Chapter XL: At the Grave (4)

Hence Luther makes a rather unsatisfactory “Hero of Kultur.” To depict him in this light his relations with the more favourable side of “Kultur” have to be so much exaggerated and distorted that one almost expects him, the sworn opponent of “fool reason” and champion of the “enslaved will,” to leap from his grave in protest; on the other hand, it is quite impossible to claim Luther as an advocate of that side of modern “Kultur” which is antagonistic to religion and morality. Protestant authorities have also protested against any claim being made on his behalf that he at least abolished that “Kultur which was directed by the Church”; on the contrary, so they declare, the “Kultur” for which he stood was in many respects “still tied up to the one and only Church” and was quite “mediæval in its character.”[1657] Thus, here again, a sort of dual picture, painted partly in the gay colours of the present day, partly in the sombre tints of the past.

_A “Political” Luther?—Conclusion_

Over and above all the previous presentations of Luther another strange portrait has recently appeared, which finds admirers among lay historians and students of political history. Here Luther’s political traits are emphasised. Houston Stewart Chamberlain, in his much-read work “Grundlagen des 19 Jahrhunderts,” insists on this view of Luther, starting from the assumption which is beyond question “that the separation from Rome for which Luther fought with such passion all his life was in itself the greatest political upheaval that could possibly occur.… However pitiful the later history of the Reformation may have been, still Luther’s deed was an undying one for this reason, that it rested on a firm political groundwork.” Chamberlain quite rightly makes much of Luther’s attempt to link his cause with that of the princes and with the German national sentiment.

“Without the princes,” says Chamberlain, “nothing could have been done. Who seriously believes that the princes who patronised the Reformation were inspired by or acted from religious enthusiasm? The fingers of one hand would be more than enough on which to reckon up those of whom such a thing holds good. Political interest and political ambition backed by the awakening of national sentiment were the determining factors.” “Even in the later wars of religion the political question was paramount.” It was his desire to win over the German statesmen that made Luther “speak so highly of the ‘German nation’ and so disrespectfully of the Papists.” That was why he wrote, for instance: “For my Germans was I born, them will I serve.” He is “more a politician than a theologian.” “Luther is, above all, a political hero.”

This portrait of the “political hero” is not one whit less one-sided than the others; above all, the author, who has no understanding for Christianity and the Church, fails also to see the so-called “religious” side in Luther. It is true that political motives often loomed so large in Luther’s case and in that of the princes who lent him their support as actually to obscure the religious side of the struggle. Luther himself, however, was anything rather than a great politician on the world’s stage. He had, in fact, to quote a Protestant historian, woefully distorted and imperfect views of the actual trend of human events, particularly of the determining personalities and active factors in the politics of that day. Never perhaps has a more childish diagnosis been given than that contained in the advice of the Wittenberg theologian to his sovereigns about their attitude towards Charles V.[1658] The circumstance that he was deficient in political sense may explain to some extent his mistakes and want of logic in this sphere, but cannot excuse the masterful tone in which he so often expresses himself on the public questions of the day. Then again there was his changeableness. Resistance to the Kaiser, which at one time he had declared unlawful, was advised by him later. After he had handed over the rights of the Church to the lawyers he turns on them and denounces them as his worst foes, who must be fought with every weapon for the sake of the independence of the preachers. In the same way, in spite of the religious freedom which he seemed at first to proclaim as a lasting principle for all future government of Church and State, we find him making his own that repellant intolerance, which, at last subsequent to 1530, led him to advocate the death-penalty for those who held “sectarian” doctrines, or any that differed from his own.

Discouraged by the failure of all these attempts to portray Luther others, at present, are inclined to deny him any mark of distinction and, in particular, any creative power, and depict him simply as the sum, or “product, of existing historical forces.” They emphasise strongly the pre-existing factors and regard him less as a mover than as one moved. This view, however, has also been stigmatised by Protestants as “Mythological.” They object that even “the masses also have a certain share in the achievements of genius,” and that genius itself is but “a child of its time.”[1659]

“The literary portraits of Luther,” says the Protestant author of “Luther im Lichte der neueren Forschung,” “are all more or less unlike the original. They are not in the strict sense of the word portraits at all but rather represent a type.… Every age has to some degree altered the traditional picture of the Reformer to make it fit its own ideals.” “The naïve way of idealising which credits the hero of history with our own ideals … is still at work even at the present day. If we cannot claim the whole Luther for ourselves, we can at least claim a bit of Luther.”

“In most of the popular Luther biographies of recent times,” the same author says, “all that is harsh and rude, violent and demagogic, rough and crude in the physiognomy of the Reformer has been obliterated.”[1660]

Adolf Harnack, also, seeks to discourage the practice of “hero painting”; he speaks unkindly of the common, “emotional pictures” of Luther as the reformer of civilisation which are fabricated somehow or other with the help of a select collection of artificial strokes. He adds: “The reformer himself would not recognise such a picture as his.” “Such a thing would be to him,” to quote an expression of Luther’s own, simply “a painted Luther.”[1661]

To get as close as possible to the real Luther and not to present a painted or fictitious one has been our constant endeavour in the present work. We venture to hope that the claims of objective history may be recognised even in a field which trenches so closely on religious convictions. There is so much that is purely historical and may be judged quite apart from denominational considerations, so much neutral ground where it is merely a question of facts. To construct an opinion of one’s own based on the incontrovertible facts is open to everyone. We trust that the new discussions that seem called for for a further sifting of facts will be undertaken in all calm and in the dispassionate temper befitting the historian. Should these volumes serve as a stimulus in this direction, the author will feel that, by this alone, he has achieved something great.

APPENDICES

XLI—APPENDIX I

LUTHER’S WRITINGS AND THE EVENTS OF THE DAY ARRANGED IN CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER

[The list in the original was compiled by Peter Sinthern, S.J. We have retained it intact, save that here, as in the body of the work, we give the title of each of Luther’s German writings in the quaint spelling of the earliest “Urdruck” to which we had access. _Note of the English Editor._]

As the plan of the present work, as explained in the Introduction (vol. i., pp. xxvii., xxxi.), did not allow of a strict chronological order being followed, and as, moreover, many of Luther’s writings and not a few events of the day had to be passed over in silence, the following list may be found both interesting and useful.

Reference is made in it to all Luther’s publications, even the smaller ones, and the reader is told where they may be found, either in the older Erlangen edition, or in the more recent Weimar edition, so far as the latter goes. Such a catalogue forms the best skeleton for Luther’s history. The list is based on that given by Köstlin (“Luther,”⁵ 2, p. 718 ff.), slightly enlarged, for instance by references to Luther’s correspondence (in Enders, De Wette and the Erlangen ed.), to his Disputations (as in Drews), and to his sermons. Works which do not figure in the actual list for each year but in the paragraph inset at the end, are those which, though published during the year in question, were written earlier. Some works apparently omitted in the list will be found either in the Sermons or in the Correspondence of Luther.

The bringing into conjunction of Luther’s writings with the principal events of the years in which they saw the light will be found of advantage, in that the two often mutually complete and explain each other.

Till =1516=. Accession of Pope Leo X, 1513; of Kaiser Maximilian I, 1493; of Frederick, Elector of Saxony, 1486; of George, Duke of Saxony, 1500; of William IV, Duke of Bavaria, 1508; of Joachim I, Elector of Brandenburg, 1499; of Albert Archbishop of Mayence, 1514; of Scultetus, Bishop of Brandenburg, 1507.—In 1502 foundation of the University of Wittenberg. In 1503 death of Andreas Proles. Johann Lang, professor (since 1511) at Wittenberg goes (1515-16) back to Erfurt. In 1510 Eck is appointed professor at Ingolstadt; Carlstadt wins his doctorate. In 1511, Amsdorf becomes a licentiate in theology. In 1513, Spalatin is appointed Court-chaplain and secretary to the Elector Frederick. In 1513-1514, the attitude of the peasants becomes threatening. In 1515, publication of the “Epistolæ obscurorum virorum” of Crotus Rubeanus, etc.—1483, Nov. 10, Birth of Martin Luther. In 1497, he is sent to Magdeburg to the Brothers of the Common Life. In 1498, he goes to Eisenach and, in 1501, to Erfurt. 1502, he becomes a Baccalaureus. In 1505, he is made a Master and enters the cloister (July 17). In 1506, he makes his vows; his first Mass (May 2?). He begins to study theology. In 1508, he goes to Wittenberg to study; his lectures on dialectics and ethics. In 1509, he becomes a Baccalaureus biblicus (March 9); late in the year he returns to Erfurt and becomes Sententiarius. At the end of 1510 he goes to Rome and early in 1511 returns to Germany; “deserts to Staupitz” and removes again to Wittenberg. In 1512, the Cologne Chapter; beginning of his friendship with Lang and Eberbach; his doctorate (Oct. 18); he succeeds Staupitz as professor of Holy Scripture. In 1514 he takes Reuchlin’s side. In 1515 is made District-Vicar at the Chapter of Gotha; his discourse “Against the Little Saints.” His opinions become fixed whilst engaged on his Exposition of Romans (1515-1516); echoes of the new doctrine in his sermons at Christmas.

