Chapter IX: Section 4: Mill creek township near where Four Mile tavern was built. The

next day he moved, still on Clark's old trace, now Reading turnpike, passing near where the school-house now stands in Reading, thence on to the little run east of where Sharonville now is, where he encamped for the [second] night."

[76] An error for 1780. As noted, three well-known expeditions had gone northward from the present site of Cincinnati before Harmar's: Bowman in 1779, Clark in 1780, and Clark again in 1782. In 1782 Clark passed northward on the watershed between the Miamis. It was therefore Clark's route of 1780 which Harmar's militia followed.

[77] Mt. Auburn. Dr. Daniel Drake, writing in 1801, says: "Main street, beyond Seventh, was a mere road nearly impassable in muddy weather which, at the foot of the hills, divided into two, called the Hamilton and the Mad-river road. The former took the course of the Brighton House; the latter made a steep ascent over Mount Auburn."

Of a later road on Harmar's Trace we have this record: "1795 Road laid out from Main Street, Cincinnati, northeast nearly on Harmar's trace (six miles) to the road connecting Columbia and White's Station [Upper Carthage]" (_History of Hamilton County_, p. 223).

[78] Lick Schoolhouse, Deerfield Township, Warren County?

[79] _History of Warren County_ (Chicago, 1882), p. 410.

[80] Josiah Morrow offers this correction for future editions of Armstrong's _Journal_: "The printed journal of Armstrong's makes the first ten miles of the third day in a northwest course. Even if this be understood as meaning west of north, it would take the army to the west of West Chester in Butler County. If we assume northwest to be an error for northeast, 'the first five miles over a dry ridge to a lick' would bring the army to the lick at Lick School-house in Deerfield township, Warren county; and the next 'five miles through a low swampy country to a branch of the waters of the Little Miami' would be over the swampy land of early times in the vicinity of Mason, and there is a tradition that the army stopped for a time on Little Muddy creek, on the farm formerly owned by Joseph McClung, north of Mason."

[81] MSS. in possession of Josiah Morrow, Lebanon, Ohio.

[82] A western tributary of the Little Miami, down which Harmar is supposed to have marched to Fish-pot Ford, was formerly known as Harmar's Run.

[83] Armstrong's printed _Journal_ reads Sugar Creek for Cæsar's Creek. Either this was an older name or the result of a typographical error. As the name Cæsar comes from a negro who resided here with the Indians, it is probable that, as Josiah Morrow assumes, "the soldier wrote Seezar or Seizar, which the printer mistook for Sugar."

[84] A station on the Big Four Railway, twelve miles northeast of Troy.

[85] In General Wayne's campaign in 1794 a trace known as "Harmar's Trace" was crossed just south of the St. Mary River in Mercer County (see p. 207). If Harmar recrossed the St. Mary and proceeded south of the river to "Shane's Crossing" (Rockford, Mercer County) this is the only record of it.

[86] The Irwin MS. account of the operations of the army on the Maumee is intensely vivid, and, though incomplete, should be preserved in lasting form. It will be found in Appendix C.

[87] _Historic Highways of America_, vol. ix, ch. 2.

[88] _American State Papers_, vol. iv (Indian Affairs, vol. i), p. 129.

[89] _Id._, p. 171.

[90] _Id._, p. 172. This project was suggested by General St. Clair the year previous, but was not countenanced by the Government. _American State Papers_, vol. iv (Indian Affairs, vol. i), p. 100.

[91] _Id._, p. 172.

[92] _American State Papers_, vol. iv (Indian Affairs, vol. i), p. 192. Officers who had orders from Butler to march were, in some instances, delayed nearly a week before they received the necessary provisions with which to do so.--St. Clair's _Narrative of the Campaign against the Indians_ (1812), p. 228.

[93] _Id._, p. 193.

[94] St. Clair's _Narrative_, p. 12.

[95] _Id._, p. 207.

[96] Cummingsville--"six miles from the fort [Washington], along what is now 'Mad Anthony Street.'"--_History of Hamilton County_, (Cleveland, 1881), p. 78.

[97] Knox to Washington, October 1, 1791, _American State Papers_, vol. iv (Indian Affairs, vol. i), p. 244.

[98] The site of Fort Hamilton was in the present city of Hamilton, Ohio, and was described in 1875 as located on the ground reaching from Stable Street to the United Presbyterian Church, and stretching from the Miami River eastward to the site of the Universalist Church.

[99] _American State Papers_, vol. iv (Indian Affairs, vol. i), p. 173.

[100] _Historic Highways of America_, vol. ix, ch. 2.

[101] _American State Papers_, vol. iv (Indian Affairs, vol. i), p. 245. St. Clair had ordered Butler to proceed in three parallel paths each ten feet in width.

[102] Everts's _Atlas of Butler County, Ohio_, p. 23.

