Chapter XX: Part 2: of Table (2)

_b._ Not labelled.

164. POLIOSPIZA GULARIS (Smith): Sharpe, _t. c._ p. 68.
Striped-headed Grosbeak.

_a._ Between Pretoria and Bamangwato, July 1873. Iris pale claret-tinted hazel.

165. CRITHAGRA CHRYSOPYGA (Sw.): Sharpe, _t. c._ p. 67.
Golden-rumped Grosbeak.

_a._ ♀ Tati, October 9, 1874. Iris hazel; bill dirty violet or flesh-colour; legs brown.

166. CRITHAGRA ANGOLENSIS (Gm.): Sharpe, _t. c._ p. 67. Angola
Grosbeak.

_a._ ♂ (?) First Makalaka kraal, Zambesi road, August 20, 1874. Iris hazel. Shot out of flock.

167. FRINGILLARIA FLAVIVENTRIS (Vieill.): Sharpe, _t. c._ p. 70.
Golden-breasted Bunting.

_a._ ♂ Between the Gokwe and Seruli Rivers, October 17, 1873. Iris hazel.

_b._ ♂ Semokwe River, October 1873. Iris hazel.

_c._ (young bird). Inchlangin, beginning of December 1873. Iris hazel.

_d._ First Makalaka kraal, Zambesi road, August 19, 1874. Iris dark hazel. Another I examined like this in plumage was a male. I have seen them much duller in colour, and the black stripes on the head replaced by brown.

_e._ ♂ Tati, October 10, 1874. Iris hazel; bill flesh-colour; legs pale brown.

168. FRINGILLARIA CAPENSIS (L.): Sharpe, _t. c._ p. 70. Cape
Bunting.

_a._ ♂ Mossel Bay, Cape Colony, April 11, 1873. Iris dark hazel. Seeds and fly in stomach.

Order COLUMBÆ.

169. TURTUR CAPICOLA, Sund.: Finsch and Hartl., _Vög. Ost-afr._,
p. 548. Cape Turtle Dove.

_a._ ♂ Mossel Bay, Cape Colony, April 11, 1873. Iris dark hazel. Seeds in stomach.

_b._ ♂ Pietermaritzburg, beginning of May 1873. Iris slate-colour (?); legs flesh-colour.

_c._ ♀ (?) Between Pretoria and Bamangwato. Iris hazel.

170. CHALCOPELIA AFRA (L.): Finsch and Hartl., _t. c._ p. 554.
Emerald-spotted Dove.

_a._ Blauw Krans River, Natal, May 22, 1873. Iris chestnut.

171. ŒNA CAPENSIS (L.): Finsch and Hartl., _t. c._ p. 557.
Long-tailed African Dove.

_a._ ♀ Between Pretoria and Bamangwato, July 1873. Iris dark hazel.

_b._ ♂ Near Crocodile River, July 1873. Iris hazel.

_c._ ♂ Tati, September 29, 1874. Iris and bill orange; legs lake. Small black seeds in stomach.

Order GALLINÆ.

Family PTEROCLIDÆ.

172. PTEROCLES GUTTURALIS, Smith: Layard, _B. S. Afr._, p. 279.
Yellow-throated Sand-Grouse.

_a, b._ ♂, _c._ ♀ Shashe River, where Zambesi road crosses it, north of Tati; coming to the water night and morning, August 17, 1874. Iris hazel; bill and legs dark bluish grey; claws dusky black. A small species of bean and gravel in stomach, which is very muscular.

173. PTEROCLES BICINCTUS, Temm.: Layard, _t. c._ p. 278.
Double-banded Sand-Grouse.

_a._ ♂ Makalapsi River, August 6, 1873. Iris hazel; skin round eye yellow; bill very dark; corners of mouth and base of lower mandible yellow; legs and feet dusky yellow; claws dark dusky brownish lake.

_b._ ♂ Makalapsi River, August 8, 1873. Iris hazel; skin round eye bright yellow; upper mandible deep lake, under one orange; legs and feet dull yellow; claws dusky lake. Crop very full of small pebbles; a few seeds in it.

_c._ ♂, _d._ ♀ Motloutsi River, August 1873. Iris hazel.

Family PERDICIDÆ.

174. TURNIX LEPURANA, Smith: Layard, _t. c._ p. 275. Kurrichaine
Hemipode.

_a._ Not labelled.

175. FRANCOLINUS AFER, Temm.: Layard, _t. c._ p. 270.
Grey-winged Francolin.

_a, b._ ♂ Retief’s Drift, Vaal River, June 11, 1873. Iris hazel.

176. FRANCOLINUS NATALENSIS, Smith: Layard, _t. c._ p. 273.
Natal Francolin.

_a._ ♀ Makalapsi River, August 7, 1873. Iris hazel; bill dusky; tip and lower mandible pale orange; legs, feet, and claws palish orange.

177. FRANCOLINUS PILEATUS, Smith: Layard, _t. c._ p. 272.
Pileated Francolin.

_a._ ♂, _b._ ♀ Lion Camp, Crocodile River, July 1873. Iris hazel; legs red.

_c._ ♂ Gokwe River, October 16, 1873. Iris dark hazel.

178. COTURNIX DACTYLISONANS, Temm.: Layard, _t. c._ p. 274.
Common Quail.

_a._ ♂ High Veldt, Transvaal, December 1873. Iris hazel.

179. COTURNIX DELEGORGUEI, Delegorgue: _C. histrionica_, Hartl.:
Layard, _t. c._ p. 275. Harlequin Quail.

_a._ Gubuleweyo, December 26, 1873. Native name “Seguatha.” Iris rich brown; bill black; legs pale flesh-colour. Does not lie well to a dog, but runs rapidly, and at last rises.

_b._ ♂, _c._ ♀ Gubuleweyo, January 3, 1874. Iris rich brown; bill black; legs and feet salmon-colour.

Order GRALLÆ.

Family RALLIDÆ.

180. PARRA CAPENSIS, Smith: Gurney in Anderss. _B. Dam. Ld._, p.
330. Lesser African Jacana.

_a._ Not labelled.

181. PORPHYRIS ALLENI, Thoms.: Gurney, _t. c._ p. 327. Allen’s
Blue Water-hen.

_a._ Not labelled.

182. FULICA CRISTATA (Gm.): Gurney, _t. c._ p. 327.
Rufous-knobbed Coot.

_a._ Transvaal, 1873.

183. GALLINULA ANGULATA, Sund.: Gurney, _t. c._ p. 321. South
African Moor-hen.

_a._ ♂ Dry River; killed by the boys with sticks, February 27, 1874. Iris crimson; a narrow circle of tawny yellow within the iris, near the outside; bill crimson and yellow; legs greenish yellow. Vegetable matter in stomach.

_b._ ♀ Tibakai’s Vlei, December 19, 1874. Iris pale crimson; bill yellow, scarlet stripe on top of upper mandible, under one tipped with scarlet; legs pale yellowish brown; thighs pale yellow, tinged with brown. Gravel and vegetable matter in stomach.

