Chapter XVIII: Appendix: II. to Chapter IV

THE ALPHABETS OF PRINCE L-L. BONAPARTE (MR. A. J. ELLIS) AND MR. H. SWEET.

Prince L-L. Bonaparte’s Alphabet, as edited (and amplified) by Mr. A. J. Ellis in palæotype (“Early English Pronunciation,” pp. 1293-1307, and 1352-1357).

THE VOWELS

(_as heard in European languages only_).

1. a (in _fAther_).
2. a⸲ (in Gaelic _math_, “good”).
3. aʌ (in Fr. _dent_, Port. _lã_).
4. Ǝ (in Eng. _thE book_).
5. `a⸲ (in Dan. _mand_, “man”).
6. ah (in Eng. _ass_).
7. ə (in Eng. _charActer_).
8. æ (in Eng. _man_).
9. aʌ (in Port. _cAma_).
10. ɐ (in Eng. _pOllute_).
11. _œ_ (in Gael. _laogh_ “calf”).
12. _œ_⸲ (in Gael. _mAOdal_, “tripe”).
13. ᴔ (in Eng. _bird_).
14. ɹ (in Eng. _ear_)
15. _ɹ_ (not found)
16. ’h (in Eng. _opEN_, Germ. _muttER_).
17. ‘’h (not found).
18. ‘h (in Dan. _hat’_, Eng. _bit’_).
19. əh (not found)
20. _ɑ_ (in Fr. _diAble_).
21. Œ (in Roumanian _tatĂ_, “father.”)
22. E₁ (not found)
23. E (in Finnic _pää_, “the head”).
24. e₁ (not found)
25. _e_₁ (in Fr. _père_, Germ. _fett_).
26. _e_₁⸲ (in Gael. _freumh_, “root”).
27. _e_₁ʌ (in Fr. _vin_).
28. e (in Eng. _bed_).
29. _e_ (in Fr. _dé_, Germ. _Ehre_).
30. _e_ʌ (in Port. _sENha_, “sign”).
31. e¹ (in Port. _cEar_, “to sup”).
32. _e_¹ (in Dan. _een_, “one”).
33. _y_ (in Welsh _dyn_, “man”).
34. Y₂ (in Polish _bYli_, “they have been”).
35. _i_ (in Eng. _milk_).
36. _i_¹ (in Eng. _fill_).
37. i (in Eng. _bee_).
38. i⸲ (in Gael. _sINNsreadh_, “ancestors”).
39. iʌ (in Port. _sim_, “yes”).
40. ’j (in Eng. _gate_).
41. ɔ (in Eng. _God_).
42. ɔh (not found)
43. A (in Eng. _all_).
44. _a_h (not found).
45. o₁ (not found).
46. _o_₁ (in Germ. _Gott_).
47. _o_₁⸲ (in Gael. _didOmhnaich_, “Sunday”).
48. _o_₁ʌ (in Fr. _bon_).
49. o (in Eng. _more_).
50. oh (in Esthonian _wõlg_, “debt”).
51. _o_ (in Eng. _Omit_).
52. _o_ʌ (in Port. _sOnho_, “dream”).
53. _o_h (not found).
54. _u_h (in Port. _o_, “the”).
55. _o_¹ (in Dan. _stor_, “great”).
56. u₁ (in Finnish _Suomi_).
57. _u_ (in Eng. _book_).
58. u (in Eng. _pool_).
59. u⸲ (in Gael. _déanADH_, “doing”).
60. uʌ (in Port. _um_, “one”).
61. ’_w_ (in Eng. _home_).
62. _u_¹ (in Swed. _skuld_, “cause”).
63. u¹ (in Lap. _jUkkim_, “I parted”).
64. U (in Swed. _hus_, “house”).
65. y (in Fr. _lune_, Germ. _brÜder_).
66. yʌ (in Basque _sü̃ hĩa_, “son-in-law”; Albanian _hü̃ni_, “he entered”).
67. I (in Dan. _nYde_, “to enjoy”).
68. æh (in Lap. _buÖrre_, “good”).
69. _ə_h (in Fr. _veuf_).
70. _ə_hʌ (in Fr. _un_).
71. œ (in Germ. _böcke_).
72. _ə_ (in Fr. _feu_).
73. _ə_ʌ (not found).
74. œ¹ (in Gael. _keayn_, “sea”).
75. _ə_¹ (in Swed. _sYster_).
76. ’l (in Bohemian _vlk_, “wolf”).
77. ’r (in Bohemian _prst_, “finger”).

