Chapter II: Part 2

The _Bearers_ are made of _Slit-Deal_, about two Inches broad, and so long as to reach from the _Fore-Rail_ through the _Upper-Rail_, and are let in, so as to lye even with the superficies of the _Fore_ and _Hind-Rail_, and at such a distance on both the _Rails_, as you may see in the Figure.

On the Superficies of the _Fore-Rail_, even with its Fore-Edge is nailed a small _Riglet_ about half an Inch high, and a quarter and half quarter of an Inch thick, that the _Cases_ set on the _Frame_ having the aforesaid declivity, may by it be stop’t from sliding off.

§. 5. _Of the_ Galley.

Our _Master-Printer_ is also to provide _Galleys_ of different sizes, That the _Compositer_ may be suited with small ones when he _Composes_ small _Pages_, and with great ones for great _Pages_.

The _Galley_ is marked A in Plate 2.

_a b c_ The Sides or Frame of the _Galley_.
_d_ The _Slice_.

These _Galleys_ are commonly made of two flat _Wainscot Boards_, each about a quarter and half quarter of an Inch thick, the uppermost to slide in Grooves of the Frame, close down to the undermost, though for small _Pages_ a single Board with two sides for the Frame may serve well enough: Those _Wainscot Boards_ are an Oblong Square, having its length longer than its breadth, even as the form of a _Page_ hath. The three Sides of the Frame are fixed fast and square down on the upper Plain of the undermost Board, to stand about three fifth parts of the height of the _Letter_ above the superficies of the _Slice_. The Sides of the Frame must be broad enough to admit of a pretty many good strong _Oaken Pins_ along the Sides, to be drove hard into the Bottom Board, and almost quite through the Sides of the Frame, that the Frame may be firmly fixed to it: But by no means must they be Glewed on to the Bottom Board, because the _Compositer_ may sometimes have occasion to wet the _Page_ in the _Galley_, and then (the _Galley_ standing aslope upon the _Case_) the Water will soak between the sides of the Frame, and under Board, and quickly loosen it.

§. 6. _Of the_ Correcting-stone.

The _Correcting-Stone_ marked B in Plate 2. is made of _Marble_, _Purbeck_, or any other Stone that may be made flat and smooth: But yet the harder the Stone is the better; wherefore _Marble_ is more preferable than _Purbeck_. First, Because it is a more compact Stone, having fewer and smaller Pores in it than _Purbeck_. And Secondly, because it is harder, and therefore less subject to be prick’d with the corners of a _Chase_, if through carelessness (as it sometimes happens) it be pitch’d on the Face of the Stone.

It is necessary to have it capacious, _viz._ large enough to hold two _Chases_ and more, that the _Compositer_ may sometimes for his convenience, set some _Pages_ by on it ready to _Impose_, though two _Chases_ lye on the _Stone_: Therefore a _Stone_ of about Four Foot and an half long, and Two Foot broad is a convenient size for the generality of Work.

This _Stone_ is to be laid upon a strong _Oaken_-wood Frame, made like the Frame of a common Table, so high, that the Face of the _Stone_ may lye about three Foot and an Inch above the Floor: And under the upper Rail of the Frame may be fitted a Row or two of Draw-Boxes, as at _a a a a a a_ and _b b b_ on each of its longest Sides to hold _Flowers_, _Brass-Rules_, _Braces_, _Quotations_, small _Scabbords_, &c.

§. 7. _Of_ Letter-Boards, _and_ Paper-Boards.

_Letter-Boards_ are Oblong Squares, about two Foot long, eighteen Inches broad, and an Inch and a quarter thick. They ought to be made of clean and well-season’d Stuff, and all of one piece: Their upper-side is to be Plained very flat and smooth, and their under-side is Clamped with pieces about two Inches square, and within about four Inches of either end, as well to keep them from Warping, as to bear them off the Ground or any other Flat they stand on, that the Fingers of the _Compositer_ may come at the bottom of the Board to remove it whither he will: They are commonly made of _Fir_, though not so thick as I have mentioned, or all of one Piece: _Deal-Boards_ of this breadth may serve to make them of; but _Joyners_ commonly put _Master-Printers_ off with ordinary _Deal-Boards_, which not being broad enough, they joyn two together; for which cause they frequently shrink, so as the joynt comes assunder, and the _Board_ becomes useless, unless it be to serve for a _Paper-Board_ afterwards: For small and thin _Letters_ will, when the Form is open, drop through, so as the _Compositer_ cannot use the Board.

I us’d to make them of _Sugar-Chest_; That Stuff being commonly well-season’d, by the long lying of the _Sugar_ in it, and is besides a fine hard Wood, and therefore less subject to be injured by the end of the _Shooting-Stick_ when a _Form_ is _Unlocking_.

_Paper-Boards_ are made just like the _Letter-Boards_, though seldom so large, unless for great Work: Nor need such strict care be taken in making them so exactly smooth: their Office being only to set _Heaps of Paper_ on, and to _Press_ the _Paper_ with.

§. 8. _Of_ Furniture, Quoyns, Scabbord, &c.

By _Furniture_ is meant the _Head-sticks_, _Foot-sticks_, _Side-sticks_, _Gutter-sticks_, _Riglets_, _Scabbords_ and _Quoyns_.

_Head-sticks_ and all other _Furniture_, except _Scabbord_, are made of dry _Wainscot_, that they may not shrink when the _Form_ stands by; They are _Quadrat_ high, straight, and of an equal thickness all the length: They are made of several thicknesses for several Works, _viz._ from a _Brevier_ which serves for some _Quarto’s_ to six or eight _Pica_ thick, which is many times us’d to _Folio’s_: And many of the _Head-sticks_ may also serve to make Inner _Side-sticks_ of; for the _Master-Printer_ provides them of lengths long enough for the _Compositer_ to cut to convenient Scantlins or Lengths, they being commonly about a Yard long when they come from the _Joyners_. And _Note_, that the _Head_ and _Side-sicks_ are called _Riglets_, if they exceed not an _English_ thick.