1. 1510-1511. Marginal notes to the Sentences (Bks. i.-iii.) and certain works of St. Augustine (publ. 1893). Weim. ed., 9, pp. 2 ff., 28 ff.

2. 1513-1515. First lectures on the Psalms: “Dictata super psalterium” (publ. 1743 and 1876, complete 1885). Weim. ed., 3, pp. 1(11)-652 (ps. i.-lxxxiv.); 4, pp. 1-462 (ps. lxxxv.-cl.); 9, pp. 116-121 (ps. xli.).

3. 1514-1517. Sermons on the Lessons (in Latin) preached at the monastery (publ. 1720). Weim. ed., 1, pp. 18(20)-141; “Opp. lat. var.,” 1, pp. 41-214.

4. 1514-1520. Sermons (ed. Roth, 1886). Weim. ed., 4, pp. 587(590)-717; 9, pp. 203(204); cp. “Opp. lat. var.,” 1, pp. 25-232.

5. 1515-1516. Lectures on Romans (ed. Joh. Ficker, 1908).

6. 1515? “Sermo præscriptus præposito in Litzka” (publ. 1708). Weim. ed., 1, pp. 8(10)-17; “Opp. lat var.,” 1, pp. 29-41.

Sermons, cp. Nos. 3, 4, 6. Letters, Enders, 1, pp. 4-27. Erl. ed., 53, p. 1.

=1516.= Hermann von Wied becomes Archbishop of Cologne; Erasmus’s “Colloquia”; his first edition of the Greek New Testament with a new Latin translation; Lang as Prior of Erfurt.—Luther’s first mention of Tauler, in his “Commentary on Romans”; his mystical letters to Spenlein and Leiffer (April 8, 15); his quarrel with the Erfurt monks (June 16); his Catholic sermon on Indulgences (July 27); his sermons against the “holy-by-works” (July-Aug.); Opposition to his new theology at Wittenberg and Erfurt (Sept.); back to Augustine! (Oct. 19); Carlstadt’s Theses; Luther busy on Galatians and Titus, 1516-1517.

7. 1516-1517. “Decem præcepta Wittembergensi prædicata populo” (publ. 1518). Weim. ed., 1, pp. 394(398)-521; “Opp. lat. exeg.,” 1, pp. 1-218.

8. (Sept.). “Quæstio de viribus et voluntate hominis sine gratia” (Theses for Barth. Bernhardi: “Initium negocii evangelici”). Weim. ed., 1, pp. 142(145)-151; “Opp. lat. var.,” 1, pp. 232(235)-255.

9. (Oct. 27, 1516-1517). “In Epistolam Pauli ad Galatas” (Lectures, publ. 1519). Weim. ed., 2, pp. 436(451)-618. Irmischer, 3, pp. 141-485.

10. 1st ed. of “Eyn geystlich edles Buchleynn” (the “Theologia Deutsch”), with “Vor Rede.” Weim. ed., 1, pp. 152(153); Erl. ed., 63, p. 238.

Sermons, cp. Nos. 3, 4, 7. Letters, Enders, 1, pp. 28-78.

=1517.= Creation of 31 new Cardinals (July 1); ridicule of the German Humanists; Hutten settles in Germany; his edition of the “Donatio Constantini”; “our” Erasmus (March 1) publishes his paraphrases on the Epistles, and, later, on the Gospels; the old exegesis fares badly; “De planctu ecclesiæ” reprinted at Lyons; Tetzel visits Magdeburg, Halberstadt and (in Oct.) Berlin; Luther nails up his Latin Indulgence-Theses (Oct. 31).

11. “Die sieben Puszpsalm mit deutscher Auszlegung nach dem schrifftlichen Synne” (first personal work published by Luther). Weim. ed., 1, pp. 154(158)-220; Erl. ed., 37, pp. 345-442.

12. “Auslegung deutsch des Vater Unnser fuer dye einfeltigen Leyen” (publ. by Agricola, and by Luther himself in 1518, No. 31).

13. Lectures on Hebrews (still unpublished).

14. “Disputatio contra scholasticam theologiam” (Theses for Franz Günther). Weim. ed., 1, pp. 221(224)-228; “Opp. lat. var.,” 1, pp. 315-321.

15. “Die zehen Gepot Gottes … mit einer kurtzen Ausslegung” (publ. 1518). Weim. ed., 1, pp. 247(250)-256; Erl. ed., 36, pp. 146-154.

16. The 95 Indulgence-Theses: “Disputatio pro declaratione virtutis indulgentiarum.” Weim. ed., 1, pp. 229(233)-238; “Opp. lat. var.,” 1, pp. 285-293.

Sermons, cp. Nos. 3, 4, 7. Letters, Enders, 1, pp. 79-137; Erl. ed., 53, p. 1 f.

=1518.= Philip II Landgrave of Hesse (March 31); Sickingen and his men desert the French for the Kaiser (May 16); Melanchthon goes to Wittenberg (Aug. 25).—Early in 1518 Archbishop Albert sends his report to Rome; Tetzel’s counter-theses (Jan. 18); Leo X directs the Augustinian superiors to take steps; the Heidelberg Chapter and the Disputation in Luther’s favour; Lang displaces Luther as District-Vicar; charges formulated at Rome against Luther as a spreader of heretical opinions (middle of June); he is summoned to Rome (Aug. 7); the Augsburg trial (Oct.); Papal Bull to defend the doctrine of Indulgences (Nov. 9); Luther appeals to a General Council (Nov. 28); he discovers the secret of the certainty of salvation.

17. “Eyn Sermon von dem Ablass und Gnade.” Weim. ed., 1, pp. 239(243)-246; Erl. ed., 27, pp. 4-8; “Opp. lat. var.,” 1, pp. 326-331.

18. “Resolutiones disputationum de indulgentiarum virtute.” Weim. ed., 1, pp. 522(525)-628; 9, pp. 171-175; “Opp. lat. var.,” 2, pp. 126-293.

19. “Sermo de pœnitentia.” Weim. ed., 1, pp. 317(319)-324; “Opp. lat. var.,” 1, pp. 331-340.

20. Theses for the Heidelberg Disputation (Leonard Beyer’s). Weim. ed., 1, pp. 350(353)-355; 9, pp. 160(161)-170; “Opp. lat. var.,” 1, pp. 387-390.

21. “Asterisci Lutheri adv. Obeliscos Eckii” (publ. 1545). Weim. ed., 1, pp. 278(281)-314; “Opp. lat. var.,” 1, pp. 410-456.

22. Preface to the complete ed. of “Eyn Deutsch Theologia.” Weim. ed., 1, pp. 374(378)-379; Erl. ed., 63, pp. 238-240; cp. No. 10.

23. “Eyn Freiheyt dess Sermons Bepstlichen Ablass und Gnad belangend.” Weim. ed., 1, pp. 380(383)-393; Erl. ed., 27, pp. 10-25.

24. “Ausslegung des 109 Psalmen.” Weim. ed., 1, pp. 687(689)-710; 9, pp. 176-202; Erl. ed., 40, pp. 3-38.

25. “Ad dialogum Silvestri Prieriatis de potestate Papæ responsio.” Weim. ed., 1, pp. 644(647)-686; “Opp. lat. var.,” 2, pp. 6-67.

26. “Sermo de virtute excommunicationis.” Weim. ed., 1, pp. 634(638)-643; “Opp. lat. var.,” 1, 2, pp. 306-313.

27. “Sermo in festo S. Michaelis in arce Wimariensi” (publ. 1556). “Opp. lat. var.,” 1, pp. 226-232.

28. “Acta Augustana.” Weim. ed., 2, pp. 1(6)-26; 9, p. 205; “Opp. lat. var.,” 2, pp. 354-361, 367-392.

29. “Appellatio a Caietano ad Papam.” Weim. ed., 2, pp. 27(28)-33; “Opp. lat var.,” 2, pp. 398-404.

30. “Appellatio ad futurum concilium universale.” Weim. ed., 2, pp. 34(36)-40; “Opp. lat. var.,” 2, pp. 438-445.

31. “Auslegung deutsch des Vater Unnser fuer dye einfeltigen Leyen.” (Cp. No. 12.) Weim. ed., 2, pp. 74(80)-130; 9, pp. 122(123)-159; Erl. ed., 21, pp. 159-227; 45, pp. 204-207.

32. “Sermo de triplici iustitia.” Weim. ed., 2, pp. 41(43)-47; “Opp. lat. var.,” 2, pp. 322-329.

“Decem præcepta,” cp. No. 7. Brief explanation of the Ten Commandments, cp. No. 15. Sermons, Erl. ed., 16², pp. 3-33; cp. No. 4. Letters, Enders, 1, pp. 138-337; 5, p. 1; Erl. ed., 53, pp. 3-5.

