Chapter II: Part 2

452 =Very Heavy and Massive Wrought-iron pair of Braces=,
consisting of belt, two front bars, and shoulder irons, with
strong padlock. When fastened up in this, all efforts at flight,
resistance, or even rest, were of no avail.

453 =A very similar set of Irons.=

454 =Long Iron Stake=, with top cross-bar having an armlet at
each end, long chain at bottom, with shackle for each foot. This
in itself forms a complete imprisonment.

455 =Very heavy square-linked Wrought-iron Chain and
Foot-fastener.=

456 =Another similar, heavier.=

457 =Iron Head Crown=, with jagged nails inside. With this on,
culprits were fastened to the wall.

458 =Terrible Spanish Spiked Iron Collar=, completely studded
outside, inside, and on edges with sharp iron spikes so arranged
that the wearer knew no rest, sleeping, waking, standing,
sitting, or lying.

459 =Small Iron Wire Whip=, for flaying the victim while
stretched on the rack.

460 =Torture Ladder=, about 15 feet long, with sharp
three-cornered rungs, with cords and pulleys. On this a man was
stretched to his fullest extent, to receive the torture which
may have been ordered.

461 =Thief-catcher.= Very curious instrument; long iron handle,
terminating at the top with a round hoop, garnished inside with
triangular iron spikes. The front of the hoop is made to push
open, so that the officer of the law can push it round the neck,
arm, or leg of whoever he wants to catch, who on his or her part
has no possible means of getting away, the ring having closed on
him and preventing any effort to escape.

462 =Thief-catcher=, similar form.

463 =Wheel=, with strong protruding iron shaft so as to break
the victim’s joints.

464 =A curious Antique Iron Brank or Mask=, with long snout, for
boastful people and liars.

465 =A long Chain and heavy Shackle.=

466 =A Curious Witches’ Idol=, carving of a devil’s head,
supposed to have been worshipped by witches. See No. 400.

467 =A Mandragora Root=, cut into the form of a man; said to
have great efficacy in the hands of witches against the person
they were “overlooking.” A nail or a needle driven into the
mandragora caused a pain to shoot through the heart of the
living man at the same moment, and nails or needles were driven
into it until the person died. Also the mandragora was supposed
to have the power of helping its owner to discover hidden
treasure, etc., etc.

468 =A Long Chain=, with two very strong shackles at each end.

469 & 470 =A Pair of Ditto=, lighter.

471 =An old Hour-glass=, divided into hour, three-quarters,
half, and quarter, by which the duration of the torture was
timed.

472 =Strong Iron Body Ring, Pair of Iron Manacles.=

473 =Strong Iron Leg Ring, a Handcuff and Padlock=, attached to
long, strong iron chain.

474 =An Antique very large-bore Blunderbuss=, with wheel lock.
Forbidden by International agreement.

475 =Large Wooden Brank or Shame Mask=, in the shape of a
death’s head. This was worn by criminals who were pardoned the
death penalty, and was worn by them in public places before
being taken to the prison where they were incarcerated forever.

476 =A Thief-catcher=, similar to No. 461.

477 =Another Wheel=, somewhat similar to No. 463.

Breaking on the wheel was not a figure of speech, but a stern and
terrible reality. When the condemned was laid out on the wooden
bed and the wheel brought into action over and over him and
weighted with all the strength of the executioner and his
assistants, every bone in the body was literally broken. In some
countries the victim was tied on to a wheel and turned round and
round as the wagon moved; he, sometimes over, sometimes under
it. But here the combination of wheel and wooden bed seems much
more cruel and lingering.

478 =Witch-catching Staff=, with the words Jesus, Nazarenum, and
Ave Maria. Under the iron point for prodding is also a hook for
catching hold. This was so arranged that when a witch was to be
caught it was unnecessary to touch her, as in those days of
superstition no man could lay his hand upon a witch for fear of
all sorts of evil spells. Catching hold of her with this staff,
protected as it was by the words Jesus, Nazarenum, and Ave
Maria, was considered to have the effect of circumventing all
her machinations.

479 =Witch-catcher Staff= of a somewhat different kind.

480 =Curious Iron Brank or Mask=, with small eyes, with pointed
beard and weathercock on crown, showing a changeable disposition
or one given to untruths.

481 =Strong Iron Body Ring=, with two chains.

482 =Another=, lighter, with hinged movement.

483 =Curious Mask= without any face, with long speaking-trumpet
and snake on which to hang any stolen property; for thieves.

484 =An Iron Brank=, without face, long ass’s ears for
drunkards.

485, 486, 487 =Three strong Iron Leglets=, with long chains.

488 =Large Iron Chandelier=, used for lighting the torture
chamber.

