Chapter C: J. Maynard (1896) says that they sometimes resort to marshes and (3)

They utter, when disturbed, a peculiar, low whistle; which
once heard, is likely to be remembered; and they have a
habit of standing on the beach or rocks a little way apart,
and whistling to one another; one calling and the other
answering; and keeping it up for half an hour at a time.
It is one of the most peculiar birds of the region, in
its motions, having a grave, solemn and stilted gait, and
bobbing its head up and down with every step.

_Winter._--As the black oyster catcher is practically resident all the year round throughout most, if not all, of its range, there is not much to be said about its migrations, though there is probably some shifting of individuals. Doctor Dall (1873) refers to it as a summer visitor in the Aleutian Islands, but Mr. Turner (1886) records it as a permanent resident there.

DISTRIBUTION

_Range._--Pacific coast of North America and Lower California.

_Breeding range._--The breeding range of the black oyster catcher extends north to Alaska (Atka Island, Range Island, St. Paul Harbor, Montague Island, Hinchinbrook Island, Sitka, St. Lazaria Island, probably Kuiu Island, Coronation Island, Prince of Wales Island, Forrester Island, and Duke Island); south along the coast of British Columbia (Porcher Island, Skidegate, Vancouver Island, and New Westminster); Washington (Bellingham Bay, Waldron Island, Flattery Rocks, Quillayute Needles, Destruction Island, and Copalis Rock); Oregon (Three Arch Rock, Newport, and Bandon); California (probably Prince Island, Eureka, probably the Farallon Islands, Point Pinos, San Miguel Island, Santa Cruz Island, Anacapa Island, San Clemente Island, and San Diego); and Lower California (Todos Santos, San Benito Island, Cedros Island, Natividad Island, Abreojos Point, and Los Coronados Islands).

_Winter range._--In winter, the black oyster catcher is found throughout its breeding range except (normally) in Alaska and (probably) northern British Columbia. It has, however, been recorded on one occasion at this season, in Alaska, St. George Island, January 12, 1917 (Hanna).

_Migration._--An early date of arrival in Alaska is Unalaska Island, April 29, while a late date of departure is St. Lazaria Island, September 30.

_Egg dates._--Alaska: 14 records, June 5 to 26; 7 records, June 13 to 23. British Columbia: 13 records, May 27 to June 20; 7 records, June 6 to 12. California: 7 records, May 25 to June 10.

Family JACANIDAE Jacanas

JACANA SPINOSA GYMNOSTOMA (Wagler)

MEXICAN JACANA

HABITS

The American jacanas are now split into three species and three additional subspecies, six forms in all. They are widely distributed throughout the American Tropics. All are closely related and all are much alike in habits. The above form barely comes within the range of our check list, as a rare straggler from Mexico into the valley of the lower Rio Grande near Brownsville, Tex.

I have never seen this curious bird in life, but can imagine that it must be a beautiful sight to see it tripping lightly over the floating lily pads, supported on its long toes, where it seems to be actually walking on the water; and it must produce quite a surprising thrill as it spreads its wings to fly, displaying the conspicuous yellow-green patches in its wings, which flash in the sunlight like banners of golden yellow. It seems like a strange connecting link between the spur-winged plovers and the rails or gallinules.

It is a sedentary species of decidedly local distribution and seldom strays far from its favorite breeding haunts. Thomas S. Gillin, who has sent me some very good notes on this bird, describes its habitat as follows:

I learned of a lake a few miles from Tampico and on my
first visit to this lake on April 3, 1923, I found over
a dozen birds feeding and chasing one another over the
floating vegetation. As the first sets of eggs were found
on April 25 I apparently found them right in the midst of
the mating season. The lake where I found them was about a
half mile long and from 100 to 250 yards wide, curved and
irregular in outline. Nowhere in the lake was the water
over 4 feet deep except where the alligators had their
holes; in some of these spots there was always danger of
getting in over one’s head. Scattered through the lake were
a few stunted trees similar in appearance to our sour gum,
_Nyssa sylvatica_, and in the decayed stump of one of these
trees I found a nest of the black-bellied tree duck. About
one-third of the surface of the lake was open water and the
remaining two-thirds was covered with a floating plant,
each individual plant measuring about 12 inches across
and resembling lettuce that has not headed up, though the
leaves were coarser, more like cabbage leaves. As this
did not have its roots extending into the mud the entire
mass of vegetation at times changed its position as the
direction of the winds might change and cause the entire
body of vegetation, and again only part of it, to drift to
the opposite side of the lake. The jacanas were, to all
appearances, in no way inconvenienced by these free rides,
though there was always the danger that the eggs might
be lost by the move. During my many visits to this lake
from early April until the middle of August I always found
the jacanas playing or feeding over the surface of the
vegetation. At times the green herons, little blue herons,
and an occasional gallinule, least bittern, or redwing
would be seen feeding on the surface of the lake.

_Courtship._--He refers to the courtship, which must be a very pretty performance, as follows:

During courtship the birds raise their wings over their
backs very much as the Bartramian sandpipers do and flirt
their wings at each other as if they were attempting to
strike one another with the sharp spurs with which their
wings are armed.

_Nesting._--In the above locality, Mr. Gillin found 38 nests of this jacana between April 25 and August 15, 1923, of which he says:

I sometimes surprised the birds on their nests, but as a
usual thing they would leave the nest at the first alarm.
The number of eggs was invariably four, though in one
case I collected a set of three. The nests consisted of
a few bits of green leaves of cat-tails and small pieces
of the green leaves of the plants on which they nested,
in all nests containing fresh eggs, though in cases where
the eggs were incubated the nest material had sometimes
turned brown. There was merely enough material to prevent
the eggs from rolling apart or falling through into the
water, though in most cases the bottom side of the eggs was
laying in the water. One day while watching the lake from
a blind I saw a jacana go to its eggs and stand over them
apparently shading them from the hot sun; this position was
maintained for five or six minutes; no attempt was made
to warm the eggs by sitting on them; at the end of this
shading of the eggs the birds went back to feeding near by.

The late Frank B. Armstrong distributed a large number of eggs of the jacana, taken by his collectors across the Rio Grande in Mexico, mostly near Tampico or somewhere in the State of Tamaulipas. His data describe the nests as made of floating weeds or trash on or under the leaves of lilies or other floating plants, in fresh water ponds.