[103] _History of Preble County, Ohio (1881)_, p. 19.

[104] _St. Clair Papers_, vol. ii, p. 252.

[105] _St. Clair Papers_, vol. ii, p. 247. This letter may have been written at Fort Hamilton.

[106] St. Clair's _Narrative_, p. 32. It is difficult to harmonize St. Clair's own words concerning the width of the roadway with those of the editor of _The St. Clair Papers_, vol. ii, p. 292, note.

[107] _Historic Highways of America_, vol. v, p. 144. Cf. Harmar's order of march p. 96.

[108] St. Clair's _Narrative_, p. 31.

[109] _Id_., p. 32.

[110] _The St. Clair Papers_, vol. ii, pp. 251, 262.

[111] St. Clair's _Narrative_, p. 210.

[112] _The St. Clair Papers_, pp. 254, 255.

[113] St. Clair wrote Hodgdon regarding supplies as follows: "Forty-five thousand rations of provisions should move with the army; ... twice in every ten days forty-five thousand rations should move from Fort Washington to the next post, until three hundred and sixty thousand rations were sent forward; ... forty-five thousand rations should again move with the army from the first post to a second, and an equal number twice in every ten days until the residue of the three hundred and sixty thousand were carried forward, and so on from post to post, still moving with forty-five thousand rations. They have failed entirely in enabling me to move with forty-five thousand rations, and from the letter above mentioned, the agent seems not to expect to move any beyond this place; for he says: 'If you move from thence (meaning this place) shortly, and take ten days' provisions with you, it will deprive us of the means to transport what may be necessary after that is exhausted.' After, then, that you know _exactly_ what the contractors can do as to transportation, (for so far as they can do it, it is their business, and must not be taken out of their hands) you will take your measures so, as that, on the 27th instant, I may be able to move with three hundred horse-loads of flour, and that one hundred and fifty horse-loads succeed that every seven days; one hundred and fifty horses being sent back every seven days. For whatever expense may attend the arrangement, this shall be your warrant; and I am certain, from your personal character, as well as from your zeal for the public good, that no unnecessary expense will be incurred. It is to be observed, that our beef will be expended about the 5th or 6th of next month. When I left Fort Washington, the agent of the contractors informed me that he expected a drove of cattle very soon; whether they are arrived or not I am not informed. I have written to him on this occasion; but I request you to inform yourself, and, if necessary, to make provision there also; and, indeed, there is not a moment to lose about it, and to provide for any deficiency. He writes me that the measures he has taken will give a supply to the last of December or a month longer, but nothing must be left to hazard."--_The St. Clair Papers_, vol. ii, pp. 248-249.

[114] St. Clair's _Narrative_, p. 33.

[115] _The St. Clair Papers_, vol. ii, p. 257.

[116] _American State Papers_, vol. iv (Indian Affairs, vol. i), p. 137.

[117] _Id._, p. 137.

[118] See p. 89.

[119] St. Clair's _Narrative_, pp. 213-219.

[120] _American State Papers_, vol. iv (Indian Affairs, vol. i), p. 138; St. Clair's _Narrative_, p. 55.

[121] Albach's _Annals of the West_, p. 584.

[122] Atwater's _History of Ohio_, p. 142.

[123] Captain Robert Buntin to Governor St. Clair, February 13, 1792 (Dillon's _History of Indiana_, p. 283).

[124] _Annals of the West_, p. 590.

[125] MS. of Thos. Posey, _Draper MSS._, xvi U, vol. 3. Cf. page 203.

[126] _American State Papers_, vol. iv (Indian Affairs, vol. i), p. 227.

[127] _American State Papers_, vol. iv (Indian Affairs, vol. i), pp. 234-236.

[128] MSS. in the New York State Library in Washington's handwriting; _Magazine of American History_, vol. iii (February, 1879), pp. 81-88.

[129] Wayne to Knox, October 5, 1792, _Draper MSS._, v U, fol. 21.

[130] _Id._, Armstrong to Wilkinson, September 13, 1792.

[131] Journal of Thomas Posey, _Draper MSS._, xvi U, vol. 3. Hereafter this will be referred to merely by name.

[132] March 30, 1793.

[133] The fourth article was the objectionable one. It read: "The United States solemnly guaranty to the Wabash, and Illinois nations, or tribes of Indians, all the lands to which they have a just claim; and no part shall ever be taken from them, but by a fair purchase, and to their satisfaction. That the land originally belonged to the Indians; it is theirs, and theirs only. That they have a right to sell, and a right to refuse to sell. And that the United States will protect them in their said just rights." _American State Papers_, vol. iv (Indian Affairs, vol. i), p. 338. No citizen of the United States had or has a right to refuse to sell land to the Government. Such a right could not be given to an Indian tribe.

[134] _American State Papers_, vol. iv (Indian Affairs, vol. i), pp. 323-324.

