Chapter II: Summary (2)

But for his own share in the abuses of the tottering church, James might have established his throne in righteousness by becoming the champion of the Reformation on conscientious grounds. This palm his misappropriation of the fair priories of St. Andrews, Holyrood, &c., prevented him from seeking to win. Moreover, the ecclesiastical powers, perceiving the royal weakness, determined to circumvent the greedy nobles who were in wait for the spoils of the Church, by purchasing the protection of the sovereign at any price. They opened their treasuries, they laid oblations from their precious things at his feet, they pensioned him and bound him in their golden fetters till they induced him to sanction their persecutions.[710]

The affront James had received from his nobles at Fala Muir threw him entirely into the arms of the priests, through whose means he was enabled to raise ten thousand men without the co-operation of his disaffected magnates. He then condescended to receive the scroll of denunciations which he had previously rejected, with a generous manifestation of contempt for the incendiaries by whom it was presented.[711]

The Queen, meantime, having again good hopes of repairing the loss of her children, thought to secure the life of her expected offspring by undertaking a pilgrimage on foot to Musselburgh, where there was a chapel dedicated to the virgin of Loretto,[712]--so called because a Scotch hermit had brought with him, from the celebrated shrine of Loretto in Italy, a copy of the Virgin’s picture. This he said he was commanded to do by a supernatural visitation, which, of course, he gave out to be divine. The King and several of his lords attended the Queen in her pedestrian expedition to the northern lady of Loretto. Some say they went barefoot: if so, this may account for the King’s subsequent serious illness.[713] The Queen’s pilgrimage occurred just before she took her chamber, a short time previous to the disastrous invasion of England.

King James, though he had many loyal barons on his side, had conceived a distrust of the aristocratic order altogether, and therefore determined to invest his favorite gentleman-in-waiting, Oliver Sinclair, with the command of the army which he had got together for the purpose of retaliating the insults of the English. This determination he kept a profound secret, and for some mysterious reason remained at Caerlaverock Castle, instead of proceeding with the expedition. One of those violent pulmonary attacks which occasionally precede consumption was in all probability the cause wherefore King James V. suddenly relinquished the command of the fine army he had gathered to revenge the English aggressions. A letter is extant to his Queen, apparently written after a recent parting. It has no date of time or place, but from its incoherence, and complaints of illness, may be suitably placed at this crisis:--

“JAMES V. TO HIS QUEEN MARY, OF LORRAINE.[714]

“I have received the letter you were pleased to write to me, for
which I thank you very humbly, assuring you that your man will
not be oblige----[_Here the sense breaks off abruptly--the
writing was resumed after his recovery._] I have been very
ill these three days past, as I never was in my life; but God be
thanked, I am well. François will tell you the news here, and
praying our Lord to grant you good life and long,

“Your humble husband,

“JAMES R.”

Evidently the King’s convalescence was not lasting, yet his youth and high spirit gave him hopes of soon overtaking his forces, and leading them to victory. We consider, having carefully traced James V. through the fluctuations of a malady, so little understood in his era, that he appointed Oliver Sinclair,[715] the oldest and most trusted gentleman of his bedchamber, merely as _locum tenens_ in the command, in order that he might resume it without delay when his health rendered it possible. Meantime the Scottish troops, supposing that their King was with them, and intended to be his own general, marched with spirit and order till they had crossed the Esk. So formidable was their demeanor, so unexpected their appearance on the English border, that great alarm was excited at Carlisle. However, the English wardens, Dacre and Musgrave, did their duty manfully: they gathered a hasty muster of about three or four hundred men, and advanced to reconnoiter the hostile array. Then Oliver Sinclair, being exalted on the spears of his followers, probably on a buckler, after the old Teutonic fashion, displayed the royal commission declaring him the King’s lieutenant-general of the army, and every man was exhorted to obey his orders. The nobles were piqued at the preference being given to him whom they regarded “as a fellow of no reckoning,” and the loyal Lord Maxwell vainly endeavored to persuade them to fight for the honor of Scotland. Great murmuring and disorder took place, and such as were willing to do their duty called in vain on their inexperienced leader for his directions, crying, “My lord-lieutenant, what will ye do?”[716] Sinclair, unacquainted with the perilous nature of the ground, led his men into the slimy moss of the Solway: the tide was rising, as it does once in the twenty-four hours, with resistless force; panic and confusion ensued. He was taken prisoner without striking a blow, and the most disgraceful defeat that had even vexed a Scottish army befell on that disastrous day.

The King’s mind, which had been shaken irreparably by the death of his infant sons, and the excitement of the revolt of his nobles at Fala Muir, was now wholly subverted. Sleep forsook him, and he continually reiterated the melancholy ejaculation, “Oh fled is Oliver! Is Oliver ta’en?” or sunk into a sort of stupor which resembled a trance, from which he occasionally roused himself to smite his breast and burst into paroxysms of despair. The next morning, Nov. 25, he returned to Edinburgh, where he remained till the 30th, incapable of business, and concealing himself from every eye.