184. ORTYGOMETRA EGREGIA (Peters): Finsch and Hartl., _Vög.
Ost-Afr._, p. 778. Peters’s Crake.

_a._ Gubuleweyo; shot in marsh by spruit, December 26, 1873. Iris crimson-lake; skin round iris vermilion; lower part of base of upper mandible and whole of base of lower mandible magenta, of a lilac tinge; upper part of upper mandible dark slate-colour, lower part of it near tip lighter slate-colour, tip of lower mandible whitish; legs dusky flesh-colour.

185. CREX PRATENSIS, Bechstein. _Ortygometra crex_ (Gm.):
Layard, _B. S. Afr._, p. 338. Corn-crake.

_a._ ♂ (testes slightly developed). Tati; shot in long grass, March 22, 1874. Iris red-brown; skin round eye brick-red; bill violet; legs pale flesh-colour. Stomach muscular, containing stones and remains of large insects.

Family SCOLOPACIDÆ.

186. Philomachus pugnax (L.): Gurney in Anderss. B. Dam. Ld., p.
304. Ruff.

_a._ ♀ Mopani Pan, near Ramaqueban River, November 4, 1874. Iris hazel; bill dusky black, brownish at base; legs dirty orange; claws black.

187. ACTITIS HYPOLEUCUS (L.): Gurney, _t. c._ p. 303. Common
Sandpiper.

_a._ ♀ Inyati, October 2, 1873. Iris dark hazel; bill dusky, base of lower mandible pale neutral tint; legs pale violet; feet and claws dusky.

_b._ ♀ Sibanani, December 7, 1874. Iris hazel; legs pale dirty slate-colour; base of lower mandible slate-colour; rest of bill dusky black.

188. TOTANUS CANESCENS (Gm.): Sharpe and Dresser, _B. Eur._, pl.
xlii. Greenshanks.

_a._ ♂ Inquinquesi River, September 29, 1873. Native name “Tabi-tabi.” Iris dark hazel; legs dull olive.

189. TOTANUS GLAREOLA (L.): Gurney, _t. c._ p. 302. Wood
Sandpiper.

_a._ Inyati, September 28, 1873. Iris dark hazel; legs dull olive green.

Family GLAREOLIDÆ.

190. GLAREOLA MELANOPTERA (Nordm.): Gurney, _t. c._ p. 264.
Black-winged Pratincole.

_a._ ♂, _b._ ♀ Branslow’s Farm, Transvaal, December 8, 1873. Iris dark hazel.

Family CHARADRIIDÆ.

191. HOPLOPTERUS SPECIOSUS (Licht.): Gurney, _t. c._ p. 267.
Blacksmith Plover.

_a._ ♀ Branslow’s Farm, Transvaal, December 8, 1873. Iris dark crimson.

_b._ ♀ Shashe River, October 16, 1874. Iris crimson; bill and legs black. Beetles in stomach.

_c._ Not labelled.

192. CHETTUSIA CORONATA (Gm.): Gurney, _t. c._ p. 268. Wreathed
Plover.

_a._ ♀ Bisschop’s Farm, Transvaal, June 20, 1873. Iris bright yellow, with hazel ring round pupil. Stomach containing beetles and grasshoppers.

_b._ ♂ (testes very rudimentary). Tati, March 26, 1874. Iris hazel round pupil, then yellow; bill magenta, tip black; legs and skin round eye magenta; claws black.

193. ÆGIALITIS ATRICOLLARIS (Vieill.): Gurney, _t. c._ p. 274.
Treble-collared Plover.

_a._ Durban, April 23, 1873.

Family OTIDIDÆ.

194. OTIS KORI, Burchell. _Eupodotis cristata_, Layard, _t. c._
p. 283. Kori Bustard.

_a._ (Sex doubtful; perhaps a young hen.) Near Palatswe River, May 16, 1874. Iris hazel, dark round the pupil, but becoming very pale towards the outside; upper mandible black; under one greenish white, tipped with black; legs and feet pale greenish white; claws dusky.

195. EUPODOTIS CÆRULESCENS (Vieill.): Layard, _t. c._ p. 285.
Blue Bustard.

_a._ ♂ Near Sunday’s River, May 28, 1873. Iris hazel.

196. ŒDICNEMUS CAPENSIS, Licht.: Gurney in Anderss. _B. Dam.
Ld._, p. 266. Spotted Thick-knee.

_a._ Near Pilandsberg, Transvaal, July 1873. Iris golden yellow; eye large.

_b._ Not labelled.

Family ARDEIDÆ.

197. ARDEA MELANOCEPHALA, Vig. and Childr.: Gurney, _t. c._ p.
284. Black-throated Heron.

_a._ ♂ Marsh near Pretoria, June 21, 1873. Iris yellow.

198. ARDEA PURPUREA, L.: Gurney, _t. c._ p. 286. Purple Heron.

_a._ Not labelled.

199. HERODIAS INTERMEDIA (Wagl.): Gurney, _t. c._ p. 289.
Short-billed Egret.

_a._ Not labelled.

200. BUTORIDES ATRICAPILLUS (Afzel): Gurney, _t. c._ p. 292.
Black-headed Dwarf Heron.

_a, b._ Not labelled.

201. BUTORIDES STURMII (Wagl.), _Ardeiralla Sturmii_ (Wagl.):
Gurney, _t. c._ p. 291. Sturm’s Heron.

_a._ Not labelled.

202. BUTORIDES RUFIVENTRIS (Sund.), _Ardea rufiventris_ (Sund.):
Ayres, _Ibis_, 1871, pl. ix. Red-bellied Heron.

_a._ ♂ Hendrik’s Vlei, December 1874. Iris dark hazel; bill black; legs slate-colour.

203. BUBULCUS IBIS (Hasselq.): Gurney, _t. c._ p. 288.
Buff-backed Heron.

_a._ ♀ Tati, September 26, 1874. Iris bright yellow, inclining to orange; skin round eye chrome yellow; bill yellow; legs orange-yellow, somewhat dusky; claws blackish. Lizards, grasshoppers, and beetles in stomach. This bird not so fat as some shot at Bamangwato in May.

Family CICONIIDÆ.

204. CICONIA ALBA (L.): Gurney, _t. c._ p. 280. White Stork.

_a._ ♂ Ramaqueban River, where the Zambesi road leaves it, going north, November 15, 1874. Iris dark hazel; bill and legs orange-vermilion; skin about eye the same, but with a dark patch on it near the eye, and also near the under mandible.

205. SPHENORHYNCHUS ABDIMII (Licht.): Gurney, _t. c._ p. 280.
White-bellied Stork.

_a._ ♂ Sibanani, December 11, 1874. Iris white, inclining to greenish ochreous; bill olive, tipped with vermilion; a flesh-coloured knob at the base.

206. SCOPUS UMBRETTA (Gm.): Gurney, _t. c._ p. 294. Tufted Umbre.

_a._ ♂ Makalapsi River, August 7, 1873. Iris dark; bill, legs, and claws black. Frogs in stomach.