Outer _Side-sticks_ and _Foot-sticks_ marked C in Plate 2. are of the same heighth of the _Head-sticks_, _viz._ _Quadrat_ high, and are by the _Joyner_ cut to the given length, and to the breadth of the particular _Pages_ that are to be _Imposed_: The _Side-sticks_ are placed against the outer-side of the _Page_, and the _Foot-sticks_ against the foot or bottom of the _Page_: The outer-sides of these _Side_ and _Foot-sticks_ are bevil’d or sloped from the further to the hither end.

_Gutter-sticks_ marked D in Plate 2. are as the former, _Quadrat_ high, and are used to set between _Pages_ on either side the _Crosses_, as in _Octavo’s_, _Twelves_, _Sixteens_, and _Forms_ upwards; They are made of an equal thickness their whole length, like _Head-sticks_; but they have a Groove, or Gutter laid on the upper-side of them, as well that the Water may drain away when the _Form_ is Washed or Rinced, as that they should not _Print_, when through the tenderness of the _Tinpan_, the _Plattin_ presses it and the _Paper_ lower than ordinary.

_Scabbord_ is that sort of _Scale_ commonly sold by some _Iron-mongers_ in Bundles; And of which, the _Scabbords_ for _Swords_ are made: The _Compositer_ cuts it _Quadrat_ high, and to his Length.

The _Master-Printer_ is to provide both _Thick_ and _Thin Scabbord_, that the _Compositer_ may use either when different Bodied _Letter_ happens in a _Page_, to justifie the _Page_ to a true length; And also that the _Press-man_ may chuse _Thick_ or _Thin_ to make truer _Register_, as shall be shewed in proper place.

_Quoyns_ are also _Quadrat_ high, and have one of their sides Bevil’d away to comply with the Bevil of the _Side_ and _Foot-sticks_; they are of different Lengths, and different Breadths: The great _Quoyns_ about three Inches square, except the Bevil on one side as aforesaid; and these sizes deminish downwards to an Inch and an half in length, and half an Inch in breadth.

Of these _Quoyns_ our _Master-Printer_ provides several hundreds, and should provide them of at the least ten different Breadths between the aforesaid sizes, that the _Compositer_ may chuse such as will best fit the _Chase_ and _Furniture_.

The Office of these _Quoyns_ are to _Lock_ up the _Form_, _viz._ to wedge it up (by force of a _Mallet_ and _Shooting-stick_) so close together, both on the sides and between Head and Foot of the _Page_, that every _Letter_ bearing hard against every next _Letter_, the whole _Form_ may _Rise_; as shall be shewed hereafter.

Their farther Office is to make _Register_ at the _Press_.

§. 9. ¶. 1. _Of the_ Mallet, Shooting-stick _and_ Dressing-Block, Composing-sticks, Bodkin, _and_ Chase. _&c._

_Printers Mallets_ have a _Cilindrick_ Head, and a round Handle; The Head somewhat bigger, and the Handle somewhat longer than those _Joyners_ commonly use; Yet neither shape or size different for any reason to be given: But only a Custom always used to have them so. The Head is commonly made of _Beech_.

¶. 2. _Of the_ Shooting-stick.

The _Shooting-stick_ must be made of _Box_, which Wood being very hard, and withal tough, will best and longest endure the knocking against the _Quoyns_. Its shape is a perfect Wedge about six Inches long, and its thicker end two Inches broad, and an Inch and an half thick; and its thin end about an Inch and an half broad, and half an Inch thick.

¶. 3. _Of the_ Dressing-Block.

The _Dressing-Block_ should be made of _Pear-tree_, Because it is a soft wood, and therefore less subject to injure the Face of the _Letter_; it is commonly about three Inches square, and an Inch high. Its Office is to run over the Face of the _Form_, and whilst it is thus running over, to be gently knock’t upon with the Head of the _Shooting stick_, that such _Letters_ as may chance to stand up higher than the rest may be pressed down.

Our _Master-Printer_ must also provide a pair of _Sheers_, such as _Taylors_ use, for the cutting of _Brass-Rules_, _Scabbords_, &c.

A large _Spunge_ or two, or more, he must also provide, one for the _Compositers_ use, and for every _Press_ one.

Pretty fine _Packthread_ to tye up _Pages_ with; But this is often chosen (or at least directed) by the _Compositer_, either finer or courser, according to the great or small _Letter_ he works upon.

¶. 4. _Of the_ Composing-stick.

Though every _Compositer_ by Custom is to provide himself a _Composing-stick_, yet our _Master-Printer_ ought to furnish his House with these Tools also, and such a number of them as is suitable to the size of his House; Because we will suppose our _Master-Printer_ intends to keep some Apprentices, and they, unless by contract or courtesie, are not used to provide themselves _Composing-sticks_: And besides, when several _Compositers_ work upon the same Book, their Measures are all set alike, and their _Titles_ by reason of _Notes_ or _Quotations_ broader than their common Measure, So that a _Composing-stick_ is kept on purpose for the _Titles_, which must therefore be common to all the _Compositers_ that work upon that Work; And no one of them is obliged to provide a _Composing-stick_ in common for them all: Therefore it becomes our _Master-Printers_ task to provide them.

It is delineated in Plate 2. at _E_.

_a_ The _Head_.
_b b_ The _Bottom_.
_c c_ The _Back_.
_d_ The lower _Sliding-Measure_, or _Cheek_.
_e_ The upper _Sliding-Measure_, or _Cheek_.
_f f_ The _Male-Screw_.
_g_ The _Female-Screw_.

These _Composing-sticks_ are made of Iron Plate about the thickness of a thin _Scabbord_, and about ten Inches long doubled up square; so as the Bottom may be half an Inch and half a quarter broad, and the Back about an whole Inch broad. On the further end of this Iron Plate thus doubled up, as at _a_ is Soldered on an Iron Head about a _Long-Primmer_ thick; But hath all its outer-edges Basil’d and Fil’d away into a Molding: This Iron Head must be so let into the Plate, and Soldered on to it, that it may stand truly square with the bottom, and also truly square with the Back, which may be known by applying the outer-sides of a square to the Back and Bottom; as I shewed, _Numb._ 3. _Fol._ 38, 39. About two Inches from the Head, in the Bottom, is begun a row of round holes about an Inch assunder, to receive the shank of the _Male-Screw_ that screws the _Sliding-Measures_ fast down to the Bottom; so that the _Sliding-Measures_ may be set nearer or further from the Head, as the Measure of a _Page_ may require.