CONSONANTS.

_Labials._

_He._[223]

78. p[224] (in Eng. _pea_).
79. pȷ (in Kasikumuk _p’orun_, “glass”).
80. pp (in Italian coppa).
81. pꞁh (in Bav. Germ. _pfard_).
82. ⌊pꞁh (in Thush _p`e_, “side”).
83. wh (in Eng. _which_).
84. pj (in Pol. _gap_, “lounger”).
85. p_w_ (in Fr. _pois_).
86. p_w_j (in Fr. _puits_).

_Se._[225]

87. b (in Eng. _bee_).
88. bȷ (in Kasikumuk _b’ar_, “pond”).
89. bb (in Ital. _gobba_).
90. ‘p (in Saxon Germ.).
91. w (in Eng. _wine_).
92. bj (in Pol. _jedwaB_, “silk”).
93. b_w_ (in Fr. _bois_).
94. b_w_j (in Fr. _buis_).

_Ne._[226]

95. m (in Eng. _me_).
96. mh (in Eng. _tempt_).
97. mm (in Ital. _fiamma_).
98. mȷ (in Kas. _’maq_, “thirst”).
99. b⸲ (in Westmoreland _sebm_, “seven”).
100. w⸲ (in Erse _saṀrad_, “summer”).
101. mj (in Polish _karM_, “feeding”).
102. m_w_ (in Fr. _moi_).
103. m_w_j (in Fr. _muid_).

_Hc._[227]

104. ph (whispered bh; ? in Greek φ).

_Sc._[228]

105. bh (in Spanish _haba_).
106. bh_w_ (Dutch _w_).

_Ht._[229]

107. prh (whispered brh).

_St._[230]

108. brh (made by children with the lips).
109. ɯ (in Eng. _veRy_).
110. ɹ_w_ (in Eng. _our_ occ.).

_Labio-Dentals._

_He._

111. P (not found).

_Se._

112. B (lower lip against the teeth).

_Hc._

113. f (in Eng. _foe_).
114. ff (in Ital. _schiaffo_).
115. _f_ (not found).
116. ·fh (not found).
117. fj (in Guernsey _fyaïz_, “flee ye”).
118. f_w_ (in Fr. _foie_).
119. f_w_j (in Fr. _fuite_).

_Sc._

120. v (in Eng. _vine_).
121. vȷ (in Kas. _‘warta_, “plate”).
122. vv (in Ital. _avventura_).
123. ⌊v (in Dan. _KjöBenhavn_).
124. _v_ (not found).
125. ‘v (Dutch _v_).
126. vH (not found).
127. vj (in Pol. _paW_, “peacock”).
128. v_w_ (in Fr. _voix_).

_Nc._[231]

129. v⸲ (in Erse _feiṀ_,“mild”).

_Labio-Linguals._

_He._

130. ˎp (in Abasian _aTà_, “hay”).
131. ˎpˎp (in Ab. _yTa_, “sit down”).

_Se._

132. ˎb (in Ab. _aDỳ_, “field”).

_Sl._[232]

133. ˎlw (in Gaelic _Lamh_, “hand”).

_Dentals._

_He._

134. ˎˎt (in Erse _Talain_, “earth”).
135. ˎˎtj (in Erse _tirm_, “dry”).

_Se._

136. ˎˎd (in Erse _donn_, “brown”).
137. ˎˎdj (in Erse _dia_, “God”).