Order NATATORES.

Family ANATIDÆ.

207. SARKIDIORNIS MELANONOTUS (Penn.): Gurney, _t. c._ p. 335.
Knob-billed Goose.

_a._ ♀ Mopani Pan, near Ramaqueban River, March 16, 1874. Iris dark hazel; bill and legs black. Shot in a tree. The dogs caught a young one in the pan, where I suppose this Goose had its brood.

208. NETTAPUS AURITUS (Bodd.): Gurney, _t. c._ p. 336. African
Dwarf Goose.

_a._ ♂, _b._ [♀]. Not labelled.

209. ANAS XANTHORHYNCHA, Forst.: Gurney, _t. c._ p. 342.
Yellow-billed Duck.

_a._ ♀ Near Pretoria, June 18, 1873. Iris bright brown. Grit and vegetable matter in stomach.

210. PÆCILONETTA ERYTHRORHYNCHA (Smith): Gurney, _t. c._ p. 339.
Red-billed Teal.

_a._ ♀ Mopani Pan, near Ramaqueban River, March 16, 1874. Iris dark hazel; bill (I think) brown on top, dull orange on sides; legs black. Caught by dog. They say this is the common small duck here.

_b._ ♂ Mopani Pan, near Ramaqueban River, November 5, 1874. Iris bright brown; bill pink with a lilac tinge, a dark lilac stroke on the top; legs slate-colour, inclining to lilac. Out of four shot, I think three were males and one a female, but the plumage differed very little. The boy found a curious swelling in the windpipe of two, which he says were males. He said the female had not got it.

Family PELECANIDÆ.

211. GRACULUS AFRICANUS (Gm.): Gurney, _t. c._ p. 370.
Long-tailed Cormorant.

_a._ Not labelled.

212. PLOTUS LEVAILLANTII, Licht.: Gurney, _t. c._ p. 367. Le
Vaillant’s Darter.

_a._ Meriko River, November 1873.

Family PODICIPIDÆ.

213. PODICEPS MINOR, L.: Gurney, _t. c._ p. 347. Little Grebe.

_a._ Tchakani Vlei, May 15, 1874. Iris yellowish hazel, or rather deep raw sienna or amber; upper mandible dusky black; base and lower mandible orange; legs and feet black.

_b._ ♀ Tamasancha, December 10, 1874. Bill black, tipped with white, and spotted at base with white; legs black, fringed on webs with white. Beetles in stomach.

App.Pl.A.

J.G.Keulemans lith. Hanhart imp.

SAXICOLA SHELLEYI.]

App.Pl.B.

J.G.Keulemans lith. Hanhart imp.

BRADYORNIS OATESII.]

III.

HERPETOLOGY.

BY ALBERT GÜNTHER, M.A., Ph.D., M.D., F.R.S.

(PLATES C, D.)

_DESCRIPTIONS OF TWO NEW SPECIES OF SNAKES FROM SOUTH-EASTERN
AFRICA._

Family COLUBRIDÆ.

CORONELLA TRITÆNIA, sp. n. (Plate C.)

Vertical shield elongate, twice as long as broad, longer than the two frontals together, or than the occipital which is rounded behind. Rostral shield extending on the upper surface of the head; loreal square; anteocular large, extending to the upper surface of the head, but not reaching the vertical; two post-oculars. Eight upper labials, the fourth and fifth entering the orbit, the last small. Two large anterior temporals which are in contact with both post-oculars; the outer temporals scale-like. Scales in seventeen rows, with a single apical groove. Ventrals 168; anal bifid; sub-caudals 61. Posterior maxillary tooth grooved. Ground colour light olive, with three well defined brown longitudinal bands; the median one commences behind the occipital and is lost in the middle of the tail; it occupies the median series of scales, and has a fine yellow line running along its middle; the lateral band commences underneath the canthus rostralis, and is continued to the end of the tail; it occupies the third and fourth outer series of scales and the adjoining halves of the neighbouring series; it has narrow black edges; the outermost series of scales is white like the abdomen, but with a faint brownish line. Lower parts pure white.

Total length 19 inches; the cleft of the mouth measuring six lines, and the tail 3½ inches.

Family DRYIOPHIDÆ.

DRYIOPHIS OATESII, sp. n. (Plate D.)

Allied to _Dryiophis Kirtlandii_, but the rostral shield is not reverted to the upper surface of the head; the præocular reaches to the upper surface only, remaining far distant from the vertical. Two post-oculars: temporals 1 + 2 + 2, the anterior being the smallest, and in contact with the upper post-ocular.

Head with very peculiar colouration; the upper surface is ornamented by a pink T-shaped figure, the horizontal bar stretching from eye to eye, and the vertical part occupying the middle of the occipital shields. This figure is finely mottled with black. An irregular, oblique, blackish line from the eye to the penultimate upper labial, the pink temporal scales margined with black. Body coloured as in _D. Kirtlandii_.

Total length 47 inches; the tail measuring 19 inches; length of the cleft of the mouth 14 lines.

App.Pl.C.

R.Mintern lith. Mintern Bros. imp.

CORONELLA TRITÆNIA.]

App.Pl.D.

R. Mintern lith. Mintern Bros. imp.

DRYIOPHIS OATESII.]

IV.

ENTOMOLOGY.

By J. O. WESTWOOD, M.A., F.L.S., Etc.

Hope Professor of Zoology in the University of Oxford.

(PLATES E-H.)

The Collection of Insects formed by Mr. F. Oates, now in the Entomological Museum of the University of Oxford, although not of considerable extent, fortunately comprises examples of many of the very peculiar groups and genera characteristic of the greater part of the African continent.

The geographical distribution of animals has, during the last few years, attracted so much attention among naturalists, that a few preliminary observations on the subject will not be considered out of place.

M. Lacordaire, in the chapter on the geographical distribution of insects, in his “_Introduction à l’Entomologie_,” divided the African continent into numerous regions, as follows:--1. Upper Egypt, Nubia, and Abyssinia; 2. The country south of the Atlas Range, as far as the Great Desert, and including Morocco; 3. Senegambia; 4. The coast of Guinea; 5. Congo; 6. The Cape of Good Hope; 7. Madagascar; 8. The islands of Mauritius and Bourbon.

In the still more recent works of Mr. Wallace on the geographical distribution of animals, we find that (with the exception of the whole of North Africa--including the northern half of Egypt and of Arabia--which are united with the Mediterranean sub-region and regarded as a portion of the primary Polar Arctic region) the remainder of Africa, south of the tropic of Cancer, is constituted into a primary region, to which the name of “Ethiopian” has been applied, and in which the zoological productions are of a remarkably homogeneous character. Of this Ethiopian region the portion which extends on the western side of the continent, between the rivers Gambia and Congo, and consequently embracing Guinea and the Gold Coast, and reaching as far as 25° East long., is of a distinct character, being occupied by dense forests. To this sub-region the name of “West African” has been applied. Another sub-region, the “South African,” is formed of that part of the continent south of the tropic of Capricorn, but extending northwards along the east coast as far as Mozambique.

