Chapter XXXVIII: Appendix: VIII (1)

CHRONOLOGY OF EVENTS

LEADING TO THE GREAT WAR OF 1914 AND ESPECIALLY TO ENGLAND’S QUARREL AND
WAR WITH TURKEY

1875 Ismaïl, Khedive of Egypt, having involved his country in a heavy
foreign debt, Disraeli (English Prime Minister) purchases his
Suez Canal shares, Rothschild advancing the necessary four
millions.

1876 Servia and the other Christian Provinces of European Turkey,
aided by volunteers from Russia, revolt against the Sultan. They
are repressed with great severity by the Turkish irregular
forces. Agitation in England is roused by Gladstone’s “Bulgarian
Atrocities” campaign.

1877 Czar Alexander threatens war on Turkey as a crusade in their
support.

A revolution breaks out at Constantinople under Midhat Pasha,
leader of the Liberal party. Sultan Abdul Aziz is dethroned. A
Constitution is proclaimed under the Sultan’s next heir, Murad,
who, being found insane, gives place to Abdul Hamid, and a
Parliament assembles amid a general rejoicing of all religious
sects of the Empire. War is declared by Russia.

1878 A Russian Army, having forced the Balkans at Plevna, imposes on
the Sultan the Peace of San Stefano under the walls of
Constantinople.

Disraeli, objecting to the Treaty as a violation of the
International Peace of Paris of 1856, orders a British fleet
into the Sea of Marmora and Indian troops to Malta. Derby
resigns the Foreign Office and is succeeded by Salisbury.

A Congress is summoned by Bismarck to meet at Berlin to deal
with the Ottoman case.

While the Congress is assembling Salisbury concludes two secret
Agreements regarding Ottoman affairs, the one with Russia about
Turkey in Asia, the other with the Sultan, known as the Cyprus
Convention, whereby Cyprus is leased to England, with rights of
supervision in Asia Minor, in return for an English guarantee of
the Sultan’s Asiatic dominions and promised reforms.

Salisbury denies in Parliament the existence of any convention.
He accompanies Beaconsfield to Berlin, and at the first sitting
of the Congress, _13th June_, declares in common with the rest
of the Ambassadors that he enters the Congress free of all
secret Agreements regarding Turkey. The next day, _14th June_,
the full text of the Agreement with Russia is betrayed to the
London press, and the Cyprus Convention also becomes known at
Berlin.

Waddington, the French Ambassador, threatens to leave the
Congress, but is pacified by Bismarck, Salisbury promising
Waddington that in return for Cyprus the French Government shall
be allowed (1) to take possession at its convenience of Tunis,
(2) to be given an equal share with England in the financial
control of Egypt, and (3) that the French claim to protect Latin
Christians in Syria shall be acknowledged by England.

A new treaty, in place of that of San Stefano, is signed at
Berlin regulating European Turkey, the Peace of Berlin.

Beaconsfield and Salisbury return to London announcing “Peace
with Honour,” and are banqueted at the Mansion House. England
takes military possession of Cyprus, and appoints perambulating
Consuls in Asia Minor, as arranged by the Convention.

The Anglo-French control established in Egypt. Rivers Wilson
appointed Finance Minister, Baring Controller and Blignières
French Minister of Public Works, Nubar Pasha (an Armenian) Prime
Minister. Rothschild finances the new régime with a loan,
raising the total debt to £68,000,000.

1879 Financial Reforms are introduced by the new Control in the
interest of the Bondholders rather than of the people. These
increase the misery of the fellahin and bring the foreign
Control into discredit.

Wilson and Nubar, with the Khedive Ismaïl’s complicity, are
mobbed in the streets. The Khedive dismisses both, and decrees a
Constitutional Government in native hands.

Rise of the first National Egyptian Movement.

Bismarck makes alliance with Austria against Russia.

Wilson, returning to Europe, appeals to Rothschild for help. The
English and French Governments being unwilling, Bismarck
intervenes.

The Sultan is invited to depose Ismaïl. His son Tewfik is named
by the Sultan in his place with limited rights of borrowing.

The Dual Financial Control restored under Tewfik with a new Law
of Liquidation, moderating the excessive claims of the
bondholders.

An Egyptian Ministry is appointed by England and France
conjointly.

1880 Gladstone succeeds Beaconsfield. Granville at the Foreign
Office.

Granville threatens to bombard Dulcigno in company with the
French fleet in order to enforce on Turkey a rectification of
the Greek frontier.

Sultan Abdul Hamid suppresses the Ottoman Constitution at
Constantinople. Much religious unrest in the Mohammedan world.

1881 The French, under St. Hilaire, on the pretext of punishing a
tribe on the Tunisian frontier of Algeria, send a French army,
which crosses the frontier, marches unopposed to Tunis, and
forces the Bey to sign the Treaty of Bardo accepting a French
Protectorate.

The Sultan, as suzerain of Tunis, protests, but the _fait
accompli_ is accepted by Granville, Salisbury in opposition
maintaining silence.

General rising in the Tunisian Regency against the French.

Sfax is bombarded by the French fleet and given up to pillage.

The Mohammedan rising spreads through North Africa and affects
Algeria. The Mahdi first heard of in Kordofan.

In Egypt it strengthens the hands of the National Movement, and
is joined by the army. Arabi, being in command of the Cairo
garrison, is recognized as National Leader.

An attempt having been made to arrest Arabi, he heads a popular
demonstration before Abdin Palace, and demands the summoning of
a Chamber of Notables. This, contrary to the English Financial
Controller’s advice, is promised by the Khedive Tewfik, and the
Notables are summoned. Great popular rejoicings.

Gambetta, alarmed at the violence of feeling in North Africa,
persuades Granville to issue a Joint Note with the purpose of
detaching Tewfik from the Egyptian Nationalists and promising
him support against them. The Joint Note is published, causing
extreme popular anger at Cairo.

1882 _1st Jan._—The first Nationalist Programme is published in the
“Times.”

The Notables having met, insist on Constitutional Government
with power, vested in a Legislative Chamber, of voting the
annual budget, except that half of it affecting the interest of
the National Debt.

The Controllers refuse to allow Financial Control of any kind to
the Chamber.

The Notables insisting, the Ministers resign, and are succeeded
by a Nationalist Cabinet, with Arabi as War Minister.

_7th Feb._—A Constitution is decreed by Tewfik.

Preparations are made by Gambetta at Toulon for sending French
troops to Egypt to put down the Constitution, England to send
ships to Alexandria, but this is prevented by Gambetta’s defeat
on a question of home policy, and his retirement from office.

He is replaced by Freycinet, who adopts a friendly attitude
towards the Constitution. Granville remaining hostile.
Blignières, the French Controller, is withdrawn by Freycinet.

The Egyptian Parliament meets at Cairo and announces a programme
of reforms. Order is maintained throughout the country.
Nevertheless, under financial pressure in England, and through
false reports of disorder in Egypt, Granville insists with
Gladstone on intervention by force.

British and French men-of-war sent to Alexandria under Beauchamp
Seymour.

The Sultan is once more invited by Granville to exert his
authority as Suzerain in Egypt.

He sends a Turkish Commissioner, Dervish Pasha, with
instructions to arrest Arabi and place himself in command of the
Egyptian Army and restore order.

Dervish fails to intimidate the Nationalists, and confines
himself to making peace between the Khedive and Arabi, on whom
he confers a high decoration from the Sultan, with the title of
_Ferik_ (Field Marshal).

The British fleet continuing at Alexandria, great popular
excitement ensues.

_11th June._—Riots occur with loss of life, and the English
Consul at Alexandria is mobbed.

