Chapter VIII: Part 8

-----------------------+------+---------------------------------------
| B. C.|
Cadmus, from | 2000 | Music, with other arts and sciences,
Phoenicia, and | | is introduced into Greece from Western
Cecrops, from | | Asia and Egypt.
Egypt, settle in | |
Greece. | |
Abraham (1900). | 1750 | The Jews have vocal music with
Joseph (1750). | | instrumental accompaniment (Gen.,
Moses (1550). | | Chap. xxxi., v. 26, 27).
| |
The oracle of | 1500 | Hyagnis, in Greece, improves the
Delphi. | | flute and invents the Phrygian Mode.
| |
Daedalus, Grecian | | Marsyas, a distinguished
sculptor | | flute-player, invents a new species of
and architect, | | flute made of metal.
invents the sails | |
of ships, &c. | | Linus ventures upon a musical
| | contest with Apollo, and is killed
| | by him.
| |
| | "Then sang Moses and the children
| | of Israel." (Exod. xv.)
The Argonauts, | 1300 | Orpheus, lyrist, singer, poet, and
led by Jason, | | law-giver, composes hymns.
sail to Colchis. | |
Hercules. | | Amphion, lyrist, singer, and
Theseus. | | composer, improves the Grecian lyre.
Triptolemus introduces | | Musæus, lyrist, sets music to the
agriculture | | words of the oracles.
into | |
Greece. | |
Castor and Pollux, | | About this time the Greeks
Grecian | | instituted most of their public games
heroes. | | in which musical contests formed part.
| |
Tyrus, on the | 1250 | Olympus of Mysia, a celebrated
coast of Phoenice, | | flutist. Daphnis of Sicily. To him is
founded | | ascribed the invention of the
by a colony of | | chalumeau, and of the bucolic poetry.
Sidonians. | |
Adrastus celebrates | | Thamiris, singer and player on the
the first | | kithara, a species of lyre, is chosen
Pythian Games | | by the Scythians for their King on
in honour of | | account of his musical
Apollo. | | accomplishments.
| |
Amazons, or | 1240 | Euneus, a distinguished singer and
female warriors, | | kithara-player of Greece. His
from the | | descendants remain during many
Caucasus, invade | | generations the privileged
Greece. | | kithara-players at the
| | public festivities in Athens.
| |
Troy taken by | 1200 | Agias, a celebrated Greek musician
the Greeks | | about the time of the destruction of
(1184). | | Troy.
| |
Grecian heroes: | | The invention of the Dorian Mode is
Menelaus, | | ascribed to Lamyras of Thracia; the
Agamemnon, | | invention of the Lydian Mode, to
Achilles, | | Carius; and the invention of the
Ulysses. | | Ionian Mode, to Pythermus.
| |
Trojan heroes: | | Celmis, a priest of Creta, invents
Priam, Hector, | | (or probably improves) several
Paris, Æneas. | | instruments of percussion.
| |
Codrus, the last | 1100 | Ardalus, of Troezen, invents a new
King of Athens | | species of flute for accompanying
(1070). Abolition | | vocal music.
of Royalty. | |
King Saul. | | The Greeks about this time possessed
Cheops, the | | various kinds of stringed instruments
builder of the | | and wind instruments, and the names
greatest Pyramid | | of several musicians are recorded who
in Egypt. | | improved the instruments, or
| | introduced innovations in the
| | construction of the popular ones.
| |
| 1050 | David, King of Judah, musician and
| | poet. Psalms.
| |
King Solomon | | King David institutes in Jerusalem a
(1010-975). | | School for vocal and instrumental
| | music (I. Chron., Chap. xv., v. 16).
Dido builds the | 1000 | Bardus, a King of Gallia, is said to
city of Carthage | | have introduced music into Western
on the | | Europe, and to have been the first of
north coast of | | the singers known as the Bards.
Africa. | |
Development of | 900 | Homer, singer and poet, born
the Republics | | probably in Chios. Iliad and Odyssey.
in Greece. | |
Lycurgus reforms | 850 | Hesiodus, singer and poet, born in
the Republic of | | Boeotia. Simmicus, inventor of an
Lacedæmonia, | | instrument with thirty-five strings,
and gives laws | | called Simmikon or Simmicium.
to the Spartans. | | Thaletas, of Creta, musician and poet,
| | composes in Sparta, under Lycurgus,
| | the laws and war-songs for the voice.
| | Phoecinus, of Greece, sketches the
| | first musical rules.
| |
Rome founded by | 800 | Olympus, of Phrygia, flutist,
Romulus (754). | | invents the Enharmonic scale.
| |
| 720 | Archilochus, of Paros, singer, poet,
| | and instrumentalist.
| |
| | Important improvements in the music
| | of the Greeks.
| |
| 700 | Tyrtæus, of Athens, poet, singer,
| | and trumpeter, composes war-songs for
| | Sparta against Messenia.
| |
| 650 | TERPANDER, of Lesbos, lyrist,
| | flutist, and composer. Important
| | progress in the music of the Greeks.
| |
Circumnavigation | 625 | Arion, of Lesbos, kithara-player,
of the coast of | | singer and poet, invents the
Africa under | | Dithyrambs, or hymns of Bacchus, and
Necho, King | | improves the chorus-singing. He is
of Egypt (615). | | recorded to have healed sick persons
| | by means of music. The same is also
| | recorded of Menias, a Greek musician,
| | who lived about this time.
| |
Nebuchadnezzar, | 600 | Stesichorus, of Sicily, composes
King of Babylon, | | choruses with instrumental
carries the | | accompaniment, besides airs to his
Jews into captivity. | | poems.
| |
| | Alcæus, of Mytilene, singer, lyrist,
| | and poet.
| |
Solon, law-giver, | | Sappho, of Mytilene, female singer,
in Athens. | | lyrist, and poetess. To her is
| | ascribed the invention of a stringed
| | instrument called Barbitos.
| |
The seven sages | 570 | The Romans, under the King Servius
of Greece:--Solon, | | Tullius, introduce trumpets and horns
Thales, | | of metal into their army.
Periander, | |
Cleobulus, | |
Pittacus, Bias, | |
Chilo. | |
Cyrus conquers | 550 | About this time was performed in
Lydia and dethrones | | Athens, under Thespis, the first
Croesus. | | tragedy with choruses set to music.
| |
Confucius, Chinese | |
philosopher. | |
| |
Zoroaster in | |
Persia. | |
| |
Tarquinius Superbus, | 530 | PYTHAGORAS, of Samos,
the | | philosopher, studies music in Egypt,
last King of | | founds in Greece a great School of
Rome, is expelled. | | music based upon mathematical
| | principles; invents the monochord for
Rome becomes a | | measuring the sound; ascertains the
Republic (510). | | harmonious Triad, the diatonic
| | intervals, etc.
Cambyses conquers | |
Egypt (509). | |
| 500 | Lasus, of Achaia, writes treatises
| | on the theory of music.
| |
Battle of Marathon, | | Æschylus, born at Athens about
in which the Greeks, | | 525, singer and writer of Tragedies.
commanded by | |
Miltiades, defeat | | Simonides, of Ceos, born in 557,
the Persians (490). | | died 468, lyrist and poet.
| |
| | Pindar, born at Thebes, in Boeotia,
Xerxes invades | | about the year 520, flutist, lyrist,
Greece (487). | | poet, and composer. Many hymns, odes,
| | etc.
| |
Battle of Salamis | | Corinna, of Tanagra, in Boeotia,
in which | | female singer and poetess. Several
Themistocles | | times gains the victory in contest
defeats the | | with Pindar at the public games at
Persians (480). | | Thebes.
| |
Leonidas. | | Anacreon, of Teos, lyric poet and
| | musician. To him is attributed the
Themistocles | | invention of several stringed
banished from | | instruments.
Athens (471). | |
| |
Cimon defeats | | The Greeks had about this time
the Persians | | several accomplished players on the
(466). | | kithara, flute, and other instruments,
| | who introduced new and brilliant
| | passages and embellishments into their
| | performances.
| |
Pericles, Greek | 450 | The highest degree of perfection of
General and | | the dramatic art in Greece through
orator. | | Æschylus, Sophocles, Euripides, and
Herodotus, historian. | | through the musical composer Damon,
| | the singer Agathon, etc., at Athens.
| |
Phidias, sculptor. | | Democritus, of Abdera, philosopher,
Hippocrates, | | writes seven books on music.
physician. | |
Commencement | 430 | Lysander, of Sycion, invents a more
of the Peloponnesian | | artistic instrumental accompaniment to
war | | vocal music.
between the | |
Athenians and | |
Spartans which | | Alexandrides extends the compass of
lasts twenty-seven | | the Greek wind instruments.
years | |
(431). | |
| |
Socrates (469-399). | 400 | Timotheus, of Miletus, Asia Minor
Alcibiades. | | singer, kithara-player and poet,
| | composes many works, and improves the
| | lyre.
| |
Brennus, Chief of | | Plato, philosopher, in his works
the Gauls, | | treats also on music.
burns & sacks | |
Rome (390). | |
Demosthenes | 360 | About this time, the first dramatic
(384-322). | | performances with music in Rome.
| |
Diogenes (350). | 350 | Aristoteles, of Stagira, born in
Alexander, the | | 384, philosopher and musician. In his
Great, son of | | works much about music.
Philip of Macedonia | |
(333). | |
Ptolemy I., King | 310 | ARISTOXENUS, of Tarentum, born in
of Egypt, encourages | | 340, philosopher and musician, founds
the | | a new School of music which is in
cultivation of | | opposition to the teaching of
sciences and | | Pythagoras, generally accepted until
arts in his kingdom, | | that time. He writes many treatises
& founds | | on music. Division of the musicians
a library in | | into Musici, or the followers of
Alexandria. | | Aristoxenus, who derive the rules of
| | music from its effect upon the
| | ear,--and Canonici, or the followers
| | of Pythagoras, who derive them from
| | mathematical laws.
| |
Pyrrhus, King of | 300 | About this period the Greeks made
Epirus, is defeated | | many improvements in the construction
by the | | of their musical instruments.
Romans (275). | |
| | Euclides, of Alexandria, born in
| | 323, died 283, mathematician, writes
| | on the theory of music and acoustics.
| |
The first Punic | 250 | Archimedes, of Syracuse, born in
war (264-241). | | 287, died 212, mathematician, is said
The second Punic | | to have invented the hydraulic organ.
war (218-202). | |
| |
Scipio defeats | | Ctesibius, of Alexandria, improves
Hannibal in | | the pneumatic organ and alters it into
Africa (202). | | a hydraulic organ. His son Hero still
| | further perfects the instrument and
| | describes it.
| |
The first Macedonian | 200 | Aristeas, of Greece, a
war (200). | | kithara-player, writes a treatise
| | on kithara-playing.
The first library | |
at Rome (167). | |
| |
Corinth and Carthage | 150 | Polybius, of Megalopolis in Arcadia,
destroyed | | born about the year 204, historian,
by the Romans | | writes a treatise on the influence of
(146). Greece | | music upon civilization.
and North | |
Africa become | |
Roman provinces. | |
| |
Civil war in Rome | 100 | Alypius, of Alexandria, writes on
(88). | | musical notation by means of the
| | letters of the Greek alphabet.
The Romans | |
under Julius | |
Cæsar invade | |
Britain (55). | |
| |
Julius Cæsar | 50 | Hermogenes (Marcus Tigellius),
assassinated in | | singer and instrumentalist of Greece,
the Senate-house | | settles in Rome.
(44). | |
| |
Cicero killed (43). | |
| |
Virgilius. | |
| |
Antonius and | |
Cleopatra defeated | |
(31). | |
Augustus, Roman | 30 | Diodorus Siculus, of Agyrium in
Emperor (30). | | Sicily, historian, gives some account
| | of the oldest music of the Egyptians
Horace. | | and Greeks.
| |
Mæcenas. | |
| |
Titus Livius, | 10 | Vitruvius (Pollio M.), born in
historian. | | Italy, architect, writes on musical
| | subjects.
Ovidius, poet. | |
| A. D.|
Hermann in Germany | 1 | Gradual decay of the Greek Music.
defeats | |
Varus (9). | |
The Romans | | The first Christian hymns (St.
under the Emperor | | Matthew, chap. XXVI., v. 30; St.
Claudius | | Mark, chap. XIV., v. 26; I Corinth.,
invade England | | chap. XIV., v. 15; Ephes., chap. V.,
(40). | | v. 19; Coloss., chap. III., v. 16; St.
London founded | | James, chap. V., v. 13, etc.).
by the Romans | |
(49). | |
| 50 | Pliny the Elder, born at Verona in
| | the year 27, died in 79. Several books
| | on music.
| |
Destruction of | 60 | Nero, Roman Emperor from A.D. 54
Jerusalem by | | to 68, musician, singer, flutist,
Titus (70). | | lyrist. He sings and plays in public,
Herculaneum | | and is said to have maintained 5000
and Pompeii | | musicians in his pay.
destroyed by | |
an eruption of | |
Vesuvius (79). | |
Tacitus, historian. | 80 | Plutarchus, born at Chaeronea in
Juvenal, poet. | | Boeotia, about the year 40, biographer
Martialis, poet. | | and philosopher. Several musical
Pliny the | | essays.
Younger. | |
Trajan, Roman | |
Emperor (98). | |
| 100 | Ptolemaeus (Claudius) born at
| | Pelusium in Egypt, about the year 70,
Introduction of | | mathematician, geographer, astronomer,
Christianity into | | and musician. In his writings
Ireland by St. | | he endeavours to reconcile the musical
Patrick (110). | | theories of Pythagoras and
| | Aristoxenus. He reduces the fifteen
| | Modes of the Greeks to seven.
Fingal (Ossian) in | 200 |
Scotland (200). | |
Persecutions of | | From about the year 150 to 200,
the Christians | | above a dozen authors are known in
during the third | | whose works some account is given of
century. | | the music of the ancients.