The remainder of Africa, from the tropic of Cancer to the river Gambia on the west coast, and including Senegambia, Timbuctoo, South Egypt, Abyssinia, the eastern half of Africa (including the great lakes, and Zanzibar), and reaching from Mozambique on the east to Angola, Benguela, and Damara Land on the west coast, is considered as forming a third sub-region, to which the inappropriate name of “East Africa” has been applied. It is in the south-eastern portion of this third sub-region that the collection of insects formed by Mr. F. Oates was obtained.

The surface of all this sub-region is described by Mr. A. R. Wallace as “generally open, covered with a vegetation of high grasses or thorny shrubs, with scattered trees and isolated patches of forest in favourable situations. The only parts where continuous forests occur are on the eastern and western slopes of the great Abyssinian plateau, and on the Mozambique coast from Zanzibar to Sofala. The whole of this great district has one general zoological character. Many species range from Senegal to Abyssinia; others from Abyssinia to the Zambesi; and a few, as _Mungos fasciatus_ and _Phacochærus æthiopicus_ (to which great numbers of species of insects may be added), range over the entire sub-region.” Various species of quadrupeds and birds are mentioned, which are found in Gambia, Abyssinia, and South-east Africa, but not in the West African sub-region; and yet Mr. Wallace adds, “Although this sub-region is so extensive and so generally uniform in physical features, it is by far the least peculiar part of Africa. It possesses, of course, all those wide-spread Ethiopian types which inhabit every part of the region; but it has hardly any special features of its own. The few genera which are peculiar to it have generally a limited range, and for the most part belong either to the isolated mountain-plateau of Abyssinia, which is almost as much Polar-Arctic as Ethiopian, or to the woody districts of Mozambique, where the fauna has more of a West or South African character.” Surely these circumstances, if correctly stated, together with the fact connected with the existence of the Great Sahara desert, extending many hundred miles wide across Africa, lead to the conclusion that the division of Africa south of the tropic of Cancer into three principal areas is unnatural, and that, with the exception of the necessary consequence of greater life-action within the tropics, there is so much uniformity in the animal productions of Africa as to render it (with our present knowledge at least) undesirable to cut up the continent into these sub-regions.

Order LEPIDOPTERA.

The Lepidopterous insects (butterflies and moths) especially attracted much of the attention of Mr. Oates; and of the day-flying species (Rhopalocera) he collected seventy-three different kinds, of which nineteen appear to be previously undescribed. As they form the most important part of his collection, I have given a complete catalogue of them in the following pages. These insects abound in certain districts, and in Mr. Trimen’s work on South African butterflies, as many as 226 different species are recorded.

Species of the families Danaidæ, Satyridæ, Acræidæ, Nymphalidæ, Lycænidæ, Pieridæ, Papilionidæ, and Hesperiidæ occur in each of the three divisions into which Mr. Wallace has divided the continent south of the Great Desert; but of the families Elymniidæ, Libytheidæ, and Nemeobiidæ no species have been found in the South African sub-region, which, however, possesses seven genera peculiar to itself,--two belonging to the Satyridæ, one to the Acræidæ, three to the Lycænidæ, and one to the Hesperiidæ. The beautiful species of Zeritis are also peculiar to this sub-region; one additional species only inhabiting West Africa.

Of the Danaidæ (including the greater part of the Heliconian butterflies), species occur in each of the four Ethiopian sub-regions. Of the Satyridæ, which also occur in all the four sub-regions, Gnophodes, Leptoneura, and a few other small genera are exclusively African. Of the Elymniidæ, which are peculiar to the Malayan and Moluccan districts, one species also occurs in Ashanti. The Morphidæ, Brassolidæ, and typical Heliconiidæ do not occur in Africa; the Acræidæ, on the contrary, have their metropolis in this continent, which produces more than two-thirds of all the known species. Of the Nymphalidæ, which is the largest and most universally distributed family of butterflies, species occur in all the sub-regions of Africa. There are fourteen genera of these butterflies exclusively African, including Lachnoptera, Amphidema, Catuna, Euryphene, Romaleosoma, Aterica, and Harma. Libythea (constituting the family Libytheidæ) is widely distributed, and occurs in Western Africa and Madagascar, but not in Central, Eastern, and Southern Africa. Such is also the case with the family Nemeobiidæ. No representative of the family Erycinidæ (proper) occurs in the old world or Australia. The Lycænidæ, on the other hand, are found in all the sub-regions of the globe, the genera Pentila, Liptena, D’Urbania, Axiocerces, Capys, Phytala, Epitola, Hewitsonia, and Deloneura, being peculiar to Africa. Of the family Pieridæ, Teracolus and Pseudopontia are the only genera exclusively African; but the species of other genera are very numerous, especially in the group of white butterflies with orange tips to their fore wings. The family Papilionidæ are very widely distributed over all the warmer regions of the globe; and although no peculiar genus belonging to the family is found in Africa, there are several very interesting groups of species, such as _Pap. Nireus_ and its allies, with black wings spotted or banded with green. The Merope group, with its cream-coloured males, spotted with black and furnished with tails, is remarkable for having tailless females in South Africa, so much unlike their partners as to have been described as several distinct species; whereas in Madagascar the females of this group can scarcely be distinguished either in form or colours from the males. Lastly, of the Hesperiidæ, distributed all over the globe, thirteen of the genera contain species which are natives of Africa, three of them being peculiar to that region--namely Abantis, from Mozambique, Ceratrichia, Butler, from Western Africa, and Caprona, Wallengren, from Southern Africa.

_LEPIDOPTERA RHOPALOCERA._

Family PAPILIONIDÆ.

Genus PAPILIO, Auct.

1. (1) PAPILIO DEMOLEUS, _Linnæus_.

_Papilio Demodocus_, Esper.

Ranges from Western Tropical Africa to the Cape of Good Hope.

Genus CALLIDRYAS, Boisduval; E. Doubleday, Gen. D. Lep. p. 66.

_Catopsilia_, W. F. Kirby, Syn. Cat. p. 481.[76]

2. (1) CALLIDRYAS SWAINSONII, Westw.

_Colias Pyrene_, Swainson, Zool. Ill. vol. i. pl. 51. (Not of
Linnæus, which is an Indian species, belonging to the genus
_Thestias_, Boisduval.)

_Callidryas Pyrene_, Butler, Lep. Exot. pl. 16, f. 8–10.

_Callidryas Florella_, Boisduval; Trimen, Rhopal. Afr. Austr. p.
68; but not of Fabricius nor Donovan, Nat. Repos. III. pl. 90.

Many individuals of this species were taken at the Motloutsi River, varying in having the black spot of the disc of the fore wings, and the orange spots on the under side of the hind wings. A specimen from Guinea, received by Mr. Hope from Mr. Westermann of Copenhagen as the _Florella_, Fabr., is identical with the South African specimens of Swainson’s species. The type specimen described by Fabricius, drawn by Jones (Icones, v. 2, Dan. Cand. pl. 5, f. 3, 4), copied by Donovan, is from Sierra Leone, and was, and still is, in the Banksian Collection. _C. Swainsonii_ is very widely dispersed.