_Eggs._--The jacana’s eggs are as unique as the bird itself, and can not be mistaken for anything else. They are ovate to short ovate, or even rounded ovate, in shape; and they are decidedly glossy. The ground colors vary from “buckthorn brown” or “Isabella color” to “chamois.” They are well covered with fantastic scrawls and tangled, fine, pen-like lines of black; these markings are usually quite evenly distributed, but they are sometimes concentrated more thickly at either end or in the middle. The set almost invariably consists of four eggs, but I have records of a few sets of five and of three; Mr. Gillin’s series consists of 37 sets of four and one set of three. The measurements of 50 eggs average 30.1 by 23 millimeters; the eggs showing the four extremes measure =31.8= by 23.3; 31 by =24.1=, =28.3= by 22.2, and 30.3 by =21.7= millimeters.

=Young.=--Mr. Gillin says in his notes:

The young run as soon as hatched, and in one case, when I
came upon a nest in which the young had just hatched, they
dived into the water and swam under the water for several
feet before they came to the surface.

_Plumages._--The young jacana in natal down is beautifully marked with rich colors. A narrow frontal line, the sides of the face and the entire underparts are white; the crown and nape are “ochraceous orange,” centrally browner, with a black “crow-foot” on the occiput, and with a black line from the eye to the hind neck, which is dusky black; the central area of the back and rump is “burnt sienna,” bordered on each side by a band of “ochraceous buff,” below which is an indistinct dusky band; the thighs and the inner joints of the wings are “burnt sienna”; the outer joint of the wing is white; the tail and sides of the rump are jet black; and the tibia are dusky black. The bright colors become duller as the chick grows older.

In fresh juvenal plumage the crown and occiput are “warm sepia,” the feathers faintly tipped with “cinnamon”; the back and sides of the neck are brownish black; the back, scapulars and wing coverts are from “sepia” to “Saccardo’s umber,” the feathers broadly tipped with “tawny” and with a subterminal dusky bar; a black stripe extends from the eye to the back side of the neck and a broad stripe of “cream buff” from the lores, over the eyes to the nape; the sides of the head, chin, throat, and underparts are white, suffused with “cream buff” on the breast. A partial postjuvenal body molt takes place during the fall, or else the edgings entirely wear away leaving only the plain colors of the upper parts, the juvenal wing coverts and some of the scapulars. In late winter or early spring, from January to April, a nearly, if not quite, complete prenuptial molt takes place, which produces a plumage which is practically adult, including the frontal shield. I have no data on the molts of adults. In this plumage the female is decidedly larger, is somewhat more brightly colored and has a larger frontal shield.

_Food._--Mr. Gillin says in his notes:

The food of the jacanas must consist of minute insect life
that they are able to find on this floating vegetation as
they are very active and seem to spend practically all
their time feeding, which would lead to the conclusion that
their food is secured in very small morsels or else they
require a great amount of food.

_Behavior._--P. L. Jouy says in a letter:

When standing in reeds or sedge they frequently stretch the
neck up straight on the lookout. They also have a curious
habit of extending the wings and raising them up over the
back until they meet. This, I suppose, is a kind of signal,
the green of the primaries being conspicuous for a long
distance when in this position. On wounding one of these
birds I found that it was a very fair swimmer, and when I
overtook it, it dived, to my astonishment, with as much
confidence as a grebe, and I never saw it again.

Mr. Gillin writes:

On three different occasions I had wounded birds submerge
themselves about a foot below the surface of the water for
several minutes before I could locate them and secure them
by hand. They clutched whatever was available with their
feet and from above looked just as comfortable under water
as a quail or grouse would be crouching in the leaves of a
briar patch.

_Voice._--Mr. Jouy says that “these birds have a noisy, cackling voice when they take flight.” Mr. Gillin refers to their note as “a plaintive call of alarm.”

_Fall._--In September he found them “in flocks, flying around and feeding on ponds where” he “was sure that they had not bred.” The records of this form in Texas and the West Indian form in Florida were probably due to such post-breeding wanderings.

DISTRIBUTION

_Range._--The Mexican jacana is found in Mexico and the lower Rio Grande valley in Texas. The range extends north to Sinaloa (Mazatlan); and southern Texas (Brownsville). East to Texas (Brownsville); Tamaulipas (Alta Mira, and Tampico); Vera Cruz (Jalapa, Alvarado, Tlacotalpan, and Cosamaloapam); Tabasco (Barra de Santa Ana, San Juan Bautista, and Teapa); and Quintana Roo (Cozumel Island). South to Quintana Roo (Cozumel Island); Chiapas (Tonala); Oaxaca (Zanatepec and Santa Efigenia); and Guerrero (Acapulco). West to Guerrero (Acapulco); Michoacan (Lake Patzcuaro); Colima (Rio Coahuayana, and Manzanillo); Jalisco (Zapotlan, Ocotlan, and Guadalajara); Nayarit (Tepic, San Blas, and Santiago); and Sinaloa (Mazatlan).

In October, 1899, a specimen of jacana was killed on Pelican Bay, Lake Okeechobee, Fla. (Mearns, 1902); and H. H. Bailey (1925) reports another seen by his father in Osceola County, Fla., in March, 1911. The first of these has been tentatively referred by Ridgway (1919) to _Jacana s. violacea_, a race found in Cuba, Haiti, Jamaica, and Porto Rico.

_Egg dates._--Northeastern Mexico: 68 records, April 25 to August 15; 34 records, May 28 to July 13.

REFERENCES TO PUBLICATIONS

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1912.--The Ruff, British Bird Book (Kirkman), vol. 3, pp.
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KALMBACH, EDWIN RICHARD.

1914--Birds in Relation to the Alfalfa Weevil. United
States Department of Agriculture, Bulletin 107.

KELSO, JOHN EDWARD HARVEY.

1926--Diving and Swimming Activities Displayed by the
Limicolae. The Auk, vol. 43, pp. 92–93.

KNIGHT, ORA WILLIS.

1908--The Birds of Maine.

KOPMAN, HENRY HAZLITT.

1905--A Killdeer’s Mishap. The Auk, vol. 22, pp. 209–210.

LACEY, HOWARD.

1911--The Birds of Kerrville, Texas, and Vicinity. The Auk,
vol. 28, pp. 200–219.

LEWIS, HARRISON FLINT.

1920--The Willet (_Catoptrophorus semipalmatus
semipalmatus_) in Nova Scotia. The Auk, vol. 37, pp.
581–582.

LITTLEJOHN, CHASE.

1904--The Capture of Totanus glareola in Alaska. The
Condor, vol. 6, p. 138.

MCATEE, WALDO LEE.

1911--Our Vanishing Shorebirds. Biological Survey--Circular
No. 79.