Artaxerxes, king | |
of Persia, conquers | |
the Parthians, & | |
founds | |
the dynasty of | |
the Sassanidæ | |
(226). | |
Probus, Roman | 250 | The Fathers of the Church who give
Emperor, | | the first account of the sacred songs
causes the vine | | of the early Christians are
to be planted | | Tertullian, Clemens of Alexandria,
on the banks | | and Origen. Their writings date from
of the Rhine | | the first half of the third century.
and the Moselle | | The Christian communities had already
(276). | | during the first century in their
| | religious observances, which in the
| | beginning were held secretly, hymns
| | sung alternately by a single voice
| | and a chorus in unison. The melodies
| | of the hymns were probably similar
| | to those of the Greeks. At all
| | events, the Modes in which they
| | were sung, and the notation by letters
| | of the alphabet, had been derived from
| | the Greeks.
| |
Constantine, Emperor, | 330 | Silvester I., Pope, institutes in
is converted | | Rome the first school for Church-song.
to Christianity, | |
and | |
transfers the | |
seat of his empire | |
from Rome | |
to Byzantine, | |
henceforth | |
called Constantinople | |
(330). | |
| |
Division of the | 350 | Damasus, Bishop of Rome, born at
Roman Empire | | Madrid in the year 314, introduces in
into Eastern | | Church the antiphonal singing of the
and Western | | Psalms by two choirs, and regulates
(364). | | the intoning of the Mass.
| |
Kingdoms formed | | St. Basilius (died 379) promotes
by the Ostrogoths | | sacred song in the Eastern
and Visigoths. | | (Greek-Christian) Church, and
| | describes the Church-music of his
The Huns migrate | | time.
from | |
Asia to Europe, | |
and come in | |
collision with | |
the Goths | |
(375). | |
Theodosius the | 380 | ST. AMBROSE, Bishop of Milan, from
Great, Emperor | | 374 to 397, born about 333 in Gallia,
of the Eastern | | died in 398. Introduces the Ambrosian
Empire | | Song of Praise (Te Deum laudamus),
(379). | | composes several hymns, and promotes
| | the singing of the Psalms, in
| | opposition to the old Greek music.
| |
The Visigoths, or | 400 | St. Augustine, Bishop of Hippo, born
Goths of the | | 354 at Tagasta, in Africa, died 430.
West, under | | In his works, writes much about music,
Alaric, invade | | and especially recommends
Italy (400). | | Psalm-singing.
| |
Rome is sacked | | The Fathers of the Church, St.
and burnt by | | Chrysostom, Cyprian, and Hieronymus,
Alaric (410). | | with others, uphold the cultivation of
| | Church-song, which is discouraged by
| | many.
| |
The Anglo-Saxons | 420 | Macrobius writes on music according
arrive | | to the system of Pythagoras.
in Britain | |
(449). | |
The Anglo-Saxon | |
Heptarchy in | |
Britain (457). | 500 | Boethius, born 470 in Rome, died
| | 526; writes several treatises on the
| | music of the Ancients.
| |
Silkworms are | 550 | Cassiodorus (Magnus Aurelius) born
introduced into | | 480, died 575; musical author.
Europe from | |
China (550). | |
The Picts are | 590 | GREGORY THE GREAT, Pope, 590 to
converted to | | 604, collects the Christian hymns,
Christianity | | fixes the employment of them, improves
(565). | | the Singing Schools, appoints
| | Cantores, Precentors, etc. The
The Visigoths, or | | Gregorian Church-song used in place of
Goths of the | | the Ambrosian.
West, conquer | |
the greater | |
part of Spain | 596 | ST. AUGUSTINE, first Bishop of
(580). | | Canterbury, usually called the Apostle
| | of the English, introduces into
Foundation of the | | England with the Christian religion,
Kingdom of | | the Church-song.
Mercia by Crida | |
(582). | |
Mohammed, | | Church-music contributes much to
founder of a | | the diffusion of Christianity in
Religion (604). | | heathen countries.
| |
The Pope in | 600 | St. Isidore, Archbishop of Seville,
Rome acknowledged | | in Spain, born at Carthagena about
as the | | 570, died 636. Promotes the
head of the | | improvement of Church-music, and
Church (607). | | writes treatises on music.
University of | |
Cambridge | |
founded (631). | |
Conquests of the | 650 | Jacob (Deacon), Stephan Eddi, Putta,
Arabs in Asia, | | Maban, and Acca (Bishop), were
as far as Hindustan. | | distinguished church-singers in
Jerusalem is | | England during the period from 620
taken by them | | to 700.
(637). | |
The Caliph Omar | |
burns the Alexandrian | |
library | |
(640). | | Vitalianus, Pope, from 657 to 672,
The Danes invade | 660 | introduces the hydraulic organ into
England | | the Church for sounding the first
(660). | | tone of the Chorale as a guide to
| | the singers. He sends two
The Britons are | | accomplished Roman singers to
driven into | | Gallia (France) for the purpose
Wales (685). | | of improving the Church-song in
| | that country.
| |
Conquests of the | 676 | Johannes Damascenus, born at
Arabs in North | | Damascus. Introduces in Church
Africa (688). | | hymns, the melodies of which differ
| | from the old Grecian.
| |
The Saracens in | 700 | BEDA VENERABILIS, born 673, died
Spain (713). | | 735; an English Monk, to whom are
Glass-painting & | | attributed two important treatises on
Mosaic in Italy | | music.
(750). | |
Pepin, King of | | Benedict, an English Abbot,
the Franks | | introduces chanting in choirs.
(752-768). | |
| |
The Danes invade | 780 | Alcuinus, or Albinus, an English
England | | Prelate, born 736, died 814; promotes
(783). | | Church-music.
Harun al-Raschid, | |
Caliph of Bagdad. | |
Flourishing | |
state of the | |
sciences with | |
the Arabs (786). | |
| 800 | Charlemagne, Emperor of Germany,
| | introduces the Gregorian Church-song
Division of the | | into all his dominions, and orders a
Monarchy of | | collection to be made of the popular
Charlemagne (843). | | secular songs.
| |
| | Church organs come gradually into
| | use.
| |
Alfred the Great | 850 | Notker, a Benedictine Monk of St.
defeats the | | Gallen, in Germany, composes sacred
Danes in England | | songs called Sequentias Missales,
(880). | | which are introduced in the churches.
| |
| 886 | Friar John of St. David's, the first
| | Professor of Music at the University
| | of Oxford, appointed by Alfred the
| | Great.
| |
Foundation of the | 900 | HUCBALD, Monk of St. Amand, in
University of | | Flanders, born about 840, died 932.
Oxford by | | First attempt to accompany an air
Alfred the | | with several voices in harmony.
Great (900). | | Notation, consisting of the syllables
| | of the words placed in different
Foundation of | | positions between lines. The signs
the Kingdom | | used for the words placed in different
of Hungary by | | positions between lines. The signs
the Magyars | | used for the purpose during the
(about 900). | | three preceding centuries were
University of | | called Numæ.
Cambridge | |
restored (915). | |
Institution of | |
Free-Masons | |
in England | |
(924). | |
| |
The Russians, | 950 | St. Dunstan, Archbishop of
under Wladimir | | Canterbury, introduces organs into
the Great, | | English churches.
embrace Christianity | |
(988). | |
Poland becomes | 1030 | GUIDO OF AREZZO, a Benedictine
a Kingdom | | Monk at Pomposa, born about 990 in
(1000). | | Arezzo, died 1050. Improves the method
| | of singing in use at his time, and the
William of Normandy | | notation of Hucbald; designates the
invades | | tones by the letters of the alphabet.
England (1066). | | He is supposed to be the inventor of
| | the Solmisation of the Hexachord, or
The Moors in | | scale of six sounds, etc.
Spain (1091). | |
Peter the Hermit. | |
The first | |
Crusade (1095). | 1100 | NOTATION.--During the
| | twelfth century originated our musical
War between | | notation, the inventor of which is
England and | | unknown. The first attempts in
France (1113). | | Counterpoint led to the employment
| | of notes of different value
Frederick I., | | (Mensural and Figural Notes).
called Barbarossa, | | However, these innovations did not
in Germany | | come into general practical use until
(1152). | | about the year 1200.
The Sultan Saladin | |
conquers | |
Egypt (1187). | |
Magna Charta, | 1200 | The most popular instruments of
or the Charter | | the Middle Ages were the Psalterium,
of English | | Harp, Rotta, Viol, Lute, Organistrum,
Liberty (1215). | | Regals, Recorder, Sackbut, Shalm, etc.
| |
Distinguished | 1207 | Contest of the Minnesänger at the
Troubadours and | | Wartburg, in Saxony.
Minnesänger during | |
the twelfth and | | The Minnesänger, who flourished in
thirteenth | | Germany, especially during the twelfth
centuries:-- | | and thirteenth centuries, were
| | identical with the Troubadours, or
Guillaume IX., Count | | singers of secular, amorous, and
of Poitou; Blondel, | | martial ditties, which they
with Richard Coeur | | accompanied with the harp, cither,
de Lion; Sordello | | guitar, or some other instrument.
of Mantua, Peyrols, | | The original home of the Troubadours
Bertrand de Lorm, | | was Provence, in the South of France,
Arnold of Maraviglia, | | where they originated about the
Heinrich von Veldeck, | | beginning of the eighth century.
Wather von der | | Subsequently, at the time of the
Vogelweide, Reimar | | German Minnesänger, there were also
der Aeltere, Reimar | | Troubadours in Italy, Spain and
der Zweter, Ulrich | | England. Among them were many
von Lichtenstein, | | noblemen, and even princes.
Heinrich von | |
Morungen, Wolfram von | |
Eschenbach, Hartmann | |
von der Aue, | |
Gottfried von | |
Strassburg, Conrad | |
von Würzburg, | |
Johann Hadlaub. | |
| |
The Kingdom | 1220 | FRANCO OF COLOGNE, the first
of Granada | | known musical author who treats
founded by the | | circumstantially on the new theory of
Moors in Spain | | Harmony, and who, by expounding it
(1238). | | systematically, greatly contributes to
| | its diffusion. (Forkel, Fétis, and
Foundation of | | some other musical historians,
the University | | maintain that Franco of Cologne lived
of Vienna | | during the second half of the eleventh
(1237). | | century.)
| |
Cimabue, Giotto, | 1240 | Odington (Walter), an English monk,
Italian painters | | writes on music in a manner similar to
(1240). | | that of Franco of Cologne, in Germany.
Termination of | |
the Crusades | |
(1248). | |
Parliament of | 1260 | Hieronymus von Mæhren, in France,
Great Britain. | | writes on the theory of music.
First assembly | |
of the Commons | 1280 | ADAM DE LA HALE, of Arras, in
as a confirmed | | France, writes compositions in
representation | | four-part harmony, dramatic pieces,
(1265). | | with songs, etc. He lived in Provence.
Venice and Genoa | |
are powerful. | |
Invention of Gunpowder | 1290 | Ægidius, of Zamora, a Spanish monk,
(1292). | | writes on the invention of musical
Italian poets and | | instruments.
authors: Dante | |
Alighieri (1265-1321);| |
Petrarca | |
(1304-1374); | |
Boccaccio | |
(1313-1375). | |
Disunion in the | 1300 | Gradual diffusion of the theory of
Church. Popes | | Harmony, especially through Marchetto
in Avignon | | di Padua, about 1310, in Italy;--and
(1378). | | through Jean de Muris, about 1325, in
| | France.
| |
The Turks victorious | 1390 | Gerson (Johannes), a French monk,
in Hungary | | born 1363, died 1429. Musical author.
(1396). | |
| | Commencement of the period in which
| | appeared numerous sacred vocal
| | compositions, viz: Masses, Motetts
| | (English Anthems), Offertories, Hymns,
| | Psalms, Madrigals, etc. The Madrigals
| | were in the form of the Motett,
| | but often had secular words.
| | Instrumental music was still
| | insignificant.
| |
Masaccio, Fiesole, | 1400 | DUFAY (GUILLAUME), born about
Italian | | 1350 at Chimay, in Belgium, died 1432.
painters (1400). | | The first Contrapuntist, properly
Conquest of | | speaking. Purer harmony than
France by | | previously. Application in the
Henry V., King | | notation of the White notes, which had
of England | | been already invented before his time.
(1420). | | Many Church compositions.
Charles VII., of | |
France (1422-1461). | |
| |
Jeanne d'Arc | | Binchois (Egide), born in Picardy,
burnt (1430). | | contributes to the improvement of
England loses all | | harmony and of musical notation.
her possessions | | Composes much vocal music.
in France, except | |
Calais | |
(about 1440). | |
Invention of | |
Printing (1440). | |
| |
Constantinople | 1450 | Dunstable (John), born about 1400
taken by the | | in Scotland, died 1458. Improves the
Turks (1453). | | harmony and the musical notation.
| |
Watches invented | 1470 | OCKEGHEM, or OCKENHEIM (Johann),
at Nürnberg | | born about 1430 in Hainault, Belgium;
(1477). | | died 1513. Founder of the newer
Inquisition in | | Netherlandish School, improver of
Spain (1480). | | harmony, and composer of Church music.
| |
Burgundy and | | Obrecht, or Hobrecht (Jacob), born
Provence incorporated | | about 1430 in Holland. Many
with France (1481). | | compositions for the Church.
| |
| | Bernhard, a German residing in
The Medici govern | | Venice, is said to have invented the
in Florence; | | organ pedal.
flourishing | |
growth of the | |
arts & sciences | |
(1402-1537). | |
America discovered | 1490 | DÉPRÉS (Josquin des Prés), born
by Columbus | | about 1450 in France, died about 1521.
(1492). | | Pupil of Ockeghem. Many Masses and
Macchiavelli, | | other compositions for the Church.
historian (1469-1527).| |
| | Tinctor (Jean), born about 1450 at
Ludovico Ariosto, | | Nivelles, died about 1520. Founder of
poet (1474-1533). | | a School in Italy. Many Church
| | compositions.
Leonardo da | |
Vinci, painter | | Gafforio (Franchino), born 1451 at
(1444-1519). | | Lodi, died 1522. Writer on the theory
Tiziano Vecelli, | | of music, and promoter of new rules
painter (1477-1576). | | of harmony.
| |
Rafael Sanzio, | | Adam von Fulda, born about 1450 in
painter (1483-1520). | | Germany. Writes a treatise on the
Correggio (1494-1534). | | newly-established theory of music, and
Albrecht Dürer | | composes music for the Church.
(1471-1528). | |
| | Towards the end of the fifteenth
| | century Chairs of Professorship for
Newfoundland, | | music were instituted in different
the first British | | towns of Italy, especially in Milan
Colony in America, | | and Naples.
discovered | |
by Cabot | |
(1497). | |
Copernicus, astronomer | | In the beginning of the sixteenth
(1473-1543). | | century the Netherlandish music
Zwingli in Switzerland | 1500 | attains its highest reputation in
(1519). | | Italy (at the time of the Popes Julius
Gustav Wasa, | | II. and Leo X.), in Spain, France, and
King of Sweden | | Germany.