The Queen was then at Linlithgow, where she had taken her chamber, being in hourly expectation of her accouchement. Instead of visiting her in whose soothing endearments he might perhaps have found, as at the death of his two babes, some comfort, he avoided her presence, and, as if to prevent the possibility of her coming to him, the King stole secretly from his metropolis, and, crossing over to Fifeshire, went to Hallyards, the residence of his treasurer’s wife, the Lady Grange, an ancient and godly matron, by whom he was received with respectful sympathy. He had no one with him but Sir William Kirkaldy of Grange, her son, and some of the gentlemen of his bedchamber. At supper, his venerable hostess, observing his depression, began to comfort him, entreating him to take the will of God in good part. “My portion of this world is short,” he mournfully replied, “for I shall not be with you fifteen days.”[717]

When his servants came to inquire of him where he would please to keep his Christmas festival, he answered with a bitter smile, which Knox terms “ane disdainful smirk,”--“I can not tell--chuse ye the place; but this,” continued he, “I _can_ tell you, ere Yule Day ye will be masterless, and the realm without a king.”

A low nervous fever was on him, attended with so much irritability that no one durst contradict him; but ever and anon he broke forth into his wonted lamentation,--“Fie, fled is Oliver!--is Oliver ta’en?”[718] These mournful words were probably intended as the refrain of some ballad lament which the poet king was involuntarily composing in his madness. Still retiring, as if from sheer perverseness, farther and farther from the place whither, if his mind had retained its natural tone, his conjugal and paternal feelings would have impelled him to hasten, he withdrew to his palace at Falkland, and took to his bed, with the prophetic declaration “that he should rise from it no more.”

The bitter sense of humiliation--the corrosive agony of spirit that had overwhelmed the mind, and was gnawing away the heartstrings, of the once gay and gallant James V., was felt, though in a less poignant degree, throughout the land. The disaster at Solway was worse than a recurrence of the fatal day of Flodden, because attended with national dishonor which the loss of that battle, where “groom fought like noble, squire like knight, as fearless and well,” was not: for at Solway Moss the Scotch, engulfed in the treacherous sands, or struggling with the fatal rising of the tides, had no opportunity of vindicating their country from the reproach of her thousands being overthrown, and her nobles led captive by a handful of hastily raised English militia. The loss, coolly considered, was not great, and might have been easily repaired; but the spirit of the King was broken, “and fearfulness and a horrible dread” had taken hold of the people.

Meanwhile the deserted Queen continued in the retirement of her chamber in the Palace of Linlithgow, awaiting the pains and perils of childbirth, agitated by almost hourly reports of the distressing state of her unhappy consort, and precluded by her own situation from hastening to his comfort. Mary of Lorraine was at that period an object of affectionate sympathy to the people; for her conduct as a wife and queen had been unexceptionable; her position was now peculiarly painful, unsupported by the presence of mother, sister, or husband,--a widow already in every thing but the name, yet bearing up bravely under all her trials, for the sake of her unborn infant, the eagerly desired heir of the ancient realm of Scotland.

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FOOTNOTES:

[1] _Chronicle of_ GEORGE CHASTELLAINE.

[2] Lives of the Queens of England.

[3] Historie of Scotland--James Fyft.

[4] Speed’s Chronicle.

[5] Smith’s Westminster, 4to. p. 70.

[6] Leland’s Collection.

[7] The former House of Lords.

[8] Herald’s Journal in Leland’s Collection.

[9] Antiquities of Westminster, J. T. Smith.

[10] Herald’s Journal, Leland Collection.

[11] Antiquities of Westminster, J. T. Smith.

[12] See Henry Ellis’s Historical Letters, vol. i. p. 172, 2d series.

[13] Buchanan, vol. xi. p. 110. The dispensation for the wedlock of James and Margaret is dated Aug. 5, 1500. Rymer’s Fœdera.

[14] Lord Lindsay’s Christian Art, vol. iii. p. 348. His Lordship informs us that Mabuse was a profligate character, who lived long enough to be the subject of a curious anecdote. Many years afterward, when the Emperor Charles V. had arrived at man’s estate, that sovereign was to pay a visit to the Marquis of Vanderveren, in whose service Mabuse then was. The Marquis chose to array all his retainers in white damask. The painter requested to have his allotment of damask in his own possession, under pretence of devising some curious or quaint costume. The rogue bartered it at the tavern for drink, and did, indeed, devise a curious costume for himself, imitating damask on white paper. The trick had been whispered to his master; and the Emperor, who could not help admiring the ingenuity of Mabuse, made him approach his chair, which led to the open discovery of his imposition.

[15] See her description by Gavin Douglas, in his Palace of Honor.

[16] All the Scottish historians mention this circumstance--Buchanan, vol. ii. p. 112. Lindsay of Pitscottie quotes documents relating to it. The English historians say, the disputed legacy was left by Henry VII., who, in fact, had detained it in his possession after his son’s death;--there is no such notation in his will; but he had probably ordered Margaret’s legacy to be given up to her on his death-bed. That there was a legacy claimed by Margaret is testified beyond dispute by Dr. West’s dispatches.

