Chapter I: Front Matter

LIFE OF NAPOLEON

POCKET EDITION

VOL. III.

LIFE OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE

BY SIR WALTER SCOTT, BART.

VOL. 3

EDINBURGH: A. & C. BLACK.

1876

CONTENTS.

PAGE

CHAP. XXV.--Increasing Jealousies betwixt France and
England--Encroachments on the part of the former--Instructions given
by the First Consul to his Commercial Agents--Orders issued by the
English Ministers--Peltier's celebrated Royalist Publication,
L'Ambigu--Peltier tried for a Libel against the First Consul--found
Guilty--Angry Discussions respecting the Treaty of
Amiens--Malta--Report of Sebastiani--Resolutions of the British
Government--Conferences betwixt Buonaparte and Lord
Whitworth--Britain declares War against France on 18th May, 1803, 1

CHAP. XXVI.--St. Domingo--The Negroes split into parties under
different Chiefs--Toussaint L'Ouverture the most distinguished of
these--Appoints a Consular Government--France sends an Expedition
against St. Domingo, under General Leclerc, in December,
1801--Toussaint submits--He is sent to France, where he dies--The
French are assaulted by the Negroes--Leclerc is succeeded by
Rochambeau--The French finally obliged to capitulate to an English
squadron--Buonaparte's scheme to consolidate his power--The Consular
Guard augmented--Legion of Honour--Opposition formed against the
Consular Government--Application to the Count de Provence (Louis
XVIII.), 16

CHAP. XXVII.--Renewal of the War--England lays an Embargo on French
Vessels--Napoleon retaliates by detaining British Subjects--Effects
of this unprecedented Measure--Hanover and other places occupied by
the French--Scheme of Invasion renewed--Napoleon's
Preparations--Defensive Measures of England, 27

CHAP. XXVIII.--Disaffection begins to arise against Napoleon among
the Soldiery--Purpose of setting up Moreau against him--Character of
Moreau--Causes of his Estrangement from Buonaparte--Pichegru--The
Duke d'Enghien--Georges Cadoudal, Pichegru, and other Royalists,
landed in France--Desperate Enterprise of Georges--Defeated--Arrest
of Moreau--of Pichegru--and Georges--Captain Wright--Duke d'Enghien
seized at Strasburg--Hurried to Paris--Transferred to
Vincennes--Tried by a Military Commission--Condemned--and
Executed--Universal Horror of France and Europe--Buonaparte's
Vindication of his Conduct--His Defence considered--Pichegru found
dead in his Prison--Attempt to explain his Death by charging him
with Suicide--Captain Wright found with his Throat cut--A similar
Attempt made--Georges and other Conspirators Tried--Condemned--and
Executed--Royalists Silenced--Moreau sent into Exile, 38

CHAP. XXIX.--General Indignation of Europe in consequence of the
Murder of the Duke d'Enghien--Russia complains to Talleyrand of the
Violation of Baden--and, along with Sweden, Remonstrates in a Note
laid before the German Diet--but without effect--Charges brought by
Buonaparte against Mr. Drake and Mr. Spencer Smith--who are
accordingly Dismissed from the Courts of Stuttgard and
Munich--Seizure--Imprisonment--and Dismissal of Sir George Rumbold,
the British Envoy at Lower Saxony--Treachery attempted against Lord
Elgin, by the Agents of Buonaparte--Details--Defeated by the
Exemplary Prudence of that Nobleman--These Charges brought before
the House of Commons--and peremptorily Denied by the Chancellor of
the Exchequer, 57

CHAP. XXX.--Napoleon meditates a change of title from Chief Consul
to Emperor--A Motion to this purpose brought forward in the
Tribunate--Opposed by Carnot--Adopted by the Tribunate and
Senate--Outline of the New System--Coldly received by the
People--Napoleon visits Boulogne, Aix-la-Chapelle, and the Frontiers
of Germany, where he is received with respect--The Coronation--Pius
VII. is summoned from Rome to perform the Ceremony at
Paris--Details--Reflections--Changes that took place in
Italy--Napoleon appointed Sovereign of Italy, and Crowned at
Milan--Genoa annexed to France, 63

CHAP. XXXI.--Napoleon addresses a Second Letter to the King of
England personally--Answered by the British Secretary of State to
Talleyrand--Alliance formed betwixt Russia and England--Prussia
keeps aloof, and the Emperor Alexander visits Berlin--Austria
prepares for War, and marches an Army into Bavaria--Her impolicy in
prematurely commencing Hostilities, and in her Conduct to
Bavaria--Unsoldierlike Conduct of the Austrian General
Mack--Buonaparte is joined by the Electors of Bavaria and
Wirtemberg, and the Duke of Baden--Skilful Manœuvres of the
French Generals, and successive losses of the Austrians--Napoleon
violates the Neutrality of Prussia, by marching through Anspach and
Bareuth--Further Losses of the Austrian Leaders, and consequent
Disunion among them--Mack is cooped up in Ulm--Issues a formidable
Declaration on the 16th October--and surrenders on the following
day--Fatal Results of this Man's Poltroonery, want of Skill, and
probable Treachery, 79