_Hc._

138. th (in Eng. _thin_).
139. c (not found).

_Sc._

140. dh (in Eng. _then_).
141. _c_ (not found).

_Hl._[233]

142. Ʇh (not found).
143. Ʇ (in Manx _ooyL_, “apple”).

_Alveolo-Dentals._

_Hc._

144. c (in West Nyland Finnish _metsä_, “forest”).
145. ⸲th (in Ital. _viZio_).

_Sc._

146. _c_ (in Albanian _Zot_, “lord”).
147. ⸲dh (in Span. _liD_).

_Double Alveolars._

_Hc._

148. ˎs (in Ital. _lo Zio_).
149. ˎsˎs (in Ital. _pazzo_).
150. .ˎs (in Ab. _aca_, “granary”).
151. ɾ̣ɾ̣ (in Ab. _aC´abyrg_, “truth”).
152. .ɾ̣ (in Ab. _ácá_, “wild cherry”).
153. .ɾ̣ȷ (in Kas. _čabre_, “much”).
154. ˎsj (in Pol. _siaC´_, “to sow”).
155. ˎs_w_ (in Abasian _aC´a_, “apple”).
156. .ˎsw (in Ab. _ac`_, “ox”).

_Sc._

157. ˎz (in Ital. _lo zelo_).
158. ˎzˎz (in Ital. _rozzo_).
159. ˎzj (in Pol. _jedz´_, “go”).
160. ˎz_w_ (in Ab. _az´y_, “some one”).

_Alveolars._

_He._

161. ˎt (in Fr. _tas_).
162. ˎtȷᴶ (in Kas. _t’ai_, “colt”).
163. ˎtˎt (in Ital. _matto_).
164. tꞁh (in Dan. _til_, “to”).
165. tȷꞁh (in Kas. _ja’t‘olṣa_, “red”).
166. ⌊tꞁh (in Thush _t‘uix_, “salt”).
167. ˎtj (in Russ. _poot’_, “way”).
168. ˎt_w_ (in Fr. _toi_).
169. ˎt_w_j (in Fr. _étui_).

_Se._

170. ˎd (in Fr. _doux_).
171. ˎdȷ (in Kas. _d’oxlu_, “freshness”).
172. ˎdˎd (in Ital. _Iddio_).
173. ‘d (in Saxon).
174. ˎdj (in Russ. _loshad’_, “horse”).
175. ˎd_w_ (in Fr. _doigt_).
176. ˎd_w_j (in Fr. _conduire_).

_Ne._

177. ˎn (in Fr. _nain_).
178. ˎnȷ (in Kas. _n’ak_, “blue”).
179. ˎnˎn (in Ital. _canna_, “reed”).
180. d⸲ (in Irish _bean_, “woman”).
181. ˎnj (in Russ. _lên’_, “tench”).
182. ˎn_w_ (in Fr. _noix_).
183. ˎn_w_j (in Fr. _nuit_).

_Hc._

184. s (in Eng. _so_).
185. ss (in Ital. _cassa_).
186. sȷsȷ (in Kas. _ṣ’ât_, “hour”).
187. sH (= the Arab. ص).
188. sj (in Pol. _koś_,“mow”).
189. s_w_ (in Fr. _soie_).
190. s_w_j (in Fr. _suie_).

_Sc._

191. z (in Eng. _zeal_).
192. zz (in Hungarian _azzal_, “with the”).
193. .z (in Ab. _zaqa_, “how much”).
194. zj (in Pol. _leź_, “go up”).
195. z_w_ (in Fr. _rasoir_).
196. z_w_j (in Fr. _dix-huit_).

_Nc._

197. zh⸲ (not found).

_Hl._

198. l_w_h (not found).

_Sl._

199. ˎl (in Fr. _lait_).
200. lȷ (in Kas. _l’ap_, “shine”).
201. ˎlˎl (in Ital. _stella_).
202. ˎlj (in Russ. _korol’_, “king”).
203. ˎl_w_ (in Fr. _loi_).
204. ˎl_w_j (in Fr. _lui_).