[17] Bacon’s Life of Henry VII.

[18] Lesley’s History of Scotland, Bannatyne edition.

[19] Varillas quotes this bit of court gossip from Cardinal Cajetan, who dates the conclusion of the Scotch marriage treaty August, 1502.

[20] An important reason connected with the constitutional history of England may be given in explanation of the scanty nature of Margaret’s dowry, which was, in fact, supplied from the private resources of the King her father, that monarch having been disappointed of the supply which it was customary for parliament to grant in aid of the marriage of a Princess-Royal. The requisition of a subsidy for this purpose had been confidently made by King Henry, but was opposed by Sir Thomas More, then a beardless stripling, in a speech of great power and eloquence, and, for the first time in that reign, the crown was thrown into a minority on the matter of finance, for the subsidy was refused, to the infinite surprise and anger of the sovereign.--(Records of Parliament, Life of Sir Thomas More.)

[21] Tytler’s History of Scotland, vol. v. p. 11.

[22] Printed in the Appendix of Leland’s Collectanea, vol. iv. p. 258, from a MS. once in possession of Anstis Garter-King-at-arms.

[23] Somerset Herald’s Journal. Leland, vol iv.

[24] Ibid.

[25] This sentence is very singular, as it seems to bind James IV. for his whole life, in case of Margaret’s death, and appears therefore a strange innovation in the rites of marriage in the Roman Church, which never varies even in trifles. If the herald-chronicler had not recorded a reciprocal vow as made by Margaret to James, the author would have treated the obligation as a mistake of the transcriber.

[26] Meaning that they supped their porridge, broth, or whatever spoon-meat formed their earliest meal; tea and coffee being then unknown at royal breakfast tables in Christendom.

[27] A French knight or noble, whose name is evidently mis-spelled.

[28] One of the Scottish knights.

[29] Probably _Moors_ or _moriscos_, although the term may mean simply masked persons, or morris-dancers.

[30] The affiancing of the Princess Margaret to the King of Scotland was declared to the citizens of London on the same morning that it took place, being proclaimed at St. Paul’s Cross. Te Deum was sung in the cathedral adjoining. Twelve hogsheads of Gascon wine were broached, and bestowed by Henry VII. on the populace. London blazed with bonfires at the same time that the pageants and ballets were performing in the hall of Richmond Palace.

[31] Supposed to be a chaufrette, used by the French to hold ashes, for the purpose of keeping the feet warm on the stone or brick floors.

[32] St. Patrick’s day, March 17, is mentioned by some historians as James IV.’s birth-day; yet not only the day, but the year of his birth, is variously quoted. Bishop Lesley’s History gives the above date. He could scarcely be mistaken in the year of the birth of his royal patroness’s grandfather. Lesley’s Hist., p. 39.

[33] Lindsay of Pitscottie, and history of Scotland, Encyc. Brit.

[34] Shaw is a skirting or belt of copsewood, intermixed with forest trees.

[35] This fragment of royal poetry in the fifteenth century is preserved in the original orthography, among other historical treasures, in the seventeenth number of the History of Noble Families (Drummonds).

[36] Lesley, Hist. Lindsay of Pitscottie. Buchanan, &c.

[37] Ibid.

[38] Lesley, p. 58.

[39] Lindsay of Pitscottie, p. 224.

[40] Lindsay of Pitscottie.

[41] Ibid.

[42] Tytler’s Scotland, vol. iv. p. 289.

[43] Probably disguisers or masks.

[44] Moreri, on the name Drummond, gives the fullest account of this curious private history. See also Tytler’s Hist. of Scotland, vol. iv.

[45] History of the Drummond Family, Part xvii. p. 10, in History of Noble British Families, published by Pickering. The value of this beautiful work is not limited to the rare anecdotes with which it is replete, although, as may be seen above, the biographer is indebted for incidents which it were vain to seek elsewhere. It is deserving great attention on account of its embellishments, being enriched with portraits and woodcuts of local scenery and with the most tasteful ornaments, designed and exquisitely tinted by the pencil of the accomplished Lady Strange.

[46] Letter of Queen Margaret Tudor, Cottonian Collection, Caligula, Brit. Mus. MS. B. 1. Holograph, Nov. 24, 1523.

[47] History of the Drummond Family, Noble Families, &c.

[48] “Item, the 24 day of June 1502, the King was at Drummond, given to Margaret Drummond, by the King’s command, twenty-one pounds. Item, to her nuriss (nurse), forty-one pounds. Item, June 1503, to the nuriss that brought the King’s daughter fra Drummond to Sterling, £3 10_s._”--Mr. Tytler’s Appendix, vol. iv. History of Scotland. We have availed ourselves of Mr. Tytler’s deep research concerning this mysterious and romantic passage in history.

[49] John, Lord Gordon.

[50] Balfour’s Annals, vol. i. p. 27–30.