(1523). | |
| | Petrucci (Ottaviano), of Fossombrone
Henry VIII., King | 1502 | in Italy, invents the printing of
(1509-1547). | | musical notation with movable types.
| |
The highest degree | 1520 | WILLAERT (HADRIAN), born about
of perfection | | 1490, in Flanders, died 1563. Lived
of the | | in Rome and Venice. Founder of the
art of painting | | Venetian School. Composer of the first
in Italy. | | Masses for six and seven different
| | voices, of Masses for two and three
| | choruses, etc.
| |
The Netherlandish | 1530 | Aaron (Pietro), born about 1480 in
School of | | Florence. Contrapuntist, writer on the
Painting, | | theory of music, and composer of
founded by | | Church music.
Johann van | |
Eyk, about | | Luther (Martin), born 1483 at
1350:--Floris, | | Eisleben, in Germany, died 1546.
Stradan, De | | Composes Chorales, and promotes
Vos, Spranger, | | congregational singing.
Peter & Franz | |
Porbus, Steenvyk, | | Alterations in the old Church-songs
Vanbort, | | for the Reformed Church. Introduction
P. & J. Breughel, | | in German Churches of Chorales in the
Rubens | | German language.
(1577-1640). | |
Snyders, Momper, | | Walther (Johann), born about 1490
David | | in Saxony, died about 1555. German
Teniers, De | | Mass, many Chorales, etc.
Crayer, Gerhard | |
& Daniel | | Senfl (Ludwig), born about 1490, at
Segers, Jordans, | | Basle in Switzerland, died about 1560.
Rombouts, | | Masses, Motetts, Chorales, etc.
Anton | |
van Dyk (1598-1641). | | Agricola (Martin), born 1486 in
| | Silesia, died 1556. Many vocal
| | compositions, and a treatise on
| | musical instruments.
| |
The Dutch School | | Luscinius (Ottomar), properly
of Painting, | | Nachtigall, born 1487 at Strassburg,
founded by Lucas | | died about 1540. Treatises on music
of Leyden, | | and on the musical instruments of his
born 1494:--Van | | time.
Veen, | |
Bloemart, Poelenburg, | | Glarean (Heinrich Lorit), born 1488
Wynants, | | in Switzerland, died 1563. Many
Vertange, | | essays on the History and Theory of
Hanesberge, | | Music.
etc. | |
| | Festa (Costanzo), born about 1490
| | at Rome. Many Motetts and other
Roman School | | Church music. Regarded as the
of Painting; | | precursor of Palestrina.
pupils of Rafael:-- | |
Giulio Romano, | 1540 | Berchem (Jacob), called Giachetto di
Penni il Fattore, | | Mantua, born 1499 at Antwerp, died
Bagnacavallo, Del | | about 1580. Many Masses, Motetts,
Vaga, Caravaggio, | | etc.
Gemigniani, | |
Garofalo, | | Gombert (Nicolas), born about 1500
etc. | | in the Netherlands, died about 1570.
| | Many Masses, Motetts, and other sacred
Venetian School | | and secular compositions for four,
of Painting; | | five, and six different voices.
pupils of | |
Titian:--Del | | Arcadelt (Jacques), born about 1500
Piombo, Palma | | in the Netherlands, died about 1570.
Vecchio, Lotto, | | Teacher in Rome. Many Masses,
Bordone, Pordenone, | | Motetts, Madrigals, etc.
Schiavone, | |
Bassano, | | Clement (Jacques), called Clemens
Tintoretto, | | non Papa, born about 1500 in Flanders,
Poalo Veronese. | | died 1566. Masses and other sacred
| | compositions.
Florentine School | |
of Painting; | 1550 | Goudimel (Claude), born 1510 in
pupils of Da | | Flanders, died about 1572. Many
Vinci:--Luini, | | Psalms, Motetts, and other sacred
Salaino, Melzo, | | compositions, and
Fra Bartolomeo, | | also secular music. Much
Del Sarto, | | progress in Harmony. Founder of a
Peruzzi, Razzi, | | Music School in Rome.
Michel-Angelo. | |
| |
The Order of | |
Jesuits founded | |
by Ignaz Loyola | | Morales (Christoforo), born about
(1540). | | 1510 at Seville in Spain, lived in
| | Rome. Many Masses, etc.
The Turks conquer | |
Tripoli | |
(1551). | | Est (Michael), born about 1510 in
| | England. Many Psalms and Madrigals.
Death of Rabelais | |
(1553). | |
| | Tallis (Thomas), born 1520 in
Philip II., King of | | England, died about 1585. Many sacred
Spain (1556). | | compositions.
| |
Foundation of the | | Lossius (Lucas), born 1508 in
University of | | Germany, died 1582. Many Chorales, a
Jena (1558). | | treatise on music, etc.
| |
Holbein, painter | |
(1494-1554). | |
| |
Calais is lost to | |
England in the | |
reign of Mary | |
(1558). | |
| |
Queen Elizabeth | 1560 | Rore (Cyprian), called Vanrore, born
(1558-1603). | | 1516 at Malines, died 1565. Pupil of
| | Willaert, in Venice. Many sacred and
English authors: | | secular vocal compositions.
Spenser, poet | |
(1553-1598). | | Waelrant (Hubert), born 1517 in the
| | Netherlands, died 1595. Many Church
Francis Bacon | | compositions. Improvement in the
(1561-1626). | | Solmisation.
| |
Shakespeare | | LASSUS (ORLANDUS), properly Roland
(1564-1616). | | de Latre, born 1520 at Mons, in
| | Hainault, died 1594. A great number
Marlow, Green, | | of Church compositions of every kind,
Beaumont, Fletcher, | | of which 1572 are known.
Massinger:-- | |
Dramatic poets | | Kerle (Jacob), born about 1520 in
and contemporaries | | Flanders. Many Masses, etc.
of Shakespeare. | |
| | Zarlino (Giuseppe), born 1519 at
| | Venice, died about 1590. Many Church
| | compositions. Great progress in
Calvin in Geneva | | Harmony. Several treatises on the
(1565). | | Theory of Music.
| |
Hans Sachs, | | PALESTRINA (GIOVANNI PIERLUIGI DI),
Meistersänger | | born 1524 in Palestrina, died 1594.
(1494-1576). | | Reform of the Italian Church music by
| | means of purer harmony. Ennobling of
Tycho Brahe, | | the rude Netherlandish style. Many
Astronomer | | Masses, Hymns, Motetts, Litanies,
(1546-1601). | | Offertories, etc.--Palestrina's
| | celebrated Mass, known as Missa Papæ
The Counts Egmont | | Marcelli, which was performed in Rome
& Horn | | in the year 1565, had the effect of
beheaded at | | altering the opinion of many of the
Brussels (1568). | | ecclesiastics who at the Council of
| | Trent, in 1562, advocated the
| | banishment of all Figural music from
| | the Church.
| |
The first Puritans | 1570 | Faber (Heinrich), born 1525 at
and Presbyterians | | Brunswick, in Germany, died 1598.
(1571). | | Church compositions, and a treatise on
| | music.
| |
Massacre of St. | | Lejeune (Claude), born about 1540
Bartholomew | | in the Netherlands, died about 1600.
(1572). | | Masses, Psalms, etc.
| |
| | Nanini (Giovanni Maria), born about
First circumnavigation | | 1540 at Vallerano, in Italy, died
of the | | 1607. Teacher of Counterpoint; many
world, by Drake | | Motetts for eight different voices,
(1577). | | and other Church compositions.
| |
North-America | 1580 | Morley (Thomas), born about 1540
English. | | in England, died 1604. Madrigals and
| | other vocal compositions. Instruction
Walter Raleigh | | book on music.
(1584). | |
| | OPERA.--About the year 1580, a
Portugal is conquered | | number of professional musicians and
by the | | amateurs associated in the house of
Spaniards in | | Giovanni Bardi, Count of Vernio, at
1581, and remains | | Florence, with the object of reviving
a Spanish | | in the drama the musical declamation
Province until | | of the ancient Greeks. To this
1640. | | association belonged the composers
| | Emilio del Cavalieri, Giacomo Peri,
The Netherlands | | Giulio Caccini, and the poet Ottavio
become independent | | Rinuccini. Their exertions resulted in
(1581). | | the production of the first Lyric
| | Opera, called 'Dafne,' the poetry of
The Gregorian | | which was by Rinuccini, and which was
Calendar introduced | | performed at Florence in the year
into all | | 1594. Soon followed the first
the Roman | | Tragic Opera, 'Euridice,' the poetry
Catholic States | | of which being by Rinuccini, and
of Europe | | the music by Peri and Caccini. The
(1582). | | next Operas were 'Il Satiro' and 'La
| | Disperazione di Filano,' both with
Elizabeth, Queen | | music by Cavalieri. Meanwhile, Orazio
of England, | | Vecchi attempted to compose a kind of
causes Mary, | | Comic Opera, entitled 'L'Anfiparnasso,
Queen of Scots, | | Commedia Armonica,' which was
to be beheaded | | performed at Modena in the year 1594.
at Fotheringay | | The songs of these operas partook of
Castle (1587). | | the character of the recitative, and
| | they were accompanied by a few
Defeat of the | | instruments.
Spanish Armada | |
in the | |
English Channel | |
(1588). | |
| |
Janson, of Middlebourg,| 1590 | Gabrieli (Giovanni), born about 1550
invents | | at Venice, died 1612. Many Church
spectacles | | compositions.
and telescopes | |
(1590). | |
| | Marenzio (Luca), born about 1550 at
| | Brescia, died 1594. Motetts,
Torquato Tasso | | Madrigals, etc.
(1544-1595). | |
| | Bird (William), born 1546 in
| | England, died 1623. Masses, Graduales,
| | Madrigals.
| |
First Edition of | | Weelkes (Thomas), born about 1550
Bacon's 'Essays' | | in England. Madrigals and other vocal
published | | compositions.
(1597). | |
| | Eccard (Johann), born about 1545 in
| | Thuringia, Germany. Pupil of Orlando
| | di Lasso. Many Church songs.
Edict of Nantes. | |
Religious Liberty | |
(1598). | | Gallus (Johann Peter), properly
| | Händl, born about 1550 at Krain, in
| | Austria, died 1591. Many sacred songs.
| |
Incorporation by | 1600 | Vittoria (Tomaso Ludovico della),
Royal Charter | | born about 1560 in Spain, died about
of the English | | 1608. Many Church compositions.
East India | |
Company | | Dowland (John), born 1562 in
(1600). | | England, died 1615. Virtuoso on the
| | lute. Many vocal compositions.
Lopez de Vega, | |
dramatic poet, | | Bull (John), born 1563 in England,
in Spain (1562-1635). | | died 1622. Organist. Vocal
| | compositions and Organ pieces.
James VI. of | |
Scotland, son | | Vulpius (Melchior), born about 1560
of Mary Stuart, | | in Germany, died 1616. Chorales and
succeeds Queen | | other sacred songs.
Elizabeth of | |
England as | |
James I. (1603). | | Calvisius (Sethus), born 1556 in
| | Thuringia, Germany, died 1615. Many
First French | | Church compositions, and also
Colony in | | theoretical works.
Canada (1604). | |
| | Schultz (Hieronymus), called
First permanent | | Prætorius, born 1560 at Hamburg, died
British settlement | | 1629. Motetts, etc.
in North | |
America, formed | | From about 1600 to 1725, the
by "the | | celebrated Violin Makers of Cremona,
London Company" | | in Italy:--Amati, Guarneri,
under | | Stradivari, etc.
charter from | |
James I. (1607). | |
| |
Bacon publishes | | The most popular instruments about
his Advancement | | the year 1600 were: The lute, cither,
of Learning | | spinet, virginal, clavichord,
(1605). | | flûte-à-bec, cornet, etc.
| |
Guy Fawkes | 1605 | Viadana (Ludovico), born 1560 in
Gunpowder | | Italy, died 1625. Many Church
Plot (1605). | | compositions, and the first Church
| | concertos and Solo songs for the
Third recorded | | Church. Viadana is said to have
appearance of | | invented, in the year 1605, the
the comet afterwards | | thorough-bass, or indication of the
known | | Harmony by marking the bass with
as Halley's | | figures; but this invention is also
Comet (1607). | | ascribed to Ottavio Catalano, born
| | about 1595 in Sicily.
| |
Thermometers | 1610 | MONTEVERDE (CLAUDIO), born 1565
are invented | | at Cremona, died 1649. Masses,
about this time | | Madrigals, and also secular songs. The
by Drebbel, of | | most important steps towards the
Alkmaer, Paulo | | development of the modern music by new
Sarpi, and Sanctorio. | | licenses in the Harmony. Invention of
| | the Tremolo of the violins, etc.
Cervantes, author | |
of Don Quixote, | |
etc. (1547-1616). | | Cerone (Dominico Pietro), born 1566
| | at Bergamo, died 1620. Many
English poets:--Milton,| | theoretical treatises.
Dryden, | |
Butler, | | Prætorius (Michael), born 1571 in
Otway, Prior, | | Thuringia, Germany, died 1621. Many
Cowley, Denham. | | Masses, Psalms, Hymns, and a musical
| | treatise.
| |
The telescope is | | Walliser (Christoph Thomas), born
first applied to | | about 1571 at Strassburg, died 1648.
astronomical | | Church compositions, and a treatise on
purposes by | | Harmony and on the Fugue.
Galileo, at Padua. | |
Discoveries | |
of the satellites | 1620 | Frescobaldi (Gieronimo), born about
of Jupiter, | | 1580 in Italy, died 1640. Organist.
and the spots | | Many Church compositions, Madrigals,
in the sun (1610). | | Organ compositions, Fugues, Ricercari,
| | etc.
| |
Tea is brought | | Vieira (Antonio), born about 1580 in
from India by | | Portugal, died in 1650. Many Church
the Dutch; it | | compositions for eight different
is introduced | | voices.
into England in | |
1666. | | Allegri (Gregorio), born about 1580
| | at Rome, died 1652. Many Church
| | compositions. The Miserere of the
| | Vatican.
| |
The present authorized | | Carissimi (Giacomo), born about 1582
English | | at Padua, died about 1673. Many
version of | | Masses, some of which are for twelve
the Bible is | | different voices, and other Church
published, and is | | compositions. Improver of the
called "King | | Recitative. The first important
James's Bible" | | Oratorios and Cantatas in Italy.