_11th July._—The Europeans having been withdrawn from Cairo on
board ship, Admiral Seymour bombards Alexandria, the French
Admiral having refused to join in it.

The city being on fire, Arabi withdraws his forces to a
defencible position inland, and Alexandria is burnt and given up
to pillage.

Dervish Pasha escapes in his yacht to Constantinople, and Tewfik
places himself under the protection of the British fleet.

A Grand Council assembles at Cairo, and declaring the Khedive to
have deserted to the enemy, assumes supreme authority, order
being well maintained. It entrusts Arabi with the defence of the
country.

A conference meanwhile of Ambassadors assembles at
Constantinople, the lead being taken by Dufferin to decide on a
course of action.

The Ambassadors sign a protocol of disinterestedness in any new
Egyptian settlement on behalf of their Governments.

The Sultan is once more invited to restore order, but while he
hesitates to send troops, Gladstone despatches an army of 34,000
men to Egypt, the French Government refusing as before to take
part in it, so also does the Italian Government, invited by
Granville.

The British Army under Wolseley occupies the Suez Canal in spite
of French protests, proclaiming that it has come, not to take
possession, but to re-establish the authority of the Khedive and
maintain the Sultan’s suzerain rights. A similar declaration had
been previously made by Seymour at Alexandria.

_13th Sept._—Wolsey, marching on Cairo defeats Arabi at Tel-el-
Kebir with the slaughter of 20,000 Egyptians, most of them
unarmed peasants. Arabi surrenders to General Drury Lowe.

Cairo is occupied and the Khedive replaced in authority. An
intention is announced of hanging Arabi, but is prevented by
feeling in England. Many thousands of the Nationalists are
arrested and imprisoned, and a reign of political terror
prevails.

Liberal opinion in England, shocked at these extremities of
repression, expostulates with Gladstone, and Dufferin is sent as
High Commissioner to Cairo to make a settlement on Liberal and
Constitutional lines.

Arabi, induced by a private agreement with Dufferin to plead
guilty to rebellion, all other charges being withdrawn, he is
condemned to death, but his sentence is at once commuted to one
of honourable exile. A general amnesty is proclaimed.

Riaz Pasha resigns office, and Sherif Pasha is appointed to
succeed him.

1883 The Joint Financial Control is abolished in favour of a single
English Adviser, with full financial power.

Dufferin, in an eloquent despatch, while ignoring the existing
Constitution of 1882, sketches a future of freedom, happiness
and self-government for the Egyptians under free institutions.
It is hailed as a charter of Egypt’s liberty. The English Army
of Occupation is to be withdrawn as soon as order can be made
secure.

Dufferin’s new institutions for Egypt are to consist of a
Consultative Chamber without power of naming Ministers, and a
General Assembly vested with the sole right of vetoing new
taxation.

The French Government, resenting its exclusion from the
Financial Control of Egypt, and prompted by Bismarck, turns its
attention to Colonial matters. It takes possession of
Madagascar.

Baring returns to Cairo as Consul-General, with special mission
to set the finances on a sound footing and carry out Dufferin’s
recommendations as to self-government.

He announces that the British garrison shall be withdrawn from
Cairo by the end of the year, leaving only “a Corporal’s Guard”
at Alexandria.

Bismarck’s “Three Emperor” League.

A large Egyptian Army, under an English General, Hicks, is
defeated by the Mahdi, who advances on Khartoum. A military
police force, under General Valentine Baker, is sent to Suakim
to act against the Mahdists. Baker is defeated, and Suakim is
beleaguered by Osman Digna.

The Egyptian Government, being left without an army, Baring
insists on the Khedive abandoning the Soudan.

1884 This being refused by the Khedive, Cromer dismisses Sherif, and
takes the Government into his own hands. He reappoints Nubar
Pasha Prime Minister. The withdrawal of the British garrison is
postponed _sine die_.

King Leopold of Belgium is entrusted by the Powers with the
founding of the “Congo Free State” in the “interests of
humanity,” and as a bar to Mahdist progress in Central Africa.

Gordon is sent to Khartoum to withdraw the Egyptian troops from
the Soudan. He is defeated by the Mahdi and is besieged in
Khartoum.

1885 Granville, to create a diversion, encourages the Italians to
take possession of Massowah on the Red Sea and the French of
Zeila, both being possessions of the Khedivate. The Sultan
protests, but is disregarded.

An English army is sent up the Nile under Wolseley to relieve
Gordon. It arrives too late, Khartoum having fallen to the Mahdi
and Gordon having been slain.

Wolseley’s army is ordered home. The Soudan is abandoned south
of Wady Halfa.

Gladstone resigns office, and is succeeded by Salisbury.

Salisbury sends Drummond Wolff to Constantinople to arrange
terms with the Sultan for evacuating Egypt.

News of the Mahdi’s death.

1886 _Feb._—Gladstone returns to power. He continues the occupation
of Egypt. The Drummond Wolff Mission makes no progress.

1887 Salisbury, once more in office, renews negotiations for
evacuating Egypt.

_22nd May._—The Drummond Wolff Convention is signed. It provides
that the British troops are to be withdrawn from Egypt at the
end of three years, unless prevented by external or internal
danger: on ratification the Powers to be invited to recognize
and guarantee Egypt’s territorial inviolability; the Ottoman
Government reserves a right to occupy Egypt in above said cases
of danger, but failing to restore order, England may reoccupy.

A Turkish Commissioner is appointed to reside permanently at
Cairo, representing the Sultan’s authority.

France, supported by Russia, threatens the Sultan with hostility
if he should ratify the Convention, and at the last moment he
refuses his signature, although Queen Victoria had already
signed.

Salisbury, regarding the Sultan’s refusal as an insult to her
Majesty, resolves to remain in Egypt, with or without legal
warrant.

Cromer’s policy of the Veiled Protectorate.

The Franco-Russian Alliance dates from this incident.

Stanley’s Expedition up the Congo.

1888 Italy joins Germany and Austria in the Triple Alliance.

Kaiser Wilhelm II succeeds his father as Emperor.

1890 Treaty of Madrid assigning joint powers of Protection to the
Great Powers, including Germany, over Morocco.

Bismarck is dismissed by Kaiser Wilhelm II.

France fortifies Bizerta contrary to agreement, and talks of
annexing Tunis.

Crispi complains of this in London as menacing the balance of
power in the Mediterranean. His agent, Catalani, is assured by
Salisbury that England would be willing, but advises “Not yet.”
“Sportsmen,” he says to Catalani, “do not fire until the stag is
within range.”

Crispi thereupon commences an intrigue against the Sultan in
Tripoli with Hassouna Caramanli, representative of the former
Deys of Tripoli, but Italy having sustained a defeat in
Abyssinia, Crispi is driven from office and the project of
Tripoli is for the time abandoned.

1891 The French, defeated in Tonkin, moderate their Colonial policy.
The fortifications at Bizerta are stopped and the policy of a
war of revenge for Alsace Lorraine is practically abandoned.

Comparative quiet in Egypt, the Government is continued on lines
of strict despotism and financial economy. No attempt made to
carry out Dufferin’s “Institutions.” Egypt’s material prosperity
is pushed forward as an excuse for continuing the Occupation.

1892 _7th Jan._—Death of the Khedive Tewfik. Accession of his son,
Abbas II.

Cromer treats the young Khedive with scant consideration.

Resurrection of the Egyptian National Party, headed by Abbas,
who acquires great popularity.

Cromer, fearing lest after the General Election Gladstone should
return to power, has Milner appointed to a place in the Egyptian
Finance Office, his duty being to organize the press and
popularize the policy of retaining Egypt.