[51] In the Treasurer’s Compotus, date of February 1, 1502–3, is the following entry:--“Item, to the priests of Edinburgh, to do dirge and saule mass for Mergratt Drummond, £v.” Again, February 10, same year:--“Item, to the priests that sing in Dumblane for Margaret Drummond, their quarter’s fee, five pounds.”--Tytler’s Scotland, notes, &c. vol. iv. p. 359. The date of the death of James IV.’s first wife--a point unsettled--may be nearly ascertained by these extracts.

[52] Lesley, Bishop of Ross, Bannatyne, p. 71.

[53] Lesley, Bishop of Ross. Bannatyne, p. 71.

[54] Hall, p. 98. Hollinshed, History of Scotland, vol. i. p. 290.

[55] Leland’s Collectanea, vol. iv. p. 267–300. From the narrative of John Young, Somerset Herald, who was present.

[56] Leland’s Collectanea.

[57] John Young, Somerset Herald. Lord Derby was the husband of her grandmother, Margaret Richmond. Bouchier, Earl of Essex, was the nephew of her great-grandfather, Richard, Duke of York, claimant of the English crown; but the Bouchiers were not descended from the lineal heiress, Jane Mortimer.

[58] Most of the colleges thus mentioned by the Herald were collegiate churches.

[59] Somerset Herald’s narrative, in Leland.

[60] Her mother’s uncle and brother, Earl Rivers and Lord Richard Grey, had been put to death within the memory of man by the orders of Richard III. at Pontefract.

[61] John Barbour, Archdeacon of Aberdeen, wrote the great actions of Robert Bruce in the time of his son David, II. Many noble passages occur in his poems; and it is well worth encountering his rugged orthography to read them. He was just before the era of Chaucer, to whom he is perhaps superior as an original author. It was Barbour who wrote that grand apostrophe often quoted--“Oh Freedom is a noble thing!”

[62] Narrative of the Somerset Herald, in Leland’s Collectanea.

[63] Chambers’ Picture of Scotland, vol. i. p. 47.

[64] Leland’s Collectanea, vol. iv. p. 202. Young’s Journal. MS. of Anstis, Garter King.

[65] See her Letters, vol. v. State Papers.

[66] So written; but he means Dalkeith.

[67] Sir Ralph Sadler, in his Dispatches to the King of England, Henry VIII., in 1543, mentions Dalkeith Castle as a place of prodigious strength, in possession of the Earl of Morton. He says the donjon was called the Lion’s Den.

[68] Leland’s Collectanea. John Young, Somerset Herald, who was present, and describes the dress and appearance of James IV. as he saw him that day, August 3, 1503.

[69] Herald’s Journal. Leland’s Appendix.

[70] Leland’s Collectanea. Narrative of Young, Somerset Herald.--Anstis’ MS.

[71] Ibid.

[72] Leland’s Coll. Somerset Herald’s Journal.

[73] Leland’s Coll. Somerset Herald’s Journal.

[74] Ibid.

[75] Leland’s Coll. Somerset Herald’s Journal.

[76] Leland’s Coll., Somerset Herald’s Journal.

[77] Leland’s Collectanea. Narrative of Young, Somerset Herald, Anstis’ MS.

[78] Leland’s Collectanea. Narrative of Young, Somerset Herald. Anstis’ MS.

[79] Leland’s Col. John Young, Somerset Herald, &c.

[80] Leland’s Coll. John Young, Somerset Herald, &c.

[81] Who at this period occupied the station called “the lady mistress” to the daughter of Henry VII.

[82] Leland’s Coll. John Young, Somerset Herald, &c.

[83] A canopy is held over the head of the bride in the Catholic marriages on the Continent, even when persons of the humblest rank are married.

[84] Probably what is now called a side-board. As to the bed, state sleeping-chambers were constantly used as dining or supper rooms until the seventeenth century. All heralds’ journals will prove this fact. See the coronation of Elizabeth of York, &c.

[85] Additional MSS. Brit. Museum.

[86] John Young, Somerset Herald, &c.

[87] Ibid.

[88] Dunbar, like most poets, was not over-gifted with this world’s gear. He was destitute of all support at the commencement of one severe winter. In order to set forth his claims to royal bounty, he wrote a supplication in verse in the character of an old broken-down palfrey, who had grown gray in his King’s service, and needed shelter from the cold of the approaching Christmas, which his royal lord, he knew, was too humane to refuse to his creatures, either four-footed or biped. James the Fourth often answered his petitioners in verse; on this occasion he took the pen, and wrote off the following order to his Treasurer:--

“RESPONSIO REGIS.

“After our writing, Treasurer,
Take in this gray horse, old Dunbar,
Which in my _aucht_[89] with service true
In _lyart_[90] changed is his hue.
Go house him now against this Yule!
And _busk_[91] him like a bishop’s mule;
For with my hand I have endorst
To pay whate’er his trappings cost.”

Dunbar, the poet-laureate of James IV., must not be confounded with another elegant poet, Bishop Gavin Dunbar, nearly of the same era, to whom Queen Margaret afterward confided the education of her infant son, James V.

[89] Aid.

[90] Gray.

[91] Adorn him with gay clothes.