(1611). | |
| | Kapsberger (Johann Hieronymus),
Settlement of | | born about 1575 in Germany, died 1650.
New York, in | | Lived in Italy. Church compositions,
North America, | | and Instruction books for playing the
by the Dutch | | Lute and the Guitar.
(1614). | |
| | Gibbons (Orlando), born 1583 at
Emigration of | | Cambridge, died 1625. Many Church
the Puritans to | | compositions, Anthems, Madrigals, etc.
New England; | |
they found | |
New Plymouth | |
(1620). | |
| |
Charles I. succeeds | 1627 | Schütz (Heinrich von), called
James I., | | Sagittarius, born 1585 in Germany,
King of England, | | died 1672. Many Motetts, Psalms, and
after the | | also Operas. In the year 1627 the
death of the | | Opera Dafne, by Rinuccini (see above,
latter, in 1625. | | date 1580), having been translated
Disputes between | | into German by Opitz, and composed
King | | anew by Schütz, was performed in
Charles I. and | | Dresden as the first German Opera.
his Parliament. | |
Civil war begins | | Mazzocchi (Domenico), born about
in 1642. Last | | 1590 at Castellana, in Italy.
general assembly | | Oratorios, Madrigals for five
of the Hanseatic | | different voices with instrumental
cities of | | accompaniments. Introduced signs of
Germany. Lübeck, | | expression in the notation.
Hamburg | |
and Bremen | |
continue united. | |
| |
Kepler, Astronomer | 1630 | Mazzocchi (Virgilio), brother of the
(1571-1630). | | preceding, born about 1595, died 1646.
| | Many Church compositions. The first
Gustavus Adolphus | | development of the melody in the
dies on | | present sense.
the battle-field | |
at Lutzen | | Doni (Giovanni Battista), born 1593
(1632). | | at Florence, died 1674. Treatises on
| | the music of the ancient Greeks and on
Wallenstein | | that of his time.
assassinated at | |
Eyer (1634). | | Jenkins (John), born 1592 in Kent,
| | England, died 1678. Virtuoso on the
Rubens, Vandyck, | | Viola da Gamba. Many compositions
Domenichino, | | for his instrument and also vocal
painters (1620). | | music.
| |
Ben Jonson, dramatist | |
(1620). | |
| |
Lope de Vega, | | Schein (Johann Hermann), born 1586
Spanish writer | | in Germany, died 1630. Chorales,
(1620). | | Madrigals, Secular Songs, etc.
| |
Galileo is condemned | | Scheidt (Samuel), born 1587 at
by the | | Halle, in Germany, died 1654.
Inquisition of | | Contrapuntist. Many Church
Rome as guilty | | compositions as well as pieces for the
of heresy for | | Organ and Clavichord.
upholding the | |
Copernican | | Mersenne (Marie), born 1588 in
system, and | | France, died 1640. Treatises on
compelled to | | Harmony, Acoustics, and Musical
abjure it (1633). | | History.
| |
Richelieu founds | |
the French Academy | |
(1635). | |
| |
Death of Cardinal | 1640 | Lawes (Henry), born 1600 in England,
Richelieu (1642). | | died 1662. Psalms and Secular
| | songs.
Louis XIV. (styled | |
_Dieu-donné_), | |
King of France | |
(1643-1715). | |
| |
The Pendulum is | | Kircher (Pater Athanasius), born
applied to | | 1602 at Fulda, in Germany, died 1680.
clocks by | | Several treatises on music.
Richard Harris | |
and the younger | |
Galileo | |
(1641). | |
| |
Charles I. beheaded | 1645 | The first Italian Opera in Paris,
(1649). | | ordered from Italy by Cardinal
| | Mazarin.
Oliver Cromwell, | 1650 | Sabattini (Galeazzo), born about
Protector of | | 1610 in Italy. Litanies, Madrigals,
the Commonwealth | | and other vocal music.
(1653). | |
| |
Portugal takes | | Dumont (Henri), born 1610 at Liége,
possession of | | Belgium, died 1684. Masses and other
the Brazils | | Church compositions. Innovation of
(1654). | | the employment of instrumental
| | accompaniments to the Mass.
Calderon de la | |
Barca, dramatic | | Child (William), born 1608 at
poet in | | Bristol, in England, died 1696. Psalms
Spain (1601-1687). | | and other sacred vocal music, and
| | secular songs.
Dutch and Flemish | |
Painters:--Eykens, | | Simpson (Christopher), born about
Sachtleven, | | 1610 in England, died about 1670.
Rembrandt, | | Instruction book on the Viola da
Douw | | Gamba, on the Theory of Music, etc.
Swanevelt, | |
Wouvermann, | |
Berghem, Paul | |
Potter, etc. | | Hammerschmiedt (Andreas), born
Restoration of | | 1611 in Bohemia, died 1675. Many
Charles II. | | Masses and other sacred compositions.
(1660). | |
| | Cesti (Marc-Antonio), born in 1620
Spain takes possession | | at Florence, died 1681. Nine Operas.
of Havannah | | Progress in the development of
(1662). | | operatic music.
| |
The French, commanded | | Eccles (John), born about 1620 in
by | | England. Several Operas, songs, etc.
Turenne, victorious | |
upon | | Lock (Matthew), born about 1620 in
the Rhine | | England, died 1677. Sacred music and
(1663). | | dramatic compositions.
| |
Plague in London | |
(1665). | |
| |
Great fire of London | |
(1666). | |
| |
Flourishing state | 1670 | Stradella (Alessandro), born 1645 at
of France | | Naples, died 1678. An Oratorio and
owing to her | | some Operas.
industry & commerce | |
(1670). | | Kerl (Johann Caspar von), born about
| | 1625 in Saxony, died about 1690.
The Turks in | | Masses and organ compositions.
Hungary invade | |
Poland | | Meibom (Marcus), born 1626 in
(1670). | | Schleswig, died 1711. Many Treatises
| | on the Music of the Ancient Greeks.
| |
Death of Molière | 1672 | LULLI (GIOVANNI BATTISTA), born
(1673). | | 1633 at Florence, died 1687 at Paris.
| | Founder of the older French operatic
De Ruyter, the | | music. Composed 19 Operas and 26
Dutch Admiral, | | ballets. His first French Opera was
dies (1675). | | performed at Paris in the year 1672.
| |
William Penn | 1680 | Frohberger (Johann Jacob), born 1637
founds Pennsylvania | | at Halle, Germany, died 1695.
(1681). | | Organist. Many compositions for the
| | organ and the clavichord.
Vienna is besieged | |
by the | | Buxtehude (Dietrich), born about
Turks (1683). | | 1640 in Germany, died 1707. Many
| | Organ compositions.
Death of Corneille | |
(1684). | | Gasparini (Michael-Angelo), born at
| | Lucca, in Italy, during the second
The Huguenots | | half of the seventeenth century, died
expelled from | | in 1732. Many Operas. Founder of a
France (1685). | | School of Singing at Venice.
| |
Peter the Great, | | Steffani (Agostino), called Gregoria
Czar of Russia | | Piva, born about 1650, at Venice, died
(from 1682 to | | 1730. Masses and other sacred
1725). | | compositions, Operas, vocal duets.
| |
William III., | 1690 | Baj (Tomaso), born about 1650, at
Prince of | | Bologna, died 1714. Many sacred
Orange, and | | compositions. A Miserere for the
Mary (daughter | | Vatican, which is sometimes performed
of James I.) his | | instead of that by Allegri.
wife, declared | |
King and Queen | | Corelli (Arcangelo), born 1653 at
of England | | Fusignano, in Italy, died 1713.
(1688). | | Violinist. Many concertos, etc.
| |
Charles XII. King | | Blow (John), born 1648 at
of Sweden from | | Nottingham, died 1708. Many anthems,
1697 to 1718. | | psalms, etc.
| |
Alsace becomes | | Purcell (Henry), born 1658 in
French (1697). | | London, died 1695. About 17 English
| | Operas, secular songs, anthems and
Death of Racine | | other sacred compositions.
(1699). | |
| | Krieger (Adam), born 1646 at
Locke, philosopher, | | Nürnberg, died 1725. Operas, etc.
English | |
(1632-1704). | |
| |
Charles XII., | 1700 | SCARLATTI (ALESSANDRO), born 1659
King of Sweden, | | at Trapani, in Sicily, died 1725.
at war | | Composed 115 Operas, 200 Masses,
with Denmark, | | several Oratorios, many sacred and
Poland, and | | secular cantatas, etc. Invention of
Russia. He | | the Recitative with orchestral
forces the King | | accompaniment; of a greater
of Denmark to | | combination of orchestral instruments
conclude a | | than hitherto; of the Da-Capo,
peace with him, | | or repetition of the theme; and of
and defeats the | | several other essential innovations.
Russians on the | |
banks of the | | Desmarets (Henri), born 1662 at
Narva (1700). | | Paris, died 1741. About 8 Operas.
| |
Queen Anne | |
(1702). | |
| |
Battle of Blenheim, | | Brossard (Sébastien de), born 1660,
or Höchstadt, | | probably at Strassburg, died 1730.
gained by | | Many Masses, a Dictionary of Music.
the Duke of | | Brossard's Dictionary, which was
Marlborough & | | published in 1703, is generally
Prince Eugene | | regarded as the earliest work
over the French | | of its kind. Tinctor,
and Bavarians | | however, already in the
(1704). | | fifteenth century compiled
| | a collection of the definitions
Gibraltar taken | | of the musical terms in use at his
by the English | | time; and Janowka published at Prague
(1707). | | a Musical Dictionary in Latin, two
Union of England | | years previous to the appearance of
and Scotland | | Brossard's work, which is in French.
by Treaty | |
(1707). | | Fux (Johann Joseph), born 1660 in
| | Austria, died about 1732. Composed
Peter the Great | | 17 Operas, 26 Masses, 3 Requiems, 1
defeats Charles | | Stabat Mater, 10 Oratorios, above 170
XII. at Pultowa | | other sacred compositions; likewise,
(1709). | | instrumental pieces, a work on the
| | theory of music (Gradus ad
| | Parnassum), etc.
| |
Herculaneum discovered | 1710 | Gasparini (Francesco), born about
(1711). | | 1665 at Lucca, died 1727. Many
| | Operas, Cantatas, etc. Teacher in
Peace of Utrecht | | counterpoint of Domenico Scarlatti
(1713). | | and Marcello.
| |
Death of Fénélon | | Lotti (Antonio), born about 1665 at
(1715). | | Venice, died 1740. Nineteen Operas,
| | many church compositions and
Defoe, author of | | madrigals.
'Robinson Crusoe.' | | Vivaldi (Antonio), born about 1670
| | at Venice, died about 1743. Twenty-six
Saunderson and | | Operas, violin concertos, and many
Brook Taylor, English | | other instrumental pieces.
mathematicians. | |
| | Bononcini (Giovanni), born about
Prior, Congreve, | | 1672 at Modena, died 1750. Composed
and Parnell, | | about 23 Operas. For a time rival of
English Poets. | | Handel in London.
| |
George, Elector | | Couperin (François), born 1668 at
of Hanover, | | Paris, died 1733. Organist. Many organ
becomes King | | and clavecin (harpsichord)
of England, as | | compositions.
George I. | |
(1714). | | Keiser (Reinhard), born 1673 at
| | Leipzig, died 1739. Many Operas, many
| | Oratorios and other sacred
Prince Eugene | | compositions, etc. He is said to have
defeats the | | composed 116 Operas, partly to German,
Turks at | | and partly to Italian words.
Peterwardein in | |
Austrian Slavonia | | Pepusch (Johann Christoph), born
(1716). | | 1667 at Berlin, died 1732. Cantatas
| | and other sacred music.
Prince Eugene | |
defeats the | | Leveridge (Richard) born 1670 in
Turks at Belgrade | | London, died 1758. Operas and songs.
(1717). | |
| |
Charles XII., | 1720 | Caldara (Antonio), born 1678 at
King of Sweden, | | Venice, died 1763. Sixty-seven Operas,
is killed at | | many Masses and other sacred
the Siege of | | compositions.
Frederickshall, | |
in Norway | | Astorga (Emanuale), born 1681 at
(1718). | | Palermo, Sicily, died 1736. Several
| | Operas, a Requiem and many other
| | sacred compositions.
English authors: | |
Pope (1688-1744); | |
Swift | | Geminiani (Francesco), born 1680 at
(1667-1744); | | Lucca, died 1762. Violinist. Many
Young (1684-1765); | | compositions for his instrument.
Thomson | |
(1700-1748); | | Scarlatti (Domenico), son of
Fielding | | Alessandro Scarlatti, born in 1683 at
(1707-1754); | | Naples, died about 1760.
Johnson (1713-1784); | | Clavicembalist. Many compositions for
Goldsmith | | his instrument.
(1728-1774); | |
Sterne | | Rameau (Jean Philippe), born 1683 at
(1713-1768); | | Dijon, died 1764. Composed 36 Operas,
Hogarth, painter | | many motetts and other sacred vocal
(1698-1764). | | compositions, as well as pieces for
| | the organ and for the clavecin
Death of the | | (harpsichord). Several theoretical
Duke of Marlborough, | | works. A new System of Harmony.
born | | Progress in operatic music.
1650 (1722). | |
| | Mattheson (Johann), born 1681 at
Death of Peter | | Hamburg, died 1764. Seven Operas, 24
the Great | | Oratorios, several other sacred
(1725). | | compositions, and a great many works
| | on the theory and history of music.
George II., King | |
of Great Britain, | | Telemann (Georg Philipp), born 1681
succeeds | | at Magdeburg, in Germany, died 1767.
his father, | | Composed 44 Operas, many Oratorios
George I., who | | and other sacred compositions, secular
died, aged 68 | | instrumental pieces, etc.
(1727). | |
| | Heinichen (Johann David), born
Fahrenheit, improver | | 1683 in Saxony, died 1729. Operas,
of the | | sacred and secular compositions.
thermometer | | Treatise on the Theory of Music.
(1724). | |
| |
Réaumur, improver | |
of the | |
thermometer | |
(1731). | |
| |
The Jesuits are | | Walther (Johann Gottfried), born
expelled from | | 1684 at Erfurt, died 1748. Organ
China (1724). | | compositions, chorales, and a Musical
| | Dictionary.
