Chapter VI (1)

1870–1875
GROWING PUBLICITY OF OCTAVIA’S WORK

The period from 1870–1875, if it contains less of what may be called
new departures in Octavia’s life than the period which preceded it, or
that which followed it, yet can show phases of struggle, constructive
work, and the discipline of trial and opposition, as remarkable as at
any time of her life; and it also includes an important change in her
circumstances, which much affected all her subsequent career.

It may be said, perhaps, that the distinctive characteristic of this
period was that it brought her greater publicity than her previous
efforts had produced, and so answered her question to Ruskin, “Who
will ever hear of what I do?”

First of all: the time was one in which a variety of circumstances had
been compelling many, who had not hitherto shown much interest in the
poor, to turn their attention in that direction; while many others,
who had been anxious to do their duty to the poor, had begun to
realise that the hap-hazard methods of relief hitherto in vogue had
broken down.

The failure of large Mansion House Funds, which had been, raised in
the ’sixties to meet special distress, had brought home to many
workers among the poor the need of substituting closer co-operation
for their isolated efforts. Some of those, who had realised this need,
also perceived that it was necessary to make enquiry into the
conditions of the applicants for relief, before they could discover
the best means of assisting them.

The great variety of characters and ideals and experiences which
marked the people, who were thus temporarily drawn together, naturally
tended to produce considerable collisions; and, in order to understand
Octavia’s attitude to the Charity Organisation Society, one must
remember the different difficulties with which she had to deal. There
were, of course, those who had rushed into the movement, as they would
have taken up any other new fashion in dress or mode of life or
locomotion, and who wished to do nothing that would unduly offend
fashionable feeling. These were backed in many cases by people of a
higher stamp,—tender-hearted men and women, who were impressed by the
misery of the poor, and who merely looked to the Society as a newer,
and more efficient, relief agency. At the other extreme were those who
thought that organisation and rules could do everything. Then again
the attempts at organisation of charity had led to the discovery that
many so-called charitable societies were utterly corrupt in their
objects, and that many more were unwise and careless in their methods
of relief. This raised a furious desire for radical reform, which at
one time threatened to substitute destruction for organisation. Along
with this iconoclastic zeal was a violent anti-clerical feeling,
founded on the belief that the clergy were the authors and chief
abettors of the old irregular system of relief. Into this vortex of
controversy Octavia was unavoidably dragged.

[Sidenote: EARLY DAYS OF THE C.O.S.]

It will have been seen (and it will have to be reiterated in various
forms) that she believed in personal and sympathetic intercourse with
the poor, as far more important than any organisation; and that, where
co-operation and organisation were necessary, she preferred small
local efforts to great centralised schemes. At the same time, she felt
that the giving of money, when dissociated, as it too often is, from
real sympathy, does infinite harm, and should be checked by reformers
of charity.

Both points were emphasised by Octavia in the paper which she read
before the Social Science Association in 1869 on the “Importance of
aiding the poor without alms-giving.”

“Alleviation of distress,” she says, “may be systematically arranged
by a society; but I am satisfied that, without strong personal
influence, no radical cure of those who have fallen low can be
effected. Gifts may be pretty fairly distributed by a Committee,
though they lose half their graciousness; but, if we are to place our
people in permanently self-supporting positions, it will depend on the
various courses of action suitable to various people and
circumstances, the ground of which can be perceived only by sweet
subtle human sympathy, and power of human love.”

And again:—

“By knowledge of character more is meant than whether a man is a
drunkard or a woman is dishonest; it means knowledge of the passions,
hopes, and history of people; where the temptation will touch them,
what is the little scheme they have made of their own lives, or would
make, if they had encouragement; what training long past phases of
their lives may have afforded; how to move, touch, teach them. Our
memories and our hopes are more truly factors of our lives than we
often remember.”

With regard to her relations to the clergy, I may mention that, while
the Charity Organisation Society was still in its infancy, she began
an experiment in a Marylebone district which was entirely under the
guidance of Rev. W. Fremantle, the Vicar of the parish, now Dean of
Ripon. So much was Mr. Fremantle impressed by the usefulness of this
work, that he persuaded Octavia to send in an account of it to the
Local Government Board.

It was also through this work that she became acquainted with Rev.
Samuel Barnett, then curate to Mr. Fremantle, and since so widely
known as the promoter of various good works, and especially as the
Founder of Toynbee Hall. It was in connection with this Committee that
Octavia insisted most on the desirability of substituting employment
for relief whenever possible; and out of this plan also arose the
scheme of Charity Organisation pensions, which has since formed so
important a part of the work of the Society.

It may seem strange that, with her preference for individual effort,
and for small local organisations, she should have consented to become
a member of the Central Council of the Charity Organisation Society.
But there was much in that position which chimed in with her
aspirations. The Society was, after all, a federation of local
Committees, acting in sympathy with each other, but quite independent
of each other in many of their arrangements. Then, in theory at least,
the Committees acted on the principle that every case was to be dealt
with on its own merits; a principle which, if fully carried out, would
have been a great protection against mere officialism. The Central
Council too was a debating Society, for the exchange of ideas on
specially pressing difficulties, rather than a regular governing body.
And, in spite of what I have said of the mixed elements in the
Council, it must be remembered that the membership of that body
brought Octavia into touch with many eminent workers in the reform of
charity, amongst whom I would specially mention the courteous and
tactful Secretary, Mr. C. P. B. Bosanquet, whose services in the
stormy birth time of the Society are too often forgotten.