=1519.= Death of Maximilian I, Charles V succeeds him (June 28); Ulrich becomes Duke of Würtemberg; the “Onus ecclesiæ” of B. Pirstinger of Chiemsee; death of Tetzel (Aug. 11); Capito becomes cathedral-preacher at Mayence; Zwingli at Zürich (Jan. 1); Oldecop visits Rome; Miltitz calls on Luther (Jan.); the Leipzig Disputations (June-July).

33. Preface to Prierias’s “Replica.” Weim. ed., 2, pp. 48(50)-56; “Opp. lat. var.,” 2, pp. 68-78.

34. “Kurtz Unterweysung wie man beichten sol.” Weim. ed., 2, pp. 57(59)-65; Erl. ed., 21, pp. 245-253 (cp. No. 66).

35. “Unterricht auff etlich Artikell.” Weim. ed., 2, pp. 66(69)-73; Erl. ed., 24, pp. 3-9; 24², pp. 5-11.

36. “Eyn Sermon von der Betrachtung des heyligen Leydens Christi.” Weim. ed., 2, pp. 131(136)-142; Erl. ed., 11, pp. 144-152; 11², pp. 154-163.

37. Commentary on Galatians, cp. No. 9.

38. 1519-1521. Second course of Lectures on the Psalms. “Operationes in psalmos” (Ps. i.-xxii.). Weim. ed., 5, pp. 1(19)-673; “Opp. lat. exeg.,” 14-16.

39. “Sermo de duplici iustitia.” Weim. ed., 2, pp. 143(145)-152; “Opp. lat. var.,” 2, pp. 329-339.

40. “Disputatio et excusatio adv. criminationes Eccii.” Weim. ed., 2, pp. 153(158)-161; 9, pp. 206(207)-212; “Opp. lat. var.,” 3, pp. 12-17.

41. “Eyn Sermon von dem Elichen Standt.” Original text, Weim. ed., 9, pp. 213-220; Erl. ed., 16, pp. 150-158; 16², pp. 50-57. Revised text, Weim. ed., 2, pp. 162(166)-171; Erl. ed., 16, pp. 158-165; 16², pp. 60-67.

42. “Eyn kurtze Form des Pater Noster zu versteen unnd zu betten.” Weim. ed., 6, pp. 9(11)-19; Erl. ed., 22, pp. 21-32.

43. “Kurtze nützliche ausslegung des Vatter Unsers fürsich und hindersich.” Weim. ed., 6, pp. 20(21)-22; Erl. ed., 45, p. 208-211.

44. “Eyn Sermon von dem Gepeet unnd Procession yn der Creutz Wochen.” Weim. ed., 2, pp. 172(175)-179; Erl. ed., 20, pp. 290-296; 16², pp. 69-76.

45. “Eyn Sermon von dem Wucher.” Weim. ed., 6, pp. 1(3)-8; Erl. ed., 20, pp. 122-127; 16², pp. 113-117.

46. “Resolutio super propositione sua (Lipsiensi) XIII de potestate Papæ.” Weim. ed., 2, pp. 180(183)-240; “Opp. lat. var.,” 3, pp. 296-384.

47. “Scheda adv. Hochstraten,” Weim. ed., 2, pp. 384(386)-387; “Opp. lat var.,” 2, pp. 295-297.

48. “Resolutiones super propositionibus Lipsiæ disputatis.” Weim. ed., 2, pp. 388(391)-435; “Opp. lat. var.,” 3, pp. 228-292.

49. “Tessaradecas consolatoria pro laborantibus et oneratis.” (publ. 1520). Weim. ed., 6, pp. 99(104)-134; “Opp. lat. var.,” 4, pp. 88-135.

50. “Contra malignum Ioh. Eccii iudicium.” Weim. ed., 2, pp. 621(625)-654; “Opp. lat. var.,” pp. 472-514.

51. “Ad ægocerotem Emserianum additio.” Weim. ed., 2, pp. 655(658)-679; “Opp. lat. var.,” 4, pp. 13-45.

52. “Sermon von dem Sacrament der Puss.” Weim. ed., 2, pp. 709(713)-723; Erl. ed., 53, p. 30 f.; 20, pp. 179-193; 16², pp. 35-48.

53. “Eyn Sermon von der Bereytung zum Sterben.” Weim. ed., 2, pp. 680(684)-697; Erl. ed., 21, pp. 258-274; “Opp. lat. var.,” 3, pp. 453-473.

54. “Ad Eccium super expurgatione Ecciana.” Weim. ed., 2, pp. 698(700)-708; “Opp. lat. var.,” 4, pp. 47-58.

55. “Eyn Sermon von dem heyligen hochwirdigen Sacrament der Tauffe.” Weim. ed., 2, pp. 724(727)-737; Erl. ed., 21, pp. 229-244; “Opp. lat. var.,” 3, pp. 398-410.

56. “Eyn Sermon von dem hochwirdigen Sacrament des heyligen waren Leychnams Christi.” Weim. ed., 2, pp. 738(742)-758; Erl. ed., 27, pp. 28-50.

57. “Scholia in librum Genesios” (publ. 1893). Weim. ed., 9, pp. 329-415.

58. “Enarrationes epistolarum et evangeliorum quas postillas vocant” (publ. 1893). Weim. ed., 9, pp. 415-676.

59. Latin Advent-postils (publ. 1521). Weim. ed., 7, pp. 458(463)-637.

Sermons, cp. No. 36, 41, 44, 52, 55-59. Letters, Enders, 1, p. 338—2, p. 289; 5, pp. 4-8; Erl. ed., 53, pp. 5-34; 56, pp. i.-vii.

=1520.= Suleiman II begins his career. The war in Hungary. Coronation of Charles V at Aachen (Oct. 23). Hutten offers Luther his own and Sickingen’s protection; his “Vadiscus” and “Inspicientes” (April). Münzer at Zwickau (May 17); Urban Rhegius cathedral-preacher at Augsburg; Link succeeds Staupitz as General Vicar (Aug. 28). Eck goes to Rome; the first Consistory against Luther (Jan. 9). The Stolpen decree of the Bishop of Meissen (Jan. 24). Luther’s letter to Charles V (Aug. 30); his third and last epistle to Leo X (after Oct. 13). The Bull “Exsurge” and its condemnation of 41 theses (June 15), published in Germany by Eck (in Sept.) and burnt by Luther (Dec. 10). Luther’s open attack on the freedom of the will.

60. “Eyn Sermon von dem Bann.” Weim. ed., 6, pp. 61(63)-75; Erl. ed., 27, pp. 51-70.

61. “Eyn Sermon von dem Wucher.” Weim. ed., 6, pp. 33(36)-60; Erl. ed., 20, pp. 89-120; 16², pp. 79-110.

62. “Erklerung … etlicher Artickel yn seynem Sermon von dem heyligen Sacrament.” Weim. ed., 6, pp. 76(78)-83; Erl. ed., 27, pp. 71-77.

63. “Antwort auff die Tzedel sso unter des Officials tzu Stolpen Sigel ist aussgangen”; “Ad Schedulam inhibitionis.” Weim. ed., 6, pp. 135(136)-141, 142(144)-153; Erl. ed., 27, pp. 78-84; “Opp. lat. var.,” 4, pp. 138-151.

64. “Sermon von den guten Wercken.” Weim. ed., 6, pp. 196(202)-276; 9, pp. 226(229)-301; Erl. ed., 20, pp. 193-290; 16², pp. 121-220.

65. “Responsio ad condemnationem doctrinalen per Lovanienses et Colonienses.” Weim. ed., 6, pp. 170(174)-195; “Opp. lat. var.,” 4, pp. 176-205.

66. “Confitendi ratio.” Weim. ed., 6, 154(157)-169; “Opp. lat. var.,” 4, pp. 154-171 (cp. No. 34).

67. “Eyn kurcz Form der czehen Gepott. Eyn kurcz Form dess Glaubens. Eyn kurcz Form dess Vatter Unssers.” Weim. ed., 7, pp. 194(204)-229; Erl. ed., 22, pp. 3-32.

68. “Von dem Bapstum tzu Rome wider dem hochberumpten Romanisten tzu Leiptzk” (i.e. Alveld). Weim. ed., 6, pp. 277(285)-324; Erl. ed., 27, pp. 86-139.

69. “Epitoma responsionis Silv. Prieratis” with preface and postface. Weim. ed., 6, pp. 325(328)-348; “Opp. lat. var.,” 2, pp. 79-108.

70. “An den christlichen Adel deutscher Nation.” Weim. ed., 6, pp. 381(404)-469; Erl. ed., 21, pp. 277-360.

71. “Eyn Sermon von dem newen Testament das ist von der heyligen Messe.” Weim. ed., 6, pp. 349(353)-378; Erl. ed., 27, pp. 141-173.

