Chapter IX: Part 9

The “Poes” were the Potawatomi Indians (called Poux by the French).
For their history and that of Fort St. Joseph, see vol. i of this
series, pp. 115, 117.—ED.

Footnote 90:

The Menominee Indians were called Folles-Avoines by the French, a name
by which the latter designated both the grain (_zizania aquatica_),
and this tribe of Indians whom they first found using it. They are
Algonquian in language, and were originally encountered by Nicolet
(1634) on the shores of Green Bay. This remained their habitat until
they were removed to their present reservation in Shawano County,
Wisconsin. For history of this tribe, see _Wisconsin Historical
Collections_ (especially vols. xvi and xvii); Hoffman, “Menomini
Indians,” U. S. Bureau of Ethnology _Report_, 1892–93; Jenks, “Wild
Rice Gatherers of the Upper Lakes,” _ibid._, 1897–98.

No mention of such a barbarous custom as this is made by other
writers. Long may have been misinformed.—ED.

Footnote 91:

On the cause of this action of the Indian traders, alarmed at the
reprisals being made by Spanish and Americans for the unsuccessful
attack on St. Louis by the British party from Mackinac, see _Wisconsin
Historical Collections_, vii, p. 176, _note_.

For biography of Charles Langlade, first Wisconsin settler, see
Tassé’s “Memoir,” _ibid._, pp. 123–185.—ED.

Footnote 92:

This is a somewhat confused reference to George Rogers Clark’s
occupation of the Illinois country, and alliance with the Spaniards
who controlled Louisiana. The fort here mentioned is St. Louis, for
whose early history see vol. iii of this series, André Michaux’s
_Journal_, note 138. Spaniards were incensed at the British traders’
methods in Upper Louisiana during this period.—ED.

Footnote 93:

The commandant at Mackinac was Patrick Sinclair, for whose biography
see _Wisconsin Historical Collections_, xi, p. 141, _note_. For
documents dealing with the Revolution in this region, see _ibid._, xi,
pp. 97–212; and xii, pp. 49–55.—ED.

Footnote 94:

The Outagamies, or Fox Indians (French, Renards), were first
encountered by the French on Fox River, Wisconsin. A proud and warlike
nation, they refused to yield to the French yoke. The long series of
wars waged by them with the French was a great source of weakness to
the colony of Canada, and prepared the way for its downfall. For the
documents on these wars, see _Wisconsin Historical Collections_, xvi
and xvii. Driven from their habitat in Eastern Wisconsin, about 1740,
the Foxes joined with their kindred, the Sauks, and settled on the
Mississippi, siding alternately with the British and Americans during
the wars of the Revolution and of 1812–15. One band of the Sauks
participated in the Black Hawk War (1832). At present the combined
population of the Sauks and Foxes is about four hundred, located on a
reservation in Iowa.

The Sioux were the Minnesota branch of this nation, under their chief
Wabasha, _q. v._, _post_, note 87.—ED.

Footnote 95:

Lac les Puans (Stinking Lake) was a name used by the French for Green
Bay. The origin of this term was long supposed to be either in the
ill-smelling shores or the filthy character of the native Puants (_i.
e._, Winnebagoes). In _Wisconsin Historical Collections_, xvi, p. 360,
however, an early writer testifies to the cleanliness of the Puants.

It appears that the original Algonquian name for these people, who are
an offshoot from the Sioux, was Ouinepeg, a word which has come down
to us in two forms—Winnipeg and Winnebago. The meaning of _Ouinepeg_
was, “men of (or from) the fetid (or bad-smelling) water.” It is
probable that these people may at one time have lived near a sulphur
spring or on the shore of a salt lake. The earliest French inferred
that the allusion was to the ocean; hence Nicolet’s appearance among
the Winnebagoes on Green Bay (1634) attired as a mandarin, under the
apprehension that these “Men of the Sea”—as they were called in some
of the earlier French accounts—were Chinamen. Herein we have an
illustration of the tenacity of the old theory that America was but an
outlying portion of Asia. La Salle’s post at La Chine, near Montreal,
which was so nicknamed because some thought it to be on the road to
China, is another case in point. When the “Men of the Sea” were
discovered to be ordinary Indians, their Algonquian appellation
_Ouinepeg_ was translated by the French into a less complimentary
term, “Puants” (Stinkards). Given the name, the reputation of
uncleanliness soon followed. The _Jesuit Relations_ frequently
mentioned the matter; but by the time of the missionaries the old term
of “Men of the Sea” appears to have been forgotten. See _Wisconsin
Historical Collections_, xvi, p. 3, _note_, for citations; also
Thwaites, _Stories of the Badger State_ (New York, 1900), p. 30, for
brief recital of the case—ED.

