of France to _Monsieur, his brother_, the Emperor of All the Russias. M. Athalin had brought it by special courier; but it was to be delivered separately from the official letter which announced the lieutenant-general's accession to the throne: this was the letter intended only to be read by the Emperor of Russia, but was naturally the only one of the two that was read by the whole world.

It seemed inexplicable to men who for the last fifteen years had followed the policy adopted by the Duc d'Orléans towards the Elder Branch; to those who were acquainted with his conduct towards Charles X. and the young Duke of Bordeaux, during the days which preceded his nomination to the lieutenant-generalship, and those which followed; also to those who knew the part the Palais-Royal had played in that great _mise-en-scène_ of the expedition to Rambouillet, which had ended not exactly in the flight (Charles X. maintained his dignity safe and sound as far as Cherbourg), but in the departure, of the Royal Family. The staunchest of King Louis-Philippe's friends denied that the letter was written by him; they said it was apocryphal altogether.

As I ought to explain the charges I have brought against the Government of King Louis-Philippe, in my capacity both as an ordinary citizen and also as a man of letters, for the benefit of friends past and present, who were surprised at it, I may perhaps be permitted to continue to enumerate my reasons for my political repugnance, which led to my sending in my resignation to the king at a time when my interest--if self-interest had been allowed to triumph over my conscientious scruples--should have rather incited me to make up to the princely fortunes when they advanced to the estate of kingship.

I have mentioned the impression made on me by the letter from the Duc d'Orléans to King Charles X., that had been carried by M. de Mortemart; I have told how the handshaking, the singings of the _Marseillaise_ and the forehead bathed in perspiration, had driven me out of the Palais-Royal at the very moment when the young Duc de Chartres was making his entry into it; I have also described the shame that had glued me motionless before the placard wherein the Duc d'Orléans laid claim to being a Valois, ignoring the most elementary historical facts, and, renouncing Saint-Louis for an ancestor, claimed François I. as head of his House--of all our kings the most debauched, impolitic and faithless to his word. Furthermore, the three sons of the king, the Duc d'Orléans, the Duc d'Aumale and the Duc de Montpensier, well knew that my defection was honourable and disinterested, that I never boasted, by calling them my friends, although they more than once did me the honour to call themselves mine. It will be seen when I shall have occasion to speak of them (and it will happen frequently in the course of these Memoirs) how faithful I am to them in their misfortunes, and that the memories which flow from my heart and pen, as we follow the exiles in their retirement, are reverently given.

But to return to the king's letter to the Emperor Nicholas. It may sound absurd to say it, but it was a real grief to me, just as the czar's reply caused me feelings of shame. I think that if a country is to be truly great and generous and strong, each individual citizen belonging to it ought to be in a measure a nerve in the general organisation, and feel individually any impulses given to it as a nation, or to its glory or honour.

Here is the letter. Long though it be, we will follow it with the reply, our only commentary being to italicise certain passages.

"MONSIEUR MON FRÈRE,--I have to announce to your Majesty my
accession to the throne, by a letter that General Athalin
will present you, in my name; but I wish to speak to you
with complete confidence in regard to the sequel to the
_catastrophe that I would so gladly have averted._

"For some long time past I have had to deplore that King
Charles X. and his Government did not follow a policy better
calculated to fulfil the expectations and the wishes of
the nation; I could not in the least foresee the momentous
issues that have come to pass, and I even thought that, but
for want of being able to obtain a frank and loyal spirit in
the tone of the Charter and of our institutions, it would
only have needed a little more prudence and moderation to
enable the Government to have gone on as it was for a long
time to come; but, since 8 August 1829, the composition of
the new Ministry had alarmed me greatly. I could see how
far its attitude was disliked and suspected by the nation,
and I shared in the general feelings of disquiet as to what
measures we might expect from it. Nevertheless, fidelity to
law and love of order have made such progress in France,
that resistance to the Government would certainly not
have expressed itself in such extreme forms, had not the
Government itself, in its madness, given the fatal signal
by its audacious violation of the Charter, and _by its
abolition of all the guarantees of our national liberty_,
in defence of which there is scarcely one single Frenchman
who would not be willing to shed his blood. No excesses have
followed that terrible struggle.