72. “De captivitate babylonica ecclesiæ præludium.” Weim. ed., 6, pp. 484(497)-573; “Opp. lat. var.,” 5, pp. 16-118.

73. “Erbieten” (“Oblatio sive Protestatio”). Weim. ed., 6, pp. 478(480)-481, 482-483; Erl. ed., 24, pp. 9-11; 24², pp. 12-14; “Opp. lat. var.,” 5, pp. 4-6; early draft of same, Weim. ed., 6, pp. 476-478; 9, pp. 302-304; Erl. ed., 24, pp. 12-14; 24², pp. 14-16.

74. Preface to “Adv. constitutionem de cleri cœlibatu.” Cp. Weim. ed., 7, p. 677.

75. “Von den newen Eckischenn Bullen und Lugen.” Weim. ed., 6, pp. 576(579)-594; Erl. ed., 24, pp. 15-28; 24², pp. 18-31.

76. “Von der Freyheyt eynes Christen Menschen.” Weim. ed., 7, pp. 12(20)-38; Erl. ed., 27, pp. 175-199.

77. “Eyn Sendbrieff an den Bapst Leo. den czehenden.” Weim. ed., 7, pp. 1(3)-11; Erl. ed., 53, pp. 41-52.

78. “Epistola Lutheriana ad Leonem decimum.” “Tractatus de libertate christiana.” Weim. ed., 7, pp. 39(42)-73; “Opp. lat. var.,” 4, pp. 219-255.

79. “Adv. execrabilem Antichristi bullam.” Weim. ed., 6, pp. 595(597)-612; “Opp. lat. var.,” 5, pp. 134-153.

80. “Widder die Bullen des Endchrists.” Weim. ed., 6, pp. 613(614)-629; Erl. ed., 24, pp. 36-52; 24², pp. 39-55.

81. “Appellatio ad Concilium repetita.” Weim. ed., 7, pp. 74(75)-82; “Opp. lat. var.,” 5, pp. 121-131.

82. “Appellation odder Beruffung … repetirt.” Weim. ed., 7, pp. 83(85)-90; Erl. ed., 24, pp. 30-35; 24², pp. 32-37.

83. “Das Magnificat verteuschet und ausgelegt” (publ. 1521). Weim. ed., 7, pp. 538-604; Erl. ed., 45, pp. 212-290.

84. “Warumb des Bapsts und seyner Jungern Bucher … vorbrant seyn.” Weim. ed., 7, pp. 152-186; Erl. ed., 24, pp. 152-164; 24², pp. 154-166; “Opp. lat. var.,” 5, pp. 257-270.

85. “Assertio omnium articulorum per bullam damnatorum.” (publ. 1521). Weim. ed., 7, pp. 91-151; “Opp. lat. var.,” 5, pp. 156-237.

Tessaradecas (cp. No. 49). Sermons (cp. No. 58). Letters, Enders 2, p. 290-3, p. 37; Erl. ed., 53, pp. 34-53.

=1521.= First war between Charles V and François I (lasting till 1526). Henry VIII publishes his “Assertio.” Death of Leo X (Dec. 1). Fall of Belgrad. Bugenhagen comes to Wittenberg and Eberlin of Günzburg goes to Ulm. The Bull “Decet Rom. Pontif.” is issued (Jan. 3). The Diet of Worms; the “Gravanima”; Aleander’s discourse (Feb. 13). Luther is summoned to the Diet (March 6), his sermon at Erfurt (April 7), his condemnation by the Sorbonne (April 15), his arrival at Worms (April 16); he refuses to recant (April 18); his stay at the Wartburg (May 4, 1521-March 1, 1522); the sentence of outlawry, May 8 (May 26). Carlstadt assails clerical celibacy; the turmoil at Erfurt (July); the Mass is abolished among the Wittenberg Augustinians (Oct.). Luther busies himself with the translation of the Bible (Dec. 1521-1534); Melanchthon’s Commonplace-Book (Dec.). Luther’s secret visit to Wittenberg (Dec. 3-11). Carlstadt introduces a new rite for the Supper (Dec. 25). The Zwickau “prophets” come to Wittenberg.

86. “Grund vnd Vrsach aller Artickel … so … verdampt seindt.” Weim. ed., 7, pp. 299(308)-457; Erl. ed., 24, pp. 53-150; 24², pp. 56-150.

87. “An den Bock zu Leyptzck.” Weim. ed., 7, pp. 259(262)-265; Erl. ed., 27, pp. 201-205.

88. “Auff des Bocks zu Leypczick Antwort.” Weim. ed., 7, pp. 266(271)-283; Erl. ed., 27, pp. 205-220.

89. “Unterricht der Beychtkinder ubir die vorpotten Bucher.” Weim. ed., 7, pp. 284(290)-298; Erl. ed., 24, pp. 203-209; 24², pp. 206-213.

90. “Auff das ubirchristlich, ubirgeystlich und ubirkunstlich Buch Bocks Emssers.” Weim. ed. 7, pp. 614(621)-688; Erl. ed., 27, pp. 221-308.

91. “Ad librum Ambrosii Catharini responsio,” Weim. ed. 7, pp. 698(704)-778; “Opp. lat. var.,” 5, pp. 289-394.

92. “Responsio extemporaria ad articulos ex Babylonica et Assertionibus excerptos.” Weim. ed., 7, pp. 605(608)-613; “Opp. lat. var.,” 6, pp. 24-30.

93. “Eyn Sermon … am Gründornstag.” Weim. ed., 7, pp. 689(692)-697; Erl. ed., 17, pp. 65-72; 16², pp. 242-249.

94. “Deutsch Auszlegũg des sieben uñ seditzigstẽ Psalmẽ.” Weim. ed., 8, pp. 1(14)-35; Erl. ed., 39, pp. 179-220.

95. “Von der Beicht ob der Bapst Macht habe zu gepieten.” Weim. ed., 8, pp. 129(138)-204; Erl. ed., 27, pp. 319-379.

96. Church-postils, Advent to Epiphany (publ. 1522). Weim. ed., 10, 1, 1, pp. 1-728; Erl. ed., 7, 10; 7², 10².

97. “Eyn Kleyn Unterricht was man ynn den Euangeliis suchen und gewartten soll.” Weim. ed., 10, 1, 1, pp. 8-18; Erl. ed., 7, pp. 5-12; 7², pp. 6-13.

98. “Rationis Latomianæ confutatio.” Weim. ed., 8, pp. 36(43)-128; “Opp. lat. var.,” 5, pp. 395-521.

99. “Der sechs uñ dreyssigist Psalm.” Weim. ed., 8, pp. 205 (210)-240; Erl. ed., 38, pp. 373-396; 39, pp. 124-136.

100. “Eyn Urteyl der Theologen tzu Paris uber die Lere Dr. Luthers. Eyn gegen Urteyl Dr. Luthers.” Weim. ed., 8, pp. 255(267)-312; 9, pp. 716(717)-761; Erl. ed., 27, pp. 380-410.

101. “Evangelium von den tzehen Aussetzigen.” Weim. ed., 8, pp. 336(340)-397; Erl. ed., 17, pp. 146-176; 14², pp. 42-87; 16², pp. 259-291.

102. “Themata de votis.” Weim. ed., 8, pp. 313(323)-335; “Opp. lat. var.,” 4, pp. 344-360; 6, p. 235.

103. “Eyn Widderspruch seynis yrthũss erczwungen durch den … Herrn H. Emser.” Weim. ed., 8, pp. 241(247)-254; Erl. ed., 27, pp. 308-318.

104. “De votis monasticis” (publ. 1522). Weim. ed., 8, pp. 564(573)-669; “Opp. lat. var.,” 6, pp. 238-376.

105. “De abroganda missa privata” (publ. 1522). Weim. ed., 8, pp. 398(411)-476; “Opp. lat. var.,” 6, pp. 115-212.

106. “Vom Missbrauch der Messen” (publ. 1522). Weim. ed., 8, pp. 477(482)-563; Erl. ed., 28, pp. 28-141.

107. “Eyn trew Vormanung … sich zu vorhuten fur Auffruhr und Emporung.” Weim. ed., 8, pp. 670(676)-688; Erl. ed., 22, pp. 43-59; 22², pp. 43-58.

108. Translation of the New Testament (publ. 1522).

The Magnificat, cp. No. 83. Latin Postils, cp. No. 59. “Assertio omnium articulorum,” cp. No. 85. Sermons, cp. Nos. 58, 96 and Weim. ed., 7, pp. 792(795)-802; 9, pp. 501-516; Erl. ed., 16², pp. 221-301. Letters, Enders, 3, pp. 38-268; 53, pp. 55-103.