The lower _Sliding-Measure_ marked _d_ is an Iron Plate a _thick Scabbord_ thick, and of the Breadth of the inside of the Bottom; It is about four Inches long, and in its middle hath a Groove through it within half an Inch of the Fore-end, and three quarters of an Inch of the hinder end. This Groove is so wide all the way, that it may receive the Shank of the _Screw_. On the Fore-end of this Plate stands square upright another Iron Head about a _Brevier_ thick, and reaches so high as the top of the Back.

The upper _Sliding-Measure_ is made just like the lower, only it is about three quarters of an Inch shorter.

Between these two _Sliding-Measures_, _Marginal Notes_ are _Composed_ to any Width.

_Compositers_ commonly examine the Truth of their _Stick_ by applying the head of the _Sliding-Measure_ to the inside of the Head of the _Stick_; and if they comply, they think they are square and true made: But this Rule only holds when the Head it self is square. But if it be not, ’tis easy to file the _Sliding-Measures_ to comply with them: Therefore, as aforesaid, the square is the only way to examine them by.

¶. 5. _Of the_ Bodkin.

The _Bodkin_ is delineated in Plate 2. at _F_ Its _Blade_ is made of _Steel_, and well tempered, its shape is round, and stands about two Inches without the _Shank_ of the _Handle_. The _Handle_ is turned of soft wood as _Alder_, _Maple_, &c. that when _Compositers_ knock the Head of the _Bodkin_ upon the Face of a Single _Letter_ when it stands too high, it may not batter the Face.

¶. 6. _Of_ Chases, _marked_ G _on the_ Correcting-Stone, _Plate_ 2.

A _Chase_ is an Iron Frame about two and twenty Inches long, eighteen Inches broad, and half Inch half quarter thick; and the breadth of Iron on every side is three quarters of an Inch: But an whole Inch is much better, because stronger. All its sides must stand exactly square to each other; And when it is laid on the _Correcting-Stone_ it must lye exactly flat, _viz._ equally bearing on all its sides and Angles: The outside and inside must be Filed straight and smooth. It hath two _Crosses_ belonging to it, _viz._ A _Short-Cross_ marked _a a_ and a _Long-Cross_ marked _b b_: These two _Crosses_ have on each end a Male Duftail Filed Bevil away from the under to the upper-side of the _Cross_, so that the under-side of the Duftail is narrower than the upper-side of the Duftail. These Male-Duftails are fitted into Female-Duftails, Filed in the inside of the _Chase_, which are also wider on the upper-side of the _Chase_ than on the under-side; because the upper-side of the _Cross_ should not fall through the lower side. These _Crosses_ are called the _Short_ and the _Long-Cross_.

The _Short-Cross_ is Duftail’d in as aforesaid, just in the middle of the _Chase_ as at _c c_, and the _Long-Cross_ in the middle of the other sides the _Chase_, as at _d d_. The _Short-Cross_ is also Duftail’d into Female-Duftails, made as aforesaid, about three Inches and an half from the middle, as at _e e_: So that the _Short-Cross_ may be put into either of the Female-Duftails as occasion serves. The middle of these two _Crosses_ are Filed or notched half way through, one on its upper, the other on its under-side to let into one another, _viz._ the _Short-Cross_ is Filed from the upper towards the under-side half way, and the _Long-Cross_ is Filed from the lower towards the upper-side half way: The _Crosses_ are also thus let into each other, where they meet at _f_, when the _Short-Cross_ is laid into the other Female-Duftails fitted to it at _e e_.

In the middle, between the two edges of the upper-side of the _Short-Cross_, is made two Grooves parallel to the sides of the _Cross_, beginning at about two Inches from each end, and ending at about seven Inches from each end: It is made about half an Inch deep all the way, and about a quarter of an Inch broad, that the _Points_ may fall into them. The _Short-Cross_ is about three quarters of an Inch thick, and the _Long-Cross_ about half that thickness. All their sides must be Fil’d straight and smooth, and they must be all the way of an equal thickness.

* * * * *

Hitherto our _Master-Printer_ hath provided Materials and Implements only for the _Compositers_ use; But he must provide Machines and Tools for the _Press-mans_ to use too: which (because I am loath to discourage my Customers with a swelling price at the first reviving of these Papers) I shall (though against my interest) leave for the subject of the next succeeding _Exercises_.

* * * * *

ADVERTISEMENTS.

T_He first Volumne of_ Mechanick Exercises, _Treating of the_ Smiths, _the_ Joyners, _the_ Carpenters, _and the_ Turners _Trades, containing_ 37½ _sheets, and_ 18 _Copper Cuts, are to be had by the Author_. Joseph Moxon. _Price_ 9_s._ 3_d._ _in Quires_.

T_He first Volumne of the Monthly Collection of Letters for Improvement of Husbandry and Trade, containing Twenty four Sheets with an Index, is now finished, and the second is carrying on:_

_By_ John Haughton, _Fellow
of the_ Royal Society.

_MECHANICK EXERCISES:_
Or, the Doctrine of
=Handy-works.=
Applied to the Art of
=Printing.=

§. 10. _Of the_ Press.

THere are two sorts of _Presses_ in use, _viz._ the old fashion and the new fashion; The old fashion is generally used here in _England_; but I think for no other reason, than because many _Press-men_ have scarce Reason enough to distinguish between an excellently improved Invention, and a make-shift slovenly contrivance, practiced in the minority of this Art.

The New-fashion’d _Presses_ are used generally throughout all the _Low-Countries_; yet because the Old-fashion’d _Presses_ are used here in _England_ (and for no other Reason) I have in Plate 3. given you a delineation of them; But though I give you a draft of them; yet the demensions of every particular Member I shall omit, referring those that think it worth their while, to the _Joyners_ and _Smiths_ that work to _Printers_: But I shall give a full description of the New-fashion’d _Press_, because it is not well known here in _England_; and if possible, I would for Publick benefit introduce it.