3. (2) CALLIDRYAS RHADIA, Boisduval; Trimen, p. 69.

_Callidryas Castalia_, E. Doubleday, Gen. D. Lep. p. 68 (not of
Fabricius).

Two specimens captured at Tati. The Rev. H. Rowley sent it from the Zambesi to the Oxford Museum.

Genus TERACOLUS, Swainson.

4. (1) TERACOLUS SUBFASCIATUS, Swainson, Zool. Ill. 2 ser. Ins.
pl. 115[77]; Boisduval; Trimen.

_Ptychopteryx Bohemanni_, Wallengren, Lep. Caffr. p. 18.

Originally described from the Burchell Collection now at Oxford. Six specimens from Tati. The species appears to be very rare, as Mr. Trimen had not seen an individual. The female has the extremity of the fore wings brilliant orange-red, instead of pale orange-yellow, as figured by Swainson.

5. (2) TERACOLUS AGOYE, Wallengren, Lep. Caffr. p. 15; Trimen,
p. 325.

_Anthocharis Eosphorus_, Trimen, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1863, p. 523.

One specimen. Locality not noted.

Genus PIERIS, Auct.

6. (1) PIERIS MESENTINA, Cramer, pl. 270, f. A, B; Godart;
Boisduval; Trimen, p. 35.

_Papilio Aurota_, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. III. i. 197.

Many specimens taken at Bamangwato, the Motloutsi River, Tati, Gubuleweyo, Inyati (November 30, 1873), the Gwailo River, and at or near the Victoria Falls.

7. (2) PIERIS SEVERINA, Cramer, pl. 338, f. G, H; Godart;
Boisduval; Trimen, p. 32.

Two specimens, of unrecorded locality.

Genus IDMAIS, Boisduval.

8. (1) IDMAIS ERIS, Klug, Symbol. Phys. t. 6, f. 15, 16;
Boisduval; Reiche in Ferret and Galinier, Voy. Abyss. pl. 31, f.
1–3; Trimen, p. 59.

Var. _Idmais Fatma_, Felder, Reise Novara, pl. 25, f. 3.

Tati; and the Ramaqueban River, July 29, 1874.

9. (2) IDMAIS VESTA? Reiche in Ferret and Galinier’s Voy.
Abyss. pl. 31, f. 7, 8. (Not of Trimen, p. 62, which = _Idmais
Chrysonome_, E. Doubleday, Gen. D. Lep. pl. 7, fig. 5; nor of
Klug nor Boisduval = _Idmais Hewitsoni_, Kirby, Syn. Cat. p.
498.)

The specimens collected by Mr. Oates have the base of all the wings on the upper side broadly white, the remainder ochreous buff, with a large dark brown spot at the extremity of the discoidal cell of the fore wings, a dark brown, very irregular bisinuated fascia running across the fore wings beyond the middle, and extending across the middle of the hind wings, nearly reaching the anal angle; the outer margin of the fore wings is dark brown, with two rows of ochreous buff spots, the outer ones small; the outer margin of the hind wings is brown, inwardly dentated, with a marginal row of ochre spots. Beneath, the fore wings are bright orange-yellow at the base, yellow in the middle, with the apex and the entire hind wings brownish ochre, the markings of the fore wings ill defined, and with three obscure bands across the hind wings. In the female the ground colour of the upper surface of the wings is uniformly pale yellowish buff. The fascia across the hind wings separates this species from _Chrysonome_ Dbd., _Vesta_ of Trimen. M. Reiche’s figure apparently represents a larger and more suffused insect, the under side especially being more variegated, and the ground colour of the hind wings bright yellow.

Genus TACHYRIS, Wallengren.

10. (1) TACHYRIS AGATHINA, Cramer, pl. 237, f. D, E; Godart;
Boisduval; Trimen, p. 28; Hopffer in Peters’s Reise Mossamb. t.
21, f. 11, 12.

_Pieris Thysa_, Hopffer in Peters’s Reise Mossamb. t. 21, f.
7–10.

Near the Victoria Falls, in January.

Genus CALLOSUNE, E. Doubleday, Gen. D. Lep. p. 57.

11. (1) CALLOSUNE EUPOMPE, Klug, Symb. Phys. t. 6, f. 11–14;
Boisduval; Trimen, p. 45.

_Papilio Evippe_, Cramer, pl. 91, f. D, E. (nec Linn.).

_Pontia Acaste_, Klug, Symb. Phys. pl. 7, f. 16, 17.

_Pieris Polycaste_, Boisduval.

_Anthopsyche Theopompe_, Felder, Reise Novara, ii. p. 183. no.
175.

Motloutsi River, August 1873.

12. (2) CALLOSUNE DANAË, Fabricius; Donovan, Ins. India, t. 26,
f. 2; Boisduval; E. Doubleday, Gen. D. Lep. pl. 7, f. 2; Trimen,
p. 44.

_Papilio Eborea_, Cramer, pl. 352, f. C-F.

This handsome species inhabits Natal, Damara Land, Ceylon, Bengal, Madras. Male, Inyati (November 30, 1873); females, near the Gwailo River (October 19, 1873), and Impakwe River (February 12, 1874).

13. (3) CALLOSUNE EVIPPE, Linnæus; Clerck, Icones, pl. 40, f. 5;
Cramer, pl. 91, f. F, G; Godart; Boisduval; Lucas, Exot. Lep.
pl. 37, f. 1.

Tati; and between Inyati and Gubuleweyo, December 1, 1873.

14. (4) CALLOSUNE OMPHALE, Godart; Boisduval; Trimen, p. 50.

Near the Victoria Falls, in January.

15. (5) CALLOSUNE ANTIGONE, Boisduval, Sp. Gén. p. 572; Trimen,
p. 52.

Both sexes, Ramaqueban River, February 14, 1874; also females at the Gwailo River in October. These females have no orange on the upper side of the fore wings.

16. (6) CALLOSUNE CASTA, Gerstaecker in Decken’s Reisen in
Ost-Afrika, pl. 15, f. 1, 1 a.

Taken at Tati.

17. (7) CALLOSUNE KEISKAMMA, Trimen, p. 56, pl. 2, f. 3, 4.

Var. _Anthopsyche Topha_, Wallengren, Wien. ent. Mon. iv. p. 34.

Ramaqueban River, July 28, 1874. Kirby cites Klug’s _Pontia Evarne_, Symb. Phys. t. 6, f. 1–4, as identical with this species, but the rounded fore wings of the male, with the black exterior margin, and the submarginal row of black spots on the hind wings, at once separate these two insects. See the observations of Mr. Weale on this subject (Trans. Ent. Soc. 1877, p. 273).

18. (8) CALLOSUNE INORNATA, Westw.