Milner’s book, “England in Egypt,” is published. It effects its
purpose with the English Radicals.

Gladstone returns to power in July. He appoints Rosebery to the
Foreign Office, who makes condition that Egypt should not be
evacuated. Grey appointed his Under-Secretary.

1893 The young Khedive attempts to assert his authority in the matter
of appointing Ministers, but is opposed by Cromer, who is
supported by Rosebery.

More than one serious crisis at Cairo.

The new Nationalists demand their promised Constitution. A
strong feeling prevails against the Occupation.

French diplomacy alternately encourages and disappoints the
Khedive, a “policy of pin pricks.”

Kitchener appointed Sirdar of the Egyptian Army. Though in the
Khedive’s pay he takes his orders from Cromer, and a quarrel
ensues.

Cromer threatens the Khedive with violent measures, and,
supported by Rosebery, reduces him to obedience.

1894 Rosebery succeeds Gladstone as Prime Minister in March. Sir
Edward Grey at the Foreign Office.

Riaz Pasha resigns office, and Cromer appoints Mustafa Fehmy as
dummy Prime Minister in his place. English officials multiplied
in Egypt.

In Turkey the Armenians, encouraged by English sympathy, form a
National Committee, with the design of an independent Armenia.
They ally themselves with Katkoff and the Russian Nihilists.
They refuse taxes at Samsun, and are massacred by the Turkish
Governor.

Japan makes war on China and obtains rights in Corea.

Death of Czar Alexander of Russia.

The French under Joffre occupy Timbuctoo.

1895 Rosebery proposes to France and Russia that they should join in
intervention for the Armenians. These, believing Rosebery to be
willing to dismember the Ottoman Empire, agree.

Rosebery out of office. Salisbury Prime Minister.

In Russia Giers dies and is succeeded by Lobanov. Lobanov,
seeing Salisbury unwilling to dismember Turkey, and being
opposed to the creation of a buffer Armenia as likely to prevent
further designs in Asia Minor, backs out of joint action with
England.

The Sultan is privately counselled by Lobanov to initiate
against the Armenians the severities used in Russia against the
Jews and Catholic Poles.

Salisbury reverses Rosebery’s policy, but having inserted a
phrase in the King’s Speech favourable to Armenia, makes a show
of going on with it alone.

The Armenian agitation is continued in England by Gladstone, who
makes his Armenian speech at Chester.

The British fleet is ordered to the Dardanelles. Armenian
risings ensue at Constantinople and are suppressed by methods of
massacre. But Salisbury goes no further. Salisbury commences
with Chamberlain a forward Colonial policy.

Dispute with America about Venezuela.

Ashanti expedition.

Chartered company formed by Rhodes in East Africa.

Matabele War.

Rage of African speculation in England.

1896 The Jameson Raid.

Kaiser Wilhelm congratulates Kruger on the defeat and capture of
Jameson.

Jameson, released by Kruger, is treated as a hero in London.

Zanzibar is bombarded by a British man-of-war.

Heligoland is given by Salisbury to Germany in exchange for the
Zanzibar Hinterland.

Matabele War ended.

The Italians, renewing their attempts on Abyssinia, are totally
defeated by Menelik, and find themselves in peril at Kassala.

The King of Italy appeals privately for help to Kaiser Wilhelm,
who induces Salisbury to order an Egyptian advance up the Nile
on Dongola. The advance is made contrary to Cromer’s advice and
without consulting the Khedive.

1897 Trouble between Moslems and Christians having occurred in Crete,
Greece declares war on Turkey and invades Thessaly, but is
totally defeated by Shefket Pasha. The Powers intervene to stop
the Turkish march on Athens. The Sultan assumes the title of
Ghazi (conqueror), and his prestige is increased throughout the
Mohammedan world.

Kitchener, with an Egyptian army, occupies Dongola, and
constructs a railway from Wady Halfa to Korosko.

Marchand starts on a secret expedition to the Upper Nile.

The Dreyfus Case occupies all attention in France, to the
exclusion of foreign politics.

1898 The road having been prepared by the Egyptian army, British
troops are sent to reinforce Kitchener, who advances against the
Khalifa.

Battle of Omdurman, with immense slaughter of Dervishes.

The Mahdi’s tomb is violated by Kitchener’s order, his body dug
up and thrown into the Nile, he himself retaining the head as a
trophy.

A solemn service is held at Khartoum of thanksgiving for “Gordon
avenged.” The English flag is hoisted with the Egyptian flag,
and the Soudan is declared to be under the Joint Sovereignty of
the Queen of England and the Khedive.

Marchand is discovered in possession of Fashoda. War nearly
ensues between France and England. Marchand is recalled.

War with France having been narrowly avoided, a treaty is signed
at Cairo between Cromer and the Coptic Minister, Boutros, on the
terms of Joint Sovereignty of the Soudan already proclaimed, the
Sultan’s rights being ignored.

Russia occupies Port Arthur.

Kaiser Wilhelm visits Syria and declares himself the friend of
Islam.

Paul Cambon arrives as Ambassador in London on a mission of
reconciliation.

Milner is sent to Cape Town to carry out a policy of reannexing
the Transvaal.

America makes war with Spain. She annexes Cuba and Philippine
Islands.

Much imperialist talk in England of a coming war for the
overlordship of the world.

1899 Curzon appointed Viceroy of India.

He enters into negotiations through Colonel Mead with the
Sheykhs of the Arabian shore of the Persian Gulf against the
Ottoman Sultan, and promises British Protection to the Sheykh of
Koweït.

Milner picks a quarrel with Kruger on the pretext of a refusal
of the franchise to Outlanders in the Transvaal. This pretext
obtains the approval of Morley and other Liberals.

Milner delivers an ultimatum to Kruger.

The Queen of Holland writes to Queen Victoria, praying her
intervention in the cause of peace. War is nevertheless
declared.

Buller is sent with a large army in October. It expects no
resistance, but is defeated repeatedly by the Boers.

1900 The Boers having invaded Cape Colony, Roberts is sent with
Kitchener to relieve Buller in South Africa.

Kruger meets with general sympathy in Europe.

The Boers are defeated at Paardeberg, and Roberts occupies
Pretoria.

The War being considered over, Roberts returns to England,
leaving Kitchener to finish with the Boers’ resistance. He
adopts severities (recommended by Kaiser Wilhelm) of burning
farms and constructing concentration camps for the Boer women,
but the Boers still hold the field.

Belgian atrocities on the Congo denounced by Casement.

Stock Exchange scare of a “Yellow Peril.”

The foreign Ambassadors falsely reported to have been murdered
at Pekin, a Joint English, French, German, and Italian force is
sent to Pekin. Kaiser William announces it as a divine mission
entrusted to him by God.

Pekin is stormed, and great atrocities are committed, especially
by the German troops.

The King of Italy assassinated.

Death of the Emir Mohammed Ibn Rashid, chief ruler of Nejd.

Central Arabia revolts against his successor, who is defeated by
Ibn Saoud.

The Hedjaz railway is built by the Sultan, connecting Damascus
with Medina, subscribed for throughout Islam.

The Americans having made peace with Spain, continue to make war
with the Philippine natives.

The Boer War continues under Botha, to the general scandal of
Europe.

1901 Death of Queen Victoria.

The Emperor William attends Queen Victoria’s funeral.

Arabi is pardoned by King Edward’s intervention and returns to
Egypt.

Intrigues in the Arabian Peninsula; guns secretly supplied to
Koweit and Nejd from India.

1902 Methuen is defeated and taken prisoner by Delarey.

Peace of Pretoria.

_July._—Lord Salisbury resigns. He is succeeded by Balfour.

A defensive alliance signed between England and Japan.