_St._

205. ˎr (in Span. _rey_).

_Whishes (Chuintantes)._

_Hc._

206. sh (in Eng. _she_).
207. shȷ (in Kas. _š’arabuču_ [_š’_], “fellow-countryman”).
208. shsh (in Ital. _pesce_).
209. shȷshȷ (in Kas. _ṣ̆’oldi_, “green”).
210. .sh (in Ab. _aša_, “rope”).
211. shj (in Russ. _vosh’_, “louse”).
212. sh_w_ (in Fr. _choix_).
213. sh_w_j (in Fr. _chuinter_).
214. sh_w_sh_w_ (in Ab. _aṣ̌`_, “plane-tree”).
215. .sh_w_ (in Ab. _aš`_, “door”).

_Sc._

216. zh (in Eng. _pleasure_).
217. zhzh (in Hung. _a’zseb_, “the pocket”).
218. .zh (in Ab. _aža_, “hare”).
219. zhj (in Basque [Soule] _jin_, “come”).
220. zh_w_ (in Fr. _joie_).
221. zh_w_zh_w_ (in Ab. _aẓ̌`_, “cow”).
222. .zh_w_ (in Ab. _ž`aba_, “ten”).
223. zh_w_j (in Fr. _juin_).

_Ht._

224. rsh (in Polish _przez_, “through”).

_St._

225. rzh (not found).

_Palatal Whishes._

_Hc._

226. ˎsh (in Ital. _pece_).
227. ˎshˎsh (in Ital. _caccia_).
228. .ˎsh (in Ab. _ača_, “quail”).
229. ɾ̣hɾ̣h (in Ab. _ač̣´y_, “mouth”).
230. .ɾ̣h (in Ab. _ač`y_, “horse”).
231. .ɾ̣hȷ (in Kas. _č’an_, “early”).
232. ˎshj (in Russ. _noch’_, “night”).
233. ˎsh_w_ (in Louisiana Creole _choui_, “to cook”).
234. ˎsh_w_j (in Trinidad Creole _chouite_, “to cook”).

_Sc._

235. ˎzh (in Ital. _regio_).
236. ˎzhˎzh (in Ital. _maggio_).
237. ˎzhj (in Basque [Soule] _espundja_, “sponge”).
238. ˎzh_w_j (in Louisiana Creole _néjuî_, “needle”).

_Double Palatals._

_Hc._

239. ʇs (in Basque _otso_, “wolf”).

_Palatals._

_Hc._

240. t (in Eng. _tea_).
241. ⌊t (in Dan. _huset_, “the house”).
242. Jh (in Eng. _hue_).
243. tj (in Hung. _tyúk_, “hen”).
244. tjtj (in Hung. _a’ tyúk_, “the hen”).

_Se._

245. d (in Eng. _do_).
246. dd (in Sardinian _beddu_, “beautiful”).
247. ⌊d (in Span. _lado_).
248. ⌊d⌊d (in Jutland _Gud_, “God”).
249. J (in Eng. _yet_).
250. JJ (in Hung. _ejjel_, “night”).
251. dj (in Hung. _gyöngy_, “pearl”).
252. djdj (in Hung. _a’ gyöngy_, “the pearl”).

_Ne._

253. n (in Eng. _no_).
254. nh (in Eng. _tent_).
255. J⸲ (in Basque [Roncal] _azkoỹa_, “badger”).
256. nj (in Fr. _digne_).
257. njnj (in Hung. _a’ nyul_, “the hare”).
258. njh (not found).

_Hc._

259. ˏs (in Sp. Basque _su_, “fire”).

_Sc._

260. ˏz (in Port. _zagal_, “young shepherd”).

_Hl._

261. lh (in Eng. _felt_).
262. ljh (in Saintongeais _glas_, “knell”).

_Sl._

263. l (in Eng. _low_).
264. lj (in Ital. _figlio_).
265. ljlj (in Hung. _melly_, “which”).