[Sidenote: DEFECTS IN THE C.O.S.]

Nevertheless there were some reforms in the spirit and methods of the
Society to which Octavia found it necessary to give attention; and, as
I often went with her to the Council meetings, I may claim to know the
points which interested her. Thus she soon began to be alarmed at that
iconoclastic zeal of which I have spoken; particularly as in some who
then influenced the Society’s action this zeal had produced a positive
delight in attacking for attack’s sake. A long struggle, in which
Octavia took part, ended in changes which at least modified this
unfortunate state of mind.

Another and marked defect in the organisation of the Council led
Octavia to abandon, for a time, one of her special beliefs in order to
enforce another, which seemed to her of more importance. The
Committees of the Society, through which direct relief work has always
been carried on, were divided according to the chief London districts;
and thus some Committees of the richer parishes were much more able to
raise funds in their own neighbourhood than could the Eastern and
Southern Committees. The consequence was that the Central Society was
obliged to supply funds to supplement the needs of the poorer
districts; and, in return, claimed to exercise a control over the
distribution of those funds, which could not be claimed over the
richer Committees.

Thus the poorer Committees were deprived of the independence secured
by the richer ones.

In order to equalise these arrangements, it was proposed to centralise
all the funds of the Society in Buckingham Street. Octavia advocated
the change; but the majority of the Council felt that such a change
would destroy that local interest in the work, on which the strength
of the Society depended; and subsequent modifications in the
arrangements of the Committees, aided, perhaps, by a considerable
change in the _personnel_ of the Council, did, to some extent, reform
the defect which I have referred to. It may be said generally that, as
the aims of the Society became more coherent and definite, and the
chief workers grew more alike in their fundamental principles,
Octavia’s sympathies with the Society increased; and when Mr. Loch
succeeded Mr. Bosanquet as secretary of the Council, her friendship
for the new secretary still further strengthened her approval of the
action of the Society.

Her sympathies with the enquiry traditions of the Society, and with
the restrictions on reckless relief, often startled and repelled some
of the more impulsive philanthropists; but one of the most earnest of
them wrote, “I remember taking to her a typical case for advice, and
she gave me what I thought stern advice, and I demurred. But she was
right; and I often thought of it afterwards.”

During this very period, her attention was painfully drawn to the
difficulties of her local and more individual work, and to the dangers
of that purely official view of charitable movements, against which
she was always on her guard.

She had published in a magazine an account of the courts which had
been placed under her care; and of course, in explaining the object of
her undertaking, she was obliged to describe the condition of the
houses when first she undertook the management of them. Unfortunately,
some fussy person took the article to the medical officer, with the
question, “If these things were so, what were you doing?” The medical
officer was at once seized with a panic, and ordered the destruction
of all the houses in that court. Octavia thereupon went to remonstrate
with him; and, after hearing her explanations, he withdrew the order.
But he had to report to the Vestry, so the matter could not end with
that withdrawal. The majority of the Vestry took the side of their
officer; and one zealous vestryman exclaimed that he hoped they would
hear no more of Miss Hill and her houses. The bitterness was so keen
that Octavia feared that the tenants of the court would be affected by
the local opinion. Mr. Bond, however, who took an active interest in
the workmen’s club, which had been formed in the court, explained the
circumstances to the men; and the general feeling of the tenants was
drawn to Octavia’s side. Mr. Ernest Hart undertook to discuss the
matter with the medical officer; and gradually the official feeling
changed, or at least was greatly modified. But three incidents bearing
on the affair should be mentioned.

[Sidenote: DIFFICULTIES WITH VESTRY OFFICIALS]

During the controversy, Octavia’s attention was called to the dangers
which would come to the court from a public house built close to it.
Her first idea was to secure some kind of disinterested management
which should prevent the evils of the ordinary public house; but,
finding that, for the time, this was impracticable, she addressed
herself to the work of defeating the licence. This she succeeded in
doing, but one of the J.P.’s, who had specially championed the
publican, was so furious that he addressed insulting remarks to her in
reference to her management of the houses.

On the other hand she was much cheered by a letter from Ruskin,
received during this crisis. Not long after the first houses were
bought he had begun a little to cool towards the work, partly from not
understanding Octavia’s attitude towards alms-giving; and partly from
that horror of London ugliness which led him to think that any London
scheme must fail. But his personal regard for Octavia remained
untouched; and, visiting Carlyle during the crisis, he spoke of
Octavia’s work, and received such a warm expression of admiration from
the “Sage of Chelsea,” that he noted down the words and promptly sent
them to Octavia, greatly to her delight.