MCATEE, WALDO LEE, and BEAL, FOSTER ELLENBOROUGH LASCELLES.

1912--Some Common Game, Aquatic and Rapacious Birds
in Relation to Man. United States Department of
Agriculture, Farmers’ Bulletin, 497.

MACKAY, GEORGE HENRY.

1891--The Habits of the Golden Plover (_Charadrius
dominicus_) in Massachusetts. The Auk, vol. 8, pp.
17–24.

1892--Habits of the Black-bellied Plover (_Charadrius
squatarola_) in Massachusetts. The Auk, vol. 9, pp.
143–152.

1892_a_--Tryngites subruficollis. The Auk, vol. 9, pp.
389–390.

1892_b_--Habits of the Hudsonian Curlew in Massachusetts.
The Auk, vol. 9, pp. 345–352.

1892_c_--Habits of the Eskimo Curlew (_Numenius borealis_)
in New England. The Auk, vol. 9, pp. 16–21.

MACMILLAN, DONALD BAXTER.

1918--Four Years in the White North.

MANNICHE, ARNER LUDVIG VALDEMAR.

1910--The Terrestrial Mammals and Birds of Northeast
Greenland. Meddelelser om Grønland, vol. 45.

MAYNARD, CHARLES JOHNSON.

1896--The Birds of Eastern North America.

MEARNS, EDGAR ALEXANDER.

1890--Observations on the Avifauna of Portions of Arizona.
The Auk, vol. 7, pp. 45–55.

MERRILL, JAMES CUSHING.

1898--Spotted Sandpiper Removing its Young. The Auk, vol.
15, p. 52.

MOUSLEY, HENRY.

1916--Five Years Personal Notes and Observations on the
Birds of Hatley, Stanstead County, Quebec, 1911–1915.
The Auk, vol. 33, pp. 57–73.

MUNN, PHILIP WINCHESTER.

1921--Notes on the Birds of Alcudia, Majorca. The Ibis,
1921, pp. 672–719.

MUNRO, JAMES ALEXANDER.

1911--The Spring Migration of Birds at Fisherman’s Island,
Toronto, 1910. The Ottawa Naturalist, vol. 25, pp.
27–31 and 43–48.

MURDOCH, JOHN.

1885--Report of the International Polar Expedition to Point
Barrow, Alaska, Part 4, Natural History.

MURIE, OLAUS JOHAN.

1924--Nesting Records of the Wandering Tattler and
Surf-bird in Alaska. The Auk, vol. 41, pp. 231–237.

MURPHY, ROBERT CUSHMAN.

1925--Notes on Certain Species and Races of
Oyster-catchers. American Museum Novitates, No. 194.

NAUMANN, JOHANN FRIEDRICH.

1887–1895--Naturgeschichte der Vögel Mitteleuropas. Edited
by C. R. Hennicke.

NELSON, EDWARD WILLIAM.

1880--An Afternoon in the Vicinity of St. Michael’s,
Alaska. Bulletin of the Nuttall Ornithological Club,
vol. 5, pp. 33–36.

1883--The Birds of Bering Sea and the Arctic Ocean. Cruise
of the Revenue Steamer Corwin in Alaska and the N. W.
Arctic Ocean in 1881.

1887--Report upon Natural History Collections made In
Alaska.

NELSON, MRS. HENRY W.

1900--A Pair of Killdeer. Bird-Lore, vol. 2, pp. 148–150.

NEWTON, ALFRED.

1896--A Dictionary of Birds.

NICHOLS, JOHN TREADWELL.

1920--Limicoline Voices. The Auk, vol. 37, pp. 519–540.

NOBLE, FRANK T.

1904--Feeding Habits of the Turnstone. Journal of Maine
Ornithological Society, vol. 6, pp. 57–59.

NUTTALL, THOMAS.

1834--A Manual of the Ornithology of the United States and
Canada. Water Birds.

OSGOOD, WILFRED HUDSON.

1901--Natural History of the Queen Charlotte Islands,
British Columbia. North American Fauna No. 21, pp.
7–38.

1907--Probable Breeding of the Wandering Tattler in the
Interior of Alaska. The Auk, vol. 24, p. 340.

1909--Biological Investigations in Alaska and Yukon
Territory. North American Fauna No. 30.

OSMASTON, BERTRAM BERESFORD.

1927--Notes on the Birds of Kashmir. Journal of the Bombay
Natural History Society, vol. 32, pp. 147–148.

PAGET-WILKES, ARTHUR HAMILTON.

1922--On the Breeding Habits of the Turnstone as Observed
in Spitsbergen. British Birds, vol. 15, pp. 172–179.

PALMER, WILLIAM.

1899--The Avifauna of the Pribilof Islands. The Fur-Seals
and Fur-Seal Islands of the North Pacific Ocean. Part
3, pp. 355–431.

1909--Instinctive Stillness in Birds. The Auk, vol. 26, pp.
23–36.

PATTEN, CHARLES JOSEPH.

1906--The Aquatic Birds of Great Britain and Ireland.

PEARSE, THEED.

1924--Display of the Killdeer Plover. The Canadian Field
Naturalist, vol. 38, p. 193.

PEARSON, HENRY JOHN.

1896--Notes on Birds Observed in Russian Lapland, Kolguev,
and Novaya Zemlya, in 1895. The Ibis, 1896, pp.
199–225.

1904--Three Summers among the Birds of Russian Lapland.

PHILIPP, PHILLIP BERNARD.

1910--Birds Observed in the Carolinas. The Auk, vol. 27,
pp. 312–322.

1925--Notes on Some Summer Birds of the Magdalen Islands.
The Canadian Field-Naturalist, vol. 39, pp. 75–78.

PHILIPP, PHILLIP BERNARD, and BOWDISH, BEECHER SCOVILLE.

1917--Some Summer Birds of Northern New Brunswick. The Auk,
vol. 34, pp. 265–275.

PICKWELL, GAYLE.

1925--Some Nesting Habits of the Belted Piping Plover. The
Auk, vol. 42, pp. 326–332.

POPHAM, HUGH LEYBORNE.

1897--Notes on Birds Observed on the Yenisei River,
Siberia, in 1895. The Ibis, 1897, pp. 89–108.

1898--Further Notes on Birds Observed on the Yenisei River,
Siberia. The Ibis, 1898, pp. 489–520.

1901--Supplementary Notes on the Birds of the Yenisei
River. The Ibis, 1901, pp. 449–458.

POYNTING, FRANK.

1895–96--Eggs of British Birds.

PRAEGER, WILLIAM EMILIUS.