_Ht._

266. ↋ʰ (not found).
267. _h_ (= Arab. ح).
268. _h_ȷ (in Kas. _ḥ’olu_, “orphan”).
269. _h_ȷ_h_ȷ (in Kas. _ḥ´i_, “pigeon”).
270. rH (in Kas. _ḥ˘aba_, “fish”).

_St._

271. r (in Eng. “_ray_”).
272. rr (in Ital. _terra_).
273. ↋ (= Arab. ع).
274. rj (in Lusatian _wuhor´_, “eel”).
275. r_w_ (in Fr. _roi_).
276. r_w_j (in Fr. _bruit_).

_Ultra-Palatals._

The whole of this set of letters comes originally from Lepsius’s Alphabet, and “must be considered, therefore, very doubtful.”

_He._

277. T (in Sansk.).

_Se._

278. D (in Sansk.).

_Ne._

279. N (in Sansk.).
280. Nh (in Dravidian).

_Hc._

281. _s_h (in Sansk.).
282. Thh (in Drav.).

_Sc._

283. _z_h (theoretical).
284. Dhh (in Drav.).

_Hl._

285. Lh (in Drav.).

_Sl._

286. L (in Sansk.).

_Ht._

287. Rh (theoretical).

_St._

288. R (in Sansk.).
289. Rhh (in Drav.).

_Gutturo-Labials._

_He._

290. _p_ (in Peruvian).
291. wjh (in Ab. _ih´y_, “speak”).

_Se._

292. _b_ (not found).
293. wj (in Fr. _huile_).

_Hc._

294. fh (not found).

_Sc._

295. vh (not found).

_Gutturo-Dentals._

_Hc._

296. _t_h (in Surgut Ostiak _kat’_, “day”).
297. _t_h_t_h (in S. Ost. _wat’t’ak_, “without”).
298. _t_hj (in Low S. Ost. _sit̄’a_, “gunpowder”).
299. _t_hj_t_hj (not found).

_Sc._

300. _d_h (in S. Ost. _âd’an_, “morning”).
301. _d_h_d_h (in S. Ost. _wad’d’ax_, “without”).
302. _d_hj (in High S. Ost. _sid̄’a_, “gunpowder”).
303. _d_hj_d_hj (not found).

_Guttural Whishes._

_Hc._

304. ˏˏsh (in Tempiese Sardinian _la chjai_, “the key”).
305. ˏˏshˏˏsh (in Temp. Sard. _vecchju_, “old”).
306. ˏˏsh_w_j (in Picard _kyuir_, “leather”).

_Sc._

307. ˏˏzh_w_j (in Temp. Sard. _la ghjesgia_, “the church”).
308. ˏˏzh_w_jˏˏzh_w_j (in Temp. Sard. _ogghji_, “to-day”).

_Gutturo-Palatals._

_He._

309. _t_ (= Arab. ط).
310. tj (in Basque [Labourd] _ttorttoil_, “turtle-dove”).

_Se._

311. _d_ (= Arab. ض).
312. _d_j (in Basque [Labourd] _yaun_, “lord”).

_Ne._

313. _n_ (not found).

_Hc._

314. ˏ_s_ (not found).
315. _s_ (in Basque [Labourd] _su_, “fire”).

_Sc._

316. ˏ_z_ (not found).
317. _z_ (in Basque [Labourd] _Jesus_).

_Double Guttural._

_Hc._

318. ˏkh (in Gaelic _mac_, “son”).

_Gutturals._

_He._

319. k (in Eng. _key_).
320. kȷ (in Kas. _k’orn_, “nest”).
321. kk (in Ital. _bocca_).
322. kꞁh (in Upper Germ. _komm_).
323. kȷꞁh (in Kas. _k‘’ala_, “white”).
324. ⌊kꞁh (in Thush _k’ok_, “foot”).
325. Hh (in Germ. _hand_).
326. HhHh (in Hung. _ahhoz_, “thereto”).
327. H (in Eng. _hand_).
328. ; (= Arab. _hemza_).
329. kj (in Ital. _la chiave_).
330. kjkj (in Ital. _occhio_).
331. Hhj (in Florentine Ital. _la chiave_).
332. k_w_ (in Fr. _quoi_).
333. H_w_h (an ordinary whistle).
334. H_w_ (a voiced whistle).
335. k_w_j (in Fr. _biscuit_).