1903 The King assumes personal influence in foreign affairs. Hardinge
his chief adviser.

Joan of Arc canonized.

War in Somaliland.

The Khedive visits the King at Newmarket, and is entertained by
Cassel in London.

Pope Leo dies. Is succeeded by Pope Pius X.

1904 War between Russia and Japan.

Great financial speculations in Egypt.

Gorst’s quarrel with Cromer. He leaves Egypt.

Anglo-French Convention assigning Morocco as her sphere of
interest to France, Egypt to England. It is signed by Balfour
and Lansdowne with Cambon, it being understood that nothing is
to be changed in Egypt’s political status.

Somaliland and Thibet evacuated.

_Oct._—The Dogger Bank incident.

Cromer, confident of his popularity in Egypt, offers to withdraw
the Army of Occupation to Alexandria, but this is refused at the
War Office.

1905 Germany protests against the Anglo-French Agreement about
Morocco, and demands a European Conference.

Kaiser Wilhelm lands at Tangier. He promises his protection to
the Sultan of Morocco. Anger in France. Delcassé forced to
resign.

The Conference meets at Algeciras (England, France, Germany, and
Spain represented), to settle the Moroccan quarrel.

The Act of Algeciras, signed by all four Powers, proclaims the
integrity and independence of Morocco, assigning spheres of
commercial influence to each Power. The help of Austria is
acknowledged by Kaiser Wilhelm in a telegram promising to help
in return. It leads later to the combination against Germany and
Austria.

Fall of Port Arthur. Peace of Portsmouth, U.S.A., between Russia
and Japan.

Attempted revolution in Russia.

Financial help given to the Czar in England, which enables him
to suppress the revolution.

Balfour resigns. He is succeeded by Campbell Bannerman. Grey at
the Foreign Office.

1906 General Election in England with large Radical majority.
Campbell Bannerman confirmed as Prime Minister, with Grey at the
Foreign Office. Morley at the India Office.

Cromer’s quarrel with the Sultan about Akabah. He is supported
by Grey, who mobilizes the Mediterranean Fleet, and delivers an
ultimatum to Turkey.

Cromer invites the Khedive to join him in pressing his claim
about Akabah against the Sultan, but the Khedive refuses, the
claim being ill-founded.

Cromer upon this, and finding native Egypt on the Sultan’s side
and the Egyptian army not to be relied on, calls for additional
English troops, which are sent him.

Grey mobilizes the Mediterranean Fleet, and delivers an
ultimatum which the Sultan, on failing of support from the
Kaiser, yields to.

Much excitement in Egypt.

An English regiment promenading in the Delta, a conflict occurs
with villagers (the affair of Denshawai).

Cromer orders severe punishment to be inflicted on the villagers
and leaves Egypt for London.

The villagers, tried before a packed tribunal, are sentenced,
four to death, four to penal servitude for life, others to fifty
lashes.

The sentences are executed under circumstances of extreme
barbarity.

Cromer receives the Order of Merit.

The whole world shocked at the occurrence.

Mustapha Kamel takes the lead of the National Party in Egypt
demanding Cromer’s recall.

Cromer returns to Egypt in the autumn.

He expresses an intention of administrative reforms, and
appoints Saad Zaghloul, a leading Nationalist, Minister of
Public Instruction.

Meeting of the first Duma in Russia.

The Shah of Persia, Muzaffar ud Din, grants a Constitution. The
Mejliss meets at Teheran.

France begins her pacific penetration of Morocco, French troops
being sent to occupy Ujda.

1907 The Shah of Persia, Muzaffar ud Din, dies. He is succeeded by
his son, Mohammed Ali, who swears fidelity to the Constitution.

A new quarrel having taken place between Cromer and the Khedive,
Cromer threatens to resign unless Abbas is deposed. This being
refused by the King, Cromer resigns.

Repeated lynchings of negroes in America, with growth there of
racial intolerance.

Cromer receives a grant of £50,000 for his public services.

Gorst succeeds him at Cairo with a programme of friendly
relations with Abbas.

The General Assembly is convened at Cairo.

Grey signs a Convention with Russia, partitioning Persia into
two spheres, a Russian in the North and English in the South.
This is resented by the Persian Mejliss.

Bombardment of Casa Blanca in Morocco by the French.

The Hague Convention laying down the rules of warfare, including
the rights and duties of neutrals.

Riots at Lahore. Morley adopts “firm measures.” Arrests without
trial. Severe Press Laws.

A new era of naval activity begins in Germany. England proposes
a limitation of armaments. Kaiser Wilhelm’s letter to
Tweedmouth.

1908 The King of Portugal, having assumed extra Constitutional powers
is assassinated.

He is succeeded by King Manuel.

Mustapha Kamel dying, his funeral is attended by 50,000 persons
at Cairo.

Farid Bey succeeds him, but the Nationalists are much
disorganized.

Nicholas O’Conor dies. He is succeeded by Lowther as Ambassador
at Constantinople. As he is ignorant of Eastern affairs the
Embassy dragoman, Fitzmaurice, directs the policy in an anti-
Islamic sense.

A rising in Southern Morocco. Sultan Mulai Hafiz deposed in
favour of Sultan Abdul Aziz.

_April._—Campbell Bannerman retires.

Asquith Prime Minister. Grey allowed full liberty at the Foreign
Office. Morley at the India Office.

The Italian Government, on a trifling pretext connected with the
Post Office, quarrels with the Sultan and prepares to invade
Tripoli. The Italian Fleet mobilized. This is prevented by the
Emperor William, who persuades the Sultan to yield the point,
and the sailing of the Italian Fleet is countermanded.

Farid Bey visits London. Grey refuses to see him.

_June._—King Edward accompanied by Hardinge, meets the Czar at
Reval. The dismemberment of European Turkey agreed to.

Coup d’Etat at Teheran. The Shah, supported by Liakhoff and his
Cossacks, dissolves the Mejliss. Liakhoff takes command at
Teheran.

The Foreign Office policy in full reaction against Liberal
institutions in the East.

Revolution at Constantinople.

The Sultan is forced to summon a Parliament under the
Constitution of 1877.

Liberal sympathy in England expressed for the Young Turks,
believing them to be anti-Islamic.

For the same reason the King telegraphs to the Sultan to
congratulate him, especially on his appointing Kiamil Pasha his
Grand Vizier.

England’s influence for the moment becomes supreme at
Constantinople, Germany’s credit falling to a low point.

The Egyptians ask, as a province of the Empire, to be
represented in the Ottoman Parliament.

Grey declares that this cannot be granted as Egypt has a
Constitution of her own.

The Bulgarian Government seizes the Orient railroad.

Austria, with the approval of Germany, annexes Bosnia and
Herzegovina.

Albania declares its independence and Crete annexes itself to
Greece.

1909 _April._—Counter-revolution at Constantinople.

Abdul Hamid once more gets the upper hand.

The Ottoman Parliament dismissed.

Many arrests of Young Turks made.

The British Embassy sides with the Sultan, the German Embassy
with the Constitution.

The Young Turks, under Enver Bey, march from Salonika on
Constantinople, the German Embassy providing funds.

They force the Sultan to abdicate and restore the Constitution.

Abdul Hamid’s next heir, Reshad, is proclaimed Sultan Mohammed
V.

Riots at Cairo against new Press Laws. From this point England
loses all popularity at Constantinople.

_July._—Teheran being threatened with a Russian occupation, the
Bakhtiaris march there and depose Mohammed Ali and restore the
Constitution. His son Ahmed, a boy of twelve, is recognized as
Shah.

Grey approves the Russian policy in Persia.

Tabriz is occupied by Russia.