1891--Protective Coloration In the Genus _Aegialitis_. The
Auk, vol. 8, p. 236.

PREBLE, EDWARD ALEXANDER.

1902--A Biological Investigation of the Hudson Bay Region.
North American Fauna No. 22.

PREBLE, EDWARD ALEXANDER, and MCATEE, WALDO LEE.

1923--A Biological Survey of Pribilof Islands, Alaska.
North American Fauna No. 46.

RAINE, WALTER.

1904--Discovery of the Eggs of Solitary Sandpiper. The
Ottawa Naturalist, vol. 18, pp. 135–141.

REID, PHILIP SAVILE GREY.

1884--The Birds of Bermuda. Part 4 in Contributions to
the Natural History of the Bermudas. Bulletin United
States National Museum No. 25.

REY, EUGENE.

1905--Die Eier der Vögel Mitteleuropas.

RICH, WALTER HERBERT.

1907--Feathered Game of the Northeast.

RIDGWAY, ROBERT.

1919--The Birds of North and Middle America, vol. 8.

ROBBINS, CHARLES ALBERT.

1919--A Colony of Cape Cod Piping Plover. The Auk, vol. 26,
pp. 351–355.

ROBERTS, THOMAS SADLER.

1919--Water Birds of Minnesota Past and Present. Biennial
Report of the State Game and Fish Commission of
Minnesota, for the Biennial Period Ending July 31,
1918.

ROCKWELL, ROBERT BLANCHARD.

1912--Notes on the Wading Birds of the Barr Lake Region,
Colorado. The Condor, vol. 14, pp. 117–131.

ROOSEVELT, ROBERT BARNWELL.

1884--Florida and the Game Water Birds of the Atlantic
Coast and the Lakes of the United States.

ROWAN, WILLIAM.

1926–27--Notes on Alberta Waders included in the British
List. British Birds, vol. 20, pp. 2–10; 34–42; 82–90;
138–145; 186–192.

1923--Migrations of the Golden and Black-bellied Plovers in
Alberta. The Condor, vol. 25, pp. 21–23.

SAMUELS, EDWARD AUGUSTUS.

1883--Our Northern and Eastern Birds.

SANDYS, EDWIN.

1904--Upland Game Birds.

SAUNDERS, ARETAS ANDREWS.

1926--The Summer Birds of Central New York Marshes.
Roosevelt Wild Life Bulletin, vol. 3, pp. 335–475.

SCOTT, WILLIAM EARL DODGE.

1892--Observations on the Birds of Jamaica, West Indies.
The Auk, vol. 9, pp. 9–15.

SEEBOHM, HENRY.

1884--History of British Birds.

1888--The Geographical Distribution of the Family
Charadriidae, or the Plovers, Sandpipers, Snipes, and
their Allies.

1890--On the Birds of the Bonin Islands. The Ibis, 1890,
pp. 95–108.

1901--The Birds of Siberia.

SELOUS, EDMUND.

1901--Bird Watching.

1906–1907--Observations on Sexual Selection in Birds.
Zoologist, 1906, pp. 201–219, 285–294, 419–428; 1907,
pp. 60–65, 161–182, 367–381.

SENNETT, GEORGE BURRITT.

1879--Further Notes on the Ornithology of the Lower Rio
Grande of Texas. Bulletin of the United States
Geological and Geographical Survey, vol. 5, pp.
371–440.

SHELLEY, LEWIS O.

1925--A Sandpiper’s Wooing. Bird-Lore, vol. 27, p. 107.

SHERMAN, ALTHEA ROSINA.

1916--“Incubation Period of Killdeer.” The Wilson Bulletin,
vol. 28, pp. 195–196.

SHICK, CHARLES SAMUEL.

1890--Birds found breeding on Seven Mile Beach, New Jersey.
The Auk, vol. 7, pp. 326–329.

SILLOWAY, PERLEY MILTON.

1900--Notes on the Long-billed Curlew. The Condor, vol. 2,
pp. 79–82.

1903--Birds of Fergus County, Montana. Bulletin No. 1,
Fergus County Free High School.

SMITH, WILLIAM GILBERT.

1888--Breeding Habits of the Mountain Plover. Ornithologist
and Oologist, vol. 13, pp. 187–188.

SNYDER, LESTER LYNNE.

1924--Peculiar Behavior of the Spotted Sandpiper (Actitis
macularia). The Auk, vol. 41, pp. 341–342.

SPURRELL, J. A.

1917--History of a Killdeer’s Nest. The Wilson Bulletin,
vol. 29, pp. 101–103.

STANFORD, JOHN KEITH.

1927--Field Notes from East Suffolk. British Birds, vol.
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STEJNEGER, LEONHARD.

1885--Results of Ornithological Explorations in the
Commander Islands and in Kamtschatka. Bulletin of the
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STOCKARD, CHARLES RUPERT.

1905--Nesting Habits of Birds in Mississippi. The Auk, vol.
22, pp. 146–158.

STREET, JOHN FLETCHER.

1923--On the Nesting Grounds of the Solitary Sandpiper and
the Lesser Yellowlegs. The Auk, vol. 40, pp. 577–583.

SUTTON, GEORGE MIKSCH.

1925--Swimming and Diving Activities of the Spotted
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580–581.

SWAINSON, WILLIAM, and RICHARDSON, JOHN.

1831--Fauna Boreali-Americana, vol. 2, Birds.

SWARTH, HARRY SCHELWALDT.

1911--Birds and Mammals of the 1909 Alexander Alaska
Expedition. University of California Publications in
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SWENK, MYRON HARMON.

1915--The Eskimo Curlew and its Disappearance. Annual
Report of the Smithsonian Institution for 1915, pp.
325–340.

1926--The Eskimo Curlew in Nebraska. The Wilson Bulletin,
vol. 38, pp. 117–118.

TAVERNER, PERCY ALGERNON.

1919--The Birds of the Red Deer River, Alberta. The Auk,
vol. 36, pp. 1–21.

1926--Birds of Western Canada.

TERRILL, LEWIS MCIVER.

1911--Changes in the Status of Certain Birds in the
Vicinity of Montreal, P. Q. The Ottawa Naturalist,
vol. 25, pp. 57–63.

THAYER, GERALD HANDERSON.

1909--Concealing Coloration in the Animal Kingdom.

THAYER, JOHN ELIOT, and BANGS, OUTRAM.

1914--Notes on the Birds and Mammals of the Arctic Coast of
East Siberia. Birds. Proceedings of the New England
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“THOMPSON, ERNEST EVAN,” SETON, ERNEST THOMPSON.