But before I proceed, I think it not amiss to let you know who was the Inventer of this New-fashion’d _Press_, accounting my self so much oblig’d to his Ingeniety for the curiosity of this contrivance, that should I pass by this oppertunity without nameing him, I should be injurious to his Memory.

It was _Willem Jansen Blaew_ of _Amsterdam_: a Man as well famous for good and great _Printing_, as for his many _Astronomical_ and _Geographical_ exhibitions to the World. In his Youth he was bred up to _Joynery_, and having learn’d his Trade, betook himself (according to the mode of _Holland_) to Travel, and his fortune leading him to _Denmark_, when the noble _Tycho Brahe_ was about setting up his _Astronomical Observatory_, was entertain’d into his service for the making his Mathematical-Instruments to Observe withal; in which Instrument-making he shew’d himself so intelligent and curious, that according to the general report of many of his personal acquaintance, all or most of the _Syderal Observations_ set forth in _Tycho’s_ name, he was intrusted to make, as well as the Instruments.

And before these Observations were publish’d to the World, _Tycho_, to gratify _Blaew_, gave him the Copies of them, with which he came away to _Amsterdam_, and betook himself to the making of _Globes_, according to those Observations. But as his Trade increased, he found it necessary to deal in _Geographical Maps_ and _Books_ also, and grew so curious in _Engraving_, that many of his best _Globes_ and _Maps_ were _Engraved_ by his own Hands; and by his conversation in _Printing_ of Books at other _Printing-houses_, got such insight in this Art, that he set up a _Printing-house_ of his own. And now finding inconveniencies in the obsolete Invention of the _Press_, He contrived a remedy to every inconvenience, and fabricated nine of these New-fashioned _Presses_, set them all on a row in his _Printing-house_, and call’d each _Press_ by the name of one of the _Muses_.

This short History of this excellent Man is, I confess forraign to my Title; But I hope my Reader will excuse the digression, considering it tends only to the commemoration of a Person that hath deserved well of Posterity, and whose worth without this small Monument, might else perhaps have slid into Oblivion.

The _Press_ is a Machine consisting of many Members; it is delineated in Plate 4.

_a a_ The _Feet_.
_b b_ The _Cheeks_.
_c_ The _Cap_.
_d_ The _Winter_.
_e_ The _Head_.
_f_ The _Till_.
_g g_ The _Hose_. In the Cross-Iron of which, encompassing the
_Spindle_, is the _Garter_.
_h h h h_ The _Hooks_ on the _Hose_ the _Plattin_ hangs on.
_i k l m n_ The _Spindle_.
_i_ Part of the _Worm_ below the _Head_, whose upper part lies
in the _Nut_ in the _Head_.
_k l_ The _Eye_ of the _Spindle_.
_m_ The _Shank_ of the _Spindle_.
_n_ The Toe of the Spindle.
_o o o o_ The _Plattin_ tyed on the _Hooks_ of the _Hose_.
_p_ The _Bar_.
_q_ The _Handle_ of the _Bar_.
_r r_ The _Hind-Posts_.
_s s_ The _Hind-Rails_.
_t t_ The _Wedges_ of the _Till_.
_u u_ The _Mortesses_ of the _Cheeks_, in which the _Tennants_ of
the _Head_ plays.
_x x x x y y_ The _Carriage_.
_x x x x_ The outer _Frame_ of the _Carriage_.
_y y_ The _Wooden-Ribs_ on which the _Iron-Ribs_ are fastned.
_z_ The _Stay_ of the _Carriage_, or the _Stay_.
1. The _Coffin_.
2. The _Gutter_.
3. The _Planck_.
4. The _Gallows_.
5. The _Tinpans_.
6. The _Frisket_.
7. The _Points_.
8. The _Point-Screws_.

All these several Members, by their Matter, Form and Position, do particularly contribute such an assistance to the whole Machine, that it becomes an Engine managable and proper for its intended purpose.

But because the smallness of this altogether-Draft may obscure the plain appearance of many of these Parts; Therefore I shall give you a more particular description, and large delineation of every Member in the _Press_: And first of the Wooden-work: Where, _Note_, that all the Fram’d Wooden-work of a _Press_ is made of Good, Fine, Clean, Well-season’d _Oak_.

¶. 1. _Of the_ Feet.

The _Feet_ (marked _a a_ in Plate 5.) are two Foot nine Inches and an half long, five Inches deep; and six Inches broad, and have their outsides Tryed to a true square, as was taught, _Numb._ 5. §. 15. It hath (for ornament sake) its two ends bevil’d away in a Molding, from its upper-side to its lower, about four Inches within the ends; about four Inches and three quarters within each end of each Foot is made in the middle of the Breadth of the upper-side of the Foot a Mortess two Inches wide, to receive the _Tennants_ of the lower end of the _Cheek_, and the _Tennant_ of the lower end of the _Hind-Post_: The Mortess for the _Cheek_ is eight Inches long, _viz._ the Breadth of the _Cheek_: And the Mortess for the Hind-Post is four Inches long, _viz._ the square of the _Hind-Post_.

¶. 2. _Of the_ Cheeks.

The _Cheeks_ (marked _b b_ in Plate 5.) are five Foot and ten Inches long (besides the _Tennants_ of the top and bottom) eight Inches broad, and four Inches and an half thick. All its Sides are tryed square to one another. It hath a _Tennant_ at either end, its lower _Tennant_ marked _a_ to enter the Fore-end of the Foot, runs through the middle of the Breadth of the _Cheek_, which therefore is made to fit the Mortess in the _Foot_, and is about four Inches long, and therefore reaches within an Inch of the bottom of the _Foot_; But the _Tennant_ at the upper end of the _Cheek_ marked _a_, is cut athwart the breadth of the _Cheek_, and therefore can have but four Inches and an half of Breadth, and its thickness is two Inches, Its length is four Inches; so that it reaches into the Mortess in the _Cap_, within half an Inch of the Top.

In the lower end-_Tennant_ is two holes bored, within an Inch and an half of either side, and within an Inch and an half of the Sholder, with a three quarter Inch _Augure_, to be pin’d into the _Feet_ with an Iron Pin.