Great atrocities committed.

Deportation Law decreed in Egypt.

Great popular resentment.

The young Indian Dingra assassinates Sir Curzon Wyllie in
London.

The extreme Turkish Party at Constantinople raise up trouble in
the Arabic speaking provinces of the Empire by insisting on
centralizing their power.

King Leopold of Belgium dies, leaving enormous wealth.

1910 Boutros Pasha is assassinated at Cairo.

Roosevelt, passing through Cairo, rouses Nationalist anger by
his violent speeches.

_May 7._—King Edward’s death. George V proclaimed King.

Roosevelt, going on to London, counsels Grey to violent action
in Egypt.

In complicity with Grey he makes a speech in that sense at the
Mansion House, responding to which, in the House of Commons,
Grey recants his policy of conciliation in Egypt, and announces
an era of coercion there and in Persia. This is accepted by his
Radical following in Parliament.

The Egyptian National Congress, announced to be held at Paris,
is forbidden there in deference to English representations, but
meets at Brussels.

Discussion in the General Assembly at Cairo about the Suez
Canal, in which Abaza Pasha opposes the Suez Canal extension
arranged by Gorst and Boutros. The Convention has to be
withdrawn, to English official displeasure.

Revolution in Portugal. A Republic declared.

At a banquet given to Von der Golst at Constantinople
Bieberstein declares the Kaiser Wilhelm’s warm interest in Young
Turkey, and in the strengthening of the Ottoman Empire as a
military Power.

The native press in Persia declares for an alliance with Turkey
and Germany.

Kaiser Wilhelm entertains the Czar at Potsdam, with great
slaughter of deer.

An understanding come to by the two Emperors about Persia.

The project of a railway is announced through Persia to the
Indian frontier.

Kaiser Wilhelm’s warlike speech to his officers at Koenigsberg
asserting his “Divine Right.”

1911 Farid Bey is sentenced to six months’ imprisonment for having
published a few words of introduction to a volume of poems, and
Saad Zaghloul having refused to act with Gorst in this matter
resigns office.

The question of the Bagdad railway causes much friction with
Germany.

Debate in the Lords about it and the Persian Gulf, brought on by
Curzon.

The French on the pretext, proved to be false, of danger to
Europeans, send an army to occupy Fez.

The German Ambassador at Paris protesting that the Algeciras
Convention would have to be respected, he is told by Delcassé
that the French march on Fez would be continued whether Germany
like it or not.

The French propose to withdraw their opposition to Germany on
the question of the Bagdad railway.

The Emperor William visits London and is received with much
official empressement.

The Catholic Mirdites in Albania join the Albanian rebellion.
Goltz publicly expresses confidence in the Ottoman army.

The Ottoman Parliament sends a deputation to the Emperor
William.

The Russo-German Agreement about the Bagdad railway.

Sir Eldon Gorst dying, Kitchener is appointed to Cairo.

A German man-of-war is sent to Agadir on the Atlantic coast
south of Morocco. Great official anger at this in England,
objection being raised to Germany’s acquiring a naval station on
the northern Atlantic.

Asquith’s Cabinet with one dissentient voice, Loreburn’s,
decides to defy Germany about Agadir.

Lloyd George makes a warlike speech against Germany at the
Bankers’ dinner.

France is invited to join England on the question and a land
force of 160,000 men is secretly promised in case of a war with
Germany; Antwerp to be occupied.

The French Government, however, not being ready for war, does
not agree to this, and Grey compromises the matter with Germany
by offering Germany compensation in West Africa.

England insisting, the German man-of-war _Panther_ is recalled
from Agadir. Great indignation in Germany against England, the
Crown Prince taking the lead. Kaiser Wilhelm abandons his policy
of peace in Europe, and prepares for war rather than submit to
another rebuff.

Stolypin is assassinated at Kief in presence of the Czar.

The Italian raid on Tripoli, consented to by France and connived
at by Grey, but disapproved at Berlin.

The Italians commit atrocities on landing at Tripoli, massacring
several thousand Arab peasants with women and children.

The Turkish Ambassador appeals to Grey on the strength of
international treaties to intervene, which Grey refuses,
informing him that England’s attitude is one of neutrality.

He denies in Parliament that he has “official information.”

The Sultan, having appealed in vain to England and to The Hague,
declares war on Italy.

An Italian fleet parades the Eastern Mediterranean bombarding
Ottoman coast towns.

Churchill appointed to the Admiralty works up the navy in
preparation for war.

Kitchener is instructed, contrary to the terms of the Sultan’s
firman appointing the Khedive, to declare Egypt’s neutrality and
to refuse the passage of Ottoman troops by land to Tripoli. This
causes great dissatisfaction in Egypt where large subscriptions
are raised to help the Sultan in the war.

Revolution in China against the Manchu dynasty.

The Russians insist by an ultimatum to Persia on the dismissal
of the American, Schuster, charged with restoring the Persian
finances. To this, notwithstanding Schuster’s ability and
honesty, Grey consents.

The Russians invade northern Persia.

They occupy Tabriz and advance on Teheran, where they deliver an
ultimatum to the Mejliss, which refuses to comply.

Grey publicly approves the Russian action.

Great massacre at Tabriz by the Russians, with public executions
under revolting circumstances.

It is announced that the seat of Government in India is to be
moved to Delhi.

China declares itself a Republic.

1912 Haldane is sent on a secret mission to Berlin with a view to
allaying Liberal apprehension of a coming war and appeasing
Mohammedan anger in India.

Grey receives the Garter.

Kitchener deals autocratically with Egypt, favouring the
Italians in the war.

The Italians occupy Rhodes and the Ægean Islands. They blockade
the Dardanelles, causing great inconvenience to neutral
shipping.

Kitchener demands English reinforcements at Cairo.

Asquith, Churchill, and Kitchener meet at Malta where they
concert measures in case of a war with Germany.

An agreement is come to with France that in case of war with
Germany the French fleet shall police the Mediterranean, the
English fleet guarding the North Seas.

Southern Morocco rises against the French, Mulai Hafiz
abdicates.

A reported plot to assassinate Grey and Kitchener.

Sazonoff, the Russian Ambassador, Grey, and Kitchener meet King
George at Balmoral.

_8th Oct._—Montenegro declares war on Turkey and is followed by
the other Balkan states.

Turkey makes peace with Italy at Ouchy, ceding the province of
Tripoli.

Servia and Bulgaria join with Greece in an attack on Turkey.

The Turkish army relying on assurances given to Kiamil, the
Vizier, by Lowther, that the prosecution of war will be
prevented by the Powers delays mobilization, and, taken
unprepared, is defeated by the Bulgarians outside Adrianople,
its able commander, Shevket Pasha, having been replaced by Nazim
Pasha.

The Bulgarians threaten the Chatalja lines in front of
Constantinople.

Grey invites a Peace Conference of Ambassadors.

Poincaré speaks publicly at Paris of asserting French rights of
intervention in Syria.

A bomb is dropped on the Viceregal procession at Delhi injuring
Hardinge, the new Viceroy.

The Palace of Peace opened at the Hague.

1913 _1st Jan._—Acting under advice given by the English and Russian
Embassies, Kiamil summons a Grand Council of the Empire, which
agrees to cede Adrianople to Bulgaria, but the Turkish army
refuses to evacuate the place and Enver Pasha carrying their
refusal to the Porte, Nazim Pasha is shot by Enver’s aide-de-
camp. Enver then proceeds to the palace and forces the Sultan to
dismiss Kiamil as a traitor and to name Shevket Vizier in his
place.

War is then renewed with Bulgaria.