The third incident refers to the attitude of her friends on the
Charity Organisation Council. Some of them thought that her management
of the courts should be considered as affecting their movement, and
that a friendly enquiry into her methods would strengthen their hands.
She disliked the thought of greater publicity, but reluctantly
consented to submit her books and papers to the Special Committee
appointed for this enquiry. Though they were friendly in tone, Octavia
greatly disliked the visits of these gentlemen; and, when they wished
to examine the tenants of the courts to find out the moral effects
produced on them by the changes, Octavia put her foot down, and
declined to allow this interference between herself and her “friends.”

I have given what some may think an undue prominence to this attack on
her by the Marylebone officials; but I have two grounds for that
course. One is that it was the first important exhibition of that
officialism which increased in Octavia her strong dislike of State or
Municipal management. The other is that the intensity of her feeling
on the matter brings out a point in her character of which many were
unaware. I remember well that when Mrs. Nassau Senior was smarting
under the attacks on her report on Workhouse Reform, two men remarked
that “Miss Octavia Hill would not have felt such attacks, as Mrs.
Senior did.” Both were intelligent men, and both had some personal
acquaintance with Octavia. But both were mistaken.

It was in the middle of these difficulties and struggles that her
attention was partly diverted from her own work by her interest in the
affairs of a friend; and, for what I believe to have been the only
time in her life, she took an active share in an attempt to return a
Member to Parliament. This was in 1874 when Mr. Thomas Hughes came
forward as a candidate for Marylebone. Her personal admiration for
him, dating from the old Christian Socialist days, and strengthened by
her experiences as teacher to his children, decided her to abandon her
general indifference to Parliamentary work; and she declared with her
usual vehemence that they _would_ return him. Canvassers went out from
14 Nottingham Place with electioneering circulars; and all friends
whom Octavia could influence were pressed into the service.
Unfortunately, for reasons which do not concern this biography, the
effort failed; and, by a curious combination of circumstances, several
people were led to attribute Octavia’s zeal to an interest in the
cause of Female Suffrage.

[Sidenote: ATTITUDE TOWARDS FEMALE SUFFRAGE]

This mistaken idea seems to make this a proper place for a short word
of explanation of her attitude on this question. The fact is that
Octavia never felt the keen interest in the public questions of the
day which animated Miranda; and, since she had discovered that she
could do a definite piece of work for the good of the poor, she had
begun to feel a positive dislike for Parliamentary life, and party
politics, as tending to draw people away from “cultivating their own
garden,” into taking part in wider, but less immediately useful, work.
This opinion she felt it specially necessary to emphasise in reference
to women.

First; it was with women that she specially co-operated in her work
among the poor; and her discovery of a new outlet for their energies,
and her warm appreciation of their possible capacity, led her to look
on the Female Suffrage movement as a sort of red herring drawn across
the path of her fellow workers, which hindered them from taking an
adequate interest in those subjects with which she considered them
specially fitted to deal. Secondly, even in that pacific phase of the
Female Suffrage movement, there were champions of this cause who
thought it more important to call attention to what women could
accomplish than to undertake regular work. Thus they seemed to promote
that intense love of advertising which Octavia abhorred. Lastly, there
were always people who assumed that one, who had done so much
efficient work, must be in favour of a change, which would enable so
many other women less well provided with powers of work to accomplish
more than they could now succeed in doing. And this mistake was
strengthened by the constant confusion between Octavia and her friend
Miss Davenport Hill.

Although she acknowledged in a letter (written from Tortworth and
published in this book) that this indifference to these larger issues
deprived her of some valuable information, and put her at a
disadvantage, she always continued, to the end of her life, to act in
these matters rather (as in the Marylebone election) from motives of
personal sympathy with some special adviser than from those carefully
considered reasons which guided her in the work identified with her
name.

Of course in the biography of any original thinker or actor one must
record apparent contradictions; and it is rather curious that this
same period, which contains her one interference in a Parliamentary
election, is marked also by her one active attempt to assist in the
framing of an Act of Parliament, the Artizans’ Dwellings Bill, which
brought her into some opposition to more extreme individualists than
herself. The main part of her action in this matter will be best
brought out by the letters which follow; but there is one point which
may be overlooked, and on which I should specially like to insist. In
the very period when she was enduring such harsh treatment from the
medical officer and the Vestry, she helped in promoting a measure
which increased the power both of medical officers and of local
councils, in dealing with houses like those under her charge. Thus she
made it clear that she could see the general advantage of machinery,
which had been, and might be, turned against herself.

It must be remembered that all this trying work was carried on while
she was still engaged in teaching the pupils at the Nottingham Place
School; and many of her friends had felt, for some time, that the
effort, needed for the two kinds of work, was too great a strain on
her strength. An offer of pecuniary assistance by a friend a few years
before this time had been gently, but firmly, refused; but, under Mr.
William Shaen’s guidance, a number of wealthy friends succeeded,
without her knowledge, in organising a fund which should make her free
for the further development of the housing-reform schemes. As this
plan had been brought into a definite form before Octavia was aware of
it, and as she remembered that one break down in her health had
recently occurred, she felt bound to accept the offer, under the
limitations mentioned in the letter to Mr. Shaen given in this
chapter. And thus she was placed for the rest of her life in a
position which raised her out of the struggles, which had hampered her
early years.