489 to 491 =Three long Chains and Iron Fasteners=, various sizes
and strengths.

492 =A Strong Circular Wood and Iron Pulley= and rope for
running victim up to a beam, when his feet were heavily weighted
until his joints were broken.

493 =Nobleman’s very curious Iron Brank or Shame Mask=, shaped
like a man’s face, with movable visor and mustache, at each end
of which is a bell; also one at each ear, a larger one at the
point of the beard, and surmounted by two iron rods, each
terminating in a bell. The use of this brank seems lost in
obscurity, and we have searched in vain for its application; but
there can be little doubt it was worn by malefactors of noble
birth; and the idea seems to be that it was worn on the way to
execution by a parricide, the bells being to call all the
world’s attention to the despicable criminal.

NOTE.—In England branks seem only to have been used for scolds;
but in the cities of the Continent they were used for criminals
of both sexes.

494 =An Executioner’s Cord or Rope=, by which the delinquents
were bound before going to execution.

495 =Another Executioner’s Rope=, similar.

496 to 554 =A Large Collection= of strong iron manacles,
shackles, and body rings of various times and nationalities.

NOTE.—Although the space at our command will not allow us to
individualize and describe each of these manacles, shackles, and
chains, each and every one is different, made at different
periods, and of various designs. They played a great part in the
criminal history of Europe, having been used in every country.
Criminals wore them in prison, in the torture chamber, at the
stake, and in the Tumbril. In the penitent’s cell they also
found their place. In fact, volumes might be written on their
use and abuse.

555 =A Model of the Guillotine=, made of wood.

556 =A Metal Model= of same, differently constructed.

557 =Iron Coal Stove= on tripod feet. In this the coals were
lighted and got to a white heat in order to make the branding
irons red hot, and so burn the marks or letters into the flesh
of the forehead or back.

558 =Iron Coal Box= for same purpose.

559 =Pair of Bellows=, used for blowing up the fire in above.

The history of branding is so well known that it is needless to
enter into it here. Both men and women were branded in all
European countries for all sorts of crimes, and even in the
earlier times a serf bore his master’s brand mark.

560 =The Condemned’s Cup or Mug.= Made of glass, with engraving
of the crucifixion. Out of this cup the condemned was given wine
to drink during his last day.

561 =An Antique Fayence Beer Jug=, with burnt-in picture of
Hiesel and his big dog.

562 =Punishment Officers’ Drum.= This small, long four-cornered
iron-bound oak drum or rattle was used to call all wayfarers’
and passers’ attention to the culprit, so that all might see,
hear, and take warning by the punishment thus being meted out.

563 =Soup Bowl and Spoon.= This was used to affix to a scolds’
collar, in which two females were fastened, so that if, as it
frequently happened, the shame of the punishment did not bring
the combatant females to a renewal of friendship and
forgiveness, they were reduced by _hunger_. The bowl was hung
close under their noses, filled with soup or stew; the women had
one hand loosened, and were glad to eat out of the same bowl,
using the only spoon one after the other. This was taken as a
sign of returning affection.

564 =Iron Wristscrew=, of great cruelty, with outward roughed
movement for lacerating the arm.

565 =Spanish Gaiter= for torturing the leg, with strong screw
and roughed inner movement for crushing the shin bone.

566 Ditto, with similar movement, different screws.

567 =Another=, of different construction.

568 =Another=, different.

569 =Another=, different.

570 =Another=, larger and more powerful.

571 =Another=, with an addition of sharp iron teeth in base.

572 =Another=, still different, with double screws for entirely
crushing the leg bone.

573, 574 & 575 =Three very curious and different large
Prison-gate Padlocks.=

576 & 577 =Two Scolds’ Wooden Collars=, with aperture for neck
and both hands.

578 =A large Wooden Winder or Pulley=, used to stretch
criminals.

579 Ditto, of wood and iron.

580 =A long Wooden Spiked Hare=, with strong spikes. (See No.
89.)

581 =Strong Iron Neck Collar=, with outstanding iron rod with
bell on end, so that prisoner could never move without giving
warning.

582 =A Witches’ Idol Figure of the Evil One=, which witches were
supposed to worship.

583 =An Iron Chandelier=, somewhat similar to No. 488.

_See Catalogue, No. 1019._
]

584 =Curious barred face Helmet or Mask=, worn by juvenile
criminals.

585 =A Poacher’s Flint Gun=, made of iron, formed so that it
looks like a mountaineer’s stick, with a chamois horn handle,
the lock made so that it can be taken off and put on at will.

586 =Prison Whip=, with thorn handle.

587 =An Extra Heavy Brank, or Punishment Hat, for Lazy People.=
It is of iron, and with iron bars across the face.