In the middle of the upper _Tennant_, and within an Inch and an half of the Sholder, is bored another hole, to Pin the _Tennant_ into the _Cap_, also with an Iron Pin.

Between _b c_ two Foot and half an Inch, and three Foot seven Inches of the Bottom-Sholder of the _Tennant_, _viz._ from the top of the _Winter_ to the under Sholder the _Till_ rests upon, is cut flat away into the thickness of the _Cheek_, three Inches in the Inside of the _Cheek_; so that in that place the _Cheek_ remains but an Inch and an half thick: And the _Cheeks_ are thus widened in this place, as well because the Duftail _Tennants_ of the _Winter_ may go in between them, as also that the _Carriage_ and _Coffin_ may be made the wider.

Even with the lower Sholder of this flat cutting-in, is made a Duftail Mortess as at _d_, to reach eight Inches and an half, _viz._ the depth of the _Winter_ below the said Sholder. This Mortess is three Inches wide on the inside the _Cheek_, and three Inches deep; But towards the inside the _Cheek_, the Mortess widens in a straight line from the said three Inches to five Inches, and so becomes a Duftail Mortess. Into this Duftail Mortess is fitted a Duftail _Tennant_, made at each end of the _Winter_.

Two Inches above the aforesaid Cutting-in, is another cutting-in of the same depth, from the Inside the _Cheek_ as at _e_. This cutting-in is but one Inch broad at the farther side the _Cheek_, and an Inch and a quarter on the hither-side the _Cheek_. The under-side of this Cutting-in, is straight through the _Cheek_, _viz._ Square to the sides of the _Cheek_: But the upper-side of this Cutting-in, is not square through the _Cheeks_, But (as aforesaid) is one quarter of an Inch higher on the fore-side the _Cheek_ than it is on the further side; So that a Wedge of an Inch at one end, and an Inch and a quarter at the other end may fill this Cutting-in.

At an Inch within either side the _Cheek_, and an Inch below this Cutting-in, as at _f f_, is made a small Mortess an Inch and an half wide, to which two _Tennants_ must be fitted at the ends of the _Till_, so that the _Tennants_ of the _Till_ being slid in through the Cutting-in aforesaid, may fall into these Mortesses, and a Wedge being made fit to the Cutting-in, may press upon the _Tennants_ of the _Till_, and force it down to keep it steddy in its place.

Here we see remains a square Sholder or substance of Wood between two Cuttings-in; But the under corner of this square Sholder is for Ornament sake Bevil’d away and wrought into an _Ogee_.

At two Inches above the last Cutting-in, is another Cutting-in, but this Cutting-in goes not quite through the breadth of the _Cheek_, but stops at an Inch and an half within the further side the _Cheek_; So that above the _Till_ and its _Wedge_ is another Sholder or substance of Wood, whose upper Corner is also Bevil’d away, and wrought to a Molding as the former.

The last Cutting-in is marked _g_, and is eight Inches and a quarter above the Sholder of the _Till_, that it may easily contain the depth of the _Head_; The substance remaining is marked _h_. This Cutting-in is made as deep into the thickness of the _Cheek_ as the former Cuttings-in are, _viz._ three Inches; and the reason the _Cheek_ is cut in here, is, that the _Cheeks_ may be wide enough in this place to receive the _Head_, and its _Tennants_, without un-doing the _Cap_ and _Winter_.

Just above this Cutting-in is made a square Mortess in the middle of the _Cheek_, as at _i_, it is eight Inches long, and two Inches and an half wide, for the _Tennant_ of the _Head_ to play in.

Upon the fore-side of the _Cheek_ is (for Ornament sake) laid a Molding through the whole length of the _Cheek_ (a square at the Top and Bottom an Inch deep excepted) it is laid on the outer side, and therefore can be but an Inch broad; Because the Cuttings-in on the inside leaves the substance of Stuff but an Inch and an half thick, and should the Moldings be made broader, it would be interrupted in the several Cuttings in, or else a square of a quarter of an Inch on either side the Molding could not be allowed, which would be ungraceful.

¶. 3. _Of the_ Cap _marked_ c _in Plate_ 5.

The _Cap_ is three Foot and one Inch long, four Inches and an half deep, and nine Inches and an half broad; But its fore-side is cut away underneath to eight Inches, _Viz._ the breadth of the _Cheeks_. Three quarters of an Inch above the bottom of the _Cap_, is a small _Facia_, which stands even with the thickness of the _Cheeks_; Half an Inch above that a Bead-Molding, projecting half an Inch over the _Facia_. Two Inches above that a broad _Facia_, also even with the thickness of the _Cheeks_; and an Inch and a quarter above that is the upper Molding made projecting an Inch and an half over the two _Facia_’s aforesaid, and the thickness of the _Cheeks_.

Each end of the _Cap_ projects three Inches quarter and half quarter over the _Cheeks_, partly for Ornament, but more especially that substance may be left on either end beyond the Mortesses in the Cap; and these two ends have the same Molding laid on them that the fore-side of the _Cap_ hath.

Within two Inches and half quarter of either end, on the under-side the _Cap_ is made a square Mortess two Inches wide, and four Inches and an half long, _viz._ the thickness of the _Cheek_ inwards, as at _a a_, to receive the Top _Tennants_ of the _Cheeks_; which Top _Tennants_ are with an Iron Pin (made tapering of about three quarters of an Inch thick) pin’d into the Mortess of the _Cap_, to keep the _Cheeks_ steddy in their position.

¶. 4. _Of the_ Winter _marked_ d _in_ Plate 5.

The Length of the _Winter_ besides the _Tennants_, is one Foot nine Inches and one quarter of an Inch; The Breadth of the _Winter_ eight Inches, _viz._ the Breadth of the _Cheek_, and its depth nine Inches; all its sides are tryed square; But its two ends hath each a Duftail-_Tennant_ made through the whole depth of the _Winter_, to fit and fall into the Duftail Mortesses made in the _Cheeks_: These Duftail-_Tennants_ are intended to do the Office of a _Summer_, Because the spreading of the ends of these two _Tennants_ into the spreading of the Mortesses in the _Cheeks_, keeps the two _Cheeks_ in a due distance, and hinders them from flying assunder.