Alis supra albis, basi nigro parum pulverosis, anticis macula trigona distincta apicali aurantia: alis anticis infra albis apice albido-lutescenti, intus magis brunnea; alis posticis lutescenti-albidis, linea recta longitudinali media paullo obscuriori. Expans. alar. antic. lin. 19.

The locality of this very simply coloured species is not recorded.

19. (9) CALLOSUNE IONE, Godart; Boisduval; Lucas, Exot. Lep. t.
37, f. 4; Reiche in Ferr. and Gal. Voy. Abyss. t. 30, f. 1–8;
Hopffer in Peters’s Reise Mossamb. t. 21, f. 1–6; Trimen, p. 43.

_Anthopsyche speciosa_, Wallengren, p. 16.

_Anthocharis Erone_, Angas, Kafirs Ill. pl. 30, f. 3.

Two males, taken at Tati.

The species of this genus, in which the males have the extremity of the fore wings marked with a brilliant blue or pale purple patch, are so closely allied together as to suggest the possibility of their being geographical sub-species; they appear indeed to be constant in their characteristic markings, and the females are even more distinct than the males, which they are generally so unlike that their sexual relations might readily be suspected.

In the male specimens of _C. Ione_, captured by Mr. Oates at Tati, the fore wings have the faintest trace of a very minute black discoidal dot, a brilliant silky purple subapical patch, the apex itself black, and the inner edge margined with black, which is slightly scalloped. The hind wings are pure white, with delicate black veins, without any discoidal spot. On the under side the fore wings have the minute discoidal dot, and the apical patch is replaced by pale greyish buff, with a slightly defined darker inner margin; the veins of the hind wings are not black, the basal half of the costa is orange, with a short brownish transverse dash, near the middle of the costa, extending only to the first branch of the subcostal vein; the remainder of the wing white. One of the specimens taken by Mr. Oates at Tati is very small (1⅔ inch in the expanse of the fore wings), with the black veins excessively slender.

20. (10) CALLOSUNE REGINA, Trimen, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1863, p.
520. (Plate E, figs. 9, 10.)

The males have the veins of the fore wings, beyond the middle, very slender and black, and with a very minute discoidal dot. The female of this species, here for the first time represented (Pl. E, figs. 9, 10), has the wings on the upper side white, with the veins concolorous; a large black round spot at the extremity of the discoidal cell, and a large purple-red subapical spot, down the middle of which is a richer shade of purple, edged internally with blackish brown, the apex and apical margin being of the latter colour; the base of the wings is slightly powdered with grayish scales, and there are two minute dusky dots towards the inner angle of the fore wings. On the under side the purple patch of the fore wings is replaced by dirty pale buff, having an oblique row of five pale black spots, and the hind wings are slightly fleshy buff coloured, finely freckled all over with pale brown irrorations, with a discoidal spot, and a curved row of oblong spots beyond the middle of the wing, of pale brown; the costal margin is slightly fulvous at its base. The expansion of the fore wings is 2⁵⁄₁₂ inches. Taken at Tati.

A male, in the Hopeian collection, from the Zambesi, has the hind wings marked along the outer margin with black dots at the extremity of the longitudinal veins.

21. (11) CALLOSUNE THEOGONE, Boisduval; Trimen, p. 51.

One specimen. Locality not recorded.

22. (12) CALLOSUNE BUXTONI. (Plate E, figs. 7, 8.)

_Callosune Buxtoni_, Butler, MS. in British Museum.

The female (or rather the reputed female) of this species here figured differs from the male in having a large orange patch at the extremity of the fore wings, which are white with a slight yellowish tinge; a minute discoidal black dot and a curved row of brown spots within the orange mark, those towards the costa being most indistinct; the inner margin of the orange mark is also brownish, as is the apex itself and the apical margin, the brownish margin terminating near the hinder angle in a brownish spot; the hind wings are uniformly white, with the extremity of the veins towards the outer angle more or less dusky. On the under side the orange spot of the fore wings wants both the inner and apical dark edging, and bears a curved row of brown spots; the hind wings are very pale fleshy buff, and very delicately freckled, with a bar of darker brown extending from the middle of the costa to the median vein, where it is curved backwards; there is also a brown dot on a small whitish spot near the extremity of the discoidal cell. The female varies from 1¾ to 2¼ inches in the expansion of the fore wings. Taken at Tati.

23. (13) CALLOSUNE EVENINA, Wallengren, Lep. Caffr. p. 12;
Trimen, p. 322, and in Trans. Ent. Soc. 1870, t. 6, f. 11.

One specimen (locality not noted), with the black markings on the upper surface of the wings much less diffused than in the figure given by Mr. Trimen; possibly a male. Another specimen in Burchell’s African collection, in the Hopeian Museum, has the large dark spot on the fore wings extending over the discoidal cell, but the hind wings are almost unspotted.

24. (14) CALLOSUNE EIONE, Boisduval, p. 578.

One broken specimen, without locality, is very closely allied to the insects noticed above, as _C. Antigone_.

25. (15) CALLOSUNE PSEUDETRIDA, Westw.

Alis supra pallide flavescentibus, apice fusco cum serie subapicali macularum 6 aurantiacarum, puncto minuto nigro discoidali, nubilaque parva fusca ante angulum posticum; alis posticis serie marginali macularum conoidearum fuscis (versus angulum analem interdum obsoletis) nubila parva pone medium costæ, fasciaque valde abbreviata pone medium disci versus angulum externum, pallide fuscis: alis anticis infra pallide flavescentibus, apice alisque posticis luteo-albidis; anticis striga obsoleta et obliqua fuscescenti versus apicem, posticis punctis duobus fuscescentibus pone medium disci versus angulum externum. Expans. alar. antic. unc. 1, lin 5.

Affinis _C. Deuræ_, Klug, et præsertim _C. Etridæ_ (Indiæ orientalis incolæ).

Habitat prope Tati.

_Obs._ The orange subapical spots in the male are dilated into a broader yellow fascia in the female.

26. (16) CALLOSUNE WALLENGRENII. (Plate E, figs. 3, 4.)

_Callosune Wallengrenii_, Butler, MS. in British Museum.

Alis supra albis; anticarum apice late aurantiaco; puncto discoidali, striga angulata guttarum fuscarum pone medium apiceque fusco, intus ad venas angulatim producto; alis posticis pone medium fascia abbreviata e maculis fuscis formata, margineque postico fusco-maculato. Expans. alar. antic. unc. 1⁵⁄₁₂.

Habitat ad ripas Touani fluv.; mense Augusto capta.

The wings on the upper side are white, with a slight yellow tinge, the apical half being of a fine orange-red colour; the base is suffused with brown scales; a round black dot is placed at the extremity of the discoidal cell, in front of which the costa is dusky; half way between the cell and the apex is an oblique row of four brown spots, succeeded by a larger one, extending more towards the base of the wing, which is followed by a double spot towards the middle of the hind margin; the apical margin is brown, which colour extends upwards along the veins, forming a row of brown teeth, the largest of which is at the end of the first branch of the median vein; the hind wings are powdered with brown scales at the base; beyond the middle of the wing is a curved row of brown spots, extending from the costa to the middle, and with a row of brown spots along the outer margin. On the under side the fore wings are suffused with orange, preceding the row of subapical spots, the apical portion being buff, which is also the colour of the hind wings, which have a white spot in the centre surrounded by a brown ring, and followed by a curved row of pale brown spots, rather more dilated and somewhat ocellated in the middle of the row; the apical margin of all the wings is destitute of the brown markings of the upper side.