"But it was difficult to prevent some shaking in our social
condition, and that very exaltation of spirit which deterred
the people from excessive disorder carried them at the same
time towards experiments in political theories which might
have precipitated France and, perhaps, even Europe into
terrible calamities; it was under this state of things,
sire, that all eyes turned on me: _the very vanquished party
itself felt me to be necessary to its salvation_; I was the
more necessary, probably, in order to prevent the conquerors
from taking immoderate advantage of their victory; I have,
therefore, accepted this noble and painful task, and I
have waived aside all personal considerations which arose,
urging me to refuse the crown, because I felt that the
least hesitation on my part might compromise the future of
France and the peace of all our neighbours. The title of
Lieutenant-General, which left everything unsettled, excited
dangerous mistrust, and it was imperative to hasten to get
rid of the provisional state, as much to inspire necessary
confidence as to save the Charter. It was essential to
preserve this, the importance of which our august brother
the late Emperor realised thoroughly; and it would have been
sorely compromised if people's minds had not been promptly
satisfied and reassured.

"It will not escape your Majesty's perspicacity and great
wisdom, that, in order to attain this salutary end, it is
most desirable that affairs in Paris should be seen in
their true light, and that Europe, doing justice to the
motives that have guided my actions, should uphold my
Government with that confidence to which it has the right
to look forward. May your Majesty not lose sight of the
fact that, so long as King Charles X. reigned over France,
_I was one of the most submissive_ and faithful of his
subjects, and that it was only when I saw the action of the
laws paralysed, and the exercise of royal authority totally
annihilated, that I felt it my duty to defer to the national
vote by accepting the crown which was offered me. It is to
you, sire, that France is looking: she loves to think of
Russia as her most natural and powerful ally; the guarantee
of such an alliance lies in the noble character and the many
qualifications for which your Imperial Majesty is noted.

"I beg you to accept the assurance of my great esteem and of
the unalterable friendship with which I remain your Imperial
Majesty's affectionate brother, LOUIS-PHILIPPE"

A letter so full of tender protestations, so humble and obsequious as this, deserved, indeed, a polite reply.

Here is that sent by His Majesty of All the Russias:--

"I have received from the hands of General Athalin the
letter of which he was the bearer. Events, ever to be
deplored, have placed your Majesty in a position of cruel
alternative; and you have adopted a determination which
seemed to you the only means left of saving France from the
greatest calamities. I will not pronounce judgment upon
the considerations that have directed your Majesty; but I
will pray to Providence to bless your intentions and the
efforts you are about to make for the welfare of the French
people. In concert with my Allies I accept with pleasure
your Majesty's expressed desire that peace and friendship
should be maintained between you and all the European
states; _so long as these relations are based upon existing
treaties, and with a firm resolution to respect the rights
and obligations and the conditions of territorial possession
which those treaties have ratified_, Europe will find in
them a guarantee of peace very necessary to the tranquillity
of France herself. Called upon in conjunction with my Allies
to cultivate these conservative relations with France under
her present Government, I, on my part, will give them all
the careful consideration they demand, _and am pleased to
offer your Majesty the assurance of my good disposition, in
return for the sentiments you have expressed towards me._

"I beg you at the same time to accept the expression of my
kind feelings towards you. NICHOLAS"

That was all Louis-Philippe got in return for his fraternal outpourings! Nicholas might just tolerate his position if he respected the treaties of 1815, and he offered him his _dispositions_ in exchange for the sentiments he had put forth in his letter. Now here was exactly where his new situation proved embarrassing. We have spoken of the July Revolution as being the last flash of Waterloo; and, indeed, as soon as the Revolution was an accomplished fact, every generous-hearted mind in France turned its thoughts towards Belgium and Italy and Poland. Belgium, in those days, was still, it will be remembered, a part of Holland, as annexed territory. Italy was then, as it is still, groaning under the tyranny of Austria. Poland was divided up between Prussia, Russia and Austria, and had not even the consolation left it of gathering its scattered members together in the same shroud.