1890--The Birds of Manitoba. Proceedings of the United
States National Museum, vol. 13, pp. 457–643.

THURSTON, HENRY.

1913--Wilson’s Plover. The Warbler, vol. 7, pp. 22–24.

TORREY, BRADFORD.

1885--Birds in the Bush.

1913--Field Days in California.

TOWNSEND, CHARLES WENDELL.

1905--The Birds of Essex County, Massachusetts. Memoirs of
the Nuttall Ornithological Club, No. 3.

1913--Some More Labrador Notes. The Auk, vol. 30, pp. 1–10.

1920--Supplement to the Birds of Essex County,
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1920_a_--The Willet in Nova Scotia. The Auk, vol. 37, pp.
582–583.

TREVOR-BATTYE, AUBYN.

1895--Icebound on Kolguev.

1897--The Birds of Spitsbergen, as at present determined.
The Ibis, 1897, pp. 574–600.

TROTTER, SPENCER.

1904--Some Nova Scotia Birds. The Auk, vol. 21, pp. 55–64.

TUFTS, ROBIE WILFRED.

1922--Willet Census in Nova Scotia. The Canadian Field
Naturalist, vol. 36, pp. 152–153.

1925--Further Notes on the Willet in Nova Scotia. The
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TURNER, LUCIEN MCSHAN.

1886--Contributions to the Natural History of Alaska.

TYLER, JOHN GRIPPER.

1913--Some Birds of the Fresno District, California.
Pacific Coast Avifauna No. 9.

1916--Migration and Field Notes from Fresno County,
California. The Condor, vol. 18, pp. 167–169.

VAN DENBURGH, JOHN.

1919--Nesting of the Western Willet in California. The
Condor, vol. 21, pp. 39–40.

VAN ROSSEM, ADRIAAN JOSEPH.

1925--Observations on the Spotted Sandpiper. The Auk, vol.
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WARREN, EDWARD ROYAL.

1912--Some North-central Colorado Bird Notes. The Condor,
vol. 14, pp. 81–104.

WAYNE, ARTHUR TREZEVANT.

1910--Birds of South Carolina. Contributions from the
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WETMORE, ALEXANDER.

1916--Birds of Porto Rico. United States Department of
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1926--Observations on the Birds of Argentina, Paraguay,
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1927--Our Migrant Shorebirds in Southern South America.
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WHEELWRIGHT, HORACE WILLIAM.

1864--“An Old Bushman.” A Spring and Summer in Lapland.

1865--Ten Years in Sweden.

WHISTLER, HUGH.

1925--The Birds of Lahul, N. W. Himalaya. The Ibis, 1925,
pp. 203–205.

WHITTLE, CHARLES LIVY.

1922--Miscellaneous Bird Notes from Montana. The Condor,
vol. 24, pp. 73–81.

1928--A Lapwing Recovery in Newfoundland. Bulletin of the
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WICKERSHAM, CORNELIUS WENDELL.

1902--Sickle-billed Curlew. The Auk, vol. 19, pp. 353–356.

WILLETT, GEORGE.

1912--Birds of the Pacific Slope of Southern California.
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WILLIAMS, ROBERT WHITE.

1919--Winter Birds of Goose Creek, Florida. The Auk, vol.
36, pp. 45–46.

WILSON, ALEXANDER.

1832--American Ornithology.

WITHERBY, HARRY FORBES.

1919--Notes on Birds observed near Dunkerque, Nord, France.
British Birds, vol. 12, pp. 194–205.

WITHERBY, HARRY FORBES, and OTHERS.

1920--A Practical Handbook of British Birds.

WRIGHT, ALBERT HAZEN, and HARPER, FRANCIS.

1913--A Biological Reconnaissance of Okefinokee Swamp: The
Birds. The Auk, vol. 30, pp. 477–505.

YARRELL, WILLIAM.

1871--History of British Birds. Fourth edition, 1871–85.
Revised and enlarged by Alfred Newton and Howard
Saunders.

_Plates_

INDEX

Actitis macularia, 78

Aiken and Warren, on mountain plover, 266

Alexander, W. B.--
on Pacific golden plover, 200
on Polynesian tattler, 49
on turnstone, 293

Allen, Francis H.--
on black-bellied plover, 162
on turnstone, 287

altifrons, Pluvialis apricaria, 171

American golden plover, 175

American oyster catcher, 309

americanus, Numenius, 97

Aphriza virgata, 269

apricaria altifrons, Pluvialis, 171

Arenaria interpres, 278
melanocephala, 298

arquata arquata, Numenius, 109
Numenius arquata, 109

Audubon, J. J.--
on American golden plover, 187
on American oyster catcher, 313, 314
on Eskimo curlew, 131
on long-billed curlew, 103
on semipalmated plover, 219, 222
on spotted sandpiper, 78, 81
on Wilson plover, 260, 261

bachmani, Haematopus, 320

Bailey, Alfred M., on Mongolian plover, 253

Bailey, Florence Merriam--
on snowy plover, 250
on surf bird, 275
on western willet, 39

Bailey, H. H., on American oyster catcher, 310

Bancroft, Griffing, on Frazar oyster catcher, 317, 318, 319

Barrett, Charles--
on black-bellied plover, 166
on Pacific golden plover, 200
on turnstone, 292

Barrows, W. B., on upland plover, 58

Bartramia longicauda, 55

Bartsch, Paul--
on bristle-thighed curlew, 142
on turnstone, 287

Bates, J. M.--
on killdeer, 205
on upland plover, 61

Baynard, Oscar E., on Wilson plover, 258

Beaupre, Edwin--
on American golden plover, 176, 184
on Hudsonian curlew, 115
on piping plover, 244

Benners, G. B., on upland plover, 57

Bent, A. C., on piping plover, 237, 238

Bergtold, W. H., on spotted sandpiper, 86

Berteau, F. C., on Eskimo curlew, 126, 133

bird, surf, 269

Bishop, L. B., on semipalmated plover, 220

black-bellied plover, 154

black oyster catcher, 320

black turnstone, 298

borealis, Numenius, 125

Bradbury, W. C., on mountain plover, 263

Brandt, Herbert W.--
on black-bellied plover, 157, 159, 161
on black turnstone, 299, 300, 303
on bristle-thighed curlew, 141
on Pacific golden plover, 195, 196, 198
on turnstone, 281, 283, 290