27. (17) CALLOSUNE RAMAQUEBANA, Westw. (Plate E, figs. 5, 6.)

Parvus alis supra albis, albo-ciliatis anticis plaga maxima fusca marginis postici, puncto nigro discoidali, apiceque late fusco, serie macularum fulvarum inclusa; alis posticis basi fuscis, margine postico late fusco, serie macularum albarum plus minusve confluentium, præsertim versus angulum analem, inclusa: alis subtus flavido-tinctis, posticis puncto minuto discoidali nigro, flavo supra tincto. Fœm. supra absque colore fulvo. Expans. alar. antic. unc. 1⅓.

Habitat prope Ramaqueban fluv.; mense Februario capta.

This pretty little species appears to be undescribed. It is nearly allied to _C. Etrida_ and _Eione_, but differs in its characteristic markings. On the upper side the wings of the male are white, with a very slight yellowish tinge; the anterior have a large brown patch occupying the greater portion of the posterior margin, and extending over the greater part of the discoidal cell, at the extremity of which is a small round black spot; the extremity of the wing is very broadly brown, the dark colour commencing on the costal margin in front of the discoidal spot, and extending nearly to the posterior angle of the wing, where it is much narrowed, especially in the spaces between the anal vein and the first and second branches of the median vein, extending considerably more forward between the second and third branches of the latter, so as nearly to unite with the truncated extremity of the large brown patch; the brown apex of the wing bears a row of five fulvous oval spots, the hind one of which is ill defined and less strongly coloured: the hind wings are brown at the base, and beyond the middle they are marked with a curved irregular brown bar, which is partially connected with the brown spotted hind margin of the wing, having a row of white spots between them, which become larger and more or less confluent, especially towards the anal angle. On the under side the fore wings are tinged with yellow, especially towards the tips, the large brown markings of the upper side being nearly obsolete: the hind wings are also yellowish, with a faint dusky fascia beyond the middle, with a black discoidal spot surmounted with yellow scales; the costa at the base is bright yellow, and the fringe of all the wings is white. The female is slightly larger, with the brown markings more suffused, the orange spots of the fore wings obsolete, and replaced by brown, and the white submarginal spots of the hind wings almost obliterated and replaced with brown.

Genus TERIAS, Swainson.

_Eurema_, Kirby, Syn. Cat. (haud recte).

28. (1) TERIAS RAHEL, Fabricius; Godart; Boisduval; Trimen, p.
76.

Ramaqueban River, February; near the Victoria Falls in January; and near the Dry River, beginning of March.

29. (2) TERIAS ZOË, Hopffer in Peters’s Reise Mossamb. pl. 23,
f. 10; female.

Mas. Alis supra minus saturate atomosis, posticis limbo nigro omnino carentibus et unicoloribus.

Near the Ramaqueban River, in February.

30. (3) TERIAS SERULI, Westw.

Alis supra pallide flavis, anticis apice macula trigona fusca intus parum curvata integra, ante angulum posticum desinente; angulo extremo apicali pallescenti; alis posticis immaculatis: alis anticis subtus flavis, costa, apice, alisque posticis carneo-lutescentibus, omnibus immaculatis. Expans. alar. antic. fere 1½ unc.

Habitat ad ripas Seruli fluv.; mense Augusto capta.

Family ACRÆIDÆ.

Genus ACRÆA, Fabricius.

31. (1) ACRÆA ATERGATIS, Westw. (Plate F, figs. 1, 2.)

Alis supra rufo-aurantiis, nigro-maculatis, anticis apice nigro et sub apicem nigro-lineatis margine apicali omnium nigro. Expansio alar. antic. unc. 2¹⁄₁₂.

Habitat prope “Victoria Falls;” mense Januario capta.

The upper side of the wings is of a rich orange-red colour, the base of all the wings slightly powdered with black atoms; a black spot is placed in the middle of the cell of the fore wings, followed by a smaller transverse one at the extremity of the cell; at a little distance beyond the cell is a short black, rather oblique fascia, formed of five more or less confluent spots, the innermost being incurved and placed between the 2d and 3d branches of the median vein; this last spot is succeeded by two other spots, the three being parallel with the apical margin of the wing; there is also a minute round dot towards the base of the wing behind the basal part of the median vein, and two small dots near the inner angle; the veins are black in the apical part of the wing, with the interstices between the veins marked with thin black lines, the margin itself as well as the apex of the wing being also black; the hind wings are marked with twelve round black spots; the six outer ones arranged in a very waved line; the margin is also black. On the under side the fore wings are of a more rosy tint, except towards the apex, where they are more orange; the spots of the upper side are here reproduced: the hind wings on this side are more variegated; the black spots are more numerous, being about 18 in number, several close to the base of the wing being visible, which are not seen on the upper side; the spots are placed on pale greyish buff spaces, which gives them an ocellated appearance; and the outer margin of the wing is pale greyish buff with a very thin black marginal line, preceded by very thin black lunules, the veins rather thickened and black along the margin, the spaces between the veins being rosy red in the part of the wing between the terminal row of spots and the lunules. Antennæ black; palpi fulvous, with the last joint black; body black, spotted with white and rose-colour; legs fulvous, tarsi black; abdomen, above black with thin yellowish edges to the segments, each of which has two fulvous spots, beneath fulvous with two rows of black specks.

Another specimen, which I cannot distinguish specifically from the preceding, was also taken at the Victoria Falls in January 1875, and has the upper surface of the wings rather brighter orange-red, with two minute additional black dots within the discoidal cell, at about half its length from the base, and with the abdomen orange-fulvous, the three basal segments on the upper side being alone black, varied with orange. The apical margin of the fore wings in this specimen is not so rounded as in the other with the spotted abdomen, which is evidently a female, the probability being that the male has the wings rather less rounded and the abdomen not spotted.

32. (2) ACRÆA ATOLMIS, Westw. (Plate F, figs. 3, 4.)

Alis supra aurantiacis basi nigricantibus, maculis nigris minutis notatis, anticarum apice venis nigris margineque tenuissimo nigro maculaque postica prope angulum posticum posita. Expans. alar. antic. unc. 1¹¹⁄₁₂.

Habitat prope “Victoria Falls;” mense Januario capta.