Isaac Newton | |
(1642-1727). | |
| |
Swift publishes | | About this time, the first
his 'Gulliver's | | Pianofortes were constructed by
Travels' (1726). | | Christofori, in Italy, and by
| | Schröter, in Germany.
| |
Pope publishes | 1730 | Marcello (Benedetto), born 1686 at
his 'Essay on | | Venice, died 1739. Composed fifty
Man' (1729). | | Psalms, several Oratorios, Masses,
| | etc.
| |
Thomson publishes | | Porpora (Nicolo), born 1687 at
his 'Seasons' | | Naples, died 1767. Great singing
(1730). | | teacher. Composed fifty Operas, many
| | Masses, etc.
Arbuthnot and Sir | |
Hans Sloane, | | Tartini (Giuseppe) born 1692 at
English physicians | | Pirano, died 1770. Violinist and
(1730). | | composer. Author of a Treatise on
| | Harmony.
| |
Le Sage, author of | | Leo (Leonardo), born 1694 at Naples,
'Gil Blas' (1730). | | died 1756. Composed forty-eight
| | Operas, several Oratorios, Masses, and
Jonathan Swift, | | other sacred music. He wrote for his
Dean of St. | | Operas larger overtures than previous
Patrick's, poet | | composers had done.
and miscellaneous | |
writer (1730). | | Carey (Henry), born about 1690 in
| | England, died 1743. Many songs. He
Harrison, an | | is supposed to have composed in the
Englishman, | | year 1740 the English national air of
constructs | | 'God save the King.'
a chronometer of | |
great precision | | HANDEL (GEORG FRIEDRICH), properly
(1735). His | | Händel, born 1685 at Halle, died 1759
fourth chronometer | | in London. Composed fifty-one Operas
is used at sea | | (forty-three having Italian words
in 1764, and he | | and eight having German words), twenty
receives a reward | | English Oratorios, many cantatas,
of £20,000. | | motetts, anthems, a Mass, four Te
| | Deums, concertos, instrumental
| | compositions for the organ,
Frederick III., | | harpsichord, etc.
Elector of | |
Brandenburg, and | | The concertos of that period
Duke of Prussia, | | consisted of orchestral pieces with or
in an assembly of | | without an organ concertante; or of
the states, puts | | violin-quintetts with double-bass;
a crown upon his | | or also of pieces for the
own head, and | | harpsichord accompanied
upon the head | | by a quartett of stringed
of his consort, | | instruments, etc.
and is proclaimed | |
King of Prussia, | |
by the title of | |
Frederick | |
I. (1701). | |
| | During the eighteenth
German poets and | | century, most of the German
authors:-- | | Opera composers of distinction
Elias Schlegel, | | wrote chiefly to Italian words.
Gellert, Hagedorn, | | Every German town in which
Rabener, | | a Sovereign resided had an
Rammler, Kleist, | | Italian Opera. The German art of
Weisse, Bürger, | | singing began to flourish
Hölty, Stollberg, | | only about the year 1760. Even
Voss, | | Mozart wrote but two Operas to German
Gleim, Jacoby, | | words. The German composers
Uz, Gerstenberg, | | (Handel, Gluck, Hasse, Mozart, etc.)
Gotter, | | studied dramatic music in Italy.
Claudius, Gessner. | |
| | BACH (JOHANN SEBASTIAN), born
Frederick William I, | | 1685 at Eisenach, in Germany, died
King of Prussia, | | 1750 at Leipzig. Composed several
son of | | Oratorios, many Masses, a great many
Frederick I. | | motetts, cantatas, chorales, etc.;
(1713). | | many compositions for the organ,
| | clavichord, clavicembalo
First attempt of | | (harpsichord), and for the orchestra.
Steam Navigation, | | The first book of his Preludes
by Jonathan | | and Fugues for the clavichord,
Hulls | | entitled 'Das Wohltemperirte Clavier,'
(1736). | | dates from the year 1722, and the
| | second book from the year 1740. He
John Wesley, | | composed the Passion according to
founder of the | | St. Matthew, about the year 1728; the
sect of Methodists | | great Mass in B minor, about 1734;
(1730). | | the Art of Fugue, in the year 1748.
| |
| | Stölzel (Gottfried Heinrich), born
George Whitfield, | | 1690 in Bohemia, died 1749. Several
founder of the | | Operas, Oratorios, Masses, and
sect of Calvinistic | | Treatises on the Theory and History of
Methodists, | | Music.
preaches in | |
London in the | |
open air (1738). | |
| |
The Methodist | |
Society is fully | |
established | | Pergolesi (Giovanni Battista), born
(1740). | | 1710 at Jesi, died 1736. Composed 7
| | Operas, a Stabat Mater, several
Italian Painters of | 1740 | Masses, offertories, etc.
this period:--Rotari, | |
Casanova, | | Durante (Francesco), born 1693 at
Landi, | | Naples, died 1755. Composed Masses
Grassi, Appiani, | | and other sacred music, secular
Bossi, Sabatelli, | | madrigals, pieces for the
Ermini, Alvarez, | | clavicembalo, etc.
Camoccini, | |
etc. | | Durante, was with Leo, the founder
| | of the famous Neapolitan School.
| |
Frederick II., | | Feo (Francesco), born 1699 at
King of Prussia | | Naples. Operas, Oratorios, Masses,
(from 1740 until | | Psalms. Feo is especially remarkable
1786). | | for being regarded as the master whom
| | Gluck particularly admired and
First Silesian | | studied.
war (1740-1742). | |
| | Greene (Maurice), born 1698 in
| | London, died 1755. Many sacred
Second Silesian | | compositions and some English Operas.
war (1744-1745). | |
| |
Maria-Theresa, | | Quanz (Johann Joachim), born 1697 at
Empress of | | Hanover, died 1773. Flute-player, and
Germany, | | teacher of Frederick II. of Prussia.
Queen of Hungary | | Many compositions, and an instruction
and Bohemia | | book for the Flute.
(1740). | |
| | Graun (Carl Heinrich), born 1701 in
Francis I., Duke | | Saxony, died 1759. Composed 30 Operas,
of Lorraine, | | several Oratorios, Masses, cantatas,
marries | | etc.
Maria-Theresa, and is | |
elected Emperor | | Hasse (Johann Adolf), born 1699 at
of Germany | | Hamburg, died 1783. Composed 52
(1745). | | Operas, 11 Oratorios, several Masses,
| | a Requiem, 4 Te Deums, various other
During the reign | | sacred compositions, symphonies,
of Frederick II. | | sonatas for the clavichord, concertos,
or 'Frederick | | etc.
the Great,' the | |
Prussian monarchy | | Galuppi (Baldassaro), born 1703 at
is made | | Venice, died 1785. Composed 55
to rank among | | Operas, several Masses, motetts, and
the first powers | | other sacred music.
in Europe. | |
| | Sammartini (Giovanni Battista), born
Battle of Dettingen | | about 1700 at Milan, died 1775. Many
gained | | Masses and other Church music, many
by George II. | | symphonies, quartetts, trios, and
over the | | other instrumental compositions of
French (1743). | | every kind. Sammartini wrote about
| | 2,800 works, and his style is
The electric | | considered as being the precursor of
shock is discovered | | that of Joseph Haydn.
at Leyden | |
(1745). | | From about the middle of the
| | eighteenth century, the sonata-form
German poets: | | in instrumental compositions (sonatas,
Salis, Matthison, | | symphonies, quartetts, etc.) becomes
Pfeffel, | | much developed, especially through
Kind, Langbein, | | Joseph Haydn.
Seume, | |
Schubert, | |
Tiedge, etc. | |
| |
Lima and Callao | |
are destroyed | |
by an earthquake | |
which | |
buries 18,000 | |
persons in the | |
ruins (1746). | |
| |
Linnæus, naturalist | 1750 | The flourishing period of the
(1750). | | Italian operatic music dates from
| | about the year 1700 to 1780. The most
The Academy of | | celebrated writers of libretti were
Sciences at | | Apostolo Zeno and Metastasio. The most
Stockholm, | | celebrated female singers: Faustina,
and the Royal | | Cuzzoni, Mattei, Scotti, Grassi,
Society at Göttingen, | | Gabrieli, Agujari, Danci, Allegrante,
are founded (1750). | | Storace, etc. The most celebrated
Samuel Johnson | | male singers: Lovattini, Guarducci,
commences the | | Farinelli, Nicolini, Guadagni,
publication of | | Millico, Pacchiarotti, Morelli,
his 'Rambler' | | Marchesi, Salimbeni, Crescentini, etc.
(1750). | |
| |
Lady W. Montague, | | Martini (Giovanni Battista), Padre,
and Lord | | born 1706 at Bologna, died 1784.
Chesterfield, | | Many sacred compositions, History of
miscellaneous | | Music, School of Harmony, and other
writers (1750). | | literary works on music.
| |
New style introduced | | Perez (Davide), born 1711 at Naples,
into | | died 1778. Composed 31 Operas.
England (1752). | |
| | Jomelli (Nicolo), born 1714 at
Death of Montesquieu | | Aversa, died 1774. Composed 40 Operas,
(1755). | | 4 Oratorios, several Masses, Requiems,
| | etc.
Great earthquake | |
at Lisbon (1755). | | Rousseau (Jean Jacques), born 1712
| | at Geneva, in Switzerland, died 1778.
Voltaire at the | | Author. Some French Operas. Many
Court of Frederick | | Treatises on Music. Musical
of Prussia | | Dictionary. Invention of the melodrama
(from 1750 until | | ascribed to him.
1753). | |
| | Arne (Thomas Augustus), born 1710
Benjamin Franklin, | | in London, died 1778. Composed 23
in America, | | Operas, 3 Oratorios, and many other
invents the | | vocal pieces, etc.
lightning conductor | |
(1755). | | Boyce (William), born 1710 in
| | England, died 1779. Organist. Several
| | dramatic compositions, an Oratorio,
| | sacred songs, many organ pieces.
| |
Conquest of | | Bach (Friedemann), son of J. S.
India under | | Bach, born 1710 at Weimar, died
Colonel, afterwards | | 1784. Compositions for the organ,
Lord, | | clavichord, and harpsichord.
Clive (1757). | |
| | Bach (Carl Philipp Emanuel), son of
Death of General | | J. S. Bach, born 1713 at Weimar,
Wolfe at the | | died 1788. Oratorios, cantatas, sacred
Battle of Quebec | | songs, many compositions for the
(1759). | | clavichord. Instruction Book for
| | playing the clavichord.
| |
The Seven Years' | 1760 | Fiorillo (Ignazio), born 1715 at
War in Germany | | Naples, died 1787. Several Operas, an
(1756-1763). | | Oratorio, a Requiem, Masses.
| |
George III., King | | Alembert (Jean-le-Rond d'), born
of Great Britain, | | 1717 in Paris, died 1783. Author of a
grandson of | | System of Composition, and of other
George II. | | theoretical works on music.
(1760). | |
| | Marpurg (Friedrich Wilhelm), born
Moses Mendelssohn, | | 1718 in Prussia, died 1795. Organ and
philosopher. | | clavichord compositions. Treatises
| | on the Theory of Music.
Winckelmann, | |
antiquarian. | | Mozart (Leopold), father of the
| | great Mozart, born 1719 at Augsburg,
Garrick, actor. | | died 1789. Composed 4 Operas, 12
| | Oratorios, many symphonies, and other
Joseph II., Emperor | | instrumental and vocal music. Also a
of Austria | | Violin School.
(1765). | |
| | Gerbert (Martin), Abbot, born 1720
Mesmer, a German | | in Austria, died 1792. History of
physician, | | sacred music.
publishes his | |
'Theory of | |
Animal Magnetism' | |
(1766). | |
| |
Blackstone publishes | | Benda (Georg), born 1721 in Bohemia,
his 'Commentaries | | died 1795. Composed 14 Operas,
on | | some melodramas, cantatas, and
the Laws of | | instrumental music.
England' (1767). | |
| | Kirnberger (Johann Philipp), born
Corsica becomes | | 1721 in Thuringia, Germany, died 1783.
French (1768). | | Composed fugues and other pieces
| | for the clavichord and pianoforte.
Napoleon Buonaparte | | Author of several works on the
born at | | theory of music.
Ajaccio, in Corsica | |
(1769). | |
| |
Death of Emanuel | 1770 | The Pianoforte begins to supersede
Swedenborg, | | the clavichord and clavicembalo
founder | | (English harpsichord).
of a new religious | |
sect | | Piccini (Nicolo), born 1728 at
(1772). | | Naples, died 1800. Composed above 130
| | Operas, several Oratorios, psalms,
| | etc.
Sheridan publishes | |
his first | | GLUCK (CHRISTOPH WILLIBALD VON),
drama, 'The | | born 1714 at Weidenwang, Germany, died
Rivals' (1775). | | 1787. Composed 21 Operas, 8 of which
| | are to Italian words, and 13 are to
Pestalozzi founds | | French words. A De Profundis, a Ballet
the Reformatory | | entitled 'Don Juan,' some secular
School at | | songs, a few instrumental pieces, etc.
Neuhoff, in | |
Switzerland | |
(1775). | |
| |
Adam Smith | | Sarti (Giuseppe), born 1730 at
publishes his | | Faenza, died 1802. Composed 44
'Wealth of | | Operas, and several sacred pieces.
Nations' (1776). | |
| |
Necker, Minister | | Lolli (Antonio), born about 1730 at
of Finance in | | Bergamo, died 1802. Violinist. Many
France (1777). | | compositions for his instrument.
| |
The Sandwich | | Majo (Francesco de), born 1745 at
Islands are | | Naples, died 1774. Composed 13 Operas,
discovered by | | many Masses, Vespers, etc.
Captain Cook | |
(1778). | | Arteaga (Steffano), born about 1730
| | at Madrid, died 1799. Author of a
Death of William | | History of the Italian Opera.
Pitt, first Earl | |
of Chatham | | Philidor (François André), born 1727
(1778). | | at Dreux, died 1795. Composed 22
| | Operas, of which 11 are to Italian
Captain Cook is | | words, and 11 to French words.
killed by the natives | | Philidor is also celebrated as a
of Owyhee | | chess-player.
(1779). | |
| | Monsigny (Pierre Alexandre), born
| | 1729 at St. Omer, died 1817. Composed
J. Priestley, | | 17 Operas, ballets, etc.
chemical philosopher | |
(1733-1804). | | Gossec (François Joseph), born 1733
| | at Hainault, died 1829. Composed 28
Hunter, surgeon | | Operas, and many sacred compositions.