CHAP. XXXII.--Position of the French Armies--Napoleon advances
towards Vienna--The Emperor Francis leaves his Capital--French
enter Vienna on 13th November--Review of the French Successes in
Italy and the Tyrol--Schemes of Napoleon to force on a General
Battle--Battle of Austerlitz is fought on the 2d December, and the
combined Austro-Russian Armies completely Defeated--Interview
betwixt the Emperor of Austria and Napoleon--The Emperor Alexander
retreats towards Russia--Treaty of Presburgh signed on the 26th
December--Its Conditions--Fate of the King of Sweden--and of the Two
Sicilies, 95

CHAP. XXXIII.--Relative situations of France and
England--Hostilities commenced with Spain, by the Stoppage, by
Commodore Moore, of four Spanish Galleons, when three of their
escort were taken, and one blew up--Napoleon's Plan of Invasion
stated and discussed--John Clerk of Eldin's great System of Breaking
the Line, explained--The French Admiral, Villeneuve, forms a
junction with the Spanish Fleet under Gravina--Attacked and Defeated
by Sir Robert Calder--Nelson appointed to the Command in the
Mediterranean--BATTLE OF TRAFALGAR, fought 21st October, 1805--Death
of Nelson--Behaviour of Napoleon on learning the Intelligence of
this signal Defeat--Villeneuve commits Suicide--Address of
Buonaparte to the Legislative Body--Statement of M. de Champagny on
the Internal Improvements of France--Elevation of Napoleon's
Brothers, Louis and Joseph, to the Thrones of Holland and
Naples--Principality of Lucca conferred on Eliza, the eldest Sister
of Buonaparte, and that of Guastalla on Pauline, the youngest--Other
Alliances made by his family--Napoleon appoints a new Hereditary
Nobility--Converts from the old Noblesse anxiously sought for and
liberally rewarded--Confederation of the Rhine established, and
Napoleon appointed Protector--The Emperor of Austria lays aside the
Imperial Crown of Germany, retaining only the Title of Emperor of
Austria--Vacillating and Impolitic Conduct of Prussia, 111

CHAP. XXXIV.--Death of Pitt--He is succeeded by Fox as Prime
Minister--Negotiation with France--The Earl of Lauderdale sent to
Paris as the British Negotiator--Negotiation broken off, in
consequence of the refusal of England to cede Sicily to
France--Temporizing Policy of Prussia--An attempt made by her to
form a Confederacy in opposition to that of the Rhine, defeated by
Napoleon--General Disposition of the Prussians to War--Legal Murder
of Palm, a Bookseller--The Emperor Alexander again visits
Berlin--Prussia begins to arm in August 1806, and after some
Negotiation, takes the field in October, under the Duke of
Brunswick--Impolicy of the Plans of the Campaign--Details--Action at
Saalfeld--Battle of Auerstadt, or Jena, on 14th October--Duke of
Brunswick mortally wounded--Consequences of this total
Defeat--Buonaparte takes possession of Berlin on the
25th--Situations of Austria and Prussia, after their several
Defeats--Reflections on the fall of Prussia, 137

CHAP. XXXV.--Ungenerous Conduct of Buonaparte to the Duke of
Brunswick--The approach of the French Troops to Brunswick compels
the dying Prince to cause himself to be carried to Altona, where he
expires--Oath of revenge taken by his son--At Potsdam and Berlin,
the proceedings of Napoleon are equally cruel and vindictive--His
Clemency towards the Prince of Hatzfeld--His Treatment of the
Lesser Powers--Jerome Buonaparte--Seizure of Hamburgh--Berlin
Decrees against British Commerce--Napoleon rejects all Application
from the Continental Commercial Towns to Relax or Repeal
them--Commerce, nevertheless, flourishes in spite of them--Second
anticipation called for of the Conscription for 1807--The King of
Prussia applies for an Armistice, which is clogged with such harsh
Terms, that he refuses them, 162