In 1875 Miss Louisa Schuyler, President of the State Charity Aid
Association, collected five of Octavia’s Magazine articles, and
brought them out in America under the title of “Homes of the London
Poor.” This book was afterwards published in England, and later on
translated into German by H.R.H. Princess Alice.

[Sidenote: DESCRIPTION OF A FELLOW-WORKER]

About 1870.

OCTAVIA TO MR. COCKERELL.

I am sending to the East my new assistant, Miss G. By her quiet, gentle manner and familiarity with the poor and their ways, and from being firm, kindly and chatty, she has been more help to me than any assistant has been for many a long day. She has all the powers I have not, and has filled in my deficiencies in B. Court in a way that had made me look forward to working with her very much. Difficulties vanished at her touch; she had always time to chat with the people, knew all the little news which throws so much light on character, noticed small excellence or neglect about the workman’s doings, and kept much of the detail right, leaving me free for the deeper personal intercourse with the people that I happen to get to know best, and to meet the greater difficulties of some of their lives. I shall miss her sorely there; while I am there, I could have worked well with her; she would have done all the essential work I do, if not all, at great cost. I am glad to give her to the East; she lives there, the need there is far greater, and it is all right she should go, we must train the new workers here. It is right she goes, and that is enough.

About 1870.

MR. BARNETT TO OCTAVIA.

I am just back from an evening with the men. I can’t help writing to tell you of their talk. They were all of one mind in approving of your system. “It is charity, and it is not charity,” said one man. “It is charity because it is human kindness; and it is not charity because it does not make people cringing.” Another said, “We had heard that none but your supporters spoke; for every complaint brought out more clearly what you had done.” A third thought that they ought to get up a testimonial to you.

November 23rd, 1870.

TO MISS F. DAVENPORT HILL.

I send a list of my appointments as they stand at present; of course I can’t bind myself to them all; but they show the probabilities.

_Thursday._—9 till dark, at Hampstead, drawing.

7 o’clock Tenants’ children’s party (I could leave them for an hour or
so).

_Friday._—9–1 at home drawing.

1–1½ at Walmer St. receiving applicants.

¼ to 2 to ¼ to 3 drawing class at home.

¼ to 3 to 4 Walmer St. (if possible) visiting.

4 to 6 ladies come to see me about work at home.

Evening—Half-year’s accounts for Drury Lane.

Invited to dine out—don’t expect to go.

_Saturday._—9½ to 11 Latin class at home.

11 to 1 Committee at 151, Marylebone Rd.

Afternoon Walmer St. and week’s accounts.

7 to 10½ Collecting savings at —— Court.

Saturday evening, December 3rd, is our party for our old tenants here. Oh! do come, if you possibly can; I shall so specially want you. I cannot tell you how I want to talk to you.

[Sidenote: A JOKING LETTER]

January 3rd, 1871.

TO MIRANDA.

Your humble servant, the writer, is in good health and spirits, but is growing so deeply devoted to the delights of her own sweet society, that she is somewhat alarmed, and fears that on your return she may be found to have lost the power of speech.

To such tremendous reactions does Nature at times lead us!!! The circle of interest grows also narrower daily, (barring Walmer Street). She cares for nothing and nobody beyond her reach, while she sits in her beloved arm-chair.[65]

Entre nous, however, I think there is still somewhere some little tenderness in her heart for her respected and absent relatives.

I don’t know how to sign myself, my persons being hopelessly now in a jumble; so beg you with your ordinary penetration to discover

THE WRITER.

14, Nottingham Place, W.,
April 24th, 1871.

TO MATTHEW DAVENPORT HILL.

I was so much touched and delighted with your letter. Words, such as those from such as you, do so much to help on our way those of us who are struggling, somewhat alone, to meet and master the difficulties that beset us. What I am trying to do is simply in my eyes a bit of adult education or reformatory work, among a few people corrupted by gifts. It seems to me that, if we will give them a little sympathy and counsel, we do something for them; but that, if, in addition, we let the grand old laws of the world have their natural fulfilment, we do still more. For along time the feeling of the people was very awful in its bitterness; but now we are such friends; in fact all the time of difficulty seems quite past in every way. The hissing is all over; and smiles and kind greetings come to me, as in my own houses; and the people come to me for sympathy and advice.

Speaking of a scheme of the Church Council of St. Mary’s, Marylebone,
as an extension of her scheme, she says:

I rather fear their going too fast and far, and letting the practice of supplying work take the place of training and test by means of it.

You will be glad to hear that all the houses are prospering. Our new ones are just built;—the new tenants are to enter them next week. The rooms have been eagerly sought for, as they are in the midst of a densely populated part of Marylebone.

B—— Court, the last purchased property, is still in a dreadful state; oh! so dirty and dilapidated; but the people are so charming; we have such a wonderful hold over them, and can therefore do so much with and for them.

I brought up from the country ninety bunches of flowers. There was one for each family, in three sets of houses. I had such a work distributing them; those in B—— Court had to be given at night, when we went to collect savings. I got such a delightful greeting as I went from room to room. I could not help thinking of the old days, and how changed all was.