Much popular resentment in France against the increased
conscription and talk of war with Germany rather than submit to
it.

The Bulgarians threaten Gallipoli.

King George of Greece is assassinated.

Adrianople surrenders to Bulgaria in March.

Germany intervenes to bring about peace between Bulgaria and
Turkey.

A quarrel breaks out in May between the Bulgarians, Greeks, and
Servians over a division of the Ottoman spoils in Europe.

The Bulgarians, beaten by the Servians, come to terms with
Turkey.

Adrianople is restored to Turkey, and peace is made.

Grey disturbed at the failure of his joint policy with Russia at
Constantinople and the growing influence of the Central Powers,
recalls Lowther from Constantinople and attempts a policy of
conciliation with the Turkish Government.

He attempts to arrange the question of the Bagdad railway with
Germany, but fails through the unwillingness of his ally Russia,
jealous of German expansion in the direction of Persia.

His obstinacy, too, about Egypt prevents a real accommodation
with Turkey.

Kiamil, encouraged by Russia, attempts to regain power at
Constantinople.

Shevket Pasha, the Vizier, is assassinated.

The death of Shevket a severe blow to the Young Turks, he being
their ablest commander, a man of high character and an
enlightened Moslem, is attributed to the Anglo-Russian intrigue
with Kiamil and is a final blow to English influence at
Constantinople. From that point his successors, seeing nothing
to hope from the conjunction of England, France, and Russia,
decide to throw in their lot with Germany as the least of the
two perils threatening Islam and the Ottoman Empire.

INDEX TO VOL. II

Abaza, Ismaïl Pasha, Egyptian statesman, 208, 316, 334, 359, 360

Abbas II, Khedive of Egypt, 12, 14, 35, 40, 41, 42, 44, 61, 77, 80,
82, 84, 88, 94, 106, 110, 111, 142, 146, 150, 151, 160, 162, 163, 167,
178, 202-204, 212, 217, 243, 251, 268, 316, 323, 352, 354, 355, 359,
360, 390

Abbey Theatre, 100

Abdu Mohammed, Grand Mufti of Egypt, 12, 13, 35, 36, 66, 67, 76-80,
82, 84-88, 93, 110, 114, 115, 117, 119, 151, 350, 438

Abdul Ghaffar, 396

Abdul Hamid, Sultan of Turkey, 35, 36, 92, 138, 141, 146, 150-152,
154, 162, 163, 172, 200, 207, 214, 243, 244, 250, 315, 320, 402, 439,
441, 460

Aberdeen, Lord, 193

Adam, Mme. Juliette, 155, 158, 166, 169, 173

Afridis, The, 195

Agadir, 351, 358, 366

Agha Khan, Prince, Leader of Mussulman opinion in India, 212, 383, 421

Akabah, 133, 138, 139, 141-146, 151, 152, 162, 439-442

Albania, 215, _see_ Balkan War

Alexandra, Queen, 125, 251, 305, 312

Algeciras Convention, 346

Algeria, 385, 386

Ali Fehmy, 13

Ali Yusuf Sheykh, 110, 111, 165

Allan, Maud, 338

Alsace-Loraine, 222, 417

America, _see_ United States

American tourists, 89, 90

Andrews, Dr., Director of the Natural History Museum, 102

Angell, Norman, 430

Annunzio, Gabriel d’, 73

Aosta, Duchess of (Princess Hélène de Paris), 3, 212

Apsley House, 25

Arabi Pasha, 7, 8, 12-14, 43, 44, 191, 279, 362

Arabia, 333, 356

Arabic Poetry, 42

Armenia, 244

“_Arms and the Man_,” 195

Ashburnham MSS., 8, 9

Asquith, Rt. Hon. H. H., M.P., 134, 157, 168, 193, 194, 197-201, 214,
225, 275, 278, 285, 287, 289-291, 293, 298-300, 305, 313, 325, 330,
332, 333, 338, 340, 351, 356, 358, 361, 369, 384, 389, 423, 426-433,
456

Asquith, Margot, (Mrs. H. H.), 103, 123, 145, 158, 193, 197, 235-237,
275, 282, 338, 372, 373, 382, 391

Assassination, Political, 115, 253, 258, 299

“_Astarte_,” 23, 71, 124, 125

Atlanta lynching, 154

“_Atrocities of Justice_,” 149, 153, 167

Austin, Alfred (Poet Laureate), 58, 60, 213, 214

Austria, 215, 216, 218, 228, 241, 242, 429

Baalbek, 89

Bagdad and Persia Railway, 329, 342, 343, 344, 348, 378, 413, 417, 420

Balfour, Rt. Hon. Arthur James, M.P., 30, 45, 64, 73, 74, 99, 100,
118, 120, 123-127, 135, 137, 138, 145, 157, 158, 166, 168, 270, 278,
285, 289, 291, 292, 300, 302, 308, 313, 338, 339, 348, 356, 361, 365,
370, 401

Balkan War, 214-219, 228, 396, 399-403, 405-413

Balkans, 215, 228, 240, 241

Ball at Cairo, 40, 41

Balmoral, diplomatic meeting with King at, Sept. 1912, 395

Balzac, Honoré de, 394

Bannerman, Campbell, Rt. Hon. Sir Henry, 134, 141, 159, 192, 193,
197-202

Baring, Hon. Maurice, 205, 290, 345

Barker, H. Granville, 101, 297, 298

Barker, Mrs. Granville (Lillah McCarthy), 357

Baroda, Gaekwar of, 407

Beauchamp, Lord, 29, 328

Beauclerk, Lord Osborne, 204, 224, 248, 250, 313, 320, 326, 344, 370,
403

Belgium, 432, 433

Bell, Moberly, 153, 154, 171, 189, 191, 345

Belloc, Hilaire, M.P., 29, 151, 156, 164, 194, 196, 205, 207, 208,
210, 213, 214, 223, 243, 261, 270, 274, 279, 284, 286, 290, 292, 299,
311, 315, 332, 341-343, 345, 346, 349, 351, 353, 355, 361, 365, 370,
374, 377, 379, 384, 390, 394-396, 402, 405, 410, 423, 426, 429, 430

Bendor, _see_ Westminster

Bengal, 165, 373

Bernhardt, Sarah, 197

Beyrout, 93

Bieberstein, Gen. Marschall von, 322, 330, 396

Birrell, Rt. Hon. Augustine, 143, 172, 192, 193, 332, 335, 336, 337,
421

Blavatsky, Madame, 260, 310

Blériot, Louis, flies across the channel, 261

Boer War, 2, 7, 11, 17, 18, 25, 26, 33, 208, 222

Bosnia, 215, 218, 219, 308

Bourke, The Hon. Algernon (“Button”), 109, 118, 122, 123, 152, 189,
253

Bourke, The Hon. Terence, 147, 190, 207, 232, 281, 367, 397

Bourne, Archbishop, 203, 256, 257

Boutros Pasha, Coptic Prime Minister in Egypt, 292, 299, 309

Brailsford, H. N., 154, 155, 159, 167, 195, 199, 202, 204, 205, 232,
280, 299

Brand, Harry, _see_ Hampden

Brémond, Abbé, French Modernist friend of Tyrrell, 259, 283

Brewster Bey, Private Secretary to Khedive Abbas II, 62

Briand, M. Aristide, 323

“_Bride of the Nile_,” 174

British Empire, 21, 47, 185, 194, 277, 284, 325, 326, 341, 401, 421,
424, 457

Broderick, St. John, afterwards Lord Middleton, 119, 275

Brown, Peploe, 18, 19, 238, 239

Browne, Professor, 38, 42, 101, 210, 232, 240, 244, 245, 257, 344,
373, 378, 383

Bryce, Viscount, 134, 159

Budget, 168, 244, 269, 272, 275, 278, 282-285, 289, 291, 293, 295-300,
313, 331, 361