[92] Leland’s Collectanea. Young’s Journal. Anstis’ MS.

[93] Ibid.

[94] Leland’s Collectanea. Young’s Journal. Anstis’ MS.

[95] This word, often used by the Somerset Herald, always bears the meaning of the French word _honnette_, meaning _properly_, _orderly_, _decorously_.

[96] Young, Somerset Herald, &c.

[97] Young, Somerset Herald, &c.

[98] Sir Henry Ellis’s Historical Letters, First Series.

[99] With these words, John Young, Somerset Herald, finishes his narrative. He doubtless returned with the Earl of Surrey to England.

[100] Lesley, Bishop of Ross, History of Scotland. Bannatyne, vol. xi. p. 71.

[101] See her letter before-quoted to Henry VII.

[102] Accounts of the Lord Treasurer; in the Register House, Edinburgh.

[103] Ibid.

[104] Lord Treasurer’s Accounts, Edinburgh Register House.

[105] This place, which has acquired melancholy celebrity as a state prison, has in later and happier days been graphically described by that accomplished lyrical poet, the late lamented Caroline, Baroness Nairne (author of “The Land of the Leal”), in her spirited historical ballad commemorating the preservation of the crown, scepter, and regalia of Scotland, in which these lines occur--

“On fair Kincardine’s rocky coast
There’s few that dinna ken yet
Dunottar’s Castle, bald and strong,
Stands towering o’er the main yet.”

--See _Musical Lays from Strathearn_, now first published with the author’s name.

[106] Sir John Sinclair, Statistical Account, &c., vol. ii.

[107] Balfour’s Annals. He gives the date 1507, of the birth of Margaret’s first-born son.

[108] History of Galloway, vol. i. p. 422.

[109] History of Galloway.

[110] Bishop Lesley, History of Scotland.

[111] Treasurer’s Accounts, Register House MS., Edinburgh.

[112] Ibid.

[113] Lesley’s History of Scotland.

[114] Ancient Music of Scotland.

[115] So written, Cott. MS., Caligula, B. viii. f. 151.

[116] Cott. MS., Caligula, B. viii. f. 151.

[117] Lesley, p. 80.

[118] Lord Lindsay’s Lives of the Lindsays.

[119] Lesley’s History, p. 84.

[120] Lesley’s History, p. 84.

[121] Sir Henry Ellis’s Historical Letters, first series, vol. i.

[122] Ellis’s Historical Letters.

[123] Ibid.

[124] Dr. West’s letters are dateless; but Bishop Lesley fixes his embassy May 4, 1512. The date of a letter of Queen Margaret, on the same subject, is April 9th--therefore, it can not belong to this visit; but the controversy continued till the battle of Flodden.

[125] Archæologia.

[126] Beauchamp MSS., British Museum.

[127] The infant Prince’s governess.

[128] Some officer of the royal infant’s establishment.

[129] This is one of the Scottish melodies still found among ancient collections. The air is noted down in Ancient Scottish Melodies, published for the Maitland Club.

[130] Lesley, p. 86.

[131] Ellis’s Historical Letters, vol. i. series i.

[132] It is remarkable that, in all English documents or chronicles, the legacy is mentioned as that of her father.

[133] By the schedule of the effects.

[134] Cott. MS., Caligula, b. vi. f. 67.

[135] Lindsay of Pitscottie, folio, p. 108.

[136] This is from an old folio, the first edition from the British Museum. Dalyell’s edition gives the same, but less quaintly worded.

[137] “The greatest part of the treasure claimed by Queen Margaret consisted of woman’s jewels and ornaments, which were reported to be given by will to her by Arthur, her eldest brother.”--(Buchanan, vol. ii. p. 115.) Other Scottish annalists and historians assert the same; while the English cotemporaries, who had reason, a very few years after, to stand in dread of Henry VIII. (who would not have endured the publication of this proof that Arthur considered his sister nearer of kin to him than Katharine of Arragon), universally declare that the legacy was left by Henry VII.--whereas there is no such bequest in his will, as may be proved by the examination of that document, printed in the _Testamenta Vetusta_ of our late learned and lamented friend, Sir Harris Nicolas.

[138] Lesley, History of Scotland, p. 89.

[139] The date of the Lord Lion’s declaration of war, and defiance of Henry VIII. in his camp, is July 26, 1513.--Lesley, p. 91.

[140] Lindsay of Pitscottie mentions her dream. Folio edition, British Museum.

[141] Life of John Lesley, Bishop of Ross. Mackenzie’s Lives, vol. ii. p. 551.

[142] Tytler, p. 56. Pinkerton, vol. ii. p. 96.

[143] Lindsay of Pitscottie.

[144] Tradition of Linlithgow.

[145] Groveling--to bend forward with the breast or stomach to the earth. An East Anglian phrase, still in use among the people of Suffolk.

[146] Lindsay of Pitscottie.

[147] Chambers’ Picture of Scotland, vol. ii. p. 63.

[148] Lindsay of Pitscottie.

[149] Supposed by Sir Walter Scott to mean Pluto.