[Sidenote: MR. COCKERELL’S DESCRIPTION OF OCTAVIA]

September 5th, 1871.

FROM MR. COCKERELL TO ——.

I am very glad to think that you are going to Ben Rhydding. As we have just come back, it may be a little amusement to you to have sort of an introduction to some of the people among whom you are about to spend the next three weeks. First and foremost of all the guests at Ben Rhydding, in my opinion, comes Miss Octavia Hill; an unobtrusive, plainly dressed little lady, everlastingly knitting an extraordinarily fine piece of work, whose face attracts you at first, and charms you, as you become acquainted with the power of mind and sweetness of character, to which it gives expression; a lady of great force and energy, with a wide, open and well-stored brain, but, withal, as gently and womanly as a woman can be; and possessed of a wonderful tact, which makes her the most instructive and the pleasantest companion in the establishment. Miss Hill has done great things among the poor, in her own district of Marylebone; and has written on the subject of homes for the poor in the “Fortnightly” and “Macmillan.”

Undated.

TO MISS MAYO.

I hear continual news of all my tenants. To-day they are to have a tea at our house. It always gives me satisfaction to think of any amusements provided for them. I wish we could get them more into the country. Does it not always seem to you that the quiet influence of nature is more restful to Londoners than anything else? But picnic parties got up among the London poor, even tho’ they are attended only by the better class, carry London noise and vulgarity out into the woods and fields, and give no sense of hush or rest. What I should like better than being able to organise large parties (those might be most valuable, and a great deal could be done to give a sense of order and peace to them) would be to be able to take eight or ten people, either children or grown up people, or two families, into some quiet place. If one could afford to give Saturday afternoons to it, for a few months in the year, one might do a great deal. I am sure that the power of enjoying things that are lovely and quiet is one of which the poor stand in need, that it wants cultivation, which means in this case sympathy with the germs of it which are innate, and a little food to nourish it, and occasional quiet to let it assert itself.

Church Hill House, Barnet,
September 26th, 1871.

TO MISS MAYO.

It is no joke to get £3,000, to ascertain precisely the value of the property, and to negotiate with all the people concerned, in exactly the right order and way. I have not had a spare five minutes I think till now; and I have thought of you so much, and so very lovingly.

There is something ludicrous in attempting to foresee events. On the _principles_ we may build, for they do not change; but the outward things and their teachings we cannot foresee.

Somehow personal poverty is a help to me. It keeps me more simple and energetic, and somehow low and humble and hardy, in the midst of a somewhat intoxicating power. It pleases me, too, to have considerable difficulty and effort in my own life, when what I do seems hard to the people—even though they never know it. I could not tell you all the many ways it helps me. All the same, I know very well that, if in any way that I call natural and right, I found myself set above the necessity for effort and denial for myself, I should bless God, and feel it a relief and help. Only, I should like it to come _only_ if it came naturally.

[Sidenote: WOMEN’S HOME WORK]

I suppose I told you of dear Minnie’s engagement to Mr. Edmund Maurice.

I am thinking of writing on the subject of women’s work from their own homes. You know how strongly I believe in its practicability and power. How I should like a talk with you on the question. I am under a promise to write some paper; and I am sure that this would be the most useful, though another about the houses would be most popular. Of course, if I write, it would be with the view of bringing the definite scheme for making volunteers’ work more efficient and available before people. My only doubt is how far it is wise to write now, or to wait till we have worked at the question this winter, and can speak of the plan as in more vigorous action. I daresay the question of my having time or not time to write will decide the matter.

12, Victoria Square, Clifton,
December 30th, 1871.

TO MIRANDA.

How I have thought of you, not for your sake, but for my own! I wonder whether it will always be so with you, that people want you always for themselves. No one ever comes to you without being sure of your sympathy and tenderness. But I’m past even your teasing now. Still I am very happy. Ruskin was right in saying I was sure to be.

Undated.

I dined at the Barnetts’ last night, met Dr. Bridges, Dr. Abbott, Mr. and Mrs. Courtney, etc. Mr. Barnett is trying to get four acres of land, which is full of lodging-houses.... I see he does not think it would be well for me to join the County Council.

The donations come streaming in with such _beautiful_ letters.

I am to speak at Fulham Palace on Friday for the Charity Organisation.

12, Victoria Square, Clifton,
January 1st, 1872.

TO MISS HARRIS.

Everyone is very kind, and you know that I have a knack of being happy nearly everywhere; but I grant it is harder to one in holidays than at any other time.

As to public work, Oh Mary! how it is growing and prospering. This is the first day of the year; and looking back on the past one, and forward to the promises of this year, how infinitely much I have to be thankful for! I do not know whether you know that Walmer Street and Walmer Place are actually bought by Miss Sterling; and that we have been able to purify them in a wonderful degree.

Have you heard of the death of old Mrs. Ruskin? It has been strange how, lately, Ruskin has turned back to me. I have had such letters from him, asking for my opinions on the triumph of good, and the life after death. I do not think that words, still less letters, are of very much use; still one is glad to say what little one can.