=1522.= Hadrian VI (Pope from Jan. 9, 1522, to Sept. 14, 1523). Charles V goes to Spain, remaining there till 1529; the Diet of Nuremberg (Dec.); the Turkish question, the “Centum gravamina,” the fall of Rhodes (Dec. 25). Iconoclastic riot at Wittenberg (Jan.); the Wittenberg Augustinians abolish their rule about begging (Jan. 6); relics no longer to be exposed at the Collegiate Church (April 16). Jonas (Feb. 22) and Bugenhagen (Oct. 13) take wives. Luther returns from the Wartburg (March 1); his sermons against Carlstadt (March 9-16). Hartmuth von Cronberg’s missive; Luther returns to Erfurt (Oct.). The innovations forcibly introduced into Altenburg, Schwarzburg, Eilenburg, etc.

109. “Bulla Cœnæ Domini.” Weim. ed., 8, pp. 688(691)-720; Erl. ed., 24, pp. 165-202; 24², pp. 168-204.

110. “Acht Sermon” (Against Carlstadt). Weim. ed., 10, 3, pp. 1-64; Erl. ed., 28, pp. 203-285.

111. “Von beider Gestallt des Sacramentes zu nehmen.” Weim. ed., 10, 2, pp. 1(11)-41; Erl. ed., 28, pp. 286-318.

112. “Eyn Missive an den ereñvestenn Harttmutt vonn Cronberg.” Weim. ed., 10, 2, pp. 42(53)-60; Erl. ed., 53, pp. 120-128.

113. “Von Menschen leren tzu meyden.” Weim. ed., 10, 2, pp. 61(72)-92; Erl. ed., 28, pp. 330-343.

114. “Die erst Epistel Sanct Petri gepredigt und ausgelegt” (publ. 1523). Weim. ed., 12, pp. 249(259)-399; Erl. ed., 51, pp. 325-494.

115. “Wyder den falsch genantten geystlichen Standt des Bapst und der Bischoffen.” Weim. ed., 10, 2, pp. 93(105)-158; Erl. ed., 28, pp. 142-202.

116. “Bulle des Ecclesiasten tzu Wittenbergk.” Weim. ed., 10, 2, pp. 140-144; Erl. ed., 24, pp. 380-387; 24², pp. 214-220.

117. “Epistel odder Unterricht von den Heyligen an die Kirch tzu Erffurdt.” Weim. ed., 10, 2, pp. 159(164)-168; Erl. ed., 53, pp. 139-144.

118. “Contra Henricum regem Angliæ.” Weim. ed., 10, 2, pp. 175(180)-222; “Opp. lat. var.,” 6, pp. 385-448.

119. “Antwort deutsch … auff König Henrichs von Engelland Buch. Lügen thun myr nicht, Warheyt schew ich nicht.” Weim, ed., 10, 2, pp. 223(227)-262; Erl. ed., 28, pp. 344-387.

120. Latin letter to the Bohemian Estates. Weim. ed., 10, 2, pp. 169(172)-174; Erl. ed., 53, pp. 144-148.

121. 1522-1523. Translation of the Old Testament (Pentateuch, publ. 1523).

122. Preface to “Wesselii epistolæ.” Weim. ed., 10, 2, pp. 310(316)-317; “Opp. lat. var.,” 7, pp. 495-497.

123. Preface to “Gochii fragmenta.” Weim. ed., 10, 2, pp. 327(329)-330.

124. “Vom Eelichen Leben.” Weim. ed., 10, 2, pp. 267(275)-304; Erl. ed., 20, pp. 57-87; 16², pp. 510-541.

125. “Ain Betbüchlin.” Weim. ed., 10, 2, pp. 331(375)-482.

The German New Testament, cp. No. 108. Church-Postils, cp. No. 96. “De votis monasticis,” cp. No. 104. “De abroganda missa privata,” cp. No. 105. Sermons, Weim. ed., 10, 3, pp. 1-435; Erl. ed., 64, pp. 263-265; 16², pp. 304-543. Letters, Enders, 3, p. 269—4, p. 52; Erl. ed., 53, pp. 103-157.

=1523.= Clement VII (Pope from Nov. 19, 1523, to Sept. 25, 1534). In Sweden, Gustavus Vasa (†1560). In Denmark, Frederick I (†1533). Edict of the Diet of Nuremberg (Feb. 8). The Lutherans begin to form parishes apart. The innovations introduced into Prussia. Luther has the Mass done away with at Wittenberg. Two Augustinians of Lutheran sympathies are burnt at Antwerp. Flight of Bora and the other Nimbschen nuns; Lang’s marriage. End of the German Augustinians. Luther’s illness. His interview with Carlstadt at Jena (Aug. 22). Link goes to Altenburg. The attempt to establish a new order of things at Leisnig. Luther drafts a constitution for the Churches of Bohemia.

126. “Die ander Epistel S. Petri und eyne S. Judas gepredigt und ausgelegt” (1523-1524). Weim. ed., 14, pp. 1(13)-91; Erl. ed., 52, pp. 213-287.

127. “Von Anbeten des Sacramẽts des heyligen Leychnams Christi.” Weim. ed., 11, pp. 417(431)-456; Erl. ed., 28, pp. 389-421.

128. “Deuttung der czwo grewlichen Figuren, Bapstesels czu Rom und Munchkalbs zu Freyberg ynn Meysszen funden Philippus Melanchthon D. Martinus Luther.” Weim. ed., 11, pp. 357(368)-385; Erl. ed., 29, pp. 2-16.

129. “Adversus armatum virum Cokleum.” Weim. ed., 11, pp. 292(295)-306; “Opp. lat. var.,” 7, pp. 44-60.

130. Various Sermons, etc. Weim. ed., 11, pp. 36-62.

131. “Von welltlicher Uberkeytt wie weytt man yhr Gehorsam schuldig sey.” Weim. ed., 11, pp. 229(245)-281; Erl. ed., 22, pp. 60-105.

132. “Eyn Bepstlich Breve widder den Luther.” Weim. ed., 11, pp. 337(342)-356; Erl. ed., 64, pp. 411-420; “Opp. lat. var.,” 6, pp. 466-477.

133. “In Genesim Declamationes” (publ. 1527). Weim. ed., 24; 14, pp. 94(97)-488; Erl. ed., 33, 34.

134. “Von Ordenung Gottes Dienst ynn der Gemeyne.” Weim. ed., 12, pp. 31(35)-37; Erl. ed., 22, pp. 153-156.

135. “Ursach und Anttwortt das Jungkfrawen Kloster gottlich verlassen mugen.” Weim. ed., 11, pp. 387(394)-400; Erl. ed., 29, pp. 34-42.

136. “Das eyn Christliche Versamlung odder Gemeyne … Macht habe alle Lere zu urteylen.” Weim. ed., 11, pp. 401(408)-416; Erl. ed., 22, pp. 141-151.

137. “Das Jhesus Christus eyn geborner Jude sey.” Weim. ed., 11, pp. 307(314)-336; Erl. ed., 29, pp. 46-74.

138. “Das Tauff Buchlin Verdeutscht.” Weim. ed., 12, pp. 38(42)-48; Erl. ed., 22, pp. 158-166.

139. “Ordenũg eyns gemeynen Kastens.” Weim. ed., 12, pp. 1(11)-30; Erl. ed., 22, pp. 106-130.

140. “Widder die Verkerer und Felscher Keyserlichs Mandats.” Weim. ed., 12, pp. 58(62)-67; Erl. ed., 53, pp. 182-190.

141. “Das siebẽdt Capitel S. Pauli zu den Corinthern aussgelegt.” Weim. ed., 12, pp. 88(92)-142; Erl. ed., 51, pp. 3-69.

142. 1523-1529. Latin translation of the Bible (publ. 1529).

143. Epistolary Recommendation of Johann Apel’s “Defensio pro suo coniugio.” Weim. ed., 12, pp. 68(71)-72; “Opp. lat. var.,” 7, p. 500 ff.

144. Preface to the German translation of Lamprecht’s (Lambert of Avignon) “In regulam Minoritarum … Commentarii.” Weim. ed., 11, pp. 457(461); “Opp. lat. var.,” 7, p. 498 _sq._

145. Introduction to Savonarola’s “Meditatio pia.” Weim. ed., 12, pp. 245(248); “Opp. lat. var.,” 7, p. 497 _sq._

146. “Eyn Brieff an die Christen ym Nidder Land.” Weim. ed., 12, pp. 73(77)-80; Erl. ed., 53, pp. 180-182.

147. “Allen Christen zu Righe, Revell und Tarbthe [Dorpat].” Weim. ed., 12, pp. 143(147)-150; Erl. ed., 53, pp. 190-194.

148 Hymns: “Nu freut euch liebe Christen gmein,” “Ein newes Lied wir heben an.” Erl. ed., 56, pp. 309 f., 340 ff.

149. “De instituendis ministris ecclesiæ.” Weim. ed., 12, pp. 160(169)-196; “Opp. lat. var.,” 6, pp. 494-535.