[150] Sir Walter Scott asserts it in Marmion, but in poetic license.

[151] Lindsay of Pitscottie mentions him by name in his narrative of this curious legend. Some pages afterward, he calls him Provost of Edinburgh.

[152] Lindsay of Pitscottie. Dalyell’s Edition, p. 267, vol. i.

[153] Ibid.

[154] Lindsay of Pitscottie. Dalyell’s Edition, p. 267, vol. i.

[155] Hist. of House of Douglas, by Hume of Godscroft, p. 233.

[156] Ibid.

[157] Cott. MS. Calig. B. ii. f. 277.

[158] Ibid.

[159] Perfect Occurrents, p. 2. Bannatyne.

[160] Lindsay of Pitscottie.

[161] Lindsay of Pitscottie. Hume of Godscroft’s History of the Douglases, p. 233.

[162] The beautiful national lyric, Edinburgh after the Battle of Flodden, by Professor Aytoun, in his popular volume, ‘Lays of the Scottish Cavaliers’ affords a mournfully graphic picture of the grief that pervaded all hearts in the metropolis of Scotland on the arrival of the fatal news.

[163] John Higgins. “Mirror for Magistrates,” vol. ii. p. 411.

[164] Mackenzie’s Lives of Eminent Scots, vol. ii.

[165] Chambers’ Picture of Scotland, vol. ii. p. 55.

[166] Mackenzie’s Lives, vol. ii. p. 558. Drummond of Hawthornden, Hist. of Scotland.

[167] Scotland, Enclyclopædia Britannica, vol. xvii. Drummond of Hawthornden.

[168] Tytler, vol. v. p. 72. From Lord Dacre’s Dispatch, Calig. iii. B. British Museum. James V. was not eighteen months old at the time of his father’s death; for, after much inquiry, Pinkerton fixes the day of his birth as April 10, 1512. We have fixed April 11, from Bishop Lesley, as Mary Queen of Scots must have known her own father’s birth-day; and she was his informant. No two historians quote the day of his birth alike; in several instances even the year is matter of dispute. His father’s birth-day is as difficult to ascertain. It is probable these dates were left matters of mystery, in order to baffle the impertinent dealers in astrology, by setting at fault the calculators of nativities, who were the pests of Europe at that era. Pinkerton affirms, from Lindsay of Pitscottie, that the coronation took place at Perth--probably at Scone, near Perth.

[169] Lord Dacre’s Letter. Cott. MS., Calig. iii.

[170] Drummond of Hawthornden, p. 97. Buchanan, vol. ii. p. 125.

[171] Ibid.

[172] Drummond of Hawthornden, p. 228.

[173] Lord Stafford, one of the victims murdered by Titus Oates’ perjuries in the Popish Plot, concocted by the republicans in the seventeenth century, left to his niece, the night before his execution, a plain iron sword, and a large turquoise-ring, part of the personal spoils of James IV., long retained in the Howard family. The ring is said to be that of the Queen of France, which caused Queen Margaret’s jealousy; but if it be indeed Anne of Bretagne’s ring, that gem is strangely overvalued in chronicle at nineteen thousand crowns. These relics are now in the Herald’s College.

[174] Stowe’s Annals.

[175] Spalding Papers.

[176] Drummond of Hawthornden, p. 229.

[177] Mackenzie’s Lives, vol. ii. p. 558.

[178] Buchanan, vol. ii. Book xiii. p. 127.

[179] Ibid. vol. i. Book xiii. p. 130.

[180] Ibid.

[181] Cal. iii., B. British Museum.

[182] Ibid. Letter of Lord Dacre.

[183] Hume of Godscroft’s Hist. of the House of Douglas, p. 234.

[184] History of the Drummonds.

[185] Hume of Godscroft’s Hist. of Douglas, pp. 238, 239.

[186] Ibid.

[187] Ibid. 237.

[188] Mackenzie’s Lives, vol. ii. p. 558.

[189] Ibid. p. 302

[190] Gavin Douglas’s Palace of Honor.

[191] Lord Strathallan’s MS., quoted in History of Drummond Family.

[192] Harleian MS., Plutus 6986, f. 32.

[193] Life of Bishop Lesley. Mackenzie’s Lives, vol. ii. p. 559.

[194] Godscroft’s Hist. of the Douglases, p. 241.

[195] History of the Drummonds. Scott’s Hist. of Gowrie.

[196] Sir Walter Scott has owned to making an anachronism of twenty-seven years, by quoting Sir David Lindsay as James IV.’s Lord Lion.

[197] Memorial of Queen Margaret. Cott. MS. b. vi. f. 108.

[198] Lesley, p. 102. Strathallan MS. Scott’s Hist. of Gowrie.

[199] This happened soon after her marriage became public, according to Hollinshed’s History of Scotland, vol. i. p. 301.

[200] Cott. MS. Cal. B. i. fol. 164.

[201] Margaret’s geographical definitions are not very correct, but the words are hers.

[202] Cott. MS. ibid.