(1728-1793). | |
| | Hawkins (John), born 1720 in
Sir W. Jones, | | England, died 1791. Author of a
orientalist | | History of Music.
(1746-1794). | |
| | Burney (Charles), born 1726 at
Horace Walpole | | Shrewsbury, died 1814. Author of a
(1717-1797). | | History of Music, and some other
| | works.
Boswell, biographer | |
of Dr. | | Abel (Carl Friedrich), born 1725 at
Johnson. | | Köthen, in Germany, died 1787 in
| | London. Viola-da-Gambist and composer.
Cowper, poet. | |
| |
Bacon, sculptor. | |
| |
Josiah Wedgewood, | | Hiller (Johann Adam), born 1728 in
improver | | Lusatia, Germany, died 1804. Composed
of pottery | | 18 Operettas, many psalms,
manufacture | | sacred and secular songs, symphonies,
(1730-1795). | | sonatas, and musical treatises.
| |
Alfieri publishes | |
his first tragedy | |
'Cleopatra' | |
(1773). | | HAYDN (JOSEPH), born 1732 at
| | Rohrau, in Austria, died 1809.
Benjamin Franklin, | | Composed 24 Operas (10 with German
American | | words, and 14 with Italian words), 4
philosopher | | Oratorios, 19 Masses, several Te
and statesman | | Deums, a Stabat Mater, Salve Regina,
(1706-1790). | | many motetts and other sacred music,
| | 118 symphonies, 83 quartetts, 44
Pope Clement | | sonatas, and many other instrumental
XIV. suppresses | | and vocal compositions.
the Order of the | |
Jesuits, founded | |
in the year | |
1540 (1773). | | J. Haydn wrote in 1783 the Oratorio
| | The Seven Words, for Cadix; in 1800,
The Jesuits were | | The Creation; in 1803, The Seasons;
expelled from | | in 1791 and 1793; the twelve so-called
England in | | English symphonies, in London.
1604; from | |
France, in | |
1764; from | | Kittel (Johann Christian), born 1732
Spain, in 1767. | | at Erfurt in Germany, died 1809.
The Order was | | Many organ compositions.
restored by | |
Pope Pius VII. | 1774 | GLUCK in Paris, from 1774 to 1779.
in 1814. | | Representations of his Operas. Reform
| | of the French dramatic music. Rivalry
Death of Lord | | between Gluck and Piccini in Paris.
Clive (1774). | | First performance of Orpheus and
| | Euridice, Vienna 1762; of Alceste,
The American | | Vienna, 1767; of Iphigenia in Aulis,
Colonies deny | | Paris, 1774; of Armida, Paris, 1777;
the right of the | | of Iphigenia in Tauris, Paris, 1779.
British Parliament | |
to tax | |
them (1774). | |
| |
The first battle of | |
the American | | The Operas by Gluck are the noblest
war at Lexington | | musical dramas in existence. They
(1775). | | have served as models for the most
| | eminent operatic composers whose
Voltaire (1694-1778). | | works have been written subsequently
| | to those of Gluck.
W. Herschel, | |
astronomer | |
(1738-1822). | 1780 | Sacchini (Antonio Maria Giuseppe),
| | born 1735 at Naples, died 1786.
W. Herschel discovers | | Composed 50 Operas, several Oratorios,
the | | Masses with double choruses, a
planet Uranus, | | Miserere, several other sacred
or Georgium | | compositions, sonatas, violin-trios,
Sidus (1781). | | etc.
| |
Mail Coaches are | | Anfossi (Pasquale), born about 1736
first set up at | | at Naples, died 1797. Many Operas
Bristol by Mr. | | and sacred compositions.
Palmer, and are | |
soon in use all | | Traetta (Tomaso), born 1738 at
through England | | Naples, died 1786. Operas and Church
(1784). | | music.
| |
The Crimea is | | Sabbatini (Luigi Antonio), born 1739
given up by | | at Albano, died 1809. Church music
Turkey to | | and several theoretical works.
Russia (1784). | |
| |
The power-loom | | Boccherini (Luigi), born 1740 at
for weaving is | | Lucca, died 1806. Many symphonies,
invented by E. | | quintetts, quartetts, sonatas, and
Cartwright | | other instrumental compositions.
(1785). | |
| |
Watt greatly | | Paesiello (Giovanni), born 1741 at
improves the | | Taranto, died 1816. Composed 94
Steam Engine | | Operas, an Oratorio, a Requiem,
(1736-1819). | | many Masses, a Te Deum, and other
| | sacred music.
Watt's double | |
Steam Engine | | Great popularity of the Operas by
(about 1780). | | Paesiello, Cimaroso, Sacchini,
| | Piccini, etc.
The Steam | |
Engine is | | Langlé (Onorio Francesco), born
applied to | | 1741 at Monaco, died 1807. Composed
cotton spinning | | 8 Operas (with French words), and
(1785). | | wrote several theoretical works on
| | music in French.
Lessing (1729-1781). | |
| | Grétry (André-Ernest-Modeste), born
The United | | 1741 at Liége, died 1813. Composed
States of | | 59 Operas, several Masses, motetts,
America declare | | symphonies, quartetts,
their | | pianoforte-sonatas, etc. Also Essays
independence | | on Music.
(1776). | |
| | Battishill (Jonathan), born 1738 in
| | London, died 1801. Many sacred vocal
Alliance between | | compositions, and some Operas.
France and | |
the United | | Arnold (Samuel), born 1740 in
States (1778). | | London, died 1802. Composed 40
| | Operas and Operettas (with English
Spain and | | words), 7 Oratorios, etc.
Holland in | |
favour of the | | Bach (Johann Christian), son of J.
United States. | | S. Bach, born 1735 at Leipzig, died
(1779). | | 1782 in London. Composed 15 Operas
| | (with Italian words), 18 concertos for
United States of | | the harpsichord, sonatas, trios, and
North America | | other instrumental pieces.
independent. | |
| | Albrechtsberger (Johann Georg), born
Washington their | | 1736 in the neighbourhood of Vienna,
President | | died 1809. Composed 26 Masses, 43
(1783). | | graduales, 34 offertories, and other
| | sacred compositions, many
Washington | | organ-fugues, etc. Author of a work on
(1732-1799). | | the Theory of Music.
| |
Frederick-William | |
II., | |
King of Prussia, | |
nephew of | |
Frederick the | |
Great (1786). | |
| |
The Quakers at | | Haydn (Michael), brother of Joseph
Philadelphia | | Haydn, born 1737 in Rohrau, died 1806.
emancipate | | Many Masses, Offertories, Te Deums,
their slaves | | etc.
(1788). | |
| |
First English | | Dittersdorf (Carl Ditters von), born
settlement in | | 1739 at Vienna, died 1799. Composed
Australia, at | | 37 Operas, 41 symphonies, many
Botany Bay | | concertos and other instrumental
(1788). | | pieces.
| |
Invention of the | | André (Johann), born 1741 at
balloon, and | | Offenbach, in Germany, died 1799.
ascent by | | Composed about 30 German Operettas.
Montgolfier, in | |
Paris (1783). | |
| | Naumann (Johann Gottlieb), born
Blanchard and | | 1741 in Saxony, died 1801. Composed
Jefferies cross | | 26 Operas, 13 Oratorios, many Masses,
the English | | psalms, cantatas, and other vocal
Channel in a | | music, many symphonies, concertos,
balloon (1785). | | and other instrumental pieces.
| |
Diderot (1713-1784). | 1784 | Martini (Johann Paul Egydius),
| | properly Schwarzendorf, born 1741 in
| | Germany, died 1816. Composed 12
Buffon (1707-1788). | | Operas (with French words), a Requiem,
| | Masses, a Te Deum. Wrote several
Herschel completes | | theoretical works on music.
his great | |
forty-foot telescope, | | Festival in commemoration of Handel,
discovers | | in London. Mara (Gertrude Elizabeth),
volcanic mountains | | the celebrated German singer (born
in the | | 1749 at Cassel, died 1833), visits
moon, etc. | | London, and sings at the Festival.
(1787). | |
| |
The French | | Origin of the English Musical
Revolution | | Festivals, in which the principal
(1789). | | performers are mostly foreigners.
| |
Death of Mirabeau | 1790 | Salieri (Antonio), born 1750 at
(1791). | | Legnano, died 1825. Composed 41
| | Operas, a Requiem, many
Royalty abolished | | vocal-canons, and other vocal pieces.
in France | |
(1792). | | Zingarelli (Nicolo), born 1752 at
| | Rome, died 1837. Composed 22 Operas,
Louis XVI. beheaded | | 38 Masses with organ, 45 other Masses,
(1793). | | 4 Requiems, and many other sacred
| | compositions.
| |
Marat stabbed by | | CLEMENTI (MUZIO), born 1752 at Rome,
Charlotte | | died 1832. Pianist and founder of
Corday (1793). | | pianoforte-playing. Composed above
| | 60 sonatas for pianoforte alone, many
Robespierre | | others with accompaniments, fugues,
guillotined | | studies (Gradus ad Parnassum),
(1794). | | symphonies. Also an instruction book
| | for the pianoforte.
Netherlandish | |
Painters:-- | |
Van Os, Vanloo, | | Clementi and Beethoven, by their
Van Spaendonk, | | compositions for the pianoforte,
Scheffer, | | especially promoted the perfecting and
Pienemann, | | the popularity of the pianoforte.
Hodges, Kuipers, | |
Ommegang, | | Viotti (Giovanni Battista), born
Wonder, | | 1753 at Piedmont, died 1824.
etc. | | Violinist, and founder of a new school
| | of violin-playing. Many concertos and
French Painters:-- | | other instrumental compositions.
Joseph Vernet | |
(1714-1789), | |
Greuze, Vien, | | Cimarosa (Domenico), born 1754 at
David, Isabey, | | Naples, died 1801. Composed 75
Drouais, Gerard, | | Operas, a Requiem, Masses, etc.
Gros, Ingres, | |
Regnauld, | | Dalayrac (Nicolas), born 1753 in
Guerin, Horace | | Languedoc, France, died 1809. Composed
Vernet (born | | 56 Operas.
1789), etc. | |
| | Shield (William), born 1754 in
Denmark sets the | | London, died 1829. Composed Operas,
example of | | canzonets, instrumental trios. Author
abolishing the | | of a Treatise on Harmony.
slave trade | |
(1791). | | Storace (Stephan), born 1763 in
| | London, of Italian origin, died 1796.
France abolishes | | Composed 14 Operas with English words.
slavery in her | |
colonies (1794). | | Gerber (Ernst Ludwig), born 1746 in
| | Saxony, died 1819. Author of two
Abolition of the | | biographical Dictionaries of
slave trade by | | Musicians, and of some books of
the English | | instruction on music.
Parliament | |
(1807). | | Schulz (Johann Peter), born 1747 at
| | Lüneburg, in Germany, died 1800.
Vaccination is | | Several Operas, Oratorios, choruses,
introduced by Dr. | | etc.
Jenner (1796). | |
| |
Lithography is | | Neefe (Christian), born 1748 in
invented by | | Saxony, died 1798. Composed 10
Alois Sennefelder | | Operas. Teacher of Beethoven, in
(1796). | | Bonn.
| |
Hahnemann, | | Stadler (Maximilian), Abbé, born
founder of | | 1748 in Austria, died 1833. An
Homoeopathy | | Oratorio, Masses, psalms, and other
(1796). | | sacred vocal music, compositions for
| | the organ and the pianoforte.
In the year 1792 | |
the French | |
nation adopted | | Vogler (Georg Joseph), Abbé, born
a new Calendar | | 1749 at Würzburg, in Germany, died
founded on | | 1814. Composed 5 Operas, several
philosophical | | Masses, many other sacred
principles. It | | compositions, symphonies, organ
remained in | | pieces, etc. Author of several
use until the | | theoretical works on music.
end of the year | |
1805, when the | |
Gregorian | | Forkel (Johann Nikolaus), born 1749
mode of calculation | | at Coburg, in Germany, died 1818.
was restored | | Wrote a History of Music, and several
at the | | other musical treatises.
instance of Napoleon. | |
The | | Koch (Heinrich Christoph), born
public feasts or | | 1749 at Rudolstadt, Germany, died
"Sansculottides," | | 1816. Instruction books on harmony,
fixed in | | and a Musical Dictionary.
the Revolutionary | |
Calendar, | | Kauer (Ferdinand), born 1751 in
were dedicated | | Moravia, died 1831. Above 200 Operas
to Les Vertus, | | of a light and popular character.
Sept. 17; Le | |
Génie, Sept. | |
18; Le Travail, | | Reichardt (Johann Friedrich), born
Sept. 19; | | 1752 at Königsberg, in Prussia, died
L'Opinion, | | 1814. Composed 30 Operas, some
Sept. 20; Les | | Oratorios, hymns, secular songs.
Recompenses, | | Author of several Treatises on Music,
Sept. 21. | | etc.
| |
Revolution in Poland: | | Knecht (Justin Heinrich), born 1752
Kosciusko, | | at Bieberich, in Germany, died 1817.
in the beginning | | Masses, cantatas, and other sacred
successful, | | music, and an instruction book on
is later | | harmony.
defeated. Suwarrow | |
storms | |
Warsaw (1794). | | Türk (Daniel Gottlieb), born 1756 in
| | Saxony, died 1813. An Oratorio,
The third division | | motetts, many pieces for the
of Poland between | | clavichord and the pianoforte, a
Russia, | | Treatise on Thorough-bass, etc.
Austria, and | |
Prussia (1795). | |
| | MOZART (WOLFGANG AMADEUS),
La Place, | | born 1756 at Salzburg, died 1791.
mathematician and | | Composed 6 great Operas with Italian
astronomer (1796). | | words, 2 great Operas with German
Stereotyping invented | | words, 8 earlier Italian Operas, 2
by Ambrose | | German Operettas, several cantatas, a
Didot, of | | Requiem, many Masses, graduales,
Paris (1797). | | offertories, hymns, a Te Deum, and
| | other sacred compositions, about 33
Frederick William | | symphonies, 23 pianoforte concertos,
III., King | | some concertos for other instruments,
of Prussia | | 6 violin quintetts, 26 violin
(1797). | | quartetts, 31 pianoforte sonatas with
| | and without accompaniments, many other
Buonaparte in | | instrumental compositions, many songs,
Egypt and | | etc.