150. “Eyn Sendtbrieff … an ein Christl. Gemain der Stat Essling.” Weim. ed., 12, pp. 151(154)-159; Erl. ed., 53, pp. 213-217.

151. “Eyn trost Brieff an die Christen zu Augspurg.” Weim. ed., 12, pp. 221(224)-227; Erl. ed., 53, pp. 223-227.

152. “An die Herrn Deutschs Ordens das sie falsche Keuscheyt meyden und zur rechten ehlichen Keuscheyt greyffen.” Weim. ed., 12, pp. 228(232)-244; Erl. ed., 29, pp. 17-33.

153. “Formula missæ et communionis.” Weim. ed., 12, pp. 197(205)-220; “Opp. lat. var.,” 7, pp. 1-20.

German Old Testament (1st part), cp. No. 121. Sermons on the 1st Epistle of Peter, cp. No. 114. Other sermons, Weim. ed., 11, 12; Erl. ed., 17², pp. 1-72. Letters, Enders, 4, pp. 53-272; 5, p. 8; Erl. ed., 53, pp. 158-230; 56, pp. 166 f., vii. f.

=1524.= Diet of Nuremberg for the execution of the Edict of Worms. Amsdorf introduces the Reformation into Magdeburg. Münzer sacks the chapel at Malderbach near Eisleben. The Peasant War (beginning in June and lasting till the following year). League of the South-German Catholic Estates entered into at Ratisbon (July 6). Joh. Walther’s “Spiritual Song-book.” Münzer’s “Well-grounded plea” in his own defence (Sept.). Erasmus’s “Diatribe” (Sept.). Catholic worship is forbidden at Altenburg. Luther throws off the Augustinian habit (Dec.).

154. “An die Radherrn aller Stedte deutsches Lands das sie christl. Schulen auffrichten und halten sollen.” Weim. ed., 15, pp. 9(27)-53; Erl. ed., 22, pp. 170-199.

155. Translation of the Old Testament (2nd part, from Josue to Esther).

156. “Duæ episcopales bullæ super doctrina Lutherana et Romana.” Weim. ed., 15, pp. 141(146)-154; “Opp. lat. var.,” 7, pp. 63-73.

157. “Eyn Christlicher Trostbrieff an die Miltenberger.” Weim. ed., 15, pp. 54(69)-78; Erl. ed., 41, pp. 117-128.

158. Preface to Bugenhagen’s “In librum psalmorum Interpretatio.” Weim. ed., 15, p. 1(8); “Opp. lat. var.,” 7, p. 502 _sq._

159. “Eyn Geschicht wie Got eyner Erbarn Kloster Jungfrawẽ ausgelffen hat.” Weim. ed., 15, pp. 79(86)-94; Erl. ed., 29, pp. 103-113.

160. 1524-1526. “Prælectiones in Prophetas minores” (publ. 1526-1545). Weim. ed., 13, pp. 1-703; “Opp. lat. exeg.,” 24-28.

161. “Deuteronomium Mosi cum annotationibus” (publ. 1525). Weim. ed., 14, pp. 489(497)-744; “Opp. lat. exeg.,” 13, pp. 5-351.

162. “Widder das blind und toll Verdamnis.” Weim. ed., 15, pp. 95(110)-140; Erl. ed., 29, pp. 76-92.

163. “Dass Elltern die Kinder zur Ehe nicht zwingen noch hyndern.” Weim. ed., 15, pp. 155(163)-169; Erl. ed., 53, pp. 236-244.

164. “Zwey keyserliche uneynige und wydderwertige Gepott.” Weim. ed., 15, pp. 241(254)-278; Erl. ed., 24, pp. 210-237; 24², pp. 221-247.

165. “Der Psalter deutsch.” Erl. ed., 37, pp. 107-249.

166. “Von Kauffshandlung und Wucher.” Weim. ed., 15, pp. 279(293)-322; Erl. ed., 22, pp. 200-226.

167. “Eyn Sermon von dem Wucher” (2nd edition, cp. No. 61).

168. “Widder den newen Abgott und allten Teuffel der zu Meyssen sol erhaben werden.” Weim. ed., 15, pp. 170(183)-198; Erl. ed., 24, pp. 239-257; 24², pp. 250-268.

169. “Zwue Sermon auff das xv. und xvi. Capitel ynn der Apostel Geschichte” (publ. 1526). Weim. ed., 15, p. 571-622; Erl. ed., 17, pp. 223-253.

170. “Eyn Brieff an die Fürsten zu Sachsen von dem auffrurischen Geyst.” Weim. ed., 15, pp. 199(210)-221; Erl. ed., 53, pp. 256-268.

171. “Sendbrieff an die … Burgermeyster, Rhatt und gantze Gemeyn der Stadt Mülhausen.” Weim. ed., 15, pp. 230(238)-240; Erl. ed., 53, pp. 253-255.

172. “Ain Senndbrief an den Wolgeb. Herren, Herren Barth von Staremberg.” Weim. ed., 18, pp. 1(5)-7; Erl. ed., 53, pp. 202-204.

173. “Geistliches Gesangbüchlein” (with 24 hymns by Luther) Cp. Erl. ed., 56, p. 306 ff.

174. Sermons on Exodus (publ. in 1526, 1528, 1564, and, in full, in 1899). Weim. ed., 16, pp. 1-646; Erl. ed., 33, pp. 3-21 (“Opp. lat. var.,” 7, pp. 75-112); 35, pp. 1-392; 36, pp. 1-144.

175. German Old Testament (3rd and final part, without the “Apocrypha”).

176. “Von dem Grewel der Stillmesse so man den Canon nennet.” Weim. ed., 18, pp. 8(22)-36; Erl. ed., 29, pp. 114-133.

177. “Der 127. Psalm ausgelegt an die Christen zu Rigen ynn Liffland.” Weim. ed., 15, pp. 348(360)-379; Erl. ed., 41, pp. 130-150; 53, p. 281.

178. “Eyn Brieff an die Christen zu Straspurg widder den Schwermer Geyst.” Weim. ed., 15, pp. 380(391)-397; Erl. ed., 53, pp. 270-277.

Sermons on the 2nd Epistle of Peter and on the Epistle of Jude, cp. No. 126. Other Sermons, Weim. ed., 15, pp. 398(409)-803; Erl. ed., 17², pp. 73-115. Letters, Enders, 4, p. 273 to 5, p. 99; Erl. ed., 53, pp. 230-281.

=1525.= Charles V is victorious near Pavia (Feb. 24). Prussia becomes a secular principality (April 10). Luther opposes the so-called fanatics, Carlstadt and the rest. The massacre at Weinsberg (April 16). Death of the Elector Frederick (May 5). Johann succeeds him on the Saxon throne and reigns till 1532. Münzer is vanquished near Frankenhausen (May 15). The Erfurt Articles. League of the North German Catholic princes, meeting at Dessau (July 19). Link becomes preacher at Nuremberg (Aug.). The Mayence assembly (Nov.). Eck’s “Enchiridion.” Carlstadt’s humiliation. Luther’s marriage (June 13). He calls for the entire suppression of “idolatry” at Altenburg (July 20). The Reformation is violently carried through in the Saxon Electorate (Oct. 1). Interview with Schwenckfeld (Dec. 1). Nuremberg openly comes over to Luther’s side.

179. “Widder die hymelischen Propheten.” Weim. ed., 18, pp. 37(62)-214; Erl. ed., 29, pp. 136-297.

180. “Von Bruder Henrico ynn Diedmar verbrand sampt dem zehenden Psalmen ausgelegt.” Weim. ed., 18, pp. 215(224)-250; Erl. ed., 53, pp. 347-354; 27², pp. 400-426.

181. “Vorrede an den Leser von der Jubil Jars Bullen.” Weim. ed., 18, pp. 251(255)-269; Erl. ed., 29, pp. 298-318.

182. Sermons on 1 Timothy. Weim. ed., 17, 1, pp. 102-167; Erl. ed., 51, pp. 276-324.

183. “Eyn christl. Schrift an Herrn Wolfgang Reissenbusch sich ynn den Ehelichen Stand zubegeben.” Weim. ed., 18, pp. 270(275)-278; Erl. ed., 33, pp. 286-290.

184. “Ermanunge zum Fride auff die zwelff Artikel der Bawrschafft ynn Schwaben.” Weim. ed., 18, pp. 279(291)-334; Erl. ed., 24, pp. 259-286; 24², pp. 271-299.

185. “Vertrag zwischen dem löblichen Bund zu Schwaben und den zweyen Hauffen der Bawrn am Bodensee und Algew.” Weim. ed., 18, pp. 335(336)-343; Erl. ed., 65, pp. 2-12.

186. “Wider die mordischen und reubischen Rotten der Bawren.” Weim. ed., 18, pp. 344(357)-361; Erl. ed., 24, pp. 288-294; 24², pp. 303-309.

187. “Eyn schrecklich Geschicht unnd Gericht Gottes uber Thomas Müntzer.” Weim. ed., 18, pp. 362(367)-374; Erl. ed., 65, pp. 13-22.