Buddhist doctrine, 96, 97

Bulgaria, 214-219, 396, 405, 406, 411

Burne-Jones, Sir Edward, Bart., 211, 370

Burns, Rt. Hon. John, M.P., 153, 157, 278

Burton, Sir Richard, 128-132

Butler’s “_Conquest of Egypt by the Arabs_,” 35

Butler, Sir William, 21

“Button,” _see_ Bourke, Algernon

Byron, Lord, 23, 248, 250

Caine, Sir Hall, 273

Cairo, 79, 241, 315

Caisse de la Dette, 85

Cambon, M. Paul, French Ambassador, 192, 193, 382

Cardigan, Countess of, 273, 281, 300, 301, 302, 305, 306, 312, 317

Carson, Sir Edward, 377

Casa Blanca, 188, 223

Casement, Sir Roger, 424, 426, 455-457

Cassel, Sir Ernest, 61, 78, 81, 85, 94, 319, 323

Cecil, Lord Hugh, 120, 124, 126, 127, 158, 356, 358

Chamberlain, Austen, 338, 339, 357, 366, 370

Chamberlain, Rt. Hon. Joseph, M.P., 3, 4, 18, 25, 27, 30, 45, 46, 49,
51-53, 56, 57, 72, 74, 75, 120, 123, 126, 127, 157, 165, 191, 270, 283

Chesterton, Cecil, 384, 409

China, 225, 304, 367, 369, 373, 374, 376

Chitty Bey, Egyptian official, 151, 155

Christian, King of Denmark, 125

Chronology of Events, 1876-1914, App. VIII, 460-476

Churchill, Lord Randolph, 75, 104, 124

Churchill, Rt. Hon. Winston, M.P., 44, 74, 75, 98, 104, 124, 157, 199,
201, 202, 210, 213, 214, 243, 269-271, 275-280, 283, 284, 287-289,
292, 293, 295-298, 300, 301, 303, 305, 313, 315, 316, 319, 321, 322,
324, 326, 332, 334-336, 342, 367, 368, 373, 377, 378, 389, 392, 394,
398-401, 412, 422, 423, 431

Clouds, 105, 137, 168, 179

Cochrane, Burke, 41

Colley, General, 327

Colum, Padraic, 364, 393

Congo, 148, 313, 425

Congress, Egyptian, 269, 272, 317-319, 323, 412

Connaught, Duke of, 262, 267

Constantinople, 207, 214, 228, 232, 243, 250, 265, 320, 322, 323, 333,
364, 365, 392, 402, 405, 407, 408, 413

Constitutional govt. for Egypt, 151, 152, 208, 210, 212, 218, 221,
223, 225, 274, 299, 316, 319, 350, 354, 355, 382, 390, 396

Constitutional govt. for Turkey, 265

Coquelin, Père, 103

Coroner’s Inquest, 208, 209

Corunna, Centenary of, 229

Cotton, Sir Henry, M.P., 165

Crabbet, 9, 61, 75, 100, 106

Crewe, 199, 328

Crispi’s Memoirs, 388

Cromer, Earl of, 11, 14, 23, 34, 41, 44, 55, 72, 77, 78, 80, 84, 88,
94, 95, 106, 110, 111, 117, 133, 140-143, 147-149, 151-171, 173, 174,
176, 178, 189, 190, 196, 197, 203, 205, 214, 225, 227, 233, 252, 265,
273, 308, 311, 353, 440, 442

Crown Jewels, Theft of in Dublin, 192

Crown Prince of Germany, 347

Cuckoo, phenomenal song of, 301

Currie, Sir Philip, afterwards Lord, 64, 144

Curzon, Rt. Hon. George, M.P. afterwards Earl Curzon, of Kedlestone,
17, 62, 99, 119, 120, 165, 170, 202, 261, 262, 267, 268, 275, 276,
298, 341, 343, 344, 357, 361, 365, 371, 372, 398

Cust, Henry, M.P., 254, 258, 270, 274, 275, 277, 278

Cyprus, 279, 280

Damascus, 88-92

Dardanelles, 386, 392

Davenport, Homer, of the “New York World,” 311

Davitt, Michael, 48-51, 145

De Bary, Father Angelo, 272, 302

De Broke, Willoughby, 361

Delcassé, M., 123, 341, 346

Delhi, 267, 406

del Val, Cardinal Merry, 107

de Morgan, William, 374

Denshawai Case, 146-149, 152-154, 156, 157, 159-161, 163-165, 178,
189, 190, 205

Deportations, Indian, 221, 226, 313, 319

Egyptian, 269

“_De Profundis_,” 121

Desborough, Lady, 353

Desert journeys, 36-38

Devonshire, Duke of, 72, 74, 197, 198

“Die Hards,” 356, 357, 366

Dilke, Rt. Hon. Sir Charles, M.P., 191, 334, 335

Dillon, John, M.P., 20, 26, 44, 48, 51, 54, 134, 144, 145, 147, 148,
156, 157, 159, 160, 166, 193, 194, 236, 258, 294-296, 299-301,
311-315, 330, 337, 339, 342, 345, 346, 355, 358, 359, 381, 383, 384,
388, 390, 395, 424, 426-428

Dingra, 253, 259, 261, 263, 265, 266, 277, 443

Disraeli, Benjamin, 16, 17, 71, 72, 325, 460

“_Doctor’s Dilemma_,” 158

Dogger Bank episode, 108, 117

Driving tours, 10, 31, 103, 105

Dublin Convention, 48-50, 172

Dudley, Lord, 273, 274

Dufferin, Marquess of, 17, 18, 262

Duma, The First, 161

Dunraven, Earl of, 45, 56, 57, 60, 102, 106, 116, 127, 289

“_Eclipse of Russia, The_,” 228, 328, 333, 334, 348, 383

Edward VII, King, 1-3, 14, 25, 28, 32, 33, 62, 64, 71, 87, 167, 173,
175, 204, 205, 214, 215, 223, 233, 241, 265, 285, 287-291, 297-309,
312, 333

Egremont, Earl of, 206

Egypt, _see_ Abbas; Abdu, Mohammed; Congress, Constitutional govt.;
Cromer, Earl of; Evacuation; Nationalism, Protectorate

“_Egypt_,” 295, 335, 337, 339, 340, 341, 345, 347, 383, 388, 402,
404-407, 409, 410, 412

“_Egyptian Standard, The_,” 154, 160, 161, 163, 166, 167, 217, 229

Elections General, 125, 286, 332, 333

Ellis, Arthur, 143

England, 98, 215, 216, 241, 242, 251

Entente Cordiale, 85, 95, 157, 168, 190, 216, 341, 342, 410

Enver Bey, afterwards Pasha, 244, 397, 408

Eugénie, Empress, 123, 158, 293

Eugenist, 399

European War, 32, 200, 216, 242, 365, 369, 370, 398, 400, 422, 429-433

Evacuation of Egypt, 110, 141, 157, 159, 203, 269, 271, 301, 304, 311,
316, 322, 326, 332, 348, 351

Evans, Dr., 158

Evelyn, William John, M.P., 205

Eversley, George Lefevre, Lord, 190, 332, 385

“_Everyman_,” 21

“_Fand_,” 28, 31, 105, 115, 154, 169

Fane, Violet, 120

“_Fannie’s First Play_,” 352

Farid Bey, Mohammed, Egyptian Nationalist leader, 161, 195, 196, 202,
203, 210, 217, 221, 242, 243, 279, 313, 318, 334, 364, 382, 385, 412