Bretherton, B. J., on wandering tattler, 45

brevipes, Heteroscelus, 48

Brewster, William--
on American golden plover, 182
on semipalmated plover, 217, 222
on solitary sandpiper, 1, 7, 8
on spotted sandpiper, 81
on western willet, 36

bristle-thighed curlew, 140

Brock, S. E., on lapwing, 145

Brooks, W. Sprague, on American golden plover, 180

Brown, D. E., on wandering tattler, 42

Brown, W. J., on killdeer, 203

Brown, W. W., jr., on Frazar oyster catcher, 318

Bryant, Harold C., on killdeer, 205

Bryant, Walter E., on Frazar oyster catcher, 319

buff-breasted sandpiper, 69

Burroughs, M. H., on American oyster catcher, 311

Cahoon, John C.--
on American golden plover, 187
on black-bellied plover, 165

Carroll, W. J., on Eskimo curlew, 126, 133

catcher, American oyster, 309
black oyster, 320
European oyster, 305
Frazar oyster, 316

Catoptrophorus semipalmatus inornatus, 36

Catoptrophorus semipalmatus semipalmatus, 27

Chambers, W. Lee, on snowy plover, 247

Chapman, Frank M.--
on killdeer, 211
on western solitary sandpiper, 14
on Wilson plover, 259

Charadrius dubius curonicus, 233
hiaticula, 229
melodus, 236
mongolus mongolus, 253
nivosus nivosus, 246
nivosus tenuirostris, 252
semipalmatus, 217

Chislett, Ralph, on turnstone, 283

cinnamomea, Tringa solitaria, 13

Clark, Austin H.--
on American golden plover, 177, 184
on black turnstone, 298
on spotted sandpiper, 86

Cleaves, H. H., on spotted sandpiper, 89

Conover, H. B.--
on black turnstone, 300, 301
on bristle-thighed curlew, 141, 143
on turnstone, 280

Cooke, Wells W.--
on American golden plover, 178
on buff-breasted sandpiper, 70, 75
on semipalmated plover, 217, 224
on spotted sandpiper, 92
on wandering tattler, 42

Coues, Elliott--
on Eskimo curlew, 129, 130, 133
on mountain plover, 263, 266, 267
on solitary sandpiper, 5, 7
on upland plover, 59

Cuban snowy plover, 252

curlew, bristle-thighed, 140
Eskimo, 125
European, 109
Hudsonian, 113
long-billed, 97

curonicus, Charadrius dubius, 233

Dall, W. H., on black oyster catcher, 320, 323

Davies, S. A., on wood sandpiper, 25

Dawson, W. Leon--
on black oyster catcher, 320, 322
on Frazar oyster catcher, 317
on Hudsonian curlew, 119
on killdeer, 211, 212
on wandering tattler, 45

Dickey, Donald R., on bristle-thighed curlew, 142

Dill and Bryan, on bristle-thighed curlew, 142

Dixon, Joseph--
on semipalmated plover, 219
on surf bird, 270, 271, 272, 274, 275

dominica dominica, Pluvialis, 175
fulva, Pluvialis, 193
Pluvialis dominica, 175

Doolittle, E. A., on buff-breasted sandpiper, 75

dotterel, 150

dubius curonicus, Charadrius, 233

Dwight, Jonathan, on spotted sandpiper, 81

eastern willet, 27

Ekblaw, W. Elmer--
on ringed plover, 229, 231
on turnstone, 280

Elliot, D. G., on long-billed curlew, 105

Erichsen, W. J., on American oyster catcher, 311

Eskimo curlew, 125

Eudromias morinellus, 150

European curlew, 109

European golden plover, 171

European oyster catcher, 305

Farley, John A., on piping plover, 243

Farren, William--
on European curlew, 110
on European oyster catcher, 306
on ringed plover, 230

Feilden, H. W., on American golden plover, 185

Ferry, John F., on killdeer, 211

Fisher, A. K., on snowy plover, 249

Forbush, E. H.--
on American golden plover, 176
on black-bellied plover, 161
on Eskimo curlew, 127
on killdeer, 202
on piping plover, 240, 241
on solitary sandpiper, 5
on spotted sandpiper, 86, 87, 88
on upland plover, 64

Ford, Edward R.--
on piping plover, 238
on upland plover, 59

Frazar oyster catcher, 316

frazari, Haematopus palliatus, 316

fulva, Pluvialis dominica, 193

Gabrielson, Ira N., on killdeer, 204, 205, 207

Gibson, Ernest, on Eskimo curlew, 127

Gillin, Thomas S., on Mexican jacana, 324, 325, 326, 327

Giraud, Jacob P., on solitary sandpiper, 5

glareola, Rhyacophilus, 22

golden plover, American, 175
European, 171
Pacific, 193

Gordon, Seton--
on dotterel, 152
on European curlew, 110
on European golden plover, 171

Goss, N. S., on killdeer, 211

green sandpiper, 16

Grinnell, Bryant, and Storer--
on black-bellied plover, 161, 163
on black turnstone, 301
on mountain plover, 266
on snowy plover, 248, 250

Grinnell, George B., on eastern willet, 28

Grinnell, Joseph--
on black oyster catcher, 321
on Hudsonian curlew, 116, 117
on surf bird, 269
on western solitary sandpiper, 13

gymnostoma, Jacana spinosa, 324

Hadeler, E. W., on piping plover, 238

Haematopus bachmani, 320
ostralegus, 305
palliatus frazari, 316
palliatus, 309

Hancock, John, on wood sandpiper, 23

Hanna, G. Dallas, on Polynesian tattler, 49

Hartert, Ernst, on green sandpiper, 17

Haviland, Maud D., on Pacific golden plover, 196, 197, 199

Heath, Harold, on black oyster catcher, 321

Henderson, A. D., on solitary sandpiper, 3, 4

Henderson, Junius, on semipalmated plover, 222

Henshaw, Henry W.--
on Pacific golden plover, 194, 197, 198, 199
on turnstone, 292
on wandering tattler, 42, 46

Heteroscelus brevipes, 48
incanus, 41

Hewitson, W. C., on turnstone, 282

hiaticula, Charadrius, 229

Hoare, A. R., on turnstone, 281

Hoskin, H. G., on mountain plover, 264

Howell, A. B.--
on black oyster catcher, 322
on black turnstone, 304

Howell, Arthur H.--
on piping plover, 240
on Wilson plover, 260

Hoxie, Walter J., on American oyster catcher, 311

Hudson, W. H.--
on American golden plover, 176, 188
on buff-breasted sandpiper, 69
on solitary sandpiper, 9
on upland plover, 56, 62, 65