188. “Eyn Sendebrieff von dem harten Buchlin widder die Bauren.” Weim. ed., 18, pp. 375(384)-401; Erl. ed., 24, pp. 295-319; 24², pp. 310-334.

189. “Eyne Christliche Vormanung von eusserlichem Gottis Dienste unde Eyntracht an die yn Lieffland.” Weim. ed., 18, pp. 412(417)-421; Erl. ed., 53, pp. 315-321.

190. Preface to Bodenstein’s “Entschuldigung D. Andres Carlstats des falschen Namens der Auffrůr.” Weim. ed., 18, pp. 431(436)-438; Erl. ed., 64, pp. 404-408.

191. Preface to Carlstadt’s “Erklerung.” Weim. ed., 18, pp. 446(453)-466; Erl. ed., 64, pp. 408-410.

192. “Die sieben Buss Psalmen” (revised). Weim. ed., 18, pp. 467(479)-550; Erl. ed., 37, pp. 344-442.

193. Notes to the 28 Articles of the Erfurt Council. Weim. ed., 18, pp. 531(534)-540; Erl. ed., 56, pp. xii.-xviii.; 65, pp. 239-247.

194. “Radtschlag wie in der Christlichen Gemaine ain … bestendigen Ordnung solle fürgenommen und auffgericht werden” (publ. 1526). Weim. ed., 19, pp. 436(440)-446; Erl. ed., 26², pp. 2-8.

195. “De servo arbitrio.” Weim. ed., 18, pp. 551(600)-787; “Opp. lat. var.,” 7, pp. 113(116)-368.

196. Church-Postils (2nd part), Epiphany to Easter. Erl. ed., 8-11; 8²-11².

197. “Deudsche Messe und Ordnung Gottis Diensts” (publ. 1526). Weim. ed., 19, pp. 44(70)-113; Erl. ed., 22, pp. 227-244.

198. Hymn, “Jesaia dem Propheten das geschach.” Erl. ed., 56, p. 343.

199. “Epistel des Propheten Jesaia so man ynn der Christmesse lieset” (publ. 1526). Weim. ed., 19, pp. 126(131)-168; Erl. ed., 15, pp. 65-110; 15², pp. 70-116.

“Annotationes in Deuteronomiam,” cp. No. 161. Other sermons, Weim. ed., 17, 1, pp. 1-507; Erl. ed., 17², pp. 116-253. Letters, Enders, 5, pp. 100-297; Erl. ed., 53, pp. 281-357; 56, pp. 168-170, viii.-xviii.

=1526.= The Diet of Augsburg demands (Jan. 9) an Œcumenical Council. Luther lays it down (Feb. 9) that, in each locality there must be but one doctrine. The new worship in the Saxon Electorate. The Electorate and Hesse enter into a league (at Gotha, and, later, at Torgau, May 2). Lambert of Avignon helps Philip of Hesse to introduce the innovations. The Kaiser threatened by the League of Cognac (May 22). The Diet of Spires (Aug. 27) tempers the Edict of Worms. The Battle of Mohacs (Aug. 29). Charles V politically estranged from the Pope. The “Hyperaspistes” of Erasmus.

200. “Das Bapstum mit seinen Gliedern gemalet und beschrieben.” Weim. ed., 19, pp. 1(6)-43; Erl. ed., 29, pp. 360-378.

201. Sermons (publ. in full in 1898). Weim. ed., 20, pp. 204(212)-591; Erl. ed., 17², pp. 254-267.

202. “Widder den … Radschlag der gantzen Meintzischen Pfafferey.” Weim. ed., 19, pp. 252(260)-282; Erl. ed., 65, pp. 23-46.

203. “Der Prophet Jona aussgelegt.” Weim. ed., 19, pp. 169(185)-251; Erl. ed., 41, pp. 325-414.

204. “Sermon von dem Sacrament des Leibs und Bluts Christi widder die Schwarmgeister.” Weim. ed., 19, pp. 474(482)-523; Erl. ed., 29, pp. 329-359.

205. Two Prefaces to the Swabian “Syngramma.” Weim. ed., 19, pp. 447(457)-461, 524(529)-530; Erl. ed., 65, pp. 108-185.

206. “Antwort auff ettliche Fragen Closter Gelübd belangend.” Weim. ed., 19, pp. 283(287)-293; Erl. ed., 29, pp. 318-327.

207. “Der Prophet Habacuc ausgelegt.” Weim. ed., 19, pp. 336(345)-435; Erl. ed., 42, pp. 3-108.

208. “Das Tauffbuchlin verdeudscht auffs new zugericht.” Weim. ed., 19, pp. 531(537)-541; Erl. ed., 22, pp. 291-294.

209. “Annotationes in Ecclesiasten” (publ. 1532). Weim. ed., 20, pp. 1(7)-203; “Opp. lat. exeg.,” 21, pp. 1-266.

210. “Der 112. Psalm Davids … gepredigt.” Weim. ed., 19, pp. 294(297)-336; Erl. ed., 40, pp. 241-280.

211. “Vier trostliche Psalmen.… An die Königyn zu Hungern ausgelegt.” Weim. ed., 19, pp. 542(552)-615; Erl. ed., 38, pp. 370-453.

212. “Der Prophet Sacharja ausgelegt” (publ. 1528). Weim. ed., 23, pp. 477(485)-664; Erl. ed., 42, pp. 109-362.

213. “Epistel aus dem Propheten Jeremia von Christus Reich” (publ. 1527). Weim. ed., 20, pp. 549-561; Erl. ed., 41, pp. 187-219.

214. “Ob Kriegsleutte auch ynn seligen Stande seyn künden.” Weim. ed., 19, pp. 618(623)-662; Erl. ed., 22, pp. 264-290.

“Deudsche Messe,” cp. No. 197. Two sermons on Acts xv., xvi., cp. No. 171. Sermon on Is. ix., cp. No. 199. Lecture on Osee, cp. No. 160. Instruction on Moses, Weim. ed., 16, pp. 363-394; Erl. ed., 33, pp. 3-21. Various memoranda, cp. No. 194. Summer part of the Church-Postils (Erl. ed., 8, 9, 11-14; 9², 11²-14²). Sermons, cp. Nos. 201, 204, 210, 213. Letters, Enders, 5, p. 298 ff.; Erl. ed., 53, pp. 357-394.

=1527.= Second war between Charles V and François I (lasting till 1529). Henry the Eighth’s plans for a divorce. Ferdinand I is crowned at Prague as King of Bohemia (Feb. 24). Sack of Rome (May 6-14). Peace between Charles V and Clement VII (Nov.). Gustavus Vasa takes Luther’s side. The Visitation of the Saxon Electorate (lasting till 1529) and introduction of the office of Superintendent. Emser’s translation of the New Testament (Dec.). Melanchthon in his “Commonplace Book” modifies his teaching on Predestination. Luther falls ill; beginning of his worst “struggles of conscience.” Commencement of the controversy with Zwingli, etc., on the Supper. Wittenberg is invaded by the Plague.

215. “Das diese Wort Christi (Das ist mein Leib etce.) noch fest stehen widder die Schwermgeister.” Weim. ed., 23, pp. 38(64)-320; Erl. ed., 30, pp. 16-150.

216. Translation of Isaias.

217. “Auff des Königs zu Engelland Lesterschrift.” Weim. ed., 23, pp. 17(26)-37; Erl. ed., 30, pp. 2-14.

218. Sermons on Leviticus and Numbers (publ. 1902). Weim. ed., 25, pp. 403(411)-522.

219. Preface to “Commentarius in Apocalypsim ante centum annos editus.” Weim. ed., 26, pp. 121(123)-124; “Opp. lat. var.,” 7, pp. 506-508.

220. Preface to “Die Weissagungẽ Johannis Lichtenberger.” Weim. ed., 23, pp. 1(7)-12; Erl. ed., 63, pp. 250-258.

221. “In Esaiam scholia ex D.M.L. prælectionibus collecta” (publ. 1532-1534). Weim. ed., 25, pp. 79(87)-401; “Opp. lat. exeg.,” 22, pp. 1-296.

222. “Ob man fur dem Sterben fliehen muge.” Weim. ed., 23, pp. 323(338)-386; Erl. ed., 22, pp. 318-341.

223. Lecture on the 1st Epistle of John (publ. 1708 and 1799). Weim. ed., 20, pp. 592(599)-801.

224. “Trostunge un die Christen zu Halle uber Er Georgen yhres Predigers Tod.” Weim. ed., 23, pp. 390(401)-434; Erl. ed., 22, pp. 295-316.

225. “Octonarius David” (Ps. xix.). Weim. ed., 23, pp. 435(437)-442; Erl. ed., 41, pp. 93-115.

226. “Von Er Lenhard Keiser ynn Beyern umb des Evangelii Willen verbrandt.” Weim. ed., 23, pp. 443(445)-476.