CHAP. XXXVI.--Retrospect of the Partition of Poland--Napoleon
receives Addresses from Poland, which he evades--He advances into
Poland, Bennigsen Retreating before him--Character of the Russian
Soldiery--The Cossacks--Engagement at Pultusk, on 26th November,
terminating to the disadvantage of the French--Bennigsen continues
his Retreat--The French go into Winter Quarters--Bennigsen appointed
Commander-in-chief in the place of Kaminskoy, who shows symptoms of
Insanity--He resumes Offensive Operations--Battle of Eylau, 8th
February, 1807--Claimed as a Victory by both Parties--The loss on
both sides amounts to 50,000 men killed, the greater part
Frenchmen--Bennigsen Retreats upon Königsberg--Napoleon offers
favourable terms for an Armistice to the King of Prussia, who
refuses to Treat, save for a General Peace--Napoleon falls back to
the line of the Vistula--Dantzick is besieged, and
Surrenders--Russian Army is poorly recruited--the French
powerfully--Actions during the Summer--Battle of Heilsberg, and
Retreat of the Russians--Battle of Friedland, 14th June--An
Armistice takes place on the 23d, 174

CHAP. XXXVII.--British Expedition to Calabria, under Sir John
Stuart--Character of the People--Opposed by General Reynier--Battle
of Maida, 4th July, 1806--Defeat of the French--Calabria evacuated
by the British--Erroneous Commercial Views, and Military Plans, of
the British Ministry--Unsuccessful Attack on Buenos Ayres--General
Whitelocke--is Cashiered--Expedition against Turkey, and its
Dependencies--Admiral Duckworth's Squadron sent against
Constantinople--Passes and repasses the Dardanelles, without
accomplishing anything--Expedition against Alexandria--Rosetta
attacked--British Troops defeated, and withdrawn from Egypt,
September, 1807--Curaçoa and Cape of Good Hope taken, by
England--British Expedition against Copenhagen--its Citadel, Forts,
and Fleet, surrendered to the British--Effects of this proceeding
upon France and Russia--Coalition of France, Russia, Austria, and
Prussia, against British Commerce, 206

CHAP. XXXVIII.--View of the Internal Government of Napoleon at the
period of the Peace of Tilsit--The Tribunate abolished--Council of
State--Prefectures--Their nature and object described--The Code
Napoleon--Its Provisions--Its Merits and Defects--Comparison betwixt
that Code and the Jurisprudence of England--Laudable efforts of
Napoleon to carry it into effect, 218

CHAP. XXXIX.--System of Education introduced into France by
Napoleon--National University--its nature and
objects--Lyceums--Proposed Establishment at Meudon, 249

CHAP. XL.--Military Details--Plan of the Conscription--Its
Nature--and Effects--Enforced with unsparing rigour--Its Influence
upon the General Character of the French Soldiery--New mode of
Conducting Hostilities introduced by the Revolution--Constitution of
the French Armies, Forced Marches--_La Maraude_--Its Nature--and
Effects--on the Enemy's Country, and on the French Soldiers
themselves--Policy of Napoleon, in his Personal Conduct to his
Officers and Soldiers--Altered Character of the French Soldiery
during, and after, the Revolution, 252

CHAP. XLI.--Effects of the Peace of Tilsit--Napoleon's Views of a
State of Peace--Contrasted with those of England--The Continental
System--Berlin and Milan Decrees--British Orders in
Council--Spain--Retrospect of the Relations of that Country with
France since the Revolution--Godoy--his Influence--Character--and
Political Views--Ferdinand, Prince of Asturias, applies to Napoleon
for Aid--Affairs of Portugal--Treaty of Fontainbleau--Departure of
the Prince Regent for Brazil--Entrance of Junot into Lisbon--His
unbounded rapacity--Disturbances at Madrid--Ferdinand detected in a
Plot against his Father, and Imprisoned--King Charles applies to
Napoleon--Wily Policy of Buonaparte--Orders the French Army to enter
Spain, 259

CHAP. XLII.--Pampeluna, Barcelona, Montjouy, and St. Sebastians, are
fraudulently seized by the French--King Charles proposes to sail for
South America--Insurrection at Aranjuez--Charles resigns the Crown
in favour of Ferdinand--Murat enters Madrid--Charles disavows his
Resignation--General Savary arrives at Madrid--Napoleon's Letter to
Murat, touching the Invasion of Spain--Ferdinand sets out to meet
Napoleon--Halts at Vittoria, and learns too late Napoleon's designs
against him--Joins Buonaparte at Bayonne--Napoleon opens his designs
to Escoiquiz and Cevallos, both of whom he finds intractable--He
sends for Charles, his Queen, and Godoy, to Bayonne--Ferdinand is
induced to Abdicate the Crown in favour of his Father, who resigns
it next day to Napoleon--This transfer is reluctantly confirmed by
Ferdinand, who, with his Brothers, is sent to splendid Imprisonment
at Valençay--Joseph Buonaparte is appointed to the Throne of Spain,
and joins Napoleon at Bayonne--Assembly of Notables convoked, 272