But yet I think it very convenient to have a _Summer_ also, the more firmly and surer to keep the _Cheeks_ together; This _Summer_ is only a Rail _Tennanted_, and let into Mortesses made in the inside of the _Cheeks_, and Screwed to them as the Rails described, _Numb._ 15. §. 4. are Screwed into the Stiles of the _Case-Frame_; Its depth four Inches and an half, and its breadth eight Inches, _viz._ the breadth of the _Cheeks_.

¶. 5. _Of the_ Head _marked_ e _in_ Plate 5.

The length of the _Head_ besides the _Tennant_ at either end, is one Foot nine Inches and one quarter of an Inch; The breadth eight Inches and an half, and its depth eight Inches. The Top, Bottom and Hind-sides are tryed Square, but the fore-side projects half an Inch over the Range of the fore-sides of the _Cheeks_; in which Projecture is cut a Table with a hollow Molding about it, two Inches distant from all the sides of the fore-side of the _Head_: Its _Tennants_ are three Inches Broad, and are cut down at either end, from the top to the bottom of the _Head_, and made fit to the Mortesses in the _Cheeks_, that they may slide tight, and yet play in them.

In the under-side of the _Head_ is cut a square Hole, (as at _a_,) about four Inches square, and three Inches and an half deep, into which the _Brass-Nut_ is to be fitted: And to keep this _Nut_ in its place (lest the weight of it should make it fall out) is made on either side the square hole, at about half an Inch distance from it, (as at _b b_) a square Hole quite through the Top and Bottom of the _Head_ about three quarters of an Inch wide; and into this square Hole is fitted a square piece of Iron to reach quite through the _Head_, having at its under-end a Hook turned square to claspe upon the under-side of the _Nut_; and on its upper end a Male-Screw reaching about an Inch above the upper-side of the _Head_, which by the help of a Female-screw made in an Iron _Nut_, with Ears to it to turn it about draws the _Clasp_ at the bottom of the Iron _Shank_ close against the _Nut_, and so keeps it from falling out.

In the middle of the wide square Hole that the _Nut_ is let into, is bored a round Hole through the top of the _Head_, of about three quarters of an Inch wide, for the _Press-man_ to pour _Oyl_ in at so oft as the _Nut_ and _Spindle_ shall want _Oyling_.

At three Inches from either end of the _Head_ (as at _c c_) is bored a Hole quite through the top and bottom of the _Head_, which holes have their under ends squar’d about two Inches upwards, and these squares are made so wide as to receive a square Bar of Iron three quarters of an Inch square; But the other part of these Holes remain round: Into these Holes two Irons are fitted called the _Screws_.

The Shanks of these _Screws_ are made so long as to reach through the _Head_ and through the _Cap_: At the upper end of these Shanks is made Male-screws, and to these Male-screws, Iron Female-screws are fitted with two Ears to twist them the easier about.

So much of these Iron-Shanks as are to lye in the square Hole of the _Head_ aforesaid, are also squared to fit those square Holes, that when they are fitted and put into the Holes in the _Head_; they may not twist about.

To the lower ends of these Iron-Shanks are made two Square, Flat Heads, which are let into and buried in the under-side of the _Head_; And upon the Sholders of those two Flat Heads, rests the weight of the _Head_ of the _Press_; And by the _Screws_ at the upper end of the Shanks are hung upon the upper-side of the _Cap_, and Screwed up or let down as occasion requires.

¶. 6. _Of the_ Till, _marked_ f _in_ Plate 5.

The _Till_ is a Board about one Inch thick, and is as the _Head_ and _Winter_, one Foot nine Inches and a quarter long, besides the _Tennants_ at either end; Its Breadth is the Breadth of the _Cheeks_, _viz._ eight Inches; It hath two _Tennants_ at either end as at _a a a a_, each of them about an Inch and an half long, and an Inch and an half broad, and are made at an Inch distance from the fore and Back-side, so that a space of two Inches is contained in the middle of the ends between the two _Tennants_; these _Tennants_ are to be laid in the Mortesses in the _Cheeks_ delineated at _f f_ in Plate 5. and described in this §. 10. ¶. 2.

In its middle it hath a round Hole about two Inches and an half wide, as at _b_, for the Shank of the _Spindle_ to pass through.

At seven Inches and a quarter from either end, and in the middle between the fore and Back-side, is made two square Holes through the _Till_, as at _c c_, for the Iron _Hose_ to pass through.

¶. 7. _Of the_ Hind-Posts _marked_ a a _in_ Plate 6.

At one Foot distance from the Hind-sides of the _Cheeks_ are placed upright two _Hind-Posts_, they are three Foot and four Inches long besides the _Tennants_, which _Tennants_ are to be placed in the Mortesses in the hinder-ends of the _Feet_; Their thickness is four Inches on every side, and every side is tryed square; But within eight Inches of the top is turned a round Ball with a Button on it, and a Neck under it, and under that Neck a straight Plinth or Base: This turn’d work on the top is only for Ornament sake.

There are six _Rails_ fitted into these _Hind-Posts_, two behind marked _a b_, one of them standing with its upper-side at two Inches below the turned Work, the other having its upper-side lying level with the upper-side of the _Winter_.

These two _Rails_ are each of them _Tennanted_ at either end, and are made so long, that the outsides of the _Hind-Posts_ may stand Range or even with the outer-sides of the _Cheeks_; These _Tennants_ at either end are let into Mortesses made in the insides of the _Hind-Posts_, and Pin’d up with half Inch wooden Pins, Glewed in, as was shewn Vol. 1. _Numb._ 5. §. 17. Because the two _Hind-Posts_ need not be separated for any alteration of the _Press_.

The two _Side-Rails_ on either side the _Press_ are _Tennanted_ at each end, and let into Mortesses made in the _Cheeks_ and _Hind-Posts_, so as they may stand Range with the outer-sides of the _Cheeks_ and _Hind-Posts_; But the _Tennants_ that enter the Mortesses in the _Cheeks_ are not pin’d in with Wooden Pins, and Glewed, because they may be taken assunder if need be; But are Pin’d in with Iron Pins, made a little tapering towards the entring end, so as they may be driven back when occasion serves to alter the _Press_: And the _Tennants_ that enter the Mortesses in the _Hind-Posts_ are fastned in by a Female-screw, let in near the end of the _Rail_, which receives a Male-screw thrust through the _Hind-Posts_, even as I shew’d in §. 4. the _Fore_ and _Back-Rails_ of the _Case-Frames_ was.