_Se._

336. g (in Eng. _go_).
337. gg (in Ital. _veggo_).
338. ‘g (in Ostiak _argem_, “I sing”).
339. H’_w_ (in Span. _huevo_).
340. gj (in Ital. _la ghianda_).
341. gjgj (in Ital. _ragghiare_).
342. g_w_ (in Fr. _goître_).
343. g_w_j (in Fr. _aiguille_).

_Ne._

344. q (in Eng. _singer_).
345. qh (in Eng. _sink_).
346. H‘h⸲ (in Scutari Albanian _halk_, “multitude”).
347. qj or qɈ (in Sanskr.)

_Hc._

348. kh (in Germ. _dach_).
349. x (existence doubtful).
350. khkh (in Sassarese Sard. _palchi_, “because”).
351. khȷkhȷ (in Kas. _x´’ot_, “shade”).
352. khH (not found).
353. kjh (in Germ. _milch_).
354. k_w_h (in Scotch _loch_).

_Sc._

355. gh (in Germ. _tage_).
356. _x_ (existence doubtful).
357. ghgh (in Sass. Sard. _olganu_, “organ”).
358. .gh (existence doubtful).
359. gjh (in Germ. _selig_).
360. g_w_h (in Germ. _auge_).

_Nc._

361. gh⸲h (in Avar _ẋonkodize_ [ẋ] “to snore”).

_Hl._

362. _l_h (not found).
363. lhh (in Welsh _llaw_, “hand”).
364. lhhj (not found).
365. _lw_h (not found).

_Sl._

366. _l_ (in Pol. _łamac_, “to break”).
367. _l_hh (theoretical voiced Welsh _ll_).
368. _l_hhj (not found).
369. _lw_ (not found).

_Hl._

370. krh (= Arab. خ).
371. ._r_h (not found).

_Sl._

372. grh (= Arab. غ).
373. .r (= Newcastle “burr”).
374. ⌊_r_ (in Jutland _var_, “was”).
375. _r_ (in Parisian _Paris_).
376. _rr_ (in Parisian _irregulier_).

_Ultra-Gutturals._

_He._

377. K (= Arab. ق).
378. Kȷ (in Kas. _q’apa_, “hat”).

_Sc._

379. G (not found).
380. G_w_ (not found).

_Ne._

381. Q (not found).

_Hc._

382. _k_h (in Dutch _nacht_).
383. _k_hȷ (in Kas. _x̣’ort_, “pear”).
384. ._k_h (in Kas. _x̣’ata_, “house”).
385. K_w_h (not found).

_Sc._

386. Gh (in Dutch _God_).
387. G_w_h (not found).

_Ht._

388. Ꞁh (not found).

_St._ 389.

Ꞁ (in Dan. _ret_, “right”).
390. ȴꞀ (in Dan. _var_, “was”).

J denotes palatalized or _mouillées_ characters, _w_ labialized or _veloutées_ characters, _w_j labio-palatalized or _mixtes_ characters, ⌊ a weakened consonant, a doubled letter or group of letters an emphasized consonant, a prefixed . a semi-emphasized consonant, prefixed ˎ an alveolarized or dentalized or “advanced” consonant, a prefixed ˏ a “retracted” consonant, and ȷ a semi-palatalized or semi-mouillée consonant.[234]

MR. SWEET’S NARROW ROMIC ALPHABET AND LIST OF SYMBOLS.[235]