[203] Ibid. It seems probable that the personal violence Angus offered to the Lord Chancellor and his Great Seal occurred after the date of this letter, November, 1514, unless the Parliament had a new Great Seal made.

[204] Cotton MS. Calig., B. iii. f. 278. Queen Margaret to Henry VIII, Jan. 23, Perth.

[205] Douglas Peerage.

[206] Her mother was a princess of the house of Bourbon.

[207] Hume of Godscroft, who abuses Albany for his ungraciousness to Lord Home, his clansman.

[208] Hume of Godscroft.

[209] Lesley’s History of Scotland, p. 102.

[210] Ibid. p. 103.

[211] Cott. MS., Calig. B. vi. f. 115, British Museum.

[212] Cott. MS., ibid.

[213] Ibid.

[214] Cott. MS., Cal. B. ii. f. 281, July, 1515. Pinkerton and Tytler have referred to the letter of Lord Dacre to the Council: it is evidently from the information of Dr. Magnus, an English priest, usually resident at Edinburgh as Margaret’s confessor, and as the resident-minister for English affairs.

[215] Cott. Cal. ii. p. 348.

[216] The words of Lord Dacre’s dispatch are--“And the Earl of _Anguish_ said, and showed openly, it was his _woll_ and mind that the King and his brother should be delivered according to the decree of parliament; and thereupon desired to give an instrument, for fear of losing his life and lands.”

[217] Lord Dacre’s narrative to the council of England, Cott. MS. Calig. B. ii. 281. Aug. 1515.

[218] Lord Dacre’s Letter. Cott. MS. Calig. B. ii. 281. Aug. 1515.

[219] Pinkerton. Lesley, p. 108.

[220] Ibid.

[221] Cott. MS., Calig. B. vi. f. 84. Printed in the original orthography by Sir H. Ellis. Historical Letters, vol. i. p. 127. First series.

[222] Cott. MS.

[223] See the detail of the ceremonial of the Queen’s taking her chamber, Lives of Queens of England, Elizabeth of York.

[224] Lesley, History of Scotland, p. 103; likewise the Queen’s dispatch to Dacre by Robin Kerr, Calig. B. vi. fol. 85.

[225] Lesley, ibid. Pinkerton. Queen’s dispatch, Cott. MSS. ibid.

[226] Lesley’s History of Scotland, p. 104.

[227] State Papers, Magnus’ Dispatches, vol. iv. Printed history declares that she came from Tantallan to Berwick direct, and was from thence sent to Coldstream by the Captain of Berwick. Drummond of Hawthornden asserts this; but it is doubtful.

[228] Cottonian MS. Caligula, B. ii. p. 216. Such is the only wrong, much worth reciting, in the celebrated paper intituled, “Wrongs of the Queen.”

[229] Lord Dacre’s letter, Cott. MS. Calig. B. vi.

[230] Lesley, History of Scotland, p. 104.

[231] Lord Dacre’s letter, Cott. MS., Calig. B. vi. Printed by Sir Henry Ellis, vol. i. 265.

[232] Cott. MS., Caligula, B. vi. Before a babe was baptized in ancient times it was only ranked as a little animal, baptisms raising it to the dignity and privileges of a human being. At this day, if you ask a peasant in Bretagne, or a contadina of Italy, after the welfare of her new-born infant, if it is before baptism, she has no better term for it than “my creature.” But after baptism, _until the child has begun to sin_, it is viewed with great respect as a stainless Christian soul. Queen Margaret’s meaning is derived from such ideas.

[233] Ellis. Historical Letters.

[234] Pinkerton, vol. ii. The deed called a “band” is dated October 15, 1515.

[235] Tytler’s Scotland, vol. v. p. 294.

[236] Life of Bishop Lesley, Mackenzie’s Lives; confirmed by Cott., Calig. ii. f. 173. _Wrongs of the Queen._

[237] Life of Lesley.

[238] Letters of Lord Dacre and Lord Scrope. Queens of England, Life of Katharine Parr.

[239] Lesley, p. 105.

[240] Life of Lesley. Mackenzie’s Lives.

[241] Wrongs done to the Queen, MS. Cott. Calig. B. ii. 173. Drawn up by Gavin Douglas.

[242] Lesley, p. 105. Mackenzie’s Lives, vol. ii. p. 562.

[243] Ibid.

[244] Hall and Hollinshed, vol. i. p. 837.

[245] Ibid.

[246] Mackenzie’s Lives, vol. ii. p. 562.

[247] Cott. MS., Calig. B. i. fol. 20. Edited in the original orthography by Sir H. Ellis. Historical Letters, vol. i. p. 129. First series.

[248] Hall’s Chronicle, black letter, eighth year of Henry VIII. Hollinshed, vol. i. p. 838.

[249] Ibid.; likewise Mackenzie’s Lives, vol. ii. p. 562.

[250] Hollinshed, black letter, folio, vol. i. p. 838. Hall, eighth year of Henry VIII. f. 49.

[251] Cott. MS., Vesp. F. iii. fol. 36. Edited in the original orthography by Sir H. Ellis, Hist. Letters, vol. i. p. 128. First series, August, 1516.