¶. 8. _Of the_ Ribs _marked_ b _in_ Plate 6.

The _Ribs_ lye within a Frame of four Foot five Inches long, one Foot eleven Inches broad; its two _End-Rails_ one Inch and an half thick, its _Side-Rails_ two Inches and an half thick; and the breadth of the _Side_ and _End-Rails_ two Inches and an half. But the _Side-Rails_ are cut away in the inside an Inch and an half towards the outer-sides of the _Rails_, and an Inch deep towards the Bottom sides of the _Rails_, so that a square _Cheek_ on either _Side-Rail_ remains. This cutting down of the _Outer-Rails_ of the _Frame_ is made, because the Planck of the _Carriage_ being but one Foot eight Inches and an half broad, may easily slide, and yet be gaged between these _Cheeks_ of the _Rail_, that the _Cramp-Irons_ Nailed under the _Carriage Planck_ joggle not on either side off the _Ribs_, as shall more fully be shewn in the next §.

Between the two _Side-Rails_ are framed into the two _End-Rails_ the two _Wooden-Ribs_ two Inches and an half broad, and an Inch and an half thick; they are placed each at an equal distance from each _Side-Rail_, and also at the same distance between themselves. Upon these two _Ribs_ are fast Nailed down the _Iron-Ribs_, of which more shall be said when I come to speak of the Iron-work.

¶. 9. _Of the_ Carriage, Coffin _and its_ Planck, _marked_ a _in_ Plate 7.

The _Planck_ of the _Carriage_ is an Elm-Planck an Inch and an half thick, four Foot long, and one Foot eight Inches and three quarters broad; upon this _Planck_ at its fore-end is firmly Nailed down a square Frame two Foot four Inches long, one Foot ten Inches broad, and the thickness of its Sides two Inches and an half square; This Frame is called the _Coffin_, and in it the _Stone_ is _Bedded_.

Upon each of the four Corners of this _Coffin_ is let in and fastned down a square Iron Plate as at _a a a a_, with Return Sides about six Inches long each side, half a quarter of an Inch thick, and two Inches and a quarter broad; upon the upper outer-sides of each of these Plates is fastned down to them with two or three Rivets through each side, another strong Iron half an Inch deep, and whose outer Angles only are square, but the Inner-Angles are obtuse, as being sloped away from the Inner-Angle towards the farther end of each inner-side, so as the _Quoins_ may do the Office of a Wedge between each inner-side and the _Chase_.

The Plates of these Corners (as I said) are let in on the outer Angles of the upper-side of the Frame of the _Coffin_, so as the upper-sides of the Plates lye even with it, and are Nailed down, or indeed rather Rivetted down through the bottom and top-sides of the Frame of the _Coffin_, because then the upper-sides of the Holes in the Iron Plates being square Bored (that is, made wider on the upper-side of the Plate, as I shall shew when I come to the making of _Mathematical Instruments_) the ends of the Shanks of the Iron Pins may be so battered into the Square-boring, that the whole Superficies of the Plate when thus Rivetted shall be smooth, which else with the exturberancies of Nail-heads would hinder the free sliding of the _Quoins_.

At the hinder end of the Frame of the _Coffin_ are fastned either with strong Nails, Rivets, or rather Screws, two Iron _Half-Joynts_, as at _b b_, which having an Iron Pin of almost half an Inch over put through them, and two _Match-half-Joynts_ fastned on the Frame of the _Tympan_, these two _Match-half-Joynts_ moving upon the Iron Pin aforesaid, as on an _Axis_, keeps the _Tinpan_ so truly gaged, that it always falls down upon the _Form_ in the place, and so keeps _Register_ good, as shall further be shewed in proper place.

Behind the _Coffin_ is Nailed on to its outside, a Quarter, as at _c c_ this Quarter is about three Inches longer than the breadth of the _Coffin_, it hath all its sides two Inches over, and three of them square; but its upper-side is hollowed round to a Groove or Gutter an Inch and an half over. This Gutter is so Nailed on, that its hither end standing about an Inch higher than its further end, the Water that descends from the _Tympan_ falling into it is carried away on the farther side the _Coffin_ by the declivity of the farther end of the Gutter, and so keeps the Planck of the _Carriage_ neat and cleanly, and preserves it from rotting.

Parallel to the outer-sides of the hind part of the Planck of the _Carriage_, at three Inches distance from either side, is Nailed down on the upper-side of the Planck two Female-Duftail Grooves, into which is fitted (so as they may slide) two Male-Duftails made on the two Feet of the _Gallows_ (as at _d d_) that the _Tinpan_ rests upon; and by the sliding forward or backward of these Duftail Feet, the heighth of the _Tinpan_ is raised or depressed according to the Reason or Fancy of the _Press-man_.

At three Inches from the hinder Rail of the _Coffin_, in the middle, between both sides of the Planck, is cut an Hole four Inches square (as at _e e_) and upon the hither and farther side of this Hole is fastned down on each side a _Stud_ made of Wood (as at _f f_) and in the middle of these two _Studs_ is made a round Hole about half an Inch over, to receive the two round ends of an Iron Pin; which Iron Pin, though its ends be round, is through the middle of the Shank square, and upon that square is fitted a round _Wooden-Rowler_ or _Barrel_, with a Shoulder on either side it, to contain so much of the _Girt_ as shall be rowled upon it; And to one end of the _Rowler_ is fastned an Iron _Circle_ or _Wheel_, having on its edge _Teeth_ cut to stop against a _Clicker_, when the _Rowler_ with an Iron Pin is turned about to strain the _Girt_.

¶. 10. _Of the_ Tympan _and_ Inner-Tympan, _marked_ b _in_ Plate 7.

The _Tympan_ is a square Frame, three sides whereof are Wood, and the fourth Iron. Its width is one Foot eight Inches, its length two Foot two Inches; the breadth of the wooden Sides an Inch and an half, and the depth one Inch.