Hudsonian curlew, 113

hudsonicus, Numenius, 113

Hunter, Katharine U., on upland plover, 58, 59

Huxley and Montague, on European oyster catcher, 306

incanus, Heteroscelus, 41

inornatus, Catoptrophorus semipalmatus, 36

interpres, Arenaria, 278

Iseley, Dwight, on killdeer, 203

jacana, Mexican, 324

Jacana spinosa gymnostoma, 324

Janvrin, E. R. P.--
on black-bellied plover, 163
on Hudsonian curlew, 119

Jessup, J. M., on wandering tattler, 42

Jewel, L. L.--
on Hudsonian curlew, 118
on spotted sandpiper, 88

Jewell, H. W., on spotted sandpiper, 86

Job, Herbert K.--
on Hudsonian curlew, 115
on spotted sandpiper, 86

Jones, Lynds, on upland plover, 63

Jourdain, F. C. R.--
on dotterel, 150
on European curlew, 109
on European golden plover, 171
on European oyster catcher, 305
on green sandpiper, 16
on lapwing, 144
on little ringed plover, 233
on Mongolian plover, 253, 254, 255, 256
on ringed plover, 229
on ruff, 49
on solitary sandpiper, 4
on turnstone, 280, 288
on whimbrel, 136
on wood sandpiper, 22

Jouy, P. L., on Mexican jacana, 326, 327

Kalmbach, E. R., on killdeer, 210

Kelso, J. E. H., on spotted sandpiper, 91

Killdeer, 202

Knight, Ora W., on solitary sandpiper, 4

lapwing, 144

Lawrence, Alexander G., on piping plover, 239

Lewis, H. F.--
on eastern willet, 29
on solitary sandpiper, 6

Lien, Carl--
on black oyster catcher, 322
on black turnstone, 304
on surf bird, 276

little ringed plover, 233

long-billed curlew, 97

longicauda, Bartramia, 55

Lyon, Wm. I., on Hudsonian curlew, 115

MacFarlane, Roderick--
on American golden plover, 179
on black-bellied plover, 158
on buff-breasted sandpiper, 72
on Eskimo curlew, 128
on Hudsonian curlew, 117

Mackay, George H.--
on American golden plover, 182, 183, 185, 187
on black-bellied plover, 161, 164
on buff-breasted sandpiper, 74
on Eskimo curlew, 130, 132
on Hudsonian curlew, 114, 118, 119, 121

MacMillan, Donald B., on turnstone, 289

macularia, Actitis, 78

Manniche, A. L. V., on turnstone, 284

May, John B., on solitary sandpiper, 2

Maynard, C. J.--
on American oyster catcher, 314
on eastern willet, 30

McAtee, W. L.--
on killdeer, 209
on upland plover, 61

Mearns, Edgar A., on spotted sandpiper, 81

melodus, Charadrius, 236

Merrill, J. C., on spotted sandpiper, 90

Mexican jacana, 324

Meyer, G. Ralph, on Pacific golden plover, 200

Mongolian plover, 253

mongolus, Charadrius mongolus, 253
mongolus, Charadrius, 253

montanus, Podasocys, 263

Moore, N. B., on turnstone, 289

morinellus, Eudromias, 150

mountain plover, 263

Mousley, Henry, on spotted sandpiper, 82, 89

Munn, P. W., on little ringed plover, 235

Murdoch, John--
on American golden plover, 179, 180, 183
on buff-breasted sandpiper, 71, 72

Murie, O. J.--
on surf bird, 270
on wandering tattler, 43, 44, 46

Murphy, Robert Cushman, on Frazar oyster catcher, 316

Naumann, J. F., on little ringed plover, 234

Nelson, E. W.--
on black turnstone, 300, 303
on bristle-thighed curlew, 140
on Eskimo curlew, 128
on wandering tattler, 41, 45, 46

Newton, Alfred, on green sandpiper, 17

Nichols, John T.--
on American golden plover, 177, 183
on American oyster catcher, 314
on black-bellied plover, 163
on eastern willet, 28, 33
on Hudsonian curlew, 119
on Pacific golden plover, 199
on piping plover, 243,
on ringed plover, 232
on solitary sandpiper, 6, 7, 8
on spotted sandpiper, 87, 90, 91
on turnstone, 287, 289
on western willet, 38
on Wilson plover, 261

Nicholson, Donald J., on Wilson plover, 259

nivosus tenuirostris, Charadrius, 252

Noble, Frank T., on turnstone, 286

Numenius americanus, 97
arquata arquata, 109
borealis, 125
hudsonicus, 113
phaeopus phaeopus, 136
tahitiensis, 140

Nuttall, Thomas, on spotted sandpiper, 78, 83

ocrophus, Tringa, 16

Osgood, Wilfred H.--
on black oyster catcher, 320
on semipalmated plover, 220
on western solitary sandpiper, 14

ostralegus, Haematopus, 305

Oxyechus vociferus, 202

oyster catcher, American, 309
black, 320
European, 305
Frazar, 316

Pacific golden plover, 193

Paget-Wilkes, A. H., on turnstone, 282, 284

Pagolla wilsonia wilsonia, 257

palliatus frazari, Haematopus, 316
Haematopus palliatus, 309
palliatus, Haematopus, 309

Palmer, William--
on spotted sandpiper, 84
on turnstone, 291
on wandering tattler, 46

Patten, C. J., on green sandpiper, 17

Pearse, Theed, on killdeer, 204

Pearson, Henry J.--
on black-bellied plover, 158
on turnstone, 282
on wood sandpiper, 25

Pennock, C. J., on Wilson plover, 261

phaeopus, Numenius phaeopus, 136
phaeopus, Numenius, 136

Philipp and Bowdish, on piping plover, 238

Philipp, P. B.--
on eastern willet, 34
on semipalmated plover, 218, 220

Philomachus pugnax, 49

Pickwell, Gayle, on piping plover, 239, 243

Pierce, Fred J., on upland plover, 57

Piping plover, 236

plover, American golden, 175
black-bellied, 154
Cuban snowy, 252
European golden, 171
little ringed, 233
Mongolian, 253
mountain, 263
Pacific golden, 193
piping, 236
ringed, 229
semipalmated, 217
snowy, 246
upland, 55
Wilson, 257

Pluvialis apricaria altifrons, 171
dominica dominica, 175
fulva, 193

Podasocys montanus, 263

Polynesian tattler, 48

Praeger, W. V., on semipalmated plover, 222

Preble, Edward A., on turnstone, 290

Preble and McAtee, on wandering tattler, 45

pugnax, Philomachus, 49

Raine, Walter, on solitary sandpiper, 3

Rathbun, S. F.--
on black-bellied plover, 156, 160
on black turnstone, 302
on killdeer, 204
on turnstone, 279