Now, kind-hearted people were asking for a remodelling of Europe: they wanted to give to the flocks which are called nations pastors chosen by themselves; they refused to recognise those butchers, with whom the heartless diplomatists, who sat at the green-covered table at the Vienna Congress, had divided a hundred million bodies and souls, almost at haphazard. But this was just what Louis-Philippe did not want. He represented the bourgeoisie, which was made up of lawyers, men of business, bankers, money-brokers and financiers; and the bourgeoisie has its own god all to itself, which has no sympathies in common with the god worshipped by great minds and noble hearts.

The situation was so lofty that the blinking eyes of that bourgeoisie lowered, utterly dazzled, before they could raise themselves to such a height. For, indeed, after the Revolution of 1830 France could fling at kings the defiance of an unbounded ambition; it could not only act on its own individual strength, but also, by allying other peoples with it, it could increase its power and neutralise that of kings. What was necessary for this? It is enough to look at the general condition of the European monarchies; at Russia, with its vulture of the Caucasus and its gangrene in Constantinople; to Austria, with its twofold cancer of Italy and Hungary; to Holland, with its hostile Belgium; to England, with its unsubdued Scotland and its starving Ireland, to see that if we did but raise our voices a little louder we should not merely be masters at home, but could extend our supremacy over the whole of Europe. At one time, it seemed as though France was going to adopt this wide and splendid policy towards Spain. It is true, though, that the motive which moved Louis-Philippe in his action with regard to Spain was an entirely personal feeling. As stupid, almost as despicable as his grandfather, Ferdinand of Naples, who would not recognise the French Republic in his day, Ferdinand of Spain did not wish to recognise the Revolution of July, or, at any rate, he wished to ignore the prince who had just inherited the throne after that Revolution, in almost as mysterious a fashion as he himself had succeeded the last of the Condés. So, on the first impulse of anger, King Louis-Philippe received a deputation of three of the members of the Spanish Committee, MM. Loëve-Weimars, Marchais and Dupont, introduced by M. Odilon Barrot; he treated his brother Ferdinand in scurvy fashion and all but offered a rope with which he hoped to see him hanged.[1] He went even farther, and placed a hundred thousand francs at the disposal of La Fayette to support the enterprises of the Spanish Revolutionists. From this side, at all events, they believed themselves safe from political reaction. M. Girod (of l'Ain), Prefect of Police, openly distributed passports to the Spanish refugees who were on their way to the Pyrenees; the _impériales_ of every public conveyance were reserved for these exiles, who returned to their homes in the face of all the world; and, all along the road, besides these specially privileged travellers, bands of fifty, a hundred and a hundred and fifty men were to be met with, with beating drums and flying banners, marching towards Bidassoa. Finally, M. Guizot (a native of Ghent), in other words a Reactionary, declared quite openly that "when, in 1823, France won back Spain to its Absolutist ideas, she committed a political crime; she therefore owes Spain reparation. Such reparation should be given, signal and complete!" M. Guizot said these words to M. Louis Viardot and asked him to publish them broadcast.

It will be seen that we do not grope in the dark--that we are not making accusations recklessly: we quote not only the words that were said, not only the men who said them, but also the men to whom they were said.

Thereupon all those victims of Ferdinand VII., such as Mendizabal, Isturitz, Calatrava, the Duke of Rivas, Martinez de la Rosa, the Count of Toreno, General Mina, Colonel Moreno, Colonel Valdès, General Torrijos, General Chapalangara, General Lopès Baños and General Butron all raised their hands to Heaven and cried _Hosannah!_

Arms were sent so publicly by MM. Guizot and de Montalivet, that the Spanish Ambassador, M. d'Ofalia, took note of the fact diplomatically.

Now, we have remarked that Ferdinand VII. of Spain was as stupid and almost as cowardly as his grandfather Ferdinand IV. of Naples; we should really have said that he was more cowardly, for at the mere sound of arms in France, at the mere cries of liberty which were echoed in the South, at the mere roll of drums approaching the frontier, he made the _amende honorable_ and received Louis-Philippe with every expression of regret at having held back so long. And, although the new king had, as we have said, almost offered the rope wherewith to hang him, he really preferred the sinner's repentance to his death. Without saying anything to them, he withdrew the hand he had held out to the Spanish refugees and, left to themselves, or, rather, delivered over to the vengeance of Ferdinand, they were killed, some on the battlefield, and others, sad and painful and shameful as it is to tell, were chased as far as the frontier and taken and shot down on French territory!