This species is smaller than the preceding, with the various black markings very small, the interspaces of the apical portion of the fore wings not striolated with black, and the posterior spot of the fore wings placed just between the preceding spot and the hind angle of the wing. The upper surface of the wings is uniformly orange, with the basal half rather redder, the base itself being suffused with black scales; within the discoidal cell is a small kidney-shaped black spot, followed by a narrow oblique one at the extremity of the cell; behind this (between the 1st and 2d branches of the median vein) is another spot, and between the latter and the posterior angle of the wing is a third, the three forming nearly a straight row; beyond the discoidal cell is a short oblique row of small black dots, between which and the apical margin of the wing the veins are black: the hind wings have a small black dot within the discoidal cell, and a curved row of six small black dots across the wing close to the extremity of the cell; the hind margin is very slenderly black, and the veins also have their apical portions black. The wings beneath are of an uniform rosy buff-colour, with the black spots more numerous and distinct than above, the hind wings having about 18 small but distinct ones, those at the base and near the anal margin not visible above; the apical margin of all the wings is very slenderly black, the hind wings having no trace of the lunular markings of the preceding and following species. Body black, sides of thorax with yellowish buff spots; abdomen buff, with the basal segments dusky above.

_Note_.--In the engraving the apical margin of the fore wings is
represented rather too much rounded.

33. (3) ACRÆA AXINA, Westw. (Plate F, figs. 5, 6.)

Alis supra luteo-fulvis, nigro-maculatis, posticis magis aurantiacis; anticarum apice, lineolisque abbreviatis apicalibus (inter venas) nigricantibus; alis posticis maculis minoribus, exterioribus lineam irregularem multo pone medium alæ formantibus, margine externo nigro. Expans. alar. antic. unc. 1⅚.

Habitat prope Tati et Gwailo fluv.; mense Octobre capta.

This small species has the upper side of the fore wings rather dirty luteo-fulvous, that of the hind wings being brighter coloured. The extremity of the fore wings and the narrow apical margin are black, and the interspaces between the veins near the apex of the wings are marked with slender abbreviated black lines, leaving a narrow paler space beyond the fascia; the five spots between the base and the middle of the wings are strongly marked, and the abbreviated oblique black fascia beyond the cell is more continuous: the hind wings have the black spots also well marked, the outer ones forming an irregular row considerably beyond the middle of the wing, the central spot especially being not far from the black marginal border. On the under side the fore wings are slightly rosy, the apical portion being more buff with the spaces between the veins orange; the black spots on this side are not so strongly marked as above: the hind wings are more pale buff, with the spaces between the veins strongly marked with rose-colour, the black spots resting on pale spaces, giving them an ocellated appearance; the very narrow black outer margin of these wings is preceded by a series of small black arches, including a row of pale yellow spots. The palpi, head, and sides of the body are coloured as in the preceding species; the abdomen in one of our specimens is broken off, but in the other it is pale buff, with the upper side of the basal segments black, with two pale dots, indicating (as well as the shape of the fore wings) this individual (represented in our figures) to be of the male sex.

_Note_.--The orange and rosy tints described above are almost
obliterated in one of the two specimens, most probably from
longer exposure in the winged state.

34. (4) ACRÆA ACONTIAS, Westw. (Plate F, figs. 7, 8.)

Alis supra obscure fusco-rufis, nigro-maculatis, maculis 4 in medio alarum anticarum, fascia abbreviata maculari, margine apicali late venisque apicalibus nigris; alis posticis basi maculisque submediis lineam irregularem formantibus, margineque postico cum venis nigris. Expans. alar. antic. unc. 1⅚.

Habitat prope “Victoria Falls;” mense Januario capta.

The dull brownish red colouring of the upper side of the wings distinguishes this species. The fore wings are marked near the base, behind the middle of the cell, with a small black dot, followed by four rather large spots of the same colour, placed so as to form an oblique triangle; beyond the cell is the ordinary abbreviated fascia, formed of four black spots, which is succeeded by a narrow paler buff space, the apex being traversed by black veins, the extremity of the anterior margin and the whole of the apical margin being also black: the hind wings have a suffused black spot near the base, the middle of the wing being crossed by zigzag rows of small but nearly uniform black spots; the outer margin is black, as are the veins beyond the middle of the wing. On the under side the fore wings are more rosy coloured from the base to the abbreviated fascia, beyond which they are paler buff, with orange stripes between the veins: the hind wings have the black dots smaller but more numerous than on the upper side, there being about 20 on each wing, the ground colour of which is buff, with the spaces between the veins in the basal portion rosy, but beyond the cell they are marked with longitudinal orange stripes between the veins; the outer margin is very narrowly black, preceded by a very narrow black line parallel with the margin. The body is black, much spotted at the sides below the wings with buff and rosy; the abdomen is orange, marked above with black fasciæ, forming more or less incomplete lateral circular spots; the ventral surface yellow, with two rows of black spots. The apical margin of the fore wings is but slightly convex, but the spotting of the abdomen indicates the specimen to be a female.

35. (5) ACRÆA AGLAONICE, Westw. (Plate F, figs. 9, 10.)

Alis supra rufo-puniceis, anticis apicem versus magis aurantiacis, macula fenestrata bipartita subapicali notatis, nigro-maculatis, venis apicalibus nigris; posticis maculis minutis margineque latiori apicali nigris. Expans. alar. antic. unc. 2¹⁄₁₂.

Habitat prope Tati.

This species has the upper surface of the wings more richly coloured than any of the others captured by Mr. Oates, being of an orange-carmine colour, especially in the hind wings. The fore wings are marked half-way between the end of the discoidal cell and the tip of the wings with a square vitreous spot, through which runs a veinlet dividing it into two parts; the base of the wings, especially in the hind parts, is irrorated with black scales; the discoidal cell has a rather large oval black spot beyond its middle, followed by a smaller lunate one at the extremity of the cell; beyond which is an oblique row of five conjoined black dots; another round black spot is placed towards the base of the wing behind the median vein, and two other circular ones behind the extremity of the cell placed transversely; the veins at the extremity of the wings are slenderly black: the hind wings are marked with about 10 minute black dots (varying, however, in size), and the hind margin of the wing is rather broadly edged with black. On the under side the fore wings are rosy coloured, with the spots of the upper side, including the vitreous spot, reproduced: the hind wings are greyish buff, with the spaces between the veins varied with rosy at the base and along the anal margin, and with rich orange between the middle of the wing and the row of submarginal black lunules, which latter rest upon a narrow yellowish buff margin; the spots on this side, about 17 in number, are distinct, appearing partially ocellated. Body black, with rosy spots behind the eyes and on the sides of the chest, which is also spotted with pale buff; palpi orange, terminal joint black; legs orange, tarsi black; abdomen broken off.

The unique specimen of this species collected by Mr. Oates has the abdomen mutilated, but the structure of the fore legs and the shape of the fore wings prove that it is a male individual.

36. (6) ACRÆA ACRONYCTA, Westw. (Plate F, figs. 11, 12.)

Alis supra luteo-aurantiacis; anticis triente basali fusco; macula ad apicem cellulæ, pone medium alæ fascia abbreviata maculari, maculisque duabus posticis (margine postico parallelis) nigris; alis posticis magis albidis, ante medium nigro-maculatis, margineque postico latiori nigro: subtus maculis magis distinctis margineque albido-maculato. Expans. alar. antic. unc. 1¾.

Habitat ----?