588 =Instrument used to draw knots of cords as tightly as
possible.=

589 =Long Iron Chain with ankle fastener at the end.=

590 =Penitent’s Cap, made of Linen=, with opening for eyes,
ears, mouth, and nose.

591 =Executioner’s Staff=, carried before the execution. Wooden
handle, with red and white rings.

592 =A Set of Stocks, with place for two Culprits.= In these
delinquents of almost all kinds were placed, for varying
periods, exposed to public gaze and scorn.

593 =Penitent’s Linen Shirt.=

594 =Executioner’s Cloak=, very long, of red woollen material,
presumably red so as not to show blood spots or stains.

595 =Wonderful Wooden Chain= of many links, with hanging spoons.
This work of patience was done by Baron von der Trenk whilst in
prison, and cut out of a plank of wood, with no other tools than
the knife he was allowed to cut his bread with. What makes this
chain the more remarkable is that it has no joints of any kind,
is neither nailed, screwed, or glued, but is entirely
self-containing, and cut out of the solid. Baron von der Trenk
was imprisoned for high treason at Magdeburg.

596 =A Heavy Stone=, used for stretching.

597 =Another=, similar weight.

598 =A Pair of Stone Bullet Weights.=

599 =An Iron Ball Weight.=

600 =A Heavy Pair of Weights.=

601 =A Heavy Stone Weight.=

602 Ditto.

603 Ditto.

604 =Spanish Mantle, or Drunkard’s Cloak, and Helmet.= This
so-called cloak is really in the form of a long barrel, wider at
the bottom than at the top. It was hinged at the back so as to
open. The drunkard or ne’er-do-well was placed in it, and it was
closed to and locked, the top having an iron-bound orifice just
large enough to let his head through. On his head was placed the
barred helmet, through which he could see and be seen by all.
The period of confinement was varied according to the offence or
its frequency. One or two hours was the usual sentence. To tall
men this was more severe than to short ones. Whereas a tall one,
standing up, would lift the entire wooden barrel on his
shoulders, and would after a time, borne down by its weight,
have to sink on to his knees, a short man would be able to stand
inside and so suffer far less pain.

“Several historians, dealing with the social life of England
in bygone times, have described the wearing of the barrel
after the manner of a cloak as a general mode of punishing
drunkards in force during the Commonwealth. Mr. Ralph Gardner,
of Cheriton, in the county of Norfolk, printed in 1655 a work,
in which he says, ‘He the deponent further affirms that he
hath seen men drove up and down the streets with a great tub
or barrel, opened in the sides, with a whole in one end to put
their heads through, and so cover their shoulders and bodies
down to the small of their legs, and then close the
same—called the new-fashioned cloak, and so make them march to
the view of all beholders; and this is their punishment for
drunkards and the like.’

“It is noticed in _Travels in Holland_, by Sir William
Brereton, under the date of May 29th, 1634, as seen at Delft.
John Evelyn visited Delft on August 17th, 1641, and writes,
‘that in the Senate House hangs a weighty vessel of wood, not
unlike a butter churn, which the adventurous woman that hath
two husbands at one time is to wear on her shoulders, her head
peeping out of the top only, and so led about the town as a
penance for her incontinence.’ Samuel Pepys has an entry in
his diary respecting seeing a similar barrel at The Hague in
the year 1660. We have traces of this mode of punishment in
Germany. John Howard, in his work entitled _The State Prisons
in England and Wales_, 1684, thus writes, ‘In Denmark some
criminals of the lower sort, as watchmen, coachmen, &c., are
punished by being led through the city in what is called “The
Spanish Mantle.”...’ I measured one at Berlin. This mode of
punishment is particularly dreaded, and is one cause that
night robberies are never heard of in Copenhagen.”—_Old-Time
Punishments_, W. ANDREWS.

From the above it appears that not only was it used for drunkards,
but also for burglars, bigamous women, etc., etc.

605 =A similar Spanish Mantle or Drunkard’s Cloak= without
helmet, from Munich.

606 =A somewhat similar one=, from Lauingen, in Suabia.

607 =Weighty Stone= in the shape of a coat-of-arms shield, and
dated 1661. This somewhat great weight was hung by a chain round
the neck of the accused. Crimes such as theft, assaults, etc.

608 =A similar Stone=, used for field or garden thieves. It is
engraved with a head, and has on the top a crown of flowers and
some fruit.

609 =A similar Stone= for gamblers, with deeply-cut engravings
of playing cards.