Syria (1798). | |
| |
Buonaparte, in | |
France, is declared | |
First | |
Consul (1799). | |
| |
The English take | 1800 | Mozart composed, in 1780, the Opera
possession of | | 'Idomeneo' for Munich; in 1781, 'Die
most of the | | Entführung aus dem Serail' (his first
French and | | Opera with German words) for Vienna;
Dutch dominions | | in 1785, 'Le Nozze de Figaro' for
in America | | Vienna; in 1787, 'Don Giovanni' for
(1803). | | Prague; in 1790, 'Cosi Fan Tutte' for
| | Vienna; in 1791, 'La Clemenza di Tito'
Napoleon, Emperor | | for Prague, and 'Die Zauberflöte' (his
of France | | second Opera with German words) for
(1804). | | Vienna. In the same year, 1791, he
| | wrote also his Requiem.
Kant, philosopher | |
(1724-1804). | |
| |
Death of Nelson | |
(1805). | |
| |
Death of Pitt | | Righini (Vincenzo), born 1756 at
(1806). | | Bologna, died 1812. Composer of 20
| | Operas, several Masses and other
Wieland (1733-1813). | | sacred music.
| |
Napoleon arrives | |
at Elba | | CHERUBINI (LUIGI), born 1760 at
(1814). | | Florence, died 1842. Composer of
| | 29 Operas, some ballets, 4 great
Napoleon defeated | | Masses, 2 Requiems, many other sacred
at Waterloo | | pieces, violin quartetts and other
(1815). | | instrumental music. Author of a
| | Treatise on Musical Composition.
The "Holy Alliance" | |
concluded | |
at Paris | |
(1815). | |
| |
The Jesuits expelled | | Gervasoni (Carlo), born 1762 at
from | | Milan, died 1819. Instruction books
Russia (1816). | | and historical Treatises on Music.
| |
The foreign | |
troops evacuate | | Mayer (Simon), born 1763 in Bavaria,
France | | died 1845. From his early youth lived
(1818). | | in Italy. Composer of 77 Operas, many
| | Oratorios, Masses, psalms, and other
Death of Marshal | | sacred music.
Blücher, | |
aged 77 (1819). | |
| |
Captain Ross | | MEHUL (ETIENNE HENRI), born 1763
makes a voyage | | at Givet, died 1817. Composed 42
of Discovery | | Operas, many hymns, cantatas, etc.
in the | |
Polar Sea | | Lesueur (Jean François), born 1764
(1818). | | at Abbeville, died 1837. Composed 10
| | Operas, 33 Oratorios, several Masses
Klopstock (1724-1803). | | and motetts.
| |
Herder (1744-1803). | | Rouget de Lille (Claude Joseph),
| | born 1760 at Lons-le-Saulnier, died
Winsor, a German, | | 1836. Composer of romances, and of
obtains in | | the Marseillaise.
England a patent | |
as the inventor | |
of gas | | Attwood (Thomas), born 1767 in
for the purpose | | England. Many Operas and sacred
of illumination. | | compositions.
He makes his | |
first experiment | | Winter (Peter von), born 1755 at
at the Lyceum | | Mannheim in Germany, died 1825.
in the | | Above 30 Operas, many Ballets,
Strand (1804). | | Oratorios, Masses, motetts, hymns,
| | cantatas, etc.
Schiller (1759-1805). | |
| |
Schiller's 'The | | Pleyel (Jgnaz), born 1757 near
Robbers' appeared | | Vienna, died 1831. Composed 29
in 1781; | | symphonies, many violin-quartetts,
Don Carlos, | | pianoforte-sonatas, etc.
about 1785; | |
Wallenstein, | | Preindl (Joseph), born 1758 in
1799; Maria | | Austria, died 1823. Many Masses, a
Stuart, 1800; | | Requiem, and other church music.
William Tell, | | Instruction books for thorough-bass,
1804. | | for singing, etc.
| |
Painters:--David, | |
Fuseli, G. F. | | Zelter (Carl Friedrich), born 1758
Morland, Stothard, | | in Berlin, died 1832. Many vocal
Benjamin | | compositions, and some literary
West, Northcote, | | productions. Zelter founded, in 1808,
etc. | | the first German Liedertafel, or
| | society of male singers. Similar
Actors:--J. P. | | societies have subsequently become
Kemble, Mrs. | | popular in Germany and other
Siddons, Talma. | | countries.
| |
First meeting of | |
the Imperial | |
Parliament of | | Zumsteeg (Johann Rudolph), born
Great Britain | | 1760 at Sachsenflur, in Germany, died
and Ireland | | 1802. Composed 8 Operas, many
(1801). | | ballads, and other vocal music.
| |
Jefferson, President | |
of the | | Dussek (Johann Ludwig), born 1761
United States | | in Bohemia, died 1812. Pianist and
(1801). | | composer for his instrument. Wrote
Institution of the | | 13 concertos, 53 sonatas, several
Legion of | | piano-forte-quartetts, etc. Also an
Honour in | | Opera.
France (1802). | |
| | Kunzen (Friedrich), born 1761 at
Men of Science | | Lübeck, died 1817. Composed 9 Operas
born about this | | (8 of which are with Danish words, and
time:-- | | one is with German words), 3
| | Oratorios, several cantatas, and other
Sir D. Brewster, | | sacred music.
philosopher, | |
born 1781. | | Gyrowetz (Adalbert), born 1763 in
| | Bohemia, died 1850. Above 30 Operas,
G. B. Airy, astronomer,| | many Ballets and Entr'actes, sacred
born | | vocal music, many symphonies,
1801. | | quartetts, pianoforte compositions,
| | songs, etc.
Baron Liebig, | |
chemist, born | | Steibelt (Daniel), born about 1764
1803. | | at Berlin, died 1823. Pianist.
| | Composed 6 pianoforte concertos, 46
R. Owen, comparative | | solo sonatas and many other
anatomist, | | compositions for the pianoforte,
born 1804. | | studies for the pianoforte, and an
| | instruction book for that instrument;
Brassey, engineer, | | also 4 Operas.
born 1805. | |
| |
Lesseps, French | |
engineer, born | |
1806. | |
| |
J. Stuart Mill, | |
philosopher, | |
born 1807. | |
| |
Longfellow, | |
American poet, | |
born 1807. | |
| |
Lyon Playfair, | 1810 | Paer (Ferdinando), born 1771 at
chemist, born | | Parma, died 1839. Composer of 51
1819. | | Operas, 11 cantatas, and other vocal
| | music.
J. Tyndal, chemist, | |
born 1820. | | Berton (Henri Montan), born 1767
| | in Paris, died 1844. About 50 Operas,
Death of Sheridan | | several Oratorios, cantatas, and
(1816). | | Treatises on the Theory of Music.
| |
| | Baillot (Pierre), born 1771 at
Iffland, German | | Passy, died 1842. Violinist. Concertos
actor and dramatic | | and other compositions for the violin,
writer | | an instruction book for the violin,
(1759-1814). | | etc.
| |
| | Choron (Alexandre Etienne), born
Thorwaldsen, | | 1772 at Caën, died 1834. Many
Danish sculptor | | theoretical works. A Musical
(1770-1844). | | Dictionary.
| |
| | Catel (Charles Simon), born 1773 at
Béranger, French | | L'Aigle, died 1830. Composed 10
poet (1780-1857). | | Operas, many instrumental and vocal
| | pieces. Author of a Treatise on
Arago, French | | Harmony, etc.
Savant (1786-1835). | |
| | Rode (Pierre), born 1774 at
C. Babbage, | | Bordeaux, died 1830. Violinist. Many
philosophical | | concertos, quartetts, and other
mechanist | | compositions.
(1792-1871). | |
| | Cramer (John Baptiste), born 1771 at
Sir Charles Lyell, | | Mannheim, in Germany, but living from
geologist | | early childhood in England, died 1858.
(1797-1875). | | Pianist. Pianoforte studies, 105 solo
| | sonatas, and 7 concertos for the
Statesmen born | | pianoforte. Also a pianoforte school,
about this time: | | etc.
Gladstone born | |
1809. | | Weigl (Joseph), born 1766 at
| | Eisenstadt, in Hungary, died 1846.
| | About 30 Operas, 14 ballets, 21
Baron Beust, | | Oratorios and cantatas, 10 Masses, and
born 1809. | | other sacred music.
| |
Bismarck-Schönhausen, | | Weber (Bernhard Anselm), born 1766
born 1813. | | at Mannheim, died 1821. Several
| | Operas, melodramas, and Entr'actes.
Count Cavour, | |
born 1810. | | Romberg (Andreas), born 1767 in
| | Vechte, near Münster, in Germany, died
Cobden, born 1804. | | 1821. Composed 7 Operas, a Te Deum,
| | psalms and other sacred compositions,
John Bright, born | | many symphonies and other instrumental
1811. | | music, secular songs, etc.
| |
| | Romberg (Bernhard), brother of
Sculptors born | | Andreas Romberg, born 1770 near
about this time:-- | | Münster in Germany, died 1841.
| | Violoncellist. Composed 3 Operas, many
Marochetti, born | | concertos and other pieces for the
1805. | | violoncello, quartetts, etc.
| |
| | Müller (Wenzel), born 1767 in
Kiss, born 1802. | | Moravia, died 1835. Above 200 Operas
| | of a light popular character,
Powers, born 1805. | | pantomimes, etc.
| |
| | Nägeli (Johann Georg), born 1773
The Jesuits are | | near Zurich, in Switzerland, died
expelled from | | 1836. Promoter of popular singing
Prussia (1817). | | societies, composer of vocal music,
| | and author of instruction books on
The Mahratta | | singing, etc.
war in Hindustan. | |
| |
Steam applied to | |
printing in the | |
_Times_ office | |
(1814). | |
| |
The Marquess of | |
Hastings renders | |
British | |
influence universal | |
in India (1817). | |
| |
The Island of | |
Singapore is formed | |
into a British | | BEETHOVEN (LUDWIG VAN), born
settlement by Sir | | 1770 at Bonn, died 1827. An Opera,
Stamford Raffles | | 2 dramas with music, a melodrama,
(1818). | | several single dramatic choruses and
Reunion of the | | songs, an Oratorio, 2 Masses, 9
Lutheran and | | symphonies, 11 overtures, a septett, 7
other reformed | | concertos for pianoforte, a violin
forms of worship | | concerto, 2 violin quintetts, 17
in several | | violin quartetts, 5 violin trios, 35
parts of Germany | | solo sonatas for the pianoforte, 10
(1818). | | sonatas for pianoforte and violin, 6
| | sonatas for pianoforte and
Voyage to the | | violoncello, 7 trios for pianoforte,
Polar Sea by | | violin, and violoncello, a pianoforte
Parry (1819). | | quintett, a great many other
| | pianoforte compositions, cantatas,
Parry undertakes | | songs with pianoforte accompaniment,
another voyage | | etc.
to reach | |
the North Pole | | In 1793 Beethoven came to Vienna as
(1820). | | Virtuoso on the pianoforte, and
| | distinguished himself by his
| | improvisations; in 1795 he published
George IV., King | | his first important work, the three
of Great | | pianoforte trios, Op. 1; in 1799
Britain, son of | | appeared his first symphony; in 1804
George III. | | his Opera 'Leonore' (Fidelio); in 1809
(1820). | | his symphony in C Minor and his
| | pastoral symphony; in 1814 his A Major
Guizot, French | | symphony; in 1818 his ninth symphony.
statesman and | |
historian | | Reicha (Anton), born 1770 at Prague,
(1787-1874). | | died 1836. Four Operas, symphonies,
| | quartetts, sonatas, etc., and several
Revolution in | | Treatises on Harmony and Composition.
Spain; King | |
Ferdinand VII. | | Tomaschek (Johann Wenzel), born
swears to the | | 1774 in Bohemia, died 1850. An Opera,
constitution of | | several cantatas, a Requiem, a Te
the Cortes (1820). | | Deum, Masses, and other sacred
| | compositions, secular songs,
Mexico separates | | symphonies, quartetts, pianoforte
from Spain | | pieces.
(1820). | |
| | Kiesewetter (Raphael Georg), born
| | 1773 in Moravia, died 1850. Many
Insurrection in | | dissertations relating to the history
Portugal (1820). | | of music.
| |
| | Weyse (Christoph Ernst Friedrich),
Revolution in | | born 1774 at Altona, in Germany, died
the Brazils; | | 1842. Several Operas with Danish
King John VI. | | words, symphonies, sonatas and other
returns to Portugal, | | instrumental pieces. He lived in
and his | | Copenhagen.
son, Dom Pedro, | |
is made | |
Regent of the | |
Brazils (1820). | |
| |
Peru declares herself | |
independent (1820). | |
| |
| 1820 | Baini (Giuseppe), Abbate, born 1775
Napoleon dies at | | at Rome, died 1844. Many sacred
St. Helena | | compositions and historical Treatises
(1821). | | on Music. Author of the 'Life of
| | Palestrina.'
Union of the | |
Greeks in one | | Generali (Pietro), born 1783 in
confederate | | Piedmont, died 1832. About 50 Operas.
state (1822). | |
| | Paganini (Nicolo), born 1784 at
Dr. T. Young, | | Genoa, died 1840. Violinist. Concertos
natural | | and other compositions for his
philosopher, and | | instrument.
discoverer of | |
the hieroglyphic | | Spontini (Gasparo), born 1784 at
alphabet. | | Rome, died 1851. Composer of about
| | 26 Operas.
| |
Sir Humphry | | Isouard (Nicolo), born 1775 in
Davy, chemist, | | Malta, died 1818. Composed 42 Operas,
inventor of the | | several Masses, cantatas, etc.
safety-lamp, | |
etc. | | Boieldieu (François Adrien), born
| | 1775 at Rouen, died 1834. Composed
Macadam, improver | | 23 Operas.
of | |
roads. | | Lafont (Charles Philippe), born 1781
| | in Paris, died 1839. Violinist. Many
Francis Douce, | | compositions for the violin, and many
antiquarian. | | romances.
| |
Cuvier, naturalist. | | Onslow (Georges), born 1784 at
| | Clermont, in France, died 1852.
Channing | | Composed 3 Operas, several symphonies,
(Unitarian | | many violin quintetts, quartetts,
Preacher), Sir | | trios, 2 pianoforte sextetts, and
R. Phillips, W. | | other pianoforte music.
Hazlitt, | |
Charles | | Auber (Daniel François Esprit), born
Lamb, miscellaneous | | 1782 at Caën, in France, died 1871.
writers. | | Above 30 Operas.
| |
P. B. Shelley, | | Fétis (François Joseph), born 1784
James Hogg | | at Mons, in Belgium, died 1872.