Reid, Savile G.--
on American golden plover, 185
on solitary sandpiper, 8

Rhyacophilus glareola, 22

Rich, Walter H.--
on black-bellied plover, 166
on solitary sandpiper, 6

Ridgway, Robert, on western solitary sandpiper, 14

ringed plover, 229

ringed plover, little, 233

Robbins, C. A., on piping plover, 239, 242

Roberts, Thomas S.--
on long-billed curlew, 98
on upland plover, 56

Rockwell, Robert B., on killdeer, 207

Roosevelt, Robert B., on American golden plover, 175

Rowan, William--
on American golden plover, 177, 178, 186, 187
on black-bellied plover, 156, 164
on buff-breasted sandpiper, 70, 71, 73, 74, 75
on killdeer, 203, 212
on upland plover, 58

ruff, 49

Samuels, E. A., on eastern willet, 30

sandpiper, buff-breasted, 69
green, 16
solitary, 1
spotted, 78
western solitary, 13
wood, 22

Sandys, Edwin, on upland plover, 62, 64

Saunders, Aretas A.--
on killdeer, 204, 208, 212
on piping plover, 242
on spotted sandpiper, 83, 84, 90, 92

Scott, W. E. D., on piping plover, 244

Seebohm, Henry--
on Pacific golden plover, 195
on wood sandpiper, 23

Selous, Edmund--
on European oyster catcher, 306
on ruff, 50, 52

semipalmated plover, 217

semipalmatus, Catoptrophorus semipalmatus, 27
Charadrius, 217
inornatus, Catoptrophorus, 36
semipalmatus, Catoptrophorus, 27

Sennett, George. B., on American oyster catcher, 311

Seton, E. T. (Thompson), on western willet, 37

Shelley, Lewis O., on spotted sandpiper, 80

Sherman, Althea R., on killdeer, 207

Shick, Charles S., on spotted sandpiper, 81

Silloway, P. M., on long-billed curlew, 99, 100, 104

Skinner, M. P., on killdeer, 203, 204, 205, 208, 211, 213

Smith, Wm. G., on mountain plover, 264, 265, 266

snowy plover, 246

snowy plover, Cuban, 252

Snyder, L. L., on spotted sandpiper, 89

solitaria cinnamomea, Tringa, 13
solitaria, Tringa, 1
Tringa solitaria, 1

solitary sandpiper, 1
western, 13

spinosa gymnostoma, Jacana, 324

spotted sandpiper, 78

Squatarola squatarola, 154

squatarola, Squatarola, 154

Stanford, John K., on ringed plover, 230

Stejneger, Leonhard--
on Mongolian plover, 254, 255, 256
on turnstone, 280, 287, 291

Stockard, Charles R., on killdeer, 205

Street, J. Fletcher, on solitary sandpiper, 2

subruficollis, Tryngites, 69

surf bird, 269

Sutton, G. M., on spotted sandpiper, 83, 88

Swarth, H. S.--
on semipalmated plover, 218, 219, 220
on surf bird, 270

Swenk, Myron H., on Eskimo curlew, 125, 126, 127, 129, 131, 133

tahitiensis, Numenius, 140

tattler, Polynesian, 48
wandering, 41

Taverner, P. A.--
on long-billed curlew, 105
on spotted sandpiper, 89

tenuirostris, Charadrius nivosus, 252

Terrill, L. McI., on spotted sandpiper, 82

Thayer, Gerald H., on semipalmated plover, 222

Thurston, Henry, on Wilson plover, 258, 259

Torrey, Bradford--
on black turnstone, 301
on spotted sandpiper, 80
on western willet, 38

Townsend, Charles W.--
on black-bellied plover, 162
on Eskimo curlew, 126
on Hudsonian curlew, 119
on killdeer, 202
on semipalmated plover, 217, 223
on spotted sandpiper, 83

Treganza, A. O., on long-billed curlew, 100

Tringa ocrophus, 16
solitaria cinnamomea, 13
solitaria, 1

Tryngites subruficollis, 69

Turner, Lucien M.--
on black oyster catcher, 322
on black turnstone, 298, 303
on Eskimo curlew, 130, 131
on Pacific golden plover, 198

turnstone, 278

turnstone, black, 298

Tyler, John G.--
on Hudsonian curlew, 116, 120
on killdeer, 206
on mountain plover, 267

Tyler, Winsor M.--
on piping plover, 236, 238
on spotted sandpiper, 78

upland plover, 55

Van Denburgh, J., on western willet, 37

Vanellus vanellus, 144

vanellus, Vanellus, 144

Van Rossem, A. J., on spotted sandpiper, 80, 82

virgata, Aphriza, 269

vociferus, Oxyechus, 202

wandering tattler, 41

Warburton, Stanton, jr., on Hudsonian curlew, 117

Warren, Edward B., on mountain plover, 265

Wayne, Arthur T.--
on American oyster catcher, 315
on black-bellied plover, 155
on eastern willet, 30, 31
on Hudsonian curlew, 115
on killdeer, 203, 210
on long-billed curlew, 98
on turnstone, 287
on Wilson plover, 263

western solitary sandpiper, 13

western willet, 36

Weston, Francis M.--
on black-bellied plover, 163
on Cuban snowy plover, 252
on Wilson plover, 261

Wetmore, Alexander--
on American golden plover, 177, 188, 189
on bristle-thighed curlew, 142
on buff-breasted sandpiper, 75, 76
on spotted sandpiper, 87, 93
on turnstone, 288, 292
on upland plover, 56, 65
on western solitary sandpiper, 15

Wheelwright, Horace W., on green sandpiper, 17, 18

whimbrel, 136

Whittle, C. L.--
on lapwing, 149
on spotted sandpiper, 80

Wickersham, C. W., on long-billed curlew, 102, 104, 105, 106

Willet, eastern, 27
western, 36

Willett, George, on spotted sandpiper, 93

Williams, R. W., on killdeer, 213

Wilson, Alexander--
on American oyster catcher, 314
on killdeer, 202
on spotted sandpiper, 78, 83, 92

Wilson plover, 257

wilsonia, Pagolla wilsonia, 257
wilsonia, Pagolla, 257

Witherby, H. F., on little ringed plover, 234, 235

Wood, Allen H., on piping plover, 237

wood sandpiper, 22

Wright and Harper, on spotted sandpiper, 79