[135] _Id._, p. 244.

[136] _Id._

[137] _Id._, p. 243.

[138] A standing rock in the Maumee River.

[139] _Historic Highways of America_, vol. vi, pp. 21-23.

[140] _American State Papers_, vol. iv (Indian Affairs, vol. i), pp. 340-342.

[141] _Historic Highways of America_, vol. ix, ch. 2.

[142] _Id._, p. 356.

[143] _Id._, p. 375.

[144] Deposition of an unknown, but in Wayne's handwriting. _Draper MSS._, v U, fol. 24.

[145] The following innocent sentence was to signify that war should immediately begin: "Although we did not effect a peace, yet we hope that good may hereafter arise from the mission." Wayne was provided with the commissioners' signatures as a guard against forgery.--_American State Papers_, vol. iv (Indian Affairs, vol. i), P. 359.

[146] Scott to Governor Shelby of Kentucky, "Petersburg 24th Sept 1793 2 oclock in the morning." _Draper MSS._, v U, fol. 25.

[147] Wayne to Knox, October 5, 1793. _American State Papers_, vol. iv (Indian Affairs, vol. i), p. 361.

[148] _Id._, p. 351.

[149] _Atlas of Butler County, Ohio_ (1875), p. 23.

[150] _History of Preble County, Ohio_ (1881), p. 22.

[151] _A Journal of Wayne's Campaign._ Being an Authentic Daily Record of the most Important Occurrences during the Campaign of Major General Anthony Wayne, against the Northwestern Indians; Commencing on the 28th day of July, and ending on the 2d day of November, 1794; including an account of the great battle of August 20th. By Lieutenant Boyer (Cincinnati, 1866).

[152] A copy of Clark's journal is in the _Draper MSS._ (v U, fols. 33-92). The original is owned by Mrs. A. J. Ballard of Louisville, Kentucky.

[153] Relics made from logs of this bridge, well preserved by their position in swampy ground, are not uncommon in Mercer County.

[154] Posey refers to this fort only as Fort Adams; Clark mentions it only as Fort Randolph. Boyer gives no name, referring to it as "the garrison."

[155] A venerable resident of Rockford, Mr. Bronson Roebuck, aged eighty-one, informs the writer that the road from Fort Adams passed down the north bank of the St. Mary through an Indian village, Old Town, on the farm of Rouel Roebuck, about two miles east of Rockford, and continued down the valley to the present site of Willshire; thence it continued to Fort Wayne but at a further distance from the river.

[156] Just as St. Clair refused Butler's proposal at Fort Jefferson in the campaign of 1791.

[157] "The scheme [of surprising the Indians] was proposed, and certain success insured if attempted. Gen Wilkinson suggested the plan to the Commander-in-Chief, but it was not his plan, nor perhaps his wish, to embrace so probable a means for ending the war by compelling them to peace. This was not the first occasion or opportunity which presented itself to our observant General [Wilkinson] for some grand stroke of enterprise, but the commander-in-chief rejected all and every of his plans"--fol. 42. Clark's criticisms and objections fill his remaining pages--fols. 42-50, 52, 57, 58, 59.

[158] _Glaize_ was from the French meaning "clay;" Auglaize River was the "river of the clay banks."

[159] Clark adds, in thoroughly hostile tone, that Wayne would have answered it but for the intervention of General Wilkinson.--Fol. 50.

[160] As mentioned in our narrative, p. 182, it was to a "fallen timber" on the Bloody Way between Forts Hamilton and St. Clair that Girty with a party of Indians went in the fall of 1792 on a raiding expedition. The name is preserved, at least in one instance, in West Virginia in Fallen Timber Run, Wetzel County. The modern spelling is "Fallen Timbers."

[161] See _ante_, page 18, note 2. The original of Clark's _Memoir_ is found in the _Draper MSS._, xlvii J, fols. 1-128.

[162] See _ante_, page 53.

[163] _Draper MSS._, xxv J, fols. 14-60.

[164] _Id._, xxiv, fol. 9; xxv, fols. 14-20, 60.

[165] _Id._, fols. 14, 43.

[166] _Id._, xxiv, fol. 9.

[167] _Id._

[168] _Id._, fols. 49, 50.

[169] _Id._, xxiv, fol. 13.

[170] See _ante_, page 101, note 86. The extract here given is from _Draper MSS._, iv U, fols. 3-17.

* * * * *

Transcriber's Notes:

1. Passages in italics are surrounded by _underscores_.

2. Obvious errors in spelling and punctuation have been corrected except for narratives and letters included in this text.

3. Footnotes have been moved to the end of the main text body.

4. Images have been moved from the middle of a paragraph to the closest paragraph break.

5. Certain words use an oe ligature in the original.

6. Carat character (^) followed by a single letter or a set of letters in curly brackets is indicative of subscript in the original book.