(the "Ettrick | | Dictionary of Musicians, historical
Shepherd"), | | Treatises on Music, etc.
Reginald | |
Heber, Robert | | Castil-Blaze (François Henri
Southey, Sir | | Joseph), born 1784 at Cavaillon, in
Walter Scott, | | France, died 1857. Several Treatises
poets. | | on Music, a Musical Dictionary, etc.
| |
Charles X., King | | Bishop (Henry Rowley), born 1782
of France | | in London, died 1855. Composed 63
(1824). | | Operas and other dramatic pieces,
| | songs, etc.
| |
Burmese war. | | Field (John), born 1782 at Dublin,
Capture of | | died 1837 at Moscow. Pianist. Pupil
Rangoon by | | of Clementi. Pianoforte concertos,
the British | | notturnos, etc.
(1824). | |
| | Hummel (Johann Nepomuk), born
Denham and | | 1778 at Pressburg, died 1837. Pianist.
Clapperton's | | Composed 5 Operas, several ballets, 2
exploring | | cantatas, many pianoforte concertos,
expedition to | | trios, sonatas, 2 pianoforte septetts,
Central Africa | | etc. Also a pianoforte school.
(1824). | |
| | Neukomm (Sigismund), born 1778 at
Bowdich, on an | | Salzburg, died 1858. Pupil of J.
expedition to | | Haydn. Composed 10 Operas, many
explore the | | cantatas, 7 Oratorios, 15 Masses, many
interior of Africa, | | psalms, symphonies, quartetts,
died at | | sonatas, etc.
the mouth of | |
the Gambia | | Logier (Johann Bernhard), born 1777
(1824). | | at Kaiserslautern, in Germany, died
| | 1846. A new method of teaching the
| | pianoforte and the Theory of Music.
Death of Lord | |
Byron (1824). | | Diabelli (Anton), born 1781, near
| | Salzburg, died 1858. Many Masses
Nicholas I., Emperor | | and other Church music, pianoforte
of Russia | | compositions and songs.
(1825). | |
| | Kreutzer (Conradin), born 1782 at
Death of John | | Möskirch, in Germany, died 1849.
VI., King of | | Composed 24 Operas, an Oratorio,
Portugal (1826). | | several Masses and other Church
| | music, many instrumental pieces and
Don Pedro I., | | songs.
Emperor of | |
Brazil, son of | | Spohr (Louis), born 1784 at
John VI., | | Brunswick, in Germany, died 1859.
renounces the | | Violinist. Composed 8 Operas, several
Portuguese | | Oratorios, psalms, and other sacred
crown in favour | | music, symphonies, many violin
of his daughter, | | quartetts, quintetts, concertos,
Maria da Gloria, | | and other compositions for the violin,
aged seven | | etc. Also a violin school.
years. The Infanta | |
Isabella | | Ries (Ferdinand), born 1784 at
governs as Regent | | Bonn, died 1838. Pupil of Beethoven.
till the | | Pianist. Composed 2 Operas, some
year 1828 | | sacred and secular vocal music,
(1826). | | pianoforte concertos, quartetts,
| | trios, sonatas, etc.
Canova, Sculptor | |
( 1757-1822). | |
| |
Charles X. expelled | |
from | |
France, retires | |
to England in | |
the year 1830. | |
| |
Jean Paul, Friedrich | | Kalkbrenner (Friedrich), born 1784
Richter | | at Cassel, in Germany, died 1849.
(1763-1825). | | Pianist. Many pianoforte compositions,
| | and a pianoforte school.
| |
First Steam Voyage | | Kuhlau (Friedrich), born 1786 at
to India, | | Uelzen, in Germany, died 1832, in
by Captain | | Denmark. Composed 5 Operas with
Johnston in the | | Danish words, and many compositions
'Enterprise' | | for the flute, the pianoforte, and for
(1825). | | other instruments.
| |
Athens, besieged | | WEBER (CARL MARIA VON), born
by the Turks, | | 1786 at Eutin, in Germany, died 1826,
is forced to | | in London. Composed 8 Operas, several
surrender (1826). | | dramatic scenes, Masses, hymns,
| | overtures, pianoforte concertos,
Russia at war | | clarionet concertos, pianoforte
with Persia | | sonatas, songs, etc.
(1827). | |
| | In 1821, first performance of 'Der
Russia makes | | Freischütz' at Berlin; in 1823,
peace with | | 'Euryanthe' at Vienna; in 1826,
Persia and | | 'Oberon' in London.
increases her | |
possessions in | | Fesca (Friedrich Ernst), born 1789
the south | | at Magdeburg, died 1826. Some Operas,
(1828). | | many psalms and other sacred music,
| | symphonies, quintetts, many quartetts,
Russia at war | | etc.
with Turkey | |
(1828). | | Schneider (Johann Christian
| | Friedrich), born 1786 in Saxony, died
The Turks are | | 1858. About 9 Oratorios, several
conquered by | | Masses, hymns, cantatas, instrumental
the Russian | | compositions, songs, etc.
General Diebitch | |
(1829). | | SCHUBERT (FRANZ), born 1797 in
| | Vienna, died 1828. Several Operas,
Turkey acknowledges | | Masses and other Church music,
the independence | | symphonies, quartetts, trios, and
of | | other instrumental pieces, sonatas,
Greece (1829). | | fantasias, etc. for the pianoforte, a
| | great many songs with pianoforte
| | accompaniment.
| |
Charles X., King | 1830 | Carafa (Michele), born 1785 at
of France, deposed | | Naples, died 1872. About 30 Operas.
(1830). | |
| |
Göthe (1749-1832). | | ROSSINI (GIOACHINO ANTONIO), born
| | 1792 at Pesaro, died 1868. About 40
William IV., King | | Operas, a Stabat Mater, some other
of Great Britain, | | sacred vocal music, several secular
brother of | | cantatas, orchestral pieces, etc.
George IV. | |
(1830). | | Bellini (Vincenzo), born 1802 at
| | Catania, in Sicily, died 1835.
Louis-Phillipe, | | Composed 10 Operas, some sacred music,
King of France | | symphonies, overtures, etc.
(1830). | |
| | Herold (Louis), born 1791 in Paris,
Cholera Morbus, | | died 1833. Composed 16 Operas and
its first appearance | | several ballets.
in England | |
(1831). | | Lindpaintner (Peter Joseph), born
| | 1791 at Coblenz, died 1856. About 25
Death of Sir | | Operas, 9 ballets, Oratorios, Masses,
Walter Scott (1832). | | motetts, symphonies, etc.
| |
Slavery abolished | | Mayseder (Joseph), born 1789 in
throughout the | | Vienna, died 1863. Many compositions
British Colonies | | for violin, quintetts, quartetts,
(1834). | | pianoforte trios, sonatas, etc.; also
| | a Mass.
| |
Wilhelm von | | Moscheles (Ignaz), born 1794 at
Humboldt, philologist | | Prague, died 1870. Pianist. Many
(1767-1835). | | pianoforte compositions; also some
| | symphonies, etc.
Alexander von | |
Humboldt, naturalist | | Klein (Bernhard), born 1794 at
(1769-1859). | | Cologne, died 1832. About 3 Operas,
| | 4 Oratorios, a Stabat Mater, and other
Edmund Kean, | | sacred music.
English actor | |
(1787-1833). | |
| | Meyerbeer (Jacob), born 1794 in
The first great | | Berlin, died 1864. Composed 16 Operas,
English railway | | an Oratorio, a Stabat Mater, a Te
by steam | | Deum, a Miserere, many psalms and
engines is the | | other sacred music, secular songs,
Liverpool and | | etc.
Manchester Railway, | | Czerny (Carl), born 1791 in Vienna,
opened in 1830. | | died 1857. Many Pianoforte pieces;
| | also Masses, Te Deums, and other
Queen Victoria born | | sacred music; theoretical works.
in 1819, ascends the | |
throne (1837). | |
| |
Marriage of | 1840 | Hauptmann (Moritz), born 1794 at
Queen Victoria | | Dresden, died 1868. Several sacred
with Prince Albert | | compositions, quartetts, sonatas,
of Saxe-Coburg | | secular songs, and theoretical works.
(1840). | |
| | Pacini (Giovanni), born 1796 at
| | Syracuse, died 1867. Composed 34
| | Operas.
| |
Prince of Wales | | Donizetti (Gaetano), born 1797 at
born (1841). | | Bergamo, died 1848. Above 70 Operas,
| | a Miserere, and other sacred music,
Frederick William | | many romances and other songs.
IV., King | |
of Prussia | |
(1840). | |
| | Mercadante (Saverio), born 1797 at
Pius IX., Pope | | Altamura, in Italy, died 1870. Above
(1846). | | 30 Operas.
| |
G. C. Prichard, | | Panseron (Auguste), born 1796 in
English ethnologist | | Paris, died 1859. Some Operas, a
(1786-1848). | | Requiem, 3 Masses, other sacred music,
| | many romances, an instruction book
Revolution in | | on singing, etc.
France (1848). | |
| | Halévy (Jacques), born 1799 in
The Monarchy | | Paris, died 1862. Above 20 Operas.
abolished in | |
France. | | Marschner (Heinrich), born 1795 at
| | Zittau, in Saxony, died 1861. Many
Louis-Phillipe, | | Operas, Masses, secular songs, etc.
King of France, | |
deposed (1848). | | Reissiger (Carl), born 1789 near
He dies in | | Wittemberg, in Germany, died 1859.
exile, in England | | Ten Operas, many Masses, symphonies,
(1850). | | quartetts, pianoforte trios, songs,
| | etc.
| |
New Republic in | | Marx (Adolph Bernhard), born 1799
France. Louis | | at Halle, died 1866. Two Oratorios and
Napoleon | | some other compositions; a work on
Charles Buonaparte | | musical composition, and several other
(son of | | treatises on music.
Louis Buonaparte, | |
for a | | Lvoff (Alexis), born 1799 at Reval,
short time King | | died 1870. Violinist. Composer of the
of Holland, and | | Russian National Hymn, and of other
nephew of Napoleon | | music.
I.) is | |
elected President | | Löwe (Johann Carl), born 1796 near
of the Republic | | Halle, died 1869. Many ballads and
(1848). | | other songs, also several Operas,
| | Oratorios, and pianoforte
| | compositions.
| |
Botta & Layard | 1850 | Beriot (Charles Auguste de), born
excavate the | | 1802, at Louvain, died 1870.
Assyrian | | Violinist. Concertos and other
mounds (about | | compositions for the violin. A violin
1840-1850). | | school.
| |
| | Berlioz (Hector), born 1803, at La
Death of Wordsworth | | Côte Saint-André, in France, died
(1850). | | 1869. Requiem, symphonies, overtures,
| | other orchestral works with and
Great Exhibition | | without vocal music. A Treatise on
in London | | Instrumentation, and many Musical
projected by | | Essays.
Prince Albert | |
(1851). | |
| |
Death of the Duke | | Mendelssohn-Bartholdy (Felix), born
of Wellington | | 1809 at Hamburg, died 1847. Composed
(1852). | | two Oratorios, other sacred
| | compositions, 2 Operas, other dramatic
The Prince President | | music, symphonies, overtures, ottett,
of the | | quintetts, quartetts, etc., organ
French Republic | | compositions, pianoforte concertos,
is declared | | sonatas, etc., 'Songs without Words'
Emperor of the | | for the pianoforte, secular songs for
French and assumes | | a single voice, and for several
the title | | voices, etc.
of Napoleon | |
III. (1852). | |
| |
Historians:--Thos. | | Chopin (Frederic François), born
Carlyle, | | 1810 near Warsaw, died 1849, in Paris.
Macaulay, Guizot, | | Pianist. Many pianoforte compositions,
Thiers, Rotteck, | | studies, etc.
etc. | |
| |
Painters: Rosa | | Schumann (Robert), born 1810 at
Bonheur, | | Zwickau, in Saxony, died 1856. Operas,
Cooper, Landseer, | | symphonies, quartetts, etc. Pianoforte
Millais, | | compositions, songs. Essays on
W. von Kaulbach, | | Music.
etc. | |
| | Thalberg (Sigismund), born 1812 at
Novelists: Chas. | | Geneva, died 1871. Pianist.
Dickens, W. | | Compositions for the pianoforte,
M. Thackeray, | | mostly on themes of other composers.
Lytton Bulwer, | | Also two Operas, etc.
George Eliot, | |
(Mrs. Lewis), | | Bennett (William Sterndale), born
Victor Hugo, | | 1816 at Sheffield, died 1875. Some
Alexandre Dumas, | | sacred compositions, overtures,
etc. | | pianoforte music, songs, etc.
| |
Michael Faraday, | |
chemist. | |
| |
Charles Darwin, | | During the first half of the present
philosopher | | century great progress in the
and naturalist. | | construction of musical instruments,
| | especially of wind instruments.
Helmholtz, German | |
philosopher | | Innumerable celebrated pianists,
and writer | | violinists, flutists, etc.
on acoustics. | |
Important discoveries.| | Celebrated female singers: Catalani,
| | Malibran, Grisi, Persiani, Pasta,
Alfred Tennyson, | | Pauline Viardot, Henriette Sontag,
Poet Laureate. | | Sophie Löwe, etc.
| |
Livingstone, | | Celebrated male singers: Lablache,
African traveller. | | Rubini, Tamburini, Braham, Wild,
| | etc.
Bismarck, German | |
statesman. | | Monster Concerts.
| |
Moltke, German | | Attempt of a reform of the Opera.
General. | |
| |
Great progress in | | There are among our living musicians
sciences relating | | so many celebrated ones that it would
to natural | | really be difficult to make a
philosophy, and | | satisfactory selection of them for
in practical | | incorporation into a concise
arts. Gradual | | Chronology. Fortunately, the plan
dying out of | | adopted in the compilation, as
many old | | previously explained, renders this
superstitions and | | delicate task unnecessary.
prejudices. | |
However, in | | As standard works on the history of
some countries | | music, easily accessible, may be
attempts to return | | recommended the treatises by Forkel,
to a Mediæval | | Kiesewetter, Bellermann, Ambros,
state of | | Burney, Hawkins, Fétis, and
civilization. | | Coussemaker.