1. a (in _father_).
2. ɐ (in _bat_).
3. _ɑ_ (broad a).
4. _ɒ_ (broad ɐ).
5. A }
Ɐ } (varieties of ɐ).
6. æ (in _men_).
7. _əe_ (in _man_).
8. æh (in _turn_).
9. _əe_h (in _opener_).
10. b (in _bee_).
11. bh (German w).
12. bh_j_ (palatalized bh).
13. d (in _day_).
14. dh (in _then_).
15. dh_j_ (palatalized dh).
16. D (palatal d).
17. e (close e).
18. ə (French close eu).
19. _e_ (variety of open e).
20. _ə_ (variety of French open eu).
21. eh }
_e_h } (German unaccented e).
22. f (in _fee_).
23. g (in _go_).
24. gh (voiced kh).
25. gh_r_ (trilled gh).
26. gh_w_ (labialized gh).
27. g_j_ }
G } (palatalized g).
28. h (general diacritic).
29. H (aspirate).
30. Hh (open glottis).
31. i (narrow i).
32. _i_ (wide i).
33. ih (Welsh u).
34. _i_h (wide ih).
35. j (in _you_).
36. jh (voiceless j).
37. jh_w_ (labialized jh).
38. kh (Scotch ch).
39. kh_r_ (trilled kh).
40. kh_w_ (labialized kh).
41. kH (aspirated k).
42. k_j_ }
K } (palatalized k).
43. l (in _lee_).
44. lh (voiceless l).
45. L (palatal l).
46. Ꞁ (guttural l).
47. m (in _may_).
48. mh (voiceless m).
49. n (in _now_).
50. nh (voiceless n).
51. _n_ (nasality).
52. N (palatal n).
53. o (close o).
54. _o_ (open o).
55. oh (between o and ə).
56. _o_h (between _o_ and _ə_).
57. ɔ (open o in _all_).
58. ɔh (between ɔ and œ).
59. _ɔ_ (open o in _not_).
60. _ɔ_h (between _ɔ_ and _œ_).
61. œ (open French eu).
62. _œ_ (wide œ).
63. p (in _pay_).
64. ph (voiceless bh).
65. ph_j_ (palatalized ph).
66. pH (aspirated p).
67. q (in _sing_).
68. qh (voiceless q).
69. _q_ (French nasality).
70. r (in _red_).
71. _r_ (trilled letter).
72. r_r_ (trilled r).
73. rh (voiceless r).
74. rh_r_ (trilled rh).
75. r_j_ (palatalized r).
76. R (laryngal r).
77. Rh (voiceless R).
78. s (in _say_).
79. s_j_ (palatalized s).
80. sh (in _fish_).
81. sh_j_ (palatalized sh).
82. sh_w_ (labialized sh).
83. t (in _tea_).
84. th (in _thing_).
85. th_j_ (palatalized th).
86. tH (aspirated t).
87. T (palatal t).
88. u (narrow u).
89. uh (Swedish u).
90. _u_ (English u).
91. _u_h (wide uh).
92. v (in _vie_).
93. ʌ (denotes voice).
94. ʌh }
‘Ʌ } (whisper).
95. w (in _we_).
96. wh (in _why_).
97. _w_ (labialization).
98. x (glottal catch).
99. y (French u).
100. _y_ (wide y).
101. z (in _zeal_).
102. zh (in _rouge_).
103. (a)I (denotes length).
104. a II (extra length).
105. a· (stress or force).
106. a¨ (extra stress).
107. a: (half stress).
108. a̿ (level force).
109. a᷾ (increasing force).
110. a͐ (diminishing force).
111. — (level tone).
112. / (rising tone).
113. \ (falling tone).
114. ∨ (falling and rising tone).
115. ∧ (rising and falling tone).
116. [i] (glide).
117. ‘z (whispered s).
118. aˏ (inner or away from the teeth).
119. aˎ (outer).
120. r† (protruded).
121. r⸸ (inverted or cerebral).
122. * (denotes simultaneity of two sounds it comes between).
123. eˡ (raised tongue).
124. oˡ (narrowed lip-opening).
125. — (beginning of sound-group on weak stress).