... I wonder if you have read either of Browning’s last books;—Balaustion is beautiful. I have the greatest delight in Hercules; and the growth in Admetus is very wonderful; especially the approximation of his nature to that of Alcestis,—as gradually the impression of what she is, and has done, sinks into him. He was beginning to be like his wife. I think that the contrast is marvellously drawn between the extreme joy of a being like Hercules, utterly ready to die at any moment,—prepared therefore for all things,—and the selfish cowardice of Admetus. The dawning in Alcestis of the perception of his defects is very terrible, but very true to nature. The conclusion is beautiful; but I think that I cannot fully have understood it. Browning would never have made such a mistake as to represent people, meaning to do right, and yet being allowed by God to have the fulfilment of their prayer, if it was not really the best for them, and for the world—especially as they never seem to see it; so it has taught them nothing. They realise the holy and happy individual life of love; but miss for ever the power of blessing their country. So I read it. Tell me if I am wrong when you have read it.

[Sidenote: BALAUSTION]

Oh, we are getting on so beautifully at St. Mary’s! I cannot tell you of half our successes, or the vistas of hope that open out before me. May I only have a long life and many fellow workers!

Crockham Hill Farm, Edenbridge, Kent,
January 3rd, 1872.

TO MRS. NASSAU SENIOR.

DEAREST JANEY,

Stansfeld wrote to tell me that he had written to you. Oh! I do long to hear the result. If you cannot do it, no one can; and it wants doing, so I hope you will try.

I am so thankful and so touched about your help about the Public-house. You are the only person except myself who has as yet found a soul to help. I can’t tell you what a sharing of burdens it feels. I am nearly sick of writing about it, or rather of the thought that by any post now the matter may have to be decided; and I may not know of enough money to say, “Let the arrangement be made.” I dare not promise a farthing more than I have been promised. I never trust to the future for help; it would seem to me wrong, as I have not of my own what would enable me to meet the engagement; and, tho’ one must get something more, one never knows how much....

I do not know when I have felt such joy as on receipt of Stansfeld’s letter; oh! Janey, do try the work if you have a chance.

I am your ever loving friend,
OCTAVIA HILL.

Crockham Hill Farm, Edenbridge, Kent,
January 5th, 1872.

TO MRS. NASSAU SENIOR.

Thank you most heartily; your offer of help did me more good than anything; somehow such a spirit puts new heart into one. I had a very nice letter from Stansfeld, telling me result of interview; he appears to have been highly satisfied. God bless and help you in the work. I am a little sorry in one way that it does not take you more away from home. I hoped that you might have had a few hours to rebound from the weight, and might have been stronger for home work for the daily absence. But, in some ways, it will make the work easier; and I suppose the sense of progress and of public work do one good any way, and carry one thro’ a great many small and some most heavy trials with a sustaining sense that there are larger and deeper interests than are contained in our own circle, which is so small, tho’ so dear. So the work may help you thus after all, as I’m sure you will help it.

[Sidenote: MRS. SENIOR’S FRIENDSHIP]

You don’t fancy for a moment that I would be so mean as to take your money. No, Janey dear, I could not. Spend it nobly and well as you are sure to do, but don’t think of giving it to me. We will try yet, in trust that there are richer people enough forthcoming to do the thing. I shall tell Mr. Hughes this, if he writes. But you can hardly tell how much your offer cheered me. One gets a little impatient and bitter, quite wrongly I am sure, waiting for the slow rich people to make up their leisurely minds, when one’s keenly cherished plans hang upon their decision. We, who have gathered our impressions down among the people in long past years, on whom the swift sight of the possibility of good to be done bursts like a clear ray into darkness, who hold our few possessions in money somewhat lightly, ready to risk them, and counting them a small gift to offer for any chance of good, we who are to hold the reins of power, and know just how far we may hope to win, must use a little imaginative patience with those whose training has been so different.

It makes one feel a little lonely sometimes, but in the beginning of things one must be _that_.

April 28th, 1872.

TO MARY HARRIS.

We had our playground festival yesterday, with all its wonderful memories, and the blessed sense of progress.... Out of the utter loneliness of those first days of work, on that little beloved spot, what a wealth of love and help has gathered, even for me personally. And oh, Mary! what a progress in the people, and the dear old place! The cottages looked so neat and clean, the whole place so fresh and substantially good. I looked at my lamp that stood as a guard throwing light, before which dark deeds quail, night after night where darkness had reigned before,—a type of much of the character of the way we have to work. Neither punishment, nor rewards, nor rule is what we hope most from, but _supervision_, a glance, a look, a bringing things to light. I looked at my cottage with its heightened rooms,—a definite bit of tangible good, strange type too of our work—taking off the weight from above that presses down, in order that the human being may have room to breathe, to expand, to rise. Then how the children have improved! What a number of games they know! And as to my singing class it was quite delightful. They sang with all their hearts, and seemed never weary, song after song. I had a troup of them round and about marching and singing “Trelawney.” So many of them knew the same songs and games. It was capital! Such days are worth living for.

Tortworth Court,
September 3rd, 1872.

TO MRS. SHAEN.