Oh! sire, sire, was it not the shades of these martyrs which appeared to you on 24 February, frightening you into the inert and fugitive king who fell down on the place de la Révolution, at the foot of the Obélisque, on the very spot where the head of King Louis XVI. had fallen?

And Italy, stirred up by promises given her by La Fayette, promises which the old general thought he could keep; Italy, who, in order to carry out her revolution, only asked for an Army Corps to be stationed on the Alps, looked in vain towards the West; for the route taken by Hannibal and Charlemagne and Napoleon remained unoccupied.

As for Poland--we know M. Sébastiani's famous saying: "Order reigns at Warsaw!"

In domestic legislation, reaction was just as obvious. First, they had chosen M. Talleyrand as Ambassador to London, that political Mephistopheles, who had watched the Republic, the Directory, the Empire and the Restoration perish in his hands beneath his skeleton smile. The abolition of the penalty of death had miscarried in the Chamber. Lastly, orders had been given to efface the bullet marks of July from the front of all public buildings. Certainly, this latter Ordinance did not pass without raising opposition. Upon my return to Paris the walls were still pasted with a protest, which I may be permitted to quote, as the tone of the times is clearly shown in the few lines of which it is composed; and, further, because the chief merit of these Memoirs should be the preserving intact and reproduction of the character of the times in which I lived, for the benefit of the future, which is always inclined to become hazy. This is it:--

"REVERENCE FOR MONUMENTS

"Each glorious epoch of our history has its own special
trophies and monuments: the hero has his bronze statue and
his Arcs de Triomphe; but what living witness will there be
to teach the races to come the doings of that cycle of the
Three Days and its immortal people? What pages of history
will tell future ages at what a cost the monarchical system
of a thousand years, ancient in despotism, was destroyed?
What monument will teach our posterity that there, behind
these mutilated columns, their fathers fell in defence of
liberty? Is our Charter, patched up in a day, a fitting
monument to the sovereignty of the people? We have nothing
to show but our tombs and the traces of the bullets on
our walls and the marks made by grapeshot which adorn the
pediments of our palaces. Those are our bas-reliefs and
inscriptions, our celebrations of that great week; in them
the People read their triumph and the King sees there the
lessons he ought to learn. On those blackened walls, the
temples of Science and of Art, the bullets of Charles X.
have written, in ineffaceable characters, the love and
gratitude and impartiality we might have looked for in
a Bourbon! There, if the imprint had been religiously
preserved, we might, perhaps, have discovered the traces
of the balls of yet another Charles! What Vandal hand,
then, has dared to attack these noble reliques? Some
sacrilegious order, given by I know not what authority,
would efface those sublime breaches! If they disappear, it
will soon be forgotten that thousands of victims fell for
a principle, and that their blood flowed for an ephemeral
liberty which only shone upon us for three days! Are they
friends? Can they be brothers who dare thus to insult our
deeds? The Austrians, Russians and Prussians paid respect
to our Column, our Arcs de Triomphe, and shall the shameful
insignias of the conqueror of the Trocadéro still soil the
Arc-de-Triomphe of the conqueror of Austerlitz?

"_Courage, men of the morrow! Courage! Continue your heroic
work!_ Tear down those wooden crosses, those tricolour flags
that adorn the tombs of our brothers, and then you will have
succeeded in effacing every last trace of our Revolution!

"_(Signed)_
LANNOY, student of the École polytechnique;
PLOCQUE, advocate;
TH. MASSOT, advocate;
GUYOT, medical student;
ÉTIENNE ARAGO;
CH. LOTHON, student of the École polytechnique."

You see these poor July fighters did not make any great demands; they, who had seen the Republic snatched from them, who had been enclosed in the treaties of 1815, to whom a king had been given, the son of a regicide, who had renounced the Convention, only asked that the bullet marks of the Swiss and Royal Guards imprinted on the façades of their public monuments should be allowed to remain intact. Their demand, as in reason bound, was judged exorbitant and refused accordingly. Thus, just as I said before, when I returned to Paris, M. Guizot was Minister, and they were scraping the Institut.

[1] Here are King Louis-Philippe's very own words:-- "As for Ferdinand VII., they can hang him if they wish: he is the biggest blackguard that ever lived!"