Footnote 96:

The Foxes had been largely won to the American interest by the efforts
of Godefroy Linctot, Sr., their trader at Prairie du Chien, and the
emissaries of George Rogers Clark from the Illinois country.

Wabasha was a famous Sioux chief, first mentioned by the French
commandant in 1740. Being devoted to the British side, he was
dignified with the title of “general,” and was received with honors of
war at Mackinac. He also visited Quebec several times, and was
decorated by the British officials. His village was near the present
site of Winona, Minnesota. A son of the same name participated in the
War of 1812–15. The French called both these chiefs, “La Feuille.”—ED.

Footnote 97:

On the origin of this term for Americans (Great Knives, Long Knives,
or Big Knives, indifferently) see Thwaites, _Daniel Boone_ (New York,
1902), p. 111, _note_.—ED.

Footnote 98:

This must mean seven days’ journey either from Mackinac or Green Bay,
for Prairie du Chien is situated at the confluence of the Wisconsin
with the Mississippi. On the early settlement of Prairie du Chien,
which was named for a chief of the Fox tribe called “Chien,” see
_Wisconsin Historical Collections_, ix, pp. 282–302.—ED.

Footnote 99:

Lake Temiscaming lies near the source of the Ottawa River, on the
boundary between Quebec and Ontario. The savages near here were
wandering tribes of rude Algonkins, who traded indifferently with
Canada or Hudson Bay.—ED.

Footnote 100:

Tadoussac, at the entrance of the Saguenay River, is one of the oldest
trading stations on the St. Lawrence, having been founded before
Quebec. It was the site of an early Jesuit mission begun before 1642.
A church built for the mission (1747–50), is still standing.—ED.

Footnote 101:

The mission colony of the Hurons at Lorette was established by the
Jesuits on their seigniory in 1673. There is still a settlement of
these Indians near this place.—ED.

Footnote 102:

For biographical sketch of Robert Rogers, see vol. i, Croghan’s
_Journals_, note 61. Long here refers to his work, _Concise Account of
North America_ (London, 1765).—ED.

Footnote 103:

Henry Home, Lord Kames, a famous Scotch jurist, published _Sketches of
History of Man_ (Edinburgh, 1774).—ED.

Footnote 104:

The Montagnais Indians—so called from their habitat, the mountainous
country north and east of Quebec—were an Algonquian tribe, much in
contact with the French colonists. They still roam through their
ancient territory, hunting and fishing, and acting as guides to
scientific and sporting parties. They have a reservation on Lake St.
John.—ED.

Footnote 105:

Chicoutimi, at the head of navigation of Saguenay River, was early
settled, a mission church being built there in 1726. It has but
recently become a place of importance, being not only the chief
trading station for the entire Saguenay region, where settlement has
commenced to be permanent, but the seat of large salmon fisheries and
of extensive wood-pulp mills; small ocean vessels are now laden with
pulp at Chicoutimi docks, carrying the product to English, French, and
American ports.—ED.

Footnote 106:

After leaving Lake St. John, Long followed its sources westward, and
portaged over the Height of Land into the present Northeast
Territory—a region now nearly as unknown and unexplored as it was
then. Modern maps are not helpful regarding Long’s route.—ED.

Footnote 107:

The true rattlesnake (_crotatus horridus_) is not found in Canada. The
one here alluded to is the _caudisona tergemina_. The age is not
indicated by the number of the rattles. The black water snake was
probably the _tropidonatus sipedon_, which feeds on fish, and is an
expert swimmer, although not a true water snake. The “turkey snake”
cannot be identified.—ED.

Footnote 108:

This was the expedition of La Pérouse, who in the summer of 1782
captured Fort Prince of Wales and York factory. See Wilson, _The Great
Company_ (Toronto, 1899), pp. 320–326.—ED.

Footnote 109:

Lake George was originally named Lac du St. Sacrement, by the Jesuit
missionary and martyr Isaac Jogues, who was there in 1646. On his
expedition of 1755, Sir William Johnson changed the name in honor of
his king. Lakes George and Champlain were of strategic importance in
all the French wars, and that of the Revolution. Fort George was a
small post on an eminence a half mile southeast of Fort William Henry,
built in 1759 after the destruction of the latter. Abandoned
temporarily during Burgoyne’s invasion, the garrison were surprised
and captured by Carleton (October, 1780), and the fortification
destroyed. New York State has appropriated the land around the ruins
of this fort for Fort George Battle Park.—ED.

Footnote 110:

For a description of the road from St. Johns on the Richelieu River,
at the outlet of Lake Champlain—where the French built a fort in
1748—to La Prairie on the St. Lawrence, see Kalm, _Travels in North
America_ (London, 2nd ed., 1772), ii, pp. 219–223.—ED.