Pray tell Mr. Shaen I should lose some very great advantages if he made any alteration as to the “disputing.” I hope he never will. It is only that I was amused at Miss Shaen’s confirming my impression. I don’t at all wish for any change; it certainly is never unfriendly disputing, and always interesting.

The marriage was very bright and quiet; all was solemn and glad. The tenants gave the Bible, as Minnie and Edmund stepped out of the vestry; and one of their children gave the loveliest bouquet. I like to think that the blessing of the poor rested on them.

[Sidenote: MRS. SENIOR’S APPOINTMENT]

14, Nottingham Place, W.,
November 18th, 1872.

TO MRS. NASSAU SENIOR.

I had written to Stansfeld[66] before your letter arrived, but have only just received his reply. I want you to meet him before we enter upon the question of your fitness in any detail. I have therefore told him nothing but that I think I know someone who will do. He is coming to the party on the 28th, as he has long wanted to come to one; and I shall introduce you to one another there, if all be well. I am sure that you are the very person; and if he has any sense, he will feel this. We shall see....

Thank you all the same for the offer to take the responsibility. I have really very little to do at this set of parties: my only duty is to bring the entertainers and keep them happy and harmonious. It is not as when my own dear poor are the guests. If you are there, and keeping all going, I shall just rest happily in seeing all go well.

I had a triumphant interview with Longley[67] and the guardians this morning, obtained all, more than all I had hoped.

I somehow believe, dear, that we shall get this appointment under Stansfeld managed. It seems so entirely the right thing. I am sure it would be the greatest interest to you to have such a work, and it might even tell as a rest. I am sure that you would do it splendidly.

Nottingham Place, W.,
November 19th, 1872.

MRS. HILL TO MRS. EDMUND MAURICE.

Octavia’s mumps at present are nothing but a subject of joy to her; for she stays at home and gets thro’ quantities of work with the most gladsome spirit. She gave me a delightful impression of her visit to you; but of course her fatigue, which had been rapidly accumulating for a week reached its climax in that 7 mile walk in the cold and dark. She said the petting she received made up for everything.

November 28th, 1872.

MRS. HILL TO MRS. E. MAURICE.

It seems the tenants have so completely taken it for granted they are to come here on O.’s birthday on December 3rd, that Miss Cons thinks they would arrive on that evening even without invitation. Octa clings very much to you and Edmund being here....

Undated.

SAME TO THE SAME.

Octa is so interested in the Sanitary Committee of the C.O.S.... All the men who have worked from the beginning are there and many others besides. It is not wonderful that Octa should be among them, and able continually to say a word in season. Dear child, the mantle has fallen on her.[68]

[Sidenote: QUESTION OF REMAINING IN THE CHURCH]

14, Nottingham Place, W.,
December 15th, 1872.

TO MRS. NASSAU SENIOR.

As to the points on which you and I equally differ from so many clergymen and churchmen, if we think Maurice’s interpretation of the creeds the true and simple one, is it not doubly incumbent upon us to uphold it _in_ the Church? Leaving it would be like saying we could not honestly stay in it. Then does not all the best, most thorough, most convincing, most peaceful reform of any body come from within? in family, in business, in nation, in Church? Does not all growth and reform come from those who remain with the company in which they find themselves? Is there not almost always a right at the root of the relationship, which may be asserted and vindicated, and on the recognition of which reform depends? _That_ body must be corrupt indeed, which must be left by earnest members of it. Surely there are abundant signs of growing healthy life and reform in the Church; all the vigorous and new things nearly are signs of good. Why should you set up the decidedly old-fashioned interpretation of doctrine, and that held by a certainly decreasing number in the Church, and feel hardly honest in differing from it and remaining in the Church?

Don’t think I am special-pleading. Except for the sake of the Church, I don’t care where you are. While you are what you are, you are safe everywhere; for you will find grace and goodness in all things; and God’s Church certainly comprehends those not in the Church of England. If you are sure that the services do not speak to and with you in words that help; if there is a lurking sense of want of courage or candour in remaining, which is real, not fancied; if you have a sense of antagonism and alienation, not support and fellowship, why not leave the Church? Those who love and know you would never feel you further from them; and, if you found support and peace greater from other teaching and other services, why not go where you would have it? To me, of course, the old services, which first opened to me the sight of how things are, and how they should be, come home to me with a gathered force almost weekly. To me there open continually new visions of how our Church will expand and adapt itself to the large comprehensiveness and new needs of the time. I believe the men who are now in her will cling on, with passionate affection, to the creeds and services; but that they will link themselves more with the outer world, and see with clearer eyes; and that the Church will insensibly grow with and by their growth.

I see in such movements as Mr. Fremantle’s Church Council, open to people of all creeds by election, a sign of much deeper and wider faith than churchmen have hitherto recognised as possible in the Church. I see in it, also, much ground of hope in the added responsibility and interest possessed by laymen. The new permission to use churches for lectures on secular subjects seems to me another sign of the breaking down of formal distinctions, and recognition of life as holy.

14, Nottingham Place, W.,
January 22nd, 1873.