227. “Ain feste Burg” (1528?). Erl. ed., 56, p. 343 f., see above, vol. v., p. 549.

228. Lecture on Titus and Philemon (publ. 1902). Weim. ed., 25, pp. 1(6)-78.

Church-Postils, Summer part and conclusion, ed. Roth, cp. Erl. ed., 15, 16; 15². Sermon on Jer. xxiii. 5-8, cp. No. 213. Sermons on Genesis, cp. No. 133. Other Sermons, Weim. ed., 23, pp. 665(682)-757; Erl. ed., 17², pp. 268-322. Letters, Enders, 1, pp. 1-172; Erl. ed., 53, pp. 395-416; 56, pp. 170-176.

=1528.= The Pack negotiations. Anabaptists are threatened with the death-penalty. Death of Albert Dürer (April 6) and Emser (Nov. 8). Cochlæus, Court-chaplain to Duke George. Cruciger and other friends come to Wittenberg. Letters of Hasenberg and von der Heyden. Bugenhagen’s work in Brunswick. Progress of the Visitation of the Saxon Electorate. The “catechetical sermons” at Wittenberg. Philip of Hesse’s breach of the peace and hostilities against Bamberg, Würzburg and Mayence. The Turks threaten new inroads.

229. “Unterricht der Visitatorn an die Pharhern ym Kurfurstenthum zu Sachssen,” etc. Weim. ed., 26, pp. 175(195)-240; Erl. ed., 23, pp. 3-70.

230. “Vom Abendmal Christi Bekentnis.” Weim. ed., 26, pp. 241(261)-509; Erl. ed., 30, pp. 152-373.

231. “Ein Gesichte Bruder Clausen ynn Schweytz und seine Deutunge.” Weim. ed., 26, pp. 125(130)-136; Erl. ed., 63, pp. 260-268.

232. Lecture on 1 Timothy (partly publ. 1797). Weim. ed., 26, pp. 1(4)-120.

233. “Von der Widdertauffe an zween Pfarherrn.” Weim. ed., 26, pp. 137(144)-174; Erl. ed., 26, pp. 255-294; 26², pp. 282-321.

234. “De digamia episcoporum propositiones.” Weim. ed., 26, pp. 510(517)-527; “Opp. lat. var.,” 4, pp. 360-373.

235. New edition of the German Psalter; cp. No. 165, 289.

236. Three series of sermons on the Catechism (publ. 1899). Weim. ed., 30, 1, pp. 2-122.

237. “Vom Kriege widder die Türcken” (publ. 1529). Weim. ed. 30, 2, pp. 81(107)-148; Erl. ed., 31, pp. 32-80.

238. “New-Zeittung von Leyptzig.” “Ein newe Fabel Esopi newlich verdeudscht gefunden.” Weim. ed., 26, pp. 534(539)-554; Erl. ed., 64, pp. 326-337.

239. “Von beider Gestalt des Sacraments.” Weim. ed., 26, pp. 555(560)-618; Erl. ed., 30, pp. 374-426.

240. Week-day sermons on John xvi.-xx. (in part publ. 1530, 1557). Weim. ed., 28, pp. 31(42)-502; Erl. ed., 50, pp. 1-441.

241. Week-day sermons on Mt. xi.-xv. Weim. ed., 28, pp. 1(4)-30.

242. “Nachwort zu der Durchleuchtigen hochgebornen F. Ursulen Hertzogin zu Mönsterberg. Christliche Ursach des verlassen Klosters zu Freyberg.” Weim. ed., 26, pp. 623(628)-633; Erl. ed., 65, pp. 132-169.

Exposition of the Ten Commandments, Weim. ed., 16, pp. 394-528; Erl. ed., 36, pp. 1-144. Commentary on Zacharias, cp. No. 212. Other Sermons, Weim. ed., 27, 28, pp. 503-763. Letters, Enders, 6, p. 173-7, p. 38; Erl. ed., 53, pp. 416-452; 54, pp. 1-60; 56, pp. 176-180, xix.

=1529.= Peace of Barcelona (June 29). Peace of the Ladies (Cambrai, Aug. 5). Retreat of the Turks from Vienna (Oct. 14). Diet of Spires. “Protest” of the Lutheran Estates (April 19). They promise each other mutual support (April 22). Philip of Hesse and Melanchthon seek a union with the Zwinglians; the Marburg Conference (Oct. 1-4). Luther submits to the Upper German townships his so-called Schwabach Articles which are rejected by Strasburg and Ulm at the Schwabach Conference (Oct. 16). The same thing happens again at the Schmalkalden Conference (Nov. 29) and spoils all prospect of an arrangement with the South-Germans. Nuremberg alone stands true to the union.

243. “Von heimlichẽ und gestolen Brieffen.” Weim. ed., 30, 2, pp. 1(25)-48; Erl. ed., 31, pp. 2-30.

244. “Deudsch Catechismus.” Weim. ed., 30, 1, pp. 123-238; Erl. ed., 21, pp. 26-155.

245. “Der Kleine Catechismus für die gemeine Pfarher und Prediger.” Weim. ed., 30, 1, pp. 239-425; Erl. ed., 21, pp. 5-25.

246. “Ein Trawbüchlin für die einfeltigen Pfarherr.” Weim. ed., 30, 3, pp. 43(74)-80; Erl. ed., 23, pp. 208-213.

247. “Teütsche Letaney” and “Latina Litania correcta.” Weim. ed., 30, 3, pp. 1(29)-42; Erl. ed., 56, pp. 360-366.

248. Preface to the “Œconomia christiana” of Justus Menius. Weim. ed., 30, 2, pp. 49(60)-63; Erl. ed., 54, pp. 117-121; 63, pp. 277-282.

249. Translation of the Book of Wisdom.

250. Sermons on Deuteronomy (publ. 1564). Weim. ed., 28, pp. 501(509)-763; Erl. ed., 36, pp. 164-411.

251. Preface to Melanchthon’s Exposition of Colossians. Weim. ed., 30, 2, pp. 64(68)-69; “Opp. lat. var.,” 7, p. 492 _sq._

252. Preface to Brentz’s Commentary on Ecclesiastes. Weim. ed., 26, pp. 619(621)-622; Erl. ed., 54, p. 59 f.

253. Preface to Venatorius’ “Ein kurtz Underricht den sterbenden Menschen.” Weim. ed., 30, 2, pp. 70(79)-80; Erl. ed., 63, pp. 285-287.

254. The “Wittenberg Song-book” with new hymns and a preface.

255. “Von Ehesachen” (publ. 1530). Weim. ed., 30, 3, pp. 198(205)-248; Erl. ed., 23, pp. 93-154.

256. Marburg Conference and Articles. Weim. ed., 30, 3, pp. 92(110)-171; Erl. ed., 65, pp. 88-91.

257. Articles of the Schwabach Convention. Weim. ed., 30, 3, pp. 81(86)-91.

258. “Eine Heer-Predigt widder den Türcken.” Weim. ed., 30, 2, pp. 149(160)-197; Erl. ed., 31, pp. 81-121.

259. Scholia to Ps. cxviii. (to Eobanus Hessus).

Latin translation of the Bible, cp. No. 142. “Vom Kriege widder die Türcken,” cp. No. 237. Sermons, cp. No. 240 and Weim. ed., 29. Letters, Enders, 7, pp. 39-212; Erl. ed., 54, pp. 60-121; 56, pp. 181, xix.-xxvii.

=1530.= Charles V is crowned Emperor at Bologna (Feb. 24). Death of Willibald Pirkheimer and of Luther’s father, Hans (Feb.). The “Confessio tetrapolitana” of Strasburg, Constance, Lindau and Memmingen (drawn up by Bucer and Capito). The Torgau Articles (March). Diet of Augsburg (June 20-Nov. 19). Luther at the Coburg (April 23-Oct. 4). At Torgau he begins to favour the use of armed resistance to the Emperor (Oct.). The “Confessio Augustana” (June 25), the “Confutatio” and Melanchthon’s “Apologia” (Sept.). Bucer at the Coburg (Sept. 25). The warlike league planned by the Protesting Estates at the Schmalkalden Assembly (Dec. 22). Spread of the innovations in Hungary.

260. Preface to Spengler’s “Kurczer Auszuge aus den Bebstlichen Rechten.” Weim. ed., 30, 2, pp. 215(219); Erl. ed., 63, pp. 288-290.

261. Preface to “Libellus de ritu et moribus Turcarum.” Weim. ed., 30, 2, pp. 198(205)-208; “Opp. lat. var.,” 7, pp. 514-519; Erl. ed., 65, pp. 248-254.

262. New ed. of the New Testament.

263. Translation of Daniel.

264. Preface to “Der Widdertauffer Lere” of Justus Menius. Weim. ed., 30, 2, pp. 209(211)-214; Erl. ed., 63, pp. 290-296.