Fashoda affair, 123

Faure, Felix, French President, 282

Fenianism, 160, 424; _See_ Sinn Fein

Ferrar, Execution of, 281

Fez, 346, 348

FitzGerald’s translation from Calderon, 114

Flushing, 338, 341

Fox Hills, 186

Fox hunting case, 9, 11, 15, 24

France, 93, 123, 173, 188, 215, 216, 222, 223, 241, 315, 345, 346,
351, 417, 430-432; _See_ Entente Cordiale

“_Francesca da Rimini_,” 73

Freedom, personal, 24

“_Freeman, The_,” 51, 172

French, General, 366

Fry, Roger, 330

“_Future of Islam_,” 226

Futurist pictures, 382

Gallifet, Marquis de, 253

Galloway, Countess of, 68

Galway, 445, 446

Gambetta, M., 379

Gaols, 446

Garibaldi, General, 399

Gauguin, Paul, 329

George V, King of England, 14, 302, 303, 309, 312, 330, 332, 336, 339,
351, 423

Gerard, Father John, S.J., 19

Germany, 170, 175, 210, 215, 216, 219, 223, 240, 241, 251, 293, 304,
322, 324, 326, 338, 346, 350, 351, 354, 356, 357, 362, 363, 365, 369,
370, 376, 378, 379, 392, 397, 398, 400, 409, 410, 412, 413, 416, 417,
419, 420, 429-432

Ghaleb, Osman Bey, Egyptian Nationalist, 161, 163, 279, 317, 323, 354,
355

Ginnell, 337

Gladstone, Rt. Hon. W. E., M.P., 190, 241, 280, 281, 390

Gobineau, Count, 422

Gokhale, Indian Reform Leader, 218, 221, 227, 232, 237, 392

Gordon, Colonel Bill, General Gordon’s nephew, 171, 360

Gordon, General, 171, 287

“_Gordon at Khartoum_,” 286-288, 367, 369, 370

Gore, Bishop, 272

Gorst, Sir Eldon, 85, 87, 88, 101, 152, 164, 166, 170, 176, 178, 214,
217, 221, 223, 269, 274, 279, 281, 299, 301, 304, 310, 311, 315, 317,
322, 334, 347, 350, 359, 360

Gorst, Sir John, 33, 94

Gosse, Edmund, 197

Gough, General, 423

Goumah, Lutfi, 272, 279, 295, 315, 318, 393

Graham, Robert Cunninghame, 148, 188, 196, 197, 251, 281

Greece, 215, 400; _See_ Balkan War

Gregory, Lady, 19, 53, 100, 166, 172, 251, 287, 310, 312, 351, 352,
412

Grey, Rt. Hon. Sir Edward, Bart. M.P., afterwards Lord Grey of
Falloden, 133, 134, 139, 142-146, 148, 149, 152-154, 159, 160, 165,
166, 184, 189, 190, 193, 200, 202-204, 208, 210, 214, 216-218, 221,
223, 227, 232, 240-242, 251, 289, 295, 308, 309, 311, 312, 314-317,
319, 323, 330, 336-338, 342, 343, 352, 354, 359, 362, 363, 366, 367,
369, 372-374, 376, 377, 379, 383, 388, 392, 395, 399, 400, 401,
405-408, 410, 412, 413, 416-423, 428-431, 453

Griffin, Sir Lepelo, 186

Griffiths, Arthur, 457

Gros Bois, 12, 30, 108

Guiccioli, Count, 98

Haeckel, Prof. Ernst Heinrich, 126, 137, 229, 230

Hafiz, Awwad, Cairo Editor of Mimbar, 177, 178

Haldane, Rt. Hon. Richard, M.P., afterwards Lord, 39, 134, 154, 157,
193, 276, 289, 295, 377, 423

Halil Hálid, Turkish Reformer, 252, 363, 365

Halsbury, Earl of, 356, 357, 361, 366

Hamilton, Sir Edward, 213

Hamilton, Sir Ian, afterwards General, 153, 326

Hampden, Lord (Henry Brand), 3, 8, 11, 15, 158

Harcourt, Loulou, 157

Harcourt, Sir William, M.P., 107

Hardie, Keir, M.P., 148, 157, 271, 272, 314, 319, 332, 346

Hardinge, Sir Charles, afterwards Lord Hardinge of Penshurst, K.G.,
Viceroy of India, 176, 204, 241, 311, 324, 350, 410

Harmsworth, afterwards Lord Northcliffe, 213

Harrison, Frederic, 19, 110, 120, 125, 153, 190, 240

Hartington, 385

Hassan Nasir ed Din, 286

Hearn Lafcadio, 96, 166

Henley, W. E., 63, 310

Herbert, Hon. Auberon, 82, 83, 156, 195

Herzegovina, 215

Hewlett, Maurice, 138

Hicks-Beach, Ellice (Michael), 7, 31

“_Hippolytus_,” 100, 101

Hobhouse, Miss, 19, 22

Hohenzollerns, prediction as to, 429

Holland, 338

Home Rule, Irish, 24, 31, 47, 54, 107, 134, 135, 169, 172, 193, 197,
201, 267, 271, 284-286, 288, 289, 291, 297, 300, 313, 323, 330, 331,
332, 333, 336, 342, 356, 361, 381, 383, 394, 395, 397, 398, 424-427,
429, 430, 456, 457

“_Hour Glass_,” 53

Housman, A. E., 371, 372

Howard, Hon. Oliver, 47, 107, 215

Howeyti Suliman, and his wife Aida, 113, 114

Hozier, Miss Nellie, 174, 210

Hudson, W. H., 210, 236, 287

Husseyn, Prince, later Sultan of Egypt, 294

Hyndman, H. M., 208, 284, 293

Imperialism, 15, 24, 47, 194

India, 99, 120, 170, 172, 194, 195, 202, 204, 207, 211, 212, 216,
218-221, 223, 226, 227, 232, 237, 238, 253, 258, 259, 262-267, 269,
270, 273, 275-277, 279-281, 283, 286, 290, 293, 294, 299, 380, 383,
394, 406, 407, 409, 420, 421, 428, 443, 444; _See_ Nationalism

“_India under Ripon_,” 283, 284

Insurance Bill, 365

Ireland, 17, 20, 24, 26, 31, 33, 44, 98, 115, 116, 126, 127, 145, 160,
192, 294, 296, 297, 300, 308, 336, 337, 357, 377, 422-430, 455-457;
_See_ Home Rule Land Bill, Nationalism, Ulster

Isaacs, Rufus, M.P., afterwards Lord Reading, 410

Ismaïl, Khedive of Egypt, 186, 460

Islam, 226, 412, 419

Italy, 200, 215, 363, 366-372, 376, 378, 390, 396, 397, 430, 452, 453,
454

Italy and Tripoli War, 200, 363-374, 378, 392, 397

Jabarti’s Chronicle, 79, 81

Jameson, Dr., 15, 27, 334

Japan, 18, 184, 225; _see_ Russo-Japanese War

Jennings, Miss Frances, 263, 387, 388, 458, 459

Jesuits, 371, 427

Joan of Arc, 34, 248, 257

“_John Bull’s other Island_,” 108, 164

Joint Note of 1881, 379

Jupp, 200

Kamel, Mustapha Pasha, Egyptian Nationalist Leader, 149-152, 154,
160-165, 167, 169, 178, 195, 196, 244, 254

Kenmare, Lady Gertrude, 409, 410

Keppel, Mrs., 306

Kerr, William, 371

Khaparde, Indian Philosopher, 237, 238, 259-263, 267, 299, 302, 313,
314

Khartoum, 115