TO MRS. NASSAU SENIOR.

You slipped out so that I did not see when you went; and I do not seem one-half to have thanked you for all your help; it was of a kind I never can forget. Neither do I seem to have told you how very happy the news of the arrangement with Stansfeld made me.

I hope you were not damped by the hitch about the “Public.” I am so accustomed to this kind of thing, and to its coming all right, that I seem to see beyond the difficulty. Will you, when you are seeing or writing to your friends, tell them of the delay in the immediate starting of the plan? It _shall_ be done soon somehow, and might come to an issue any day; but I feel a little anxious lest any contributor should begin to think we did not intend to try the plan, if they hear nothing for some little time. You will know best to whom this temporary pause had better be explained.

[Sidenote: MR. S. A. BARNETT’S MARRIAGE]

February 8th, 1873.

MIRANDA TO MRS. DURRANT.

Did I tell you that Mr. Barnett, the curate who has worked with Octavia so admirably in St. Mary’s, has just married Miss Henrietta Rowland, one of Octavia’s best workers; and now they are going to live and work in the East End? Octavia thinks it such a splendid thing to have such a man at work down there—she thinks it quite a nucleus of fresh life; and Mrs. Barnett, of whom Octavia is very fond, is admirably fitted for the work too. The wedding was very touching—the church was crowded with poor people; even the galleries were filled with them. He was so much beloved—one of those men with strong individual sympathies and an intimate personal knowledge of the people in their homes—a strong Radical too, with a horror of class distinctions, and practical disregard of them, which you don’t find in all Radicals.

14, Nottingham Place,
March 6th, 1873.

TO A FRIEND WHO HAD BEEN CALUMNIATED.

No rumours nor published statements, or chattering remarks would ever confuse me, or weigh for a moment against the quiet assurance of anyone whom I trusted. The _facts_ which really concern one about one’s friends are not those of their business or circumstances, but of themselves; and I think one knows a little when and how one may trust. When one does feel confidence, much more confusing circumstances than these have ever been do not touch one’s trust. I think one often has to hold two truths apparently utterly inconsistent, side by side in one’s mind, knowing that, both being proved true, there must be some possibility of reconciling them by some unknown third truth, which time may reveal. And I am sure that trust in anyone, known to be good, could not be shaken by merely outward appearances. One likes to know how things are. One objects to be puzzled, and to have no word of explanation about how things are; but trust in human beings is no more to be determined by want of sight, than the trust in God Himself is by the impossibility of seeing why He leads us by certain ways we cannot understand for the moment. For the human trust is based on that which is part of His nature, and as such is quite firmly planted.... We read half a controversy, and largely resolve that the truth lies somewhere between the two correspondents. We do not long for judgment, but “hush matters up,” or let them “blow over”; and do not bring them out to the light, and choose between them.

[Sidenote: THE PUBLIC HOUSE CONTROVERSY]

March 9th, 1873.

TO MR. COCKERELL.

I am in a frantic state of excitement (which I fear will be dashed very completely) as to the public-house. Mr. Fremantle handed me a slip of paper at a meeting yesterday to say that the licence of the “Walmer Castle” had been refused, and asking if he should see Sir J. Hamilton (who is chairman, I think he said, of the Bench), about granting one to us.... Since which, tho’ I have written and sent messengers, I cannot get any answer.... To-morrow I purpose going myself and waiting till I can see him....

I wonder why you enjoy Jason “immensely.” It is marvellously real, and so old-world as to be a refreshment to those mixed up with nineteenth-century things. The images are lovely, and the music of the verse soft; but the sustained melancholy of the whole poem is very terrible, I have always thought, a certain measure being put on all joy by the belief that it has no outcome, no fulfilment anywhere beyond itself. You have not, I daresay, finished the book to see how, with all his fortitude, just because he misses the highest joy of all, he chooses so low a one as to reject all that had made the majesty of life, the companion at once of pain and of his greatness too. I have always longed to see how Morris would treat a distinctly Christian story, and was full of regret that he withdrew—or never wrote—his promised “St. Dorothea.”

March 16th, 1873.

TO MARY HARRIS.

How strangely people do come to me, Mary! I cannot make it out. There is something in the work which strongly attracts them. Mr. —— seemed perfectly engrossed, and could hardly tear himself away. What it is, I cannot tell; but either pity, or some other feeling, is gathering round me a company of allies so kind and so zealous that I ought to achieve a great deal. It is well for me that I am served so willingly, for I would rather do anything at any cost than have it done for me unreadily.

March 23rd, 1873.

TO MARY HARRIS.

We have heard to-day a sermon of Kingsley’s for the Girls’ Home. It was almost wholly about Mr. Maurice, and gave him fully the place one believes he has. It was a sermon full of Kingsley’s own peculiar power; and there was not a word in it that was not true and beautiful. It was to us a sight of deepest solemnity. The church,—_that_ where we were baptised, and confirmed and where Minnie was married—was crammed with people, and one knew every second face. It was filled with the old Lincoln’s Inn and Vere St. people, and with their spiritual inheritors of all that teaching. Mr. Davies, grave and intense, was the moving spirit there....