[252] Cott. MS., B. i. f. 150. Lord Dacre’s letter to Wolsey.

[253] The cheveron is the pointed hood like that worn by Elizabeth of York, and afterward modified to the fashion worn by Anne Boleyn: it was not worn by Mary Queen of Scots.

[254] The allusion here is to Queen Margaret’s faithless conduct in regard to her husband’s will. She took all his assets, and left his debts unpaid--conduct which proves her laxity in her religion, the Roman Catholics being exceedingly scrupulous regarding the debts of a defunct, and duties of an executor.

[255] The author fully agrees with Mr. Devon of the Chapter House, to whose friendship the publication of this curious MS. is owing. He says:--

“The _modern_ endorsements being generally wrong, I have my
doubts whether it is Queen Mary or Queen Margaret, sister of
Henry VIII. I think, from the handwriting, it is the latter; but
perhaps, from some internal evidence, you can determine. Queen
Margaret, after her second marriage, came to England.

“However, such as it is I send it, and only hope it may prove
interesting.

“FRED. DEVON.”

[256] Edited by A. Macdonald, Esq., General Register House, Edinburgh, who has kindly favored us with a copy of his inestimable labors.

[257] Probably the French word _bagues_, formerly used not only for rings, but for all kinds of _pendants_ and trinkets, p. 5, ibid.

[258] Stowe’s London; and Pennant’s London (improved), p. 107.

[259] Wilkinson’s Londona Illustrata, vol. i.

[260] Lord Dacre’s Dispatches vol. iv. State Papers.

[261] Cott. MS. Calig. B. ii. fol. 283.

[262] Cott. MS. Calig. B. i. fol. 202. Edited in the original orthography by Sir. H. Ellis. Historical Letters, vol. i. p. 130. First series.

[263] Hollinshed, black letter, vol. xi. p. 339. Hall, black letter, fol. 49.

[264] Cott. MSS.

[265] Pinkerton, vol. i. p. 169, from a Letter of Clarencieux, dated November 30, 1516.

[266] Ibid.

[267] Cott. MS, Calig. B. i. folio 251, printed in the original orthography, by Sir H. Ellis.

[268] Ancient Ballad on Evil May-day (Evans’s Collection), supposed to be written by T. Churchyard, cotemporary to the facts; Toone’s Chronology also records the matter of fact.

[269] It seems likely that it was on this solemn day of civic penitentials that the intercession was made by the three sister-queens, because the pardon was publicly granted by Henry VIII. sitting in judgment on the King’s Bench in Westminster Hall, May 19, 1517, the day after Margaret’s departure to the north. Hall’s Chronicle.

[270] Cott. MS., Calig. B. vi. There are several alterations in the paging of these MSS., in pencil, so that it is impossible to make a definite quotation.

[271] Her letter, Cott. Vesp. xiii. MS. It is useless to quote the folio, as the Catalogue does not agree with the MSS.

[272] Hall and Hollinshed, vol. ii. p. 844.

[273] Life of Lesley, Mackenzie’s Lives, vol. ii. p. 564, 565; likewise Lord Herbert’s Life of Henry VIII.

[274] Ibid.

[275] Cott. Vesp., xiii.

[276] Cott. MS., Cal. B. i. It is one of Mr. Nethercliff’s specimens among his ingenious and valuable fac-similes.

[277] Cott. MS., Calig. B. i.

[278] Ibid.

[279] She held courts at her Castle of Newark, in Ettrick, in the reign of her son James V.

[280] Hume of Godscroft, p. 249.

[281] Pinkerton, vol. ii. p. 174.

[282] Cott. MS., Calig. B. i.

[283] Cott. MS., Calig. B. i.

[284] Cott. MS., Calig. B. xi. fol. 195. Ellis’s Historical Letters, vol. ii. p. 276, second series.

[285] Letter of Mary Queen of Scots from France, Register Office, Edinburgh. Edited by Labanoff.

[286] Cott. MS., Calig. B. ii. fol. 195. Sir H. Ellis’s Historical Letters. Third series, vol. i. p. 287.

[287] Cott. MS., Calig. B. ii. fol. 195. Sir H. Ellis’s Historical Letters. Third series, vol. i. p. 287. Letter to Wolsey, October, 1521.

[288] State Papers, published by Commissioners, 1830. Part i. p. 91.

[289] Cott. MS., Cal. B. vi. 205. Dec. 1521.

[290] Ibid.

[291] Pinkerton.

[292] Cott. MS., Calig. B. vi. f. 232. Pinkerton has printed it at length in his Appendix.

[293] There is a terrible series of letters in the Chapter House, Westminster, against her from Wolsey’s correspondents, which might well raise the wrath of Henry VIII.

[294] Sir Henry Ellis, Historical Letters, third series, vol. ii. p. 53. No dates; but the circumstances agree with this epoch of Margaret’s life.

[295] Sir Henry Ellis, Historical Letters, third series, vol. ii. p. 289.

[296] Ibid.