CHAP. XLIII.--State of Morals and Manners in Spain--The
Nobility--The Middle Classes--The Lower Ranks--The indignation of
the People strongly excited against the French--Insurrection at
Madrid on the 2d May--Murat proclaims an Amnesty, notwithstanding
which, many Spanish prisoners are put to Death--King Charles
appoints Murat Lieutenant-General of the Kingdom, and Ferdinand's
Resignation of the Throne is announced--Murat unfolds the Plan of
Government to the Council of Castile, and Addresses of Submission
are sent to Buonaparte from various quarters--Notables appointed to
meet at Bayonne on 15th June--The Flame of Resistance becomes
Universal throughout Spain, 289

CHAP. XLIV.--Plans of Defence of the Spanish Juntas--Defeated by the
ardour of the Insurrectionary Armies--Cruelty of the French Troops,
and Inveteracy of the Spaniards--Successes of the Invaders--Defeat
of Rio Secco--Exultation of Napoleon--Joseph enters Madrid--His
Reception--Duhesme compelled to Retreat to Barcelona, and Moncey
from before Valencia--Defeat of Dupont by Castanos at Baylen--His
Army Surrenders Prisoners of War--Effects of this Victory and
Capitulation--Unreasonable Expectations of the British
Public--Joseph leaves Madrid, and Retires to Vittoria--Defence of
Zaragossa, 299

CHAP. XLV.--Zeal of Britain with regard to the Spanish struggle--It
is Resolved to send an Expedition to Portugal--Retrospect of what
had passed in that Country--Portuguese Assembly of Notables summoned
to Bayonne--Their Singular Audience of Buonaparte--Effects of the
Spanish Success on Portugal--Sir Arthur Wellesley--His Character as
a General--Despatched at the Head of the Expedition to
Portugal--Attacks and Defeats the French at Roriça--Battle and
Victory of Vimeiro--Sir Harry Burrard Neale assumes the Command, and
frustrates the Results proposed by Sir Arthur Wellesley from the
Battle--Sir Harry Burrard is superseded by Sir Hew
Dalrymple--Convention of Cintra--Its Unpopularity in England--A
Court of Inquiry is held, 310

CHAP. XLVI.--Duplicity of Buonaparte on his return to
Paris--Official Statements in the Moniteur--Reports issued by
Champagny, Minister of the Foreign Department--French Relations with
the different Powers of Europe--Spirit of Resistance throughout
Germany--Russia--Napoleon and Alexander meet at Erfurt on 27th
September, and separate in apparent Friendship on 17th
October--Actual feelings of the Autocrats--Their joint Letter to the
King of Great Britain proposing a General Peace on the Principle of
_uti possidetis_--Why rejected--Procedure in
Spain--Catalonia--Return of Romana to Spain--Armies of Blake,
Castanos, and Palafox--Expedition of General Moore--His desponding
Views of the Spanish Cause--His Plans--Defeat of Blake--and
Castanos--Treachery of Morla--Sir John Moore Retreats to
Corunna--Disasters on the March--Battle of Corunna, and Death of Sir
John Moore, 322

CHAP. XLVII.--General Belliard occupies Madrid--Napoleon returns to
France--Cause of his hurried Return--View of the Circumstances
leading to a Rupture with Austria--Feelings of Russia upon this
occasion--Secret intrigues of Talleyrand to preserve Peace--Immense
exertions made by Austria--Counter efforts of Buonaparte--The
Austrian army enters Bavaria, 9th April, 1809--Napoleon hastens to
meet them--Austrians defeated at Abensberg on the 20th--and at
Eckmühl on the 22d--They are driven out of Ratisbon on the 23d--The
Archduke Charles Retreats into Bohemia--Napoleon pushes forward to
Vienna, which, after a brief Defence, is occupied by the French on
the 12th of May--Retrospect of the events of the War in Poland,
Italy, the North of Germany, and the Tyrol--Enterprises of
Schill--Of the Duke of Brunswick Oels--Movements in the
Tyrol--Character and Manners of the Tyrolese--Retreat of the
Archduke John into Hungary, 343

CHAP. XLVIII.--Position of the French and Austrian Armies after the
Battle of Eckmühl--Napoleon crosses the Danube--Great Conflict at
Asperne, when victory was claimed by both Parties--Battle of
Wagram, fought 6th July--Armistice concluded at Znaim--Close of the
Career of Schill and the Duke of Brunswick Oels--Defence of the
Tyrol--Its final unfortunate Result--Growing Resistance throughout
Germany--Its effects on Buonaparte--He Publishes a singular
Manifesto in the Moniteur, 360

APPENDIX--

NO. I.--Instructions by Napoleon to Talleyrand, Prince of
Beneventum, 377

NO. II.--Further Particulars concerning the Arrest, Trial, and Death
of the Duke d'Enghien, 378

TO ILLUSTRATE THE CAMPAIGNS OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE]