Chapter C: W. Bowles (1902) mentions a nest in southern Oregon that "was six (5)

Nest building materials are not of wide choice, usually consisting of fine grasses, caterpillar silk, weed stems, and plant down, with a lining of plant down or sometimes feathers. The moss among which the nest is suspended is woven into the structure to some extent. Horsehair and skeletonized leaves are sometimes employed. The nest is fairly deeply cupped and averages about 3 inches in outside diameter, 2-1/2 in inside diameter, and the same in depth. The writer has never seen a nest not built in moss, but Wayne (1910) gives two other locations in coastal South Carolina, his only such in 50 years of field work. Both were in short-leaf pines, one 45 and the other 50 feet up, and both were hidden in masses of needles and burs, invisible from below. One of these nests is in the Brewster collection and the other in J. E. Thayer's.

Dr. E. E. Murphey, writing of the bird in the Savannah River Valley of Georgia (1937), states that it prefers moss "whenever it is present" but adds, "contrary to the experience of Arthur T. Wayne in the coastal area, it breeds also in pine woods which at places come very close to the margins of the swamps * * * Here the Yellow-throated Warbler nests not uncommonly, building far out on the end of the horizontal limbs, well concealed by the needles." He states that "two broods are usually reared." W. H. LaPrade, Jr. (1922) describes the nesting in the Atlanta area as similar to that noted by Dr. Murphey about Augusta. In the coastal strip and the offshore islands conditions identical with those in South Carolina prevail.

In the latter State birds are usually mated by March 11. Nest building is begun by the middle of the month unless the season is delayed or adverse weather hinders operations, in which case nests are not found at times until early April. Georgia and Florida nestings correspond closely. In areas where Spanish moss is not found, _dominica_ reverts to saddling its nest on the horizontal branches of trees. Pearson and the Brimleys (1942) state that in the Raleigh, N.C., area the nest is frequently constructed in pines "at a height of from 20 to 40 feet." They also say that in the coastal region where the cypress occurs the bird "frequently nests in the long, gray moss hanging from the trees." North Carolina nesting commences in late April.

The nest is constructed mostly by the female, sometimes completely so, but D. J. Nicholson (1929) has seen the male assisting in Florida. In the spring of 1942 a nest was built in a banner of moss no more than 20 feet from the porch of my home, at the extremity of a drooping live-oak limb. The female brought material as often as twice a minute, disappearing completely within the moss clump which could be seen bulging now and then with her movements. She was utterly unconcerned by observers on the porch, even the noise made by children not disturbing her in the least. The male sang constantly nearby.

Two broods are raised in coastal South Carolina. The young of the first are fully fledged by April 22, according to Wayne. The second nest is begun soon after the first brood is away. The yellow-throated warbler will, of course, lay again if accident befalls the nest and eggs. Little time is lost in the interim and illustrative of this tenacity of purpose are some interesting notes of C. S. Brimley (1943) dealing with experiments made by him and his brother, H. H. Brimley of Raleigh, N. C. On April 25, 1890 they collected a set of four eggs from the nest in a pine tree, 42 feet up. Four days later (April 29) another nest was being built in a smaller pine nearby, at an elevation of 47 feet. On May 12 a set of eggs was taken from it and three days later (May 15) the birds again began to build, this time in a very slender pine which had to be stayed with ropes when eggs were removed from the nest on May 26. Two days later the fourth nest was started in a large pine, 44 feet up. On June 7 additional eggs were secured. All sets consisted of four eggs. No further attempts were made on this persevering pair but "they may have built a fifth nest * * * for all we know to the contrary."

Although it seems remarkable that Audubon apparently failed to remark particularly on the moss-nesting habits of this warbler, it will be recalled that his observations seem to have been made largely in Louisiana, for he stresses this State in his account of the species; but he could hardly have failed to observe it elsewhere in the South, particularly on his visits to Rev. John Bachman in Charleston. Of the nest Audubon (1841) says that it is "placed on a horizontal branch of a cypress, twenty, thirty, or even fifty feet above the ground, and is with difficulty discerned from below, as it resembles a knot or a tuft of moss." Certainly, moss is abundant in Louisiana and it would seem that the birds there share this preference despite the fact that the form of this warbler found there is _albilora_.

_Eggs._--[AUTHOR'S NOTE: Dr. Chapman (1907) says that the yellow-throated warbler lays 4 or 5 eggs, but very rarely 5, and adds:

"Ground color a dull greenish gray-white, in a large series the peculiar color of the markings seem to tinge the ground color; the markings are very mixed, numerous under shell marks, in the form of blotches and specks, of pale lavender and purplish gray overlaid with heavier surface markings of wine-red, umber and deeper shades of purplish gray and blackish. The heaviest markings are at the larger end, which is sometimes well wreathed, with many spots and specks over rest of egg." The measurements of 50 eggs average 17.1 by 13.0 millimeters; the eggs showing the four extremes measure =19.0= by 13.6, 17.6 by =14.0=, =15.4= by 12.7, and 16.0 by =11.9= millimeters.]

_Plumages._--[AUTHOR'S NOTE: Dr. Dwight (1900) describes the juvenal plumage, in which the sexes are apparently alike, as "above olive-brown with dull black streaking. Below, dull white, streaked with clove-brown chiefly anteriorly." A postjuvenal molt, beginning early in June in Florida, and involving the contour plumage and the wing coverts but not the rest of the wings or the tail, produces the first winter plumages. These are much like those of the adults, but are generally more brownish, the female being browner than the male. The yellow throat is assumed at this molt.

The first nuptial plumage is acquired by wear, the brownish wash wearing away and the back becoming grayer and the black markings clearer. Young birds are now indistinguishable from adults, except by the browner and more worn wings.

Adults have one complete postnuptial molt in midsummer, after which the fully adult plumage is assumed, the colors of the female being similar to those of the male but duller.]

_Food._--The food of the yellow-throated warbler has apparently not been well investigated. Little appears in the literature, an illustration of the need to learn more of the diet of small, woodland birds. Records of the examination of seven stomachs reveal that insects compose most of its diet, for according to Howell (1932) "beetles, moths and their larvae, flies, bugs, grasshoppers, grouse locusts, crickets, scale insects, and spiders" are included in the food. Witmer Stone (1937) in writing of the first observance of this warbler at Cape May Point, N. J., on July 13, 1920, states that he saw it take "a green caterpillar about an inch in length." D. J. Nicholson has noted (1929) that while watching one of these birds in Volusia County, Fla., he saw it eat at least ten "worms" in a few minutes as it searched the trees near where he sat.

I have often watched these warblers feeding in my yard and have seen them take small, active caterpillars on numerous occasions. There seems little doubt that scale insects are often taken, as the yellow-throated warbler, creeping about the limbs of trees as it does, undoubtedly finds many of these tiny, but destructive pests. There can be little question as to its benefit to agriculture.

_Behavior._--There is much that is reminiscent of the brown creeper in the habits of the yellow-throated warbler. Its actions are deliberate and methodical, with none, or very little, of the nervous energy so characteristic of many species of _Dendroica_. As a result it is easier to watch than many other warblers, and its technique of hunting frequently brings it close to the observer. Pearson and the Brimleys (1942) state that it confines its creeping search to the limbs of trees, omitting the trunks altogether. However I have seen this warbler in my yard, feeding on the trunks of both pines and oaks. In this posture, it acts almost exactly like the black-and-white warbler (_Mniotilta varia_) and the brown creeper (_Certhia familiaris_). D. J. Nicholson of Orlando, Fla. (1929), mentions that he has seen them feeding on the "mossy trunks" of trees.

Milton P. Skinner (1928) writes:

Yellow-throated warblers are gentle and friendly, but are not really socially inclined, either toward other members of their own kind or toward other species. * * * In the trees, their movements are quick, nervous and active, and they are very neat and trim in appearance for they spend much time in preening * * * As usual with warblers, these little birds are skillful insect catchers, and eat house flies, mosquitoes, ants, crickets, beetles and many other varieties of the smaller insects. Once I saw one on an artificial feeding station eating bread crumbs.

These warblers seem even fonder of bathing than most other warblers. They go regularly and often to their baths, and after bathing they spend several minutes carefully preening their feathers.

_Voice._--The song of the yellow-throated warbler is one of its distinctive characteristics. Completely unlike the thready, insect-like notes of many of its family, it is difficult to describe verbally, and interpretations of it must necessarily vary according to impressions made on human ears. That it is loud, with a definitely ringing character, is agreed upon by all, and in this respect resembles the beautiful song of the prothonotary warbler (_Protonotaria citrea_) another dweller of the cypress lagoons.

R. T. Peterson (1939) says that the song is "slightly suggestive" of those of the indigo bunting (_Passerina cyanea_) and the Louisiana water-thrush (_Seiurus motacilla_), although I had not noticed this resemblance, and describes the notes as "starting with several clear, slurred notes and dropping slightly down the scale." This is true; the preliminary or "clear" notes vary in number from five to eight, and are run together at the end. F. M. Weston (MS.) says that there are "several distinct repetitions of a single note, ending weakly in an anticlimax trill," also a satisfactory description. Rendered into words (always inaccurate and often misleading) it has been written as _ching-ching-ching-chicker-churwee_. F. M. Chapman (1907) remarks that he was familiar with the song for some years before being impressed with its resemblance to that of _S. motacilla_, and follows with the statement that it is not so much the form of the notes themselves "as their wild, ringing, carrying quality which recalls the song of the water-thrush," in which quality a resemblance is readily understandable, and further says that the song has been compared to that of the indigo bunting "not without reason." Howell (1932) simply characterizes it as "loud and attractive," and also compares it with that of the indigo bunting and the water-thrush.

Aretas A. Saunders (MS.) writes: "The song is bright, musical and lively, beginning with high-pitched two-note phrases, sounding something like _cheeka-cheeka-cincha-cincha_, and then dropping down in pitch in a series of rapid notes. It is fairly loud, with a clear ringing quality." This is much the best description I have seen of this highly individual song.

This warbler is an indefatigable songster. From early March through May (about Charleston) it sings almost incessantly, practically from dawn to dusk. Often only seconds intervene between the renditions. As June approaches, the frequency of its singing drops sharply, and by the middle of that month only a very occasional song is heard.

_Enemies._--The yellow-throated warbler is open to the various dangers which beset any of the smaller passerine species, but I know of no single enemy that operates against it particularly. However, it occasionally falls into a somewhat novel trap, becoming entangled in tough spider-webs. In much of the cypress country of the southeast the large Carolina silk spider makes its home and spins a magnificent golden web high up amid the straight-trunked columns of the trees. Some of these webs may stretch for many yards and on two occasions I have seen this warbler caught therein. In one instance it was the convulsive fluttering of the bird, apparently stationary in midair, which attracted attention and after some moments of violent activity, it succeeded in breaking the strands which held it. In the other, a dead specimen was found inextricably entangled. Although two experiences such as this are by no means conclusive of any marked mortality, it at least indicates that this may occur more often than one would realize.

_Field marks._--The brilliant yellow throat is always diagnostic and is usually readily seen because of the bird's tameness and deliberate actions. The grayness of the plumage is also apparent. A brief glimpse is enough to establish its identity, even if the characteristic song is unfamiliar.

_Fall._--The yellow-throated warbler leaves the northern portions of its range rather early. A very late specimen in the northern perimeter of the range was found dead by J. K. Potter (MS.) at Collingswood, N.J., on November 2, 1943. According to H. H. Bailey (1913) departure dates for southeastern Virginia are in the "latter part of July." May T. Cooke (1929) gives the latest occurrence about Washington as September 11, 1927. Near Lynchburg, R. H. Freer (MS.) has seen it once on September 30. These are all considerably later than Bailey's late July, and though very late, dates indicate that the species may remain in Viriginia well into August. C. W. Richmond and J. D. Figgins secured specimens on July 28, 1889, at Four Mile Run (near Washington), these being noted by William Rives (1890) in his catalog of Virginia birds.

Late September sees the last migrants leaving central and western North Carolina; the twenty-fifth of that month in the Raleigh area and the twenty-eighth in the Asheville region (Pearson and the Brimleys, 1942). In the coastal area the average is probably a little later.

From South Carolina southward, as already noted, the species is a permanent resident though the scattered wintering individuals are quite probably birds that nested in the northern portion of the range. About Charleston birds can be seen through July and August, but being quiet are not nearly so noticeable, and their numbers fall off in September and October. The young appear to leave much earlier, indeed, shortly after the cessation of the song period in mid-June, though doubtless early July sees some of them still here.

In Florida I have not seen this warbler south of the Lake Okeechobee-Kissimmee Prairie region in winter but occasional individuals are seen there throughout January and February in the "hammocks" and they begin to sing in early March. In the western part of the state F. M. Weston writes from Pensacola that the "fall migration is hardly noticeable in this region, for the birds have been silent and inconspicuous since June, and the migratory movement consists merely of a quiet withdrawal from the area." Of its winter status in that area he follows with the statement that the "yellow-throated warbler winters regularly in small numbers, at which season it is confined to the live oak groves. In order to find it, an observer must scan carefully every chickadee-titmouse group found in suitable situations. The composition of such a group would be half-a-dozen each of the tufted titmouse, Florida chickadee, myrtle warbler and ruby-crowned kinglet, a blue-gray gnatcatcher, a blue-headed vireo, an orange-crowned warbler and one or two yellow-throated warblers."

Alexander Wilson (1832) in speaking of the first specimen of this warbler he ever saw (in Georgia) stated that it was late in February and was the first spring appearance of the species in that area, following this at once with the explanation that "they leave the U. S. about three months during winter and, consequently, go to no great distance." He was in one of his few errors here for the warbler is, as we have abundantly seen, present in southeastern United States through the whole of the winter.

DISTRIBUTION

_Range._--Southeastern United States to Panamá and the West Indies.

_Breeding range._--The yellow-throated warbler breeds =north= to northern Illinois (Knoxville, Hennepin, Saint Charles, and possibly Waukegan); northern Indiana (Elkhart and Waterloo); northern and eastern Ohio (Wauseon, Sandusky, Cleveland, and Cadiz); northern West Virginia (Doddridge County); northern Maryland (Baltimore); and southern Delaware (Seaford and Frankford). Its occurrence, without indication of breeding has been reported north to Sigourney, Iowa; Lake Koshonong and Racine, Wis.; Kalamazoo, Battle Creek, and Detroit, Mich.; Frankfort Springs and Narberth, Pa.; Mamaroneck, N. Y.; Hartford, Conn.; and Dedham, Mass. =East= to southeastern Delaware (Frankford); and the Atlantic coast to central eastern Florida (Titusville). =South= to south-central and western Florida (Titusville, Bassinger, Punta Rossa, Tarpon Springs, St. Marks, and Pensacola); the Gulf coast of Mississippi and Louisiana to eastern and central Texas (Port Arthur, Houston, Brazoria County, San Antonio, and Ingram). =West= to eastern Texas (Ingram, Austin, Waco, Rhome, and Gainesville); central Oklahoma (Dougherty, Oklahoma City, and Ponca City); southeastern Kansas (Neosha Falls), central Missouri (Columbia); and western Illinois (Knoxville).

The territory as outlined is occupied by two geographic races: the eastern yellow-throated warbler (_D. d. dominica_) breeds from Maryland southward and east of the mountains; the sycamore yellow-throated warbler (_D. d. albilora_) breeds from the mountains westward.

_Winter range._--The two races appear not to mingle in winter. The yellow-throated warbler winters =north= to northwestern Florida (Pensacola and St. Marks); and casually to southern Georgia (Thomasville and Brunswick). =East= to southeastern Georgia (Brunswick); the Bahamas (Watling and Great Inagua Islands); Dominican Republic (Samaná); Puerto Rico; and St. Thomas; casually to Montserrat. =South= to Montserrat, casually; Haiti (Port au Prince); and Jamaica. =West= to Jamaica; Grand Cayman; western Cuba (Isle of Pines and Habana); and western Florida (Pensacola).

The sycamore warbler winters regularly =north= to southern Sinaloa (Mazatlán); Nayarit (Tepic); southern Veracruz (Tlacotalpan); Yucatán (Progreso); and Quintana Roo (Cozumel Island). =East= to Quintana Roo (Cozumel Island and Xcopén); British Honduras (Belize); central northern Honduras (Ruatán Island and Puerto Castilla); southeastern Nicaragua (Greytown); and central Costa Rica (San José and Cartago). =South= to Costa Rica. =West= to western Costa Rica (Cartago); western Guatemala (Dueñas and Totonicopán); western Guerrero (Acapulco); western Michoacán (Coahuayana); Colima (Colima); and southwestern Sinaloa (Mazatlán). It also winters in small numbers in Cameron County, Tex.

_Migration._--Late dates of departure from the winter home are: Puerto Rico--Ponce, February 26. Haiti--Île à Vache, April 29. Cuba--Cienfuegos, April 15. Bahamas--New Providence, April 15. Veracruz--Tres Zapotes, March 25.

Early dates of spring arrival are: Alabama--Greensboro, March 10. Georgia--Augusta, March 2. South Carolina--Columbia, March 23. North Carolina--Raleigh, March 13. Virginia--Lawrenceville, March 19. District of Columbia--Washington, March 24.

Late dates of fall departure are: Ohio--Toledo, September 28. Indiana--Bloomington, October 9. Missouri--St. Louis, October 11. Kentucky--Bowling Green, October 5. Tennessee--Nashville, October 3. Arkansas--Helena, October 10. Mississippi--Biloxi, October 12. Louisiana--Monroe, October 16. Texas--Brownsville, October 8. District of Columbia--Washington, September 27. Virginia--Lynchburg, October 6. North Carolina--Chapel Hill, October 6. Georgia--Athens, October 11.

Early dates of fall arrival are: Bahamas--Nassau, July 26. Cuba--Guantánamo, July 11. Jamaica, August 16. Dominican Republic--Monte Viejo, August 26. Puerto Rico--Fortuna, August 28. Mexico--Chiapas, Ocote, August 13. Guatemala--San Lucas, August 7. Honduras--Truxillo, September 26. Costa Rica--San José, September 17.

_Casual records._--A number of specimens of the sycamore warbler have been taken on the Atlantic seaboard.

_Egg dates._--Florida: 11 records, April 17 to June 9; 7 records, April 20 to 29.

South Carolina: 31 records, April 2 to May 22; 21 records, April 14 to 26, indicating the height of the season (Harris).

DENDROICA DOMINICA ALBILORA Ridgway

SYCAMORE YELLOW-THROATED WARBLER

PLATE 44

HABITS

This western form of the yellow-throated warbler makes its summer home in the Mississippi Valley, from southern Wisconsin and southern Michigan southward, and it winters in Mexico and Central America. Although its winter range is so widely separated from that of the eastern form and its summer range, mainly west of the Alleghenies, is quite distinct, the two forms are very much alike in characters and habits. Ridgway (1902) describes it as similar to the yellow-throated warbler, "but with much smaller bill, the superciliary stripe more rarely yellow anteriorly, and with white areas on inner webs of lateral rectrices averaging decidedly larger."

Allison wrote to Dr. Chapman (1907) that in southern Louisiana, "it has a strong liking for woods shrouded in heavy festoons of Spanish moss, and, therefore, keeps much to the cypress swamps; but it is common in the less damp woods in the same regions; on the northern shores of Lake Pontchartrain it spreads slightly from the cypress swamp into the pines. It is essentially a bird of the larger trees, and swampy forest may be considered its typical habitat." M. G. Vaiden, of Rosedale, Miss., tells me that he always looks for the sycamore warbler in the cypresses, and that it is seldom found elsewhere, except on migrations.

Ridgway (1889) says of its haunts in Illinois: "The Sycamore Warbler is a common summer resident in the bottom-lands, where, according to the writer's experience, it lives chiefly in the large sycamore trees along or near water courses." In Indiana, according to A. W. Butler (1898), "the Sycamore Warbler does not depart from the vicinity of streams, even following small creeks, along which sycamores grow, for quite a distance towards their source. They seem to prefer these trees, spending much time among their highest branches, but they may also be found among all the trees fringing waterways, sometimes quite near the ground, and often are seen among our orchards, lawns, and even the shade trees along the streets of towns in the valleys."

It seems to be partial to the large, picturesque, stream-loving sycamores in other parts of its range, as far north and east as Michigan and Ohio, thus deserving its well-chosen name. In many places these fine trees have disappeared, and the warblers have become scarce or have gone entirely.

_Spring._--The sycamore yellow-throated warbler is one of the earliest wood warblers to enter the United States from its winter home, arriving in Louisiana around the first week in March, reaching Indiana about the middle of April, and appearing in Michigan as early as April 20. In Ohio, according to Dr. Wheaton (1882), "this is the first of the family to arrive in spring. It is always to be seen before the Yellow-rumped and Yellow Warblers make their appearance, sometimes before the last snow and ice. I have seen them in considerable numbers on the 13th of April, and have known of its occurrence as early as April 9th. When on their migrations they confine themselves almost exclusively to the trees which skirt the streams, and move northward by day with considerable rapidity."

The main migration route seems to be almost directly northeastward, from western Mexico and Central America to western North Carolina and Ohio, and more directly northward through the broad Mississippi Valley to Michigan and Wisconsin. This is markedly different from the migration route of the eastern race, which migrates nearly northward along the Atlantic coast.

_Nesting._--Whether the nest of the sycamore warbler is in a cypress or in a sycamore, it is always placed at a considerable height from the ground, for this is a tree-top bird. Nests have been recorded at heights ranging from 10 to 120 feet above the ground, but probably most of them are between 30 and 60 feet up. Mr. Butler (1928) describes two Indiana nests of similar construction. One was--

built about 35 or 40 feet above the ground in a flat crotch, on an approximately horizontal limb of a large sycamore tree. * * * The nest measures as follows: Outside diameter 2.50 inches; inside diameter 1.65; outside height 2 inches; inside depth 1.75 inches. The heavier frame was composed of shreds of grapevine bark, bits of the covering and coarser fibre of weeds, mingled with which were many small pieces of cotton cord or ravelings. The nest was lined and its entire bottom was composed of the soft down obtained from dry sycamore balls. In fact the nest really had no foundation for the bottom, the lining material reaching through to the limb. [The other] was about 75 feet above the ground in a crotch of small branches toward the end of a sycamore limb which was not strong enough to bear one's weight. It was so hidden by the foliage that it could not be seen until some of the leaves fell this autumn.

A set of four eggs is in the Richard C. Harlow collection, taken by W. C. Avery, Greensboro, Ala., April 24, 1893. The nest was in a liquidambar tree, 26 feet up and 9 feet out from the body of the tree, on a horizontal branch and nearly concealed in the _Tillandsia_ in which it was built. George Finlay Simmons (1925) says that in Texas the nests are sometimes built in an elm or a pecan tree, from 12 to 35 feet from the ground.

_Eggs._--The sycamore warbler lays from 3 to 5 eggs; in most cases 4 eggs seem to complete the set. Mr. Simmons (1925) describes them as "dull greenish gray-white; marked with distinct and clouded blotches, specks, and under-shell markings of lavender, purplish-gray, umber, and brownish-red; and sometimes even blackish spots; usually wreathed about the larger end." The measurements of 10 eggs average 16.9 by 12.7 millimeters; the eggs showing the four extremes measure =17.6= by =12.1=, =16.2= by 12.8, and 16.6 by =13.0= millimeters.

_Plumages._--The sequence of plumages and molts is probably the same as for the yellow-throated warbler.

_Food._--Very little seems to have been published on the food of this warbler, but it probably does not differ materially from that of the other wood warblers. Professor Aughey (1878) found remains of 15 locusts and 24 other insects in the stomach of one collected in Nebraska. A. H. Howell (1924) says: "Examination of 9 stomachs of this bird from Alabama showed its food to be mainly flies, beetles, ants and other Hymenoptera, and spiders."

_Behavior._--Ridgway (1889) says that "in its motions, this warbler partakes much of the character of a creeper, often ascending or descending trunks of trees or following their branches, much in the manner of a _Mniotilta_." Butler (1898) says that "its longer flights much resemble those of the Chipping Sparrow. Its shorter ones, as with quivering wings it beats rapid strokes when moving from limb to limb, remind one of the movements of the Kingbird." Referring to its general habits in Texas, Simmons (1925) says it is:--

observed singly or in pairs, moving very slowly about in the tops of the trees, particularly the sycamores along streams, carefully keeping limbs and branches between itself and any chance observer. Movements very deliberate, sometimes stopping for several minutes, _creeping_ along by small hops, among upper branches, never on trunks or larger limbs; thus, in actions, strikingly different from most members of the warbler family. Usually keeps to the tops of the tallest trees; hops from one perch to another very slowly; occasionally comes down among the lower branches. Usually quiet, the song being uttered at wide intervals; however, at times in spring it may be heard almost constantly singing.

_Voice._--Butler (1898) writes: "The song of the Sycamore Warbler, as I catch it, is as follows: _Twit, che-e, che-e, che-e, che-e, che-e, che-á_. This is about its usual length. The first syllable is abrupt, with rising inflection, then, after a slight pause, the remainder is uttered at the same pitch until the last syllable, which ends sharply with a slight rise in tone. The whole song is very unique. Its notes are clear and distinct, and it is pitched in such a key that it may be heard under favorable circumstances over a quarter of a mile."

Mr. Allison wrote to Dr. Chapman (1907) as follows: "The call-note is a rather lively chipping, like that of an agitated Parula Warbler, or perhaps somewhat more like that of Pine Warbler. The song is like the Indigo Bunting's, much softened, and with a falling cadence all the way through; thus: _See-wee, see-wee, see-wee, swee, swee, swee, swee_--the last four notes uttered more rapidly, but becoming fainter, until the last one is very indistinct."

Mrs. Nice (1931) writes: "The songs of this lovely warbler made one think of evergreen forests; they gave a wistful, haunting touch to the somber, leafless woods, where most of the bird notes were loud and ringing. The bird in the Oliver's woods in 1927 had two songs. 'A' was in a continuously descending scale except for the last note which was slightly higher than that preceding--_see see see see see see chérwer_; the ending was abrupt. 'B' was more musical; it consisted of four notes on the same pitch, then three descending, ending with one on a somewhat higher pitch. Both songs were given five and six times a minute."

_Winter._--Dr. Skutch contributes the following note: "The sycamore warbler is a rare winter resident in Central America, infrequently recorded in both the highlands and the Caribbean lowlands. Although Griscom states that in Guatemala it is a common winter visitant, the statement scarcely seems supported by the paucity of published records. Carriker knew of but one specimen taken in Costa Rica. I have myself seen this bird only thrice during 12 years in Central America. On January 22, 1935, I found one in a flock of Townsend's and black-throated green warblers in the pine woods on the Finca Mocá, on the Pacific slope of Guatemala at 3,500 feet. My one Honduran record is of a bird seen among the coconut trees by the shore at Puerto Castilla, on January 27, 1931. Peters secured a single specimen from a coconut palm near Tela, in the same general region, on January 18, 1928. In Costa Rica, I found one of these rare warblers in the garden of the hacienda Las Cóncavas, near Cartago, at 4,600 feet above sea-level, on November 3, 1935.

"Griscom's record of the sycamore warbler at San Lucas, Guatemala, on August 7, indicates early arrival. The single published Costa Rican date is of a bird collected by Underwood at San José on September 17. The date of the spring departure appears to be quite unknown."

DENDROICA GRACIAE GRACIAE Baird

NORTHERN GRACE'S WARBLER

HABITS

This pretty little warbler was discovered by Dr. Elliott Coues (1878) and named by him in honor of his sister and for whom, as he expresses it, "my affection and respect keep pace with my appreciation of true loveliness of character." Of its discovery, he states: "While journeying through New Mexico, _en route_ to Fort Whipple, Arizona, in July, 1864, I found Grace's Warbler on the summit of Whipple's Pass of the Rocky Mountains, not far from the old site of Fort Wingate, and secured the first specimen on the second of the month just named." He afterwards found it to be "the most abundant bird of its kind, excepting Audubon's Warbler," in the pine forests on the mountains of Arizona, and says that Henshaw found it to be "one of the commonest of the summer Warblers in the White Mountains. * * * His observations confirm my own in regard to the pine-loving character of the birds; he found them almost invariably in coniferous forests, passing swiftly along the smaller branches of these tall trees, or darting into the air to capture passing insects; and even in August, when various families had united into small flocks, and were lingering in company with other insectivorous birds, before their departure for the South, their preference for their native pines was still evident."

I found it fairly common in the upper reaches of Ramsey Canyon in the Huachuca Mountains of Arizona, among the tall, scattered yellow pines, at elevations between 6,000 and 7,000 feet, where a nest with young was found on June 4, 1922. Swarth (1904) found it more common there as a migrant than as a breeding bird and rather irregular in its abundance.

Grace's warbler, now well-known as a summer resident in the mountains of southern Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, Sonora, and Chihuahua, is apparently closely related to the yellow-throated warbler of the southern States and to Adelaide's warbler of Puerto Rico; it has a slightly differentiated subspecies in Central America.

_Nesting._--What is probably the first authentic nest of Grace's warbler to be reported was taken in Yavapai County, Ariz., on June 23, 1890, by H. Keays for H. P. Attwater. This nest is described by Samuel B. Ladd (1891) as "placed on limb of pine sixty feet from the ground. Nest very compact; outside diameter 3 in. by 1-1/2 in. high; inside diameter 1-3/4 in. by 1-1/4 in. deep. The body of this nest is composed of horse-hair, strings and vegetable fibres. The most abundant vegetable material interwoven consists of the staminate catkins and bud scales of _Quercus emoryi_. There is also some wool, vegetable down, and insect webbing, in which are entangled the exuviae of some caterpillar. Attached on the outside was a small staminate cone of a species of _Pinus_. Nest well lined with feathers and horse-hair."

O. W. Howard (1899) found two nests in Arizona; one nest was "placed deep down in the middle in a large bunch of pine needles and was entirely hidden from view." The other he found "in a red fir tree. It was placed in a thick bunch of leaves at the extremity of a limb about fifty feet from the ground." A nest with four eggs, in the Doe Museum in Gainesville, Fla., taken by O. C. Poling on May 25, 1891, at 8,000 feet in the Huachuca Mountains, was built in a bunch of pine needles and cones at the end of a long branch of a red pine, 20 feet from the ground.

_Eggs._--From 3 to 4 eggs, apparently more often 3, make up the set for Grace's warbler. They are ovate with a tendency toward elongate ovate, and are only slightly glossy. They are white or creamy white, finely speckled and spotted with "auburn," "bay," or "chestnut brown," intermingled with "light brownish drab," "deep brownish drab," or "pale vinaceous drab." The markings are concentrated at the large end, where they frequently form a distinct wreath, leaving the lower half of the egg immaculate. Occasionally eggs are speckled all over; and some are marked with blotches. Generally the drab spots are in the majority, when the fewer brown spots, which are often as dark as to appear almost black, are more prominent. The measurements of 38 eggs average 16.9 by 12.7 millimeters; the eggs showing the four extremes measure =18.2= by 13.1, 18.0 by =13.3=, =14.8= by 12.7, and 15.4 by =11.7= millimeters (Harris).

_Young._--Nothing seems to have been published on incubation or on the development and care of the young.

_Plumages._--Ridgway (1902) describes the young male in first plumage as "above plain grayish hair brown or drab-gray, the feathers ash gray beneath the surface; sides of head similar but rather paler; malar region, chin, and throat pale brownish gray, minutely and sparsely flecked with darker, the chest similar, but with rather large roundish spots of dusky; rest of under parts dull white streaked or spotted with dusky gray medially, dull grayish laterally."

Swarth (1904) writes of the postjuvenal molt:

A young male taken July 13th is in the brown streaked plumage, but yellow feathers are beginning to appear along the median line of the throat and upper breast, and the yellow superciliary stripe is also beginning to show. Another, a little older, has the streaks of the lower parts restricted to the sides and flanks, and the yellow markings nearly perfect. A male taken on July 30th, which has just discarded the juvenile for the winter plumage, differs from the autumnal adults in having the white of the under parts more strongly tinged with buff; and whereas the adult has the back decidedly streaked, though the markings are overcast by the brownish edgings to the feathers, in the juvenile these markings are but imperfectly indicated.

Apparently, the nuptial plumage is assumed by wear alone, for no available specimens show any signs of prenuptial molt and both young birds and adults in the fall are much like the spring birds, but browner and with the markings obscured by brownish tips that probably wear away before spring.

Young birds and females have duller colors than the adult males and are browner in the fall than in the spring. Adults doubtless have a complete postnuptial molt in late summer.

_Behavior._--Grace's warbler is a bird of the pines, spending most of its time in the towering tops of the tallest trees. It is sometimes seen in other conifers such as hemlocks and spruces, but very seldom on or even near the ground. Dr. Wetmore (1920) says: "Usually they were found in the tops of the Yellow Pines where they worked about rather leisurely, exploring the smaller limbs and at short intervals pausing to sing. * * * Occasionally one was found working about through the oak undergrowth at times coming down almost to the ground. The flight was undulating and rather quick and jerky."

Dr. Coues (1878) writes: "They are seen coursing among the branchlets, skipping at apparent random through the endless intricacies of the foliage, hovering momentarily about the terminal bunches of needles, and then dashing far out into clear space, to capture the passing insect with a dexterous twist and turn. So the season passes, till the young are on wing, when the different families, still with bonds unbroken, ramble at leisure through the woods, the young birds timid and feeble at first, venturing shorter flights than their parents, who seem absorbed in solicitude for their welfare, and attend them most sedulously, till they are quite able to shift for themselves."

We found Grace's warbler to be an active, restless species. We could often locate one by its song coming from lofty top of some tall pine, but before we could see its diminutive form, we would hear its song coming from some distant tree farther up the mountain side; and so we would follow the little songster from tree to tree, seldom getting more than a fleeting glimpse of it. At times, however, when it was more interested in feeding than in singing, we could see it quietly gleaning its insect food along the smaller branches and twigs after the manner of the pine warbler. We never saw it on or near the ground.

_Voice._--Dr. Wetmore (1920) says that the song of Grace's warbler, as heard by him at Lake Burford, N. Mex., "was a rapid repetition of notes somewhat reminiscent of the efforts of the Chipping Sparrow, but with the notes evenly spaced, not blurred at the end, and closing abruptly, so that the last syllable was as strongly accented as any of the others. It resembled the syllables _chip chip chip chip chip_ given in a loud tone."

Dr. Walter P. Taylor has sent me some notes on the song, which he calls "rather a modest utterance conspicuously lacking in strength. Song, _tseet tseet tseet tseet zeekle zeet_. A better rendering is _tsew tsew tsew tsew tsew tsee tsee tsee tsee tseeeip_! The song has something of a yellow warbler quality. I find it extremely hard to put down on paper anything that remotely resembles it." Again he writes it "_tchew tchew tchew_, more slowly uttered, followed by _tsip tsip tsip tsip tsip_, rapidly repeated."

_Field marks._--Grace's is one of the smallest of our wood warblers, a tiny bird. It shows a striking resemblance to the yellow-throated warbler, but it is much smaller, has no black in the cheeks, and it has a yellow rather than a white mark below the eye. The adult male in spring is light bluish gray above, marked on the head and back with black spots, with a bright yellow throat, two white wing bars, and much white in the tail. Females, young birds, and males in the fall are similar but browner.

DISTRIBUTION

_Range._--Southwestern United States to central Mexico.

_Breeding range._--Grace's warbler breeds =north= to southern Utah (Zion National Park); southwestern Colorado (Fort Lewis and Pagosa Springs); and central northern New Mexico (Tres Piedras; possibly Sierra Grande). =East= to central New Mexico (Tres Piedras and Mesa Yegua); western Texas (Guadalupe Mountains); and northwestern Chihuahua (Colonia García). =South= to northwestern Chihuahua (Colonia García) and southeastern Sonora (Rancho Santa Bárbara). =West= to western Sonora (Rancho Santa Bárbara, Moctezuma, and Nogales); eastern central and western Arizona (Huachuca Mountains, Tucson, Fort Whipple, Hualpai Mountains, and Mount Trumble); and southwestern Utah (Zion National Park).

_Winter range._--In winter Grace's warbler seems to be confined to a small area in central western Mexico, from central Jalisco (Bolaños) southeast to east central Michoacán (Patambán and Patzcuaro); and west to south central Jalisco (Zapotitlán); occasional north to northern Nayarit (Santa Teresa).

_Migration._--Very little information is available regarding the migratory movements of Grace's warbler. Dates of spring arrival are: Sonora--Mina Abundancia, April 11. New Mexico--Silver City, April 20. Arizona--Santa Rita Mountains, March 15. The latest date of one recorded at Albuquerque, New Mexico, is September 7. A resident race occurs in Central America.

_Egg dates._--Arizona: 9 records, May 3 to June 27; 5 records, May 30 to June 8, indicating the height of the season.

New Mexico: 2 records, May 22 and June 13 (Harris).

_PLATES_

Morristown, N. J. R. T. Peterson

BLACK-AND-WHITE WARBLER]

Maine, June 29, 1940 Eliot Porter

BLACK-AND-WHITE WARBLER, MALE]

Dennis, Mass. June 17, 1921 A. C. Bent

Johnson City, Tenn., May 10, 1942 B. P. Tyler

NESTS OF BLACK-AND-WHITE WARBLER]

Reelfoot Lake, Tenn., July 9, 1940 L. H. Walkinshaw

PROTHONOTARY WARBLER]

Duval County, Fla., May 8, 1935 S. A. Grimes

PAIR OF PROTHONOTARY WARBLERS]

Duval County, Fla., May 22, 1931 S. A. Grimes

Duval County, Fla., June 14, 1935 S. A. Grimes

NESTS OF PROTHONOTARY WARBLER]

Duval County, Fla., May 13, 1936 S. A. Grimes

NEST OF SWAINSON'S WARBLER]

Duval County, Fla., May 1936 S. A. Grimes

SWAINSON'S WARBLER]

Duval County, Fla., May 1941 S. A. Grimes

PAIR OF SWAINSON'S WARBLERS]

Allen Frost

Calhoun County, Mich., June 9, 1937 L. H. Walkinshaw

WORM-EATING WARBLER (LEFT) AND GOLDEN-WINGED WARBLER (RIGHT)]

Near Branchport, N. Y. C. F. Stone

GOLDEN-WINGED WARBLER AND NEST]

Near Omaha, Nebr., June 8, 1901 F. H. Shoemaker

Hadlyme, Conn., June 1, 1934 A. C. Bent

NESTS OF BLUE-WINGED WARBLER]

New Britain, Conn., June 5, 1932

New Britain, Conn., May 27, 1932 E. W. Schmidt and D. D. MacDavid

BLUE-WINGED WARBLER AND NEST]

Tabusintac, New Brunswick B. S. Bowdish

TENNESSEE WARBLER AND NEST]

Santa Catalina Island, Calif., April 16, 1939

J. S. Rowley

NESTS OF DUSKY ORANGE-CROWNED WARBLER]

Yates County, N. Y. C. F. Stone

Tabusintac, New Brunswick B. S. Bowdish

NESTS OF EASTERN NASHVILLE WARBLER]

Saint Dorothee, Quebec, June 4, 1943 W. J. Brown

Tabusintac, New Brunswick B. S. Bowdish

NESTS OF EASTERN NASHVILLE WARBLER
(Note two cowbird eggs in nest on left)]

Huachuca Mountains, Ariz. F. C. Willard

Pima County, Ariz. F. C. Willard

NESTS OF VIRGINIA'S WARBLER (UPPER) AND LUCY'S WARBLER (LOWER)]

Arizona, April 29, 1941 Eliot Porter

LUCY'S WARBLER]

Maine C. J. Stanwood

NEST OF NORTHERN PARULA WARBLER]

Maine, July 9, 1939 Eliot Porter

NORTHERN PARULA WARBLER, MALE]

Duval County, Fla., May 4, 1936 S. A. Grimes

SOUTHERN PARULA WARBLER, MALE]

Huachuca Mountains, Ariz., May 30, 1922 A. C. Bent

NESTING SITE AND NEST OF NORTHERN OLIVE WARBLER]

Erie County, N. Y., June 12, 1927 S. A. Grimes

NEST OF EASTERN YELLOW WARBLER]

Taunton, Mass., May 31, 1941

Grice and Grice

EASTERN YELLOW WARBLERS]

Pocono Lake, Pa. B. S. Bowdish

NEST OF MAGNOLIA WARBLER IN A HEMLOCK]

Wyoming County, N. Y., June 5, 1928 S. A. Grimes

NEST OF MAGNOLIA WARBLER]

Maine, July 6, 1940 Eliot Porter

MALE MAGNOLIA WARBLER WITH YOUNG]

Tabusintac, New Brunswick B. S. Bowdish

Maine C. J. Stanwood

NESTS OF CAPE MAY WARBLER (UPPER) AND NORTHERN BLACK-THROATED BLUE
WARBLER (LOWER)]

Asquam Lake, N. H., June 25, 1927 A. C. Bent

NORTHERN BLACK-THROATED BLUE WARBLER, FEMALES]

Beech Mountain, N. C. June 4, 1942 B. P. Tyler

East Wallingford, Vt., June 2, 1907 Owen Durfee

NESTS OF CAIRNS' WARBLER (UPPER) AND EASTERN MYRTLE WARBLE (LOWER)]

Maine, 1945 Eliot Porter

EASTERN MYRTLE WARBLER]

Maine, June 18, 1940 Eliot Porter

EASTERN MYRTLE WARBLER, FEMALE]

San Bernardino County, Calif., May 19, 1940 J. S. Rowley

Phoenix, Ariz., Jan. 3, 1942 H. L. and Ruth Crockett

NEST OF PACIFIC AUDUBON'S WARBLER AND BIRD IN WINTER PLUMAGE]

Oregon W. L. Finley

BLACK-THROATED GRAY WARBLERS AND NEST]

Kensington, Conn., June 8, 1924 E. W. Schmidt and D. D. MacDavid

NORTHERN BLACK-THROATED GREEN WARBLER AND NEST]

Maine, June 29, 1939 Eliot Porter

NORTHERN BLACK-THROATED GREEN WARBLER, MALE]

Maine, July 24, 1940 Eliot Porter

NORTHERN BLACK-THROATED GREEN WARBLER, FEMALE]

Eldorado County, Calif., May 14, 1913
O. F. Heinman (Courtesy _The Condor_ and M. S. Ray)

Yates County, N. Y., June 1915 C. F. Stone

HERMIT WARBLER'S NEST (UPPER) AND CERULEAN WARBLER (LOWER)]

Cass County, Minn., June 22, 1929 S. A. Grimes

BLACKBURNIAN WARBLER'S NEST
(Note two cowbird eggs in nest)]

Cass County, Minn., June 1929 S. A. Grimes

BLACKBURNIAN WARBLER, MALE
(One cowbird egg in nest)]

Duval County, Fla., April 27, 1936 S. A. Grimes

EASTERN YELLOW-THROATED WARBLER]

Duval County, Fla., May 1934 S. A. Grimes

Duval County, Fla., May 2, 1931 S. A. Grimes

EASTERN YELLOW-THROATED WARBLER AND NEST]

Tennessee H. S. Vaughn

NESTS OF SYCAMORE YELLOW-THROATED WARBLER]

+---------------------------+
| A CATALOG OF SELECTED |
| |
| DOVER BOOKS |
| |
| IN ALL FIELDS OF INTEREST |
| |
| |
+---------------------------+

A CATALOG OF SELECTED DOVER

BOOKS IN ALL FIELDS OF INTEREST

LASERS AND HOLOGRAPHY, Winston E. Kock. Sound introduction to burgeoning field, expanded (1981) for second edition. 84 illustrations. 160pp. 5-5/8 × 8-1/4. (EUK)

24041-X Pa. $3.50

FLORAL STAINED GLASS PATTERN BOOK, Ed Sibbett, Jr. 96 exquisite floral patterns--irises, poppie, lilies, tulips, geometrics, abstracts, etc.--adaptable to innumerable stained glass projects. 64pp. 8-1/4 × 11.

24259-5 Pa. $3.50

THE HISTORY OF THE LEWIS AND CLARK EXPEDITION, Meriwether Lewis and William Clark. Edited by Eliott Coues. Great classic edition of Lewis and Clark's day-by-day journals. Complete 1893 edition, edited by Eliott Coues from Biddle's authorized 1814 history. 1508pp. 5-3/8 × 8-1/2.

21268-8, 21269-6, 21270-X Pa. Three-vol. set $22.50

ORLEY FARM, Anthony Trollope. Three-dimensional tale of great criminal case. Original Millais illustrations illuminate marvelous panorama of Victorian society. Plot was author's favorite. 736pp. 5-3/8 × 8-1/2.

24181-5 Pa. $10.95

THE CLAVERINGS, Anthony Trollope. Major novel, chronicling aspects of British Victorian society, personalities. 16 plates by M. Edwards; first reprint of full text. 412pp. 5-3/8 × 8-1/2.

23464-9 Pa. $6.00

EINSTEIN'S THEORY OF RELATIVITY, Max Born. Finest semi-technical account; much explanation of ideas and math not readily available elsewhere on this level. 376pp. 5-3/8 × 8-1/2.

60769-0 Pa. $5.00

COMPUTABILITY AND UNSOLVABILITY, Martin Davis. Classic graduate-level introduction to theory of computability, usually referred to as theory of recurrent functions. New preface and appendix. 288pp. 5-3/8 × 8-1/2.

61471-9 Pa. $6.50

THE GODS OF THE EGYPTIANS, E. A. Wallis Budge. Never excelled for richness, fullness: all gods, goddesses, demons, mythical figures of Ancient Egypt; their legends, rites, incarnations, etc. Over 225 illustrations, plus 6 color plates. 988pp. 6-1/8 × 9-1/4. (EBE)

22055-9, 22056-7 Pa., Two-vol. set $20.00

THE I CHING (THE BOOK OF CHANGES), translated by James Legge. Most penetrating divination manual ever prepared. Indispensable to study of early Oriental civilizations, to modern inquiring reader. 448pp. 5-3/8 × 8-1/2.

21062-6 Pa. $6.50

THE CRAFTSMAN'S HANDBOOK, Cennino Cennini. 15th-century handbook, school of Giotto, explains applying gold, silver leaf; gesso; fresco painting, grinding pigments, etc. 142pp. 6-1/8 × 9-1/4.

20054-X Pa. $3.50

AN ATLAS OF ANATOMY FOR ARTISTS, Fritz Schider. Finest text, working book. Full text, plus anatomical illustrations; plates by great artists showing anatomy. 593 illustrations. 192pp. 7-1/8 × 10-1/4.

20241-0 Pa. $6.50

EASY-TO-MAKE STAINED GLASS LIGHTCATCHERS, Ed Sibbett, Jr. 67 designs for most enjoyable ornaments: fruits, birds, teddy bears, trumpet, etc. Full size templates. 64pp. 8-1/4 × 11.

24081-9 Pa. $3.95

TRIAD OPTICAL ILLUSIONS AND HOW TO DESIGN THEM, Harry Turner. Triad explained in 32 pages of text, with 32 pages of Escher-like patterns on coloring stock. 92 figures. 32 plates. 64pp. 8-1/4 × 11.

23549-1 Pa. $2.95

SURREAL STICKERS AND UNREAL STAMPS, William Rowe. 224 haunting, hilarious stamps on gummed, perforated stock, with images of elephants, geisha girls, George Washington, etc. 16pp. one side. 8-1/4 × 11.

24371-0 Pa. $3.50

GOURMET KITCHEN LABELS, Ed Sibbett, Jr. 112 full-color labels (4 copies each of 28 designs). Fruit, bread, other culinary motifs. Gummed and perforated. 16pp. 8-1/4 × 11.

24087-8 Pa. $2.95

PATTERNS AND INSTRUCTIONS FOR CARVING AUTHENTIC BIRDS, H. D. Green. Detailed instructions, 27 diagrams, 85 photographs for carving 15 species of birds so life-like, they'll seem ready to fly! 8-1/4 × 11.

24222-6 Pa. $2.75

FLATLAND, E. A. Abbott. Science-fiction classic explores life of 2-D being in 3-D world. 16 illustrations. 103pp. 5-3/8 × 8.

20001-9 Pa. $2.00

DRIED FLOWERS, Sarah Whitlock and Martha Rankin. Concise, clear, practical guide to dehydration, glycerinizing, pressing plant material, and more. Covers use of silica gel. 12 drawings. 32pp. 5-3/8 × 8-1/2.

21802-3 Pa. $1.00

EASY-TO-MAKE CANDLES, Gary V. Guy. Learn how easy it is to make all kinds of decorative candles. Step-by-step instructions. 82 illustrations. 48pp. 8-1/4 × 11.

23881-4 Pa. $2.50

SUPER STICKERS FOR KIDS, Carolyn Bracken. 128 gummed and perforated full-color stickers: GIRL WANTED, KEEP OUT, BORED OF EDUCATION, X-RATED, COMBAT ZONE, many others. 16pp. 8-1/4 × 11.

24092-4 Pa. $2.50

CUT AND COLOR PAPER MASKS, Michael Grater. Clowns, animals, funny faces ... simply color them in, cut them out, and put them together, and you have 9 paper masks to play with and enjoy. 32pp. 8-1/4 × 11.

23171-2 Pa. $2.25

A CHRISTMAS CAROL: THE ORIGINAL MANUSCRIPT, Charles Dickens. Clear facsimile of Dickens manuscript, on facing pages with final printed text. 8 illustrations by John Leech, 4 in color on covers. 144pp. 8-3/8 × 11-1/4.

20980-6 Pa. $5.95

CARVING SHOREBIRDS, Harry V. Shourds & Anthony Hillman. 16 full-size patterns (all double-page spreads) for 19 North American shorebirds with step-by-step instructions. 72pp. 9-1/4 × 12-1/4.

24287-0 Pa. $4.95

THE GENTLE ART OF MATHEMATICS, Dan Pedoe. Mathematical games, probability, the question of infinity, topology, how the laws of algebra work, problems of irrational numbers, and more. 42 figures. 143pp. 5-3/8 × 8-1/2. (EBE)

22949-1 Pa. $3.50

READY-TO-USE DOLLHOUSE WALLPAPER, Katzenbach & Warren, Inc. Stripe, 2 floral stripes, 2 allover florals, polka dot; all in full color. 4 sheets (350 sq. in.) of each, enough for average room. 48pp. 8-1/4 × 11.

23495-9 Pa. $2.95

MINIATURE IRON-ON TRANSFER PATTERNS FOR DOLLHOUSES, DOLLS, AND SMALL PROJECTS, Rita Weiss and Frank Fontana. Over 100 miniature patterns: rugs, bedspreads, quilts, chair seats, etc. In standard dollhouse size. 48pp. 8-1/4 × 11.

23741-9 Pa. $1.95

THE DINOSAUR COLORING BOOK, Anthony Rao. 45 renderings of dinosaurs, fossil birds, turtles, other creatures of Mesozoic Era. Scientifically accurate. Captions. 48pp. 8-1/4 × 11.

24022-3 Pa. $2.50

THE BOOK OF WOOD CARVING, Charles Marshall Sayers. Still finest book for beginning student. Fundamentals, technique; gives 34 designs, over 34 projects for panels, bookends, mirrors, etc. 33 photos. 118pp. 7-3/4 × 10-5/8.

23654-4 Pa. $3.95

CARVING COUNTRY CHARACTERS, Bill Higginbotham. Expert advice for beginning, advanced carvers on materials, techniques for creating 18 projects--mirthful panorama of American characters. 105 illustrations. 80pp. 8-3/8 × 11.

24135-1 Pa. $2.50

300 ART NOUVEAU DESIGNS AND MOTIFS IN FULL COLOR, C. B. Grafton. 44 full-page plates display swirling lines and muted colors typical of Art Nouveau. Borders, frames, panels, cartouches, dingbats, etc. 48pp. 9-3/8 × 12-1/4.

24354-0 Pa. $6.95

SELF-WORKING CARD TRICKS, Karl Fulves. Editor of _Pallbearer_ offers 72 tricks that work automatically through nature of card deck. No sleight of hand needed. Often spectacular. 42 illustrations. 113pp. 5-3/8 × 8-1/2.

23334-0 Pa. $3.50

CUT AND ASSEMBLE A WESTERN FRONTIER TOWN, Edmund V. Gillon, Jr. Ten authentic full-color buildings on heavy cardboard stock in H-O scale. Sheriff's Office and Jail, Saloon, Wells Fargo, Opera House, others. 48pp. 9-1/4 × 12-1/4.

23736-2 Pa. $3.95

CUT AND ASSEMBLE AN EARLY NEW ENGLAND VILLAGE, Edmund V. Gillon, Jr. Printed in full color on heavy cardboard stock. 12 authentic buildings in H-O scale: Adams home in Quincy, Mass., Oliver Wight house in Sturbridge, smithy, store, church, others. 48pp. 9-1/4 × 12-1/4.

23536-X Pa. $4.95

THE TALE OF TWO BAD MICE, Beatrix Potter. Tom Thumb and Hunca Munca squeeze out of their hole and go exploring. 27 full-color Potter illustrations. 59pp. 4-1/4 × 5-1/2. (Available in U.S. only)

23065-1 Pa. $1.75

CARVING FIGURE CARICATURES IN THE OZARK STYLE, Harold L. Enlow. Instructions and illustrations for ten delightful projects, plus general carving instructions. 22 drawings and 47 photographs altogether. 39pp. 8-3/8 × 11.

23151-8 Pa. $2.50

A TREASURY OF FLOWER DESIGNS FOR ARTISTS, EMBROIDERERS AND CRAFTSMEN, Susan Gaber. 100 garden favorites lushly rendered by artist for artists, craftsmen, needleworkers. Many form frames, borders. 80pp. 8-1/4 × 11.

24096-7 Pa. $3.50

CUT & ASSEMBLE A TOY THEATER/THE NUTCRACKER BALLET, Tom Tierney. Model of a complete, full-color production of Tchaikovsky's classic. 6 backdrops, dozens of characters, familiar dance sequences. 32pp. 9-3/8 × 12-1/4.

24194-7 Pa. $4.50