Footnote 111:

Crown Point, called by the French Pointe au Chevalure (scalp point),
was fortified by the latter nation in 1731, as their advanced post
(Fort St. Frédéric) on the northern frontier. During the French and
Indian War it was twice attacked by the English; but the French
retained possession until Amherst’s expedition (1759), when Fort St.
Frédéric was abandoned and destroyed. Amherst began here extensive
fortifications, the ruins of which still exist. Crown Point was
captured by the Americans in 1775, and restored to the British in
1776. After 1780 it was dismantled and fell into decay, so that Long
could have found but deserted quarters at this place.—ED.

Footnote 112:

This incident indicates the low state of the credit of the United
States. Congress passed the act for the relief of this Indian, April
8, 1785, as follows: “On report of a committee, consisting of Mr.
Howell, Mr. Long, and Mr. Holton, to whom was referred a petition of
John Vincent, an Indian of the Huron tribe, _Resolved_, That in
consideration of the faithful services of John Vincent, an Indian of
the Huron tribe, in the course of the late war, he be allowed and paid
by the commissioners of the treasury, the sum 100 dollars.—_Journals
of Congress_ (Philadelphia, 1801), x, p. 82.—ED.

Footnote 113:

Hendrick was the well-known Mohawk chief, born about 1680, whose
friendship for the English and especially for Sir William Johnson kept
his tribe firm in the English alliance during the French wars.
Hendrick lived at Canajoharie in the Mohawk Valley. At the Albany
Conference (1754), he was one of the most prominent negotiators; but
was killed in the battle of Lake George the following year.—ED.

Footnote 114:

Schenectady boats were long, narrow, flat-bottoms, propelled by small
and ungainly sails, or by iron-shod poles. They were so named from
being first built at Schenectady, and were much used in the shallow
water navigation of Western New York and the Upper St. Lawrence.—ED.

Footnote 115:

The Canadian government was at this period granting large areas of
land north of the St. Lawrence, and of Lake Ontario, to the Loyalists
of the United States, who were removing thither. Two hundred acres
were given to each settler; and higher amounts, according to rank, to
those who had served in the British army. See Canniff, _History of the
Settlement of Upper Canada_ (Toronto, 1869).—ED.

Footnote 116:

Guy Carleton, Lord Dorchester, served with Amherst at Louisburg, in
1758. The next year he was wounded at the siege of Quebec. In 1766 he
was made governor of Quebec, and was governor of Canada, 1767–70. In
1775, he was again made governor of Quebec, and defended Canada
against the American forces until relieved by Haldimand in 1778. In
1782, he succeeded Clinton as commander in chief of the forces in
America, and having evacuated New York in 1783, returned with the
troops to England. He was created Baron Dorchester in 1786, and
appointed governor general of Canada, whither he arrived in October,
serving as the ruler of this province until 1796, when he retired to
England, where he died in 1808.

Henry Hope, lieutenant colonel of the 44th regiment, came to America
in 1776, and served throughout the war. In November, 1785, he was made
lieutenant-governor of Canada, and served as acting governor until the
arrival of Dorchester, under whom he continued as lieutenant-governor
until his death at Quebec, April 13, 1789.—ED.

Footnote 117:

Sir John Johnson was the son and heir of Sir William Johnson, the New
York Indian agent. Born in the Mohawk Valley in 1742, he received part
of his education in England, and was knighted there in 1765. He
succeeded to his father’s position and estates in 1774; and on the
outbreak of the Revolution escaped to Canada, where he was made
colonel in the British army. His services during the war, leading
Iroquois against the border settlements in the Mohawk and Cherry
Valley, are well known. His estates were confiscated by the State of
New York, and he retired to Canada, where he was made superintendent
general of Indian affairs in British North America. His death occurred
at Montreal in 1830.—ED.

Footnote 118:

In the surveys made in 1783–84, preliminary to the Loyalists’
settlement, ten townships were set off in Quinté Bay, which were long
known by their respective numbers. The third township was that now
called Fredericksburgh, and was chiefly settled by Johnson’s disbanded
soldiers.—ED.

Footnote 119:

On the land system of Canada, see Canniff, _History of Settlement of
Upper Canada_; and Kingsford, _History of Canada_ (London and Toronto,
1894), vii, pp. 300–313. The feudal tenure was not abolished in Quebec
until 1854; but the Act of 1791, separating Upper from Lower Canada,
decreed a modern system for the Loyalist settlements.—ED.

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TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES

Page Changed from Changed to

70 added the perfect notes of the added the perfect notes of the
different war hoops, as different war whoops, as

206 cargo. On the 9th of November we cargo. On the 9th of November we
felt Newfoundland, left Newfoundland,

● Typos fixed; non-standard spelling and dialect retained. ● Placed footnotes all at the end of the last chapter. ● Enclosed italics font in _underscores_. ● Enclosed blackletter font in =equals=.