On its short Wooden-side, _viz._ its Hind-end, at the two Corners is Rivetted an Iron _Match-Joynt_, to be pinned on to another _Half-joynt_ fastned on the _Hind-Rail_ of the _Coffin_.

The other end, _viz._ the Fore-end of the _Tympan_ is made of Iron, with a square _Socket_ at either end for the Wooden ends of the _Tympan_ to fit and fasten into. This Iron is somewhat thinner and narrower than an ordinary Window-Casement.

Upon the outer edge of this Iron, about an Inch and an half off the ends of it, is made two Iron _Half-joynts_ to contain a Pin of about a quarter of an Inch over, which Pin entring this _half-joynt_, and a _match Half-joynt_ made upon the _Frisket_, serves for the _Frisket_ to move truly upon.

In the middle of each long _Rail_ of the _Tympan_, is made through the top and bottom an Hole half an Inch square, for the square Shanks of the _Point-Screws_ to fit into.

The like Holes are also made in the _Tympan_, at one third part of its length from the Fore-end or _Frisket-joynt_, to place the _Point Screws_ in; when a _Twelves_, _Eighteens_, &c. is wrought.

Into the Inner-side of this _Tympan_ is fitted the _Inner-Tympan_, whose three sides are also made of Wood, and its fourth side of Iron, as the _Tympan_, but without _joynts_; it is made so much shorter than the _Outer-Tympan_, that the outer edge of the Iron of the _Inner-Tympan_ may lye within the inner edge of the Iron on the _Outer-Tympan_; and it is made so much narrower than the inside of the _Tympan_, that a convenient room may be allowed to paste a _Vellom_ between the inside of the _Tympan_, and the outside of the _Inner-Tympan_.

About the middle, through the hither-side of the _Inner-Tympan_, is let in and fastned an Iron Pin about a quarter of an Inch over, and stands out three quarters of an Inch upon the hither outside of the _Inner-Tympan_, which three quarters of an Inch Pin fits into a round hole made in the inner-side of the _Tympan_, to gage and fit the _Inner-Tympan_ right into the _Tympan_; for then by the help of an Iron turning _Clasp_ on the further side the _Tympan_, the _Inner-Tympan_ is kept firmly down and in its position.

¶. 11. _Of the_ Inck-Block, Slice, Brayer, _and_ Catch _of the_ Bar, _marked_ c d e f _in_ Plate 7.

To the _Rail_ between the hither _Cheek_ and _Hind-Post_ is fastned the _Inck-Block_, which is a Beechen-board about thirteen Inches long, nine Inches broad, and commonly about two Inches thick, and hath the left-hand outer corner of it cut away; it is Railed in on its farther and hinder-sides, and a little above half the hither-side, with Wainscot-Board about three quarters of an Inch thick, and two Inches and an half above the upper-side the board of the _Inck-Block_. It is described in Plate 7. at c.

The _Brayer_ marked _a_ is made of _Beech_: It is turned round on the sides, and flat on the bottom, its length is about three Inches, and its diameter about two Inches and an half; it hath an Handle to it about four Inches long. Its Office is to rub and mingle the _Inck_ on the _Inck-Block_ well together.

The _Slice_ is a little thin Iron _Shovel_ about three or four Inches broad, and five Inches long; it hath an Handle to it of about seven Inches long. Near the _Shovel_ through the Handle is fitted a small Iron of about two Inches long standing Perpendicular to both the sides of the Handle, and is about the thickness of a small Curtain-Rod. It is described at e.

The _Catch_ of the _Bar_ described at f is a piece of Wood two Inches thick, four Inches broad, and ten Inches long; The top of it is a little Bevil’d or Slop’d off, that the _Bar_ may by its _Spring_ fly up the Bevil till it stick. This Bevil projects three Inches over its straight Shank, which reaches down to the bottom; in the middle of this Shank, through the fore and back-side, is a Mortess made from within an Inch of the Rounding to an Inch and an half of the bottom; This Mortess is three quarters of an Inch wide, and hath an Iron Pin with a Shoulder at one end fitted to it, so as it may slide from one end of the Mortess to the other. At the other end of the Iron Pin is made a Male-Screw which enters into a Female Iron Screw let into the further _Cheek_ of the _Press_; so that the _Catch_ may be Screwed close to the _Cheek_, as shall further be spoken to hereafter.

¶. 12. _Of the Iron-work, and first of the_ Spindle _marked_ A _in Plate_ 8.

From the Top to the _Toe_ of the _Spindle_, _viz._ from _a_ to _b_ is sixteen Inches and a half, the length of the Cilinder the _Worms_ are cut upon is three Inches and a quarter, and the diameter of that Cilinder two Inches and a quarter; between the bottom of the _Worms_ and top of the Cube one Inch and an half; the Cube marked _c c c c_ is two Inches and three quarters, the square _Eye_ at _d_ in the middle of the Cube is an Inch and a quarter through all the sides of the Cube; one Inch under the Cube at _e_ is the _Neck_ of the _Spindle_, whose diameter is two Inches, It is one Inch between the two shoulders, _viz._ the upper and under shoulders of the _Neck_ at _e e_, so that the Cilinder of the _Neck_ is one Inch long; the very bottom of the _Spindle_ at _b_ is called the _Toe_, it is made of an Hemispherical form, and about one Inch in diameter; This _Toe_ should be made of _Steel_, and well Temper’d, that by long or careless usage, the point of pressure wear not towards one side of the _Toe_, but may remain in the Axis of the _Spindle_.

§. 11. _Of the_ Worms _of the_ Spindle.

I promised at the latter end of _Numb._ 2. to give a more copious account than there I did of making _Worms_, when I came to exercise upon _Printing-Press Spindles_; and being now arrived to it, I shall here make good my promise.

¶. 1. The _Worms_ for _Printing-Press Spindles_ must be projected with such a declivity, as that they may come down at an assigned progress of the _Bar_.

The assigned progress may be various, and yet the _Spindle_ do its office: For if the _Cheeks_ of the _Press_ stand wide assunder, the sweep or progress of the same _Bar_ will be greater than if they stand nearer together.