610 =Very large-sized Double Brank or Shame Mask=, shaped like
the fiend’s head, with horns, protruding eyes, and teeth.
Belonging to this are also a snake and dragon’s head. This
hideous mask was worn by a woman who had daily assaulted her
husband. As in all these old punishments, the culprit stood in a
most public place. In this instance the snake or dragon was held
in the hand. It signified that the holder was a house dragon,
and as such, deserving the scorn and obloquy of all beholders.

611 =Wooden Tablet= with the word mörder (murderer) written on
it. This was worn by a criminal convicted of murder. On it was
also inscribed a written notice of the executioner’s as to
particulars of the crime, date of execution, etc.

612 =Large Wooden Stocks=, in which a condemned culprit was
forced to stand tied up in a market or public place so many
hours daily, fastened by the feet, and with a tablet bearing his
name, description of crime, and punishment. In most cases he was
also sentenced to receive so many whippings per day or week,
which were applied by the public executioner.

613 =Iron Stocks=, shape of a chair. Was frequently used as a
ducking-stool to duck scolds or witches.

614 =Tablet worn by the Occupant of Stocks.= This one was
evidently worn by fruit or field thieves.

615 =Baker’s Ducking-Cage.= Very curious oak cage, about six
feet high. Inside is a seat. In this cage the baker who gave
short weight was locked up, and the cage was then hung to chains
and drawn up and down in the water until the occupant was nearly
drowned. See engraving, No. 709.

NOTE.—This ducking-cage was not known in England. There are many
ducking-stools still extant, but from all inquiries we find that
they were only used to duck scolds or women charged with
witchcraft.

616 =Large Oil Painting=, by Michael Angelo di Caravaggio,
showing _Man’s First Crime_, Cain killing his brother Abel.

617 =Seat or Settle belonging to a Torture Chamber=, with
one-half for the physician and the other for the executioner. It
will be noticed that the part intended for the doctor has a back
to lean against, whilst the executioner’s part has not.

618 =Small Table= on which there is a sharp-toothed thumb and
finger screw, an instrument which the victim must have seen with
a shuddering sense of fear, so ingenious is it in its cruelty.

619 =A Pair of Heavy Weights.=

620 =Torture Chair=, covered all over with wooden spikes, so
that the occupant could not sit without being severely punished,
the more so as his feet were often weighted with heavy stones to
add to his pain.

621 =The Spiked Portion of a Torture Seat.=

622 =Torture Chair=, the back, the seat-stretcher, foot-rest,
completely covered with sharp wooden spikes, so that the
occupant was tortured sitting, leaning, standing; in fact, after
a short time the pain became unbearable.

623 =Heavy Wooden Torture Seat=, with front lockable iron bar so
that the victim could be securely fastened in. In this chair
tortures of all kinds were inflicted.

624 =Torture Rack=, about 10 feet long, with “spiked hare,”
round roller, and all the necessary cords for binding and
stretching the victim.

625 =Torture Cradle=, about 6 feet long, completely covered with
wooden spikes and with wooden spiked movable cushion (?) head
rest.

626 =Stretching Gallows=, known in German as Schlimme Liesel
(Fearful Eliza). At the foot are strong iron rings, into which
the man’s feet were placed; his hands were then fastened to a
triangle, which was raised by means of ropes and pulleys until
he was stretched beyond endurance. When in this position he was
perhaps flayed, or else cruelly whipped at stated periods by the
public executioner.

627 =Spanish Donkey.= This terrible instrument is formed with a
=Ʌ= or cone-shaped top, worked to a sharp point. The victim was
placed straddle-legged on this, and heavy weights placed on each
foot, until the sharp point of the donkey’s back cut clean
through his body, or broke him right in halves.

628 =Whipping Bench=, from Berlin. A large bench upholstered,
straps to fasten the arms, legs, head, and feet, with a movable
footboard, to be raised according to the height of the whipper.

629 =Ball and Chain= for prisoner’s leg.

630 =The Wooden Bed= on which the victim of the wheel was laid.

631 =Heavy Iron Execution Chair.=

The culprit sat or kneeled in the chair, with head leaning over
the back, and the headsman, after cutting away the hair, with
one stroke severed the head from the body.

632 =A large heavy Bell=, which was rung all the way the
condemned was being taken to the block or scaffold. Backward and
forward, forward and backward, swung the bell, until the
executioner was ready to do his grewsome work.

633 =The Mummified Head of a Beheaded Nuremberg Child
Murderess=, together with the spear on which it was shown at the
wheel.

634 =A small old German Delinquent’s Altar=, with small figure
of the crucified Saviour.

635 =A Pair of Bronze Candlesticks= which were chained to the
altar; same period.

636 =The Celebrated Original IRON MAIDEN (Eiserne Jungfrau).=
This terror-inspiring torture instrument is made of strong wood,
bound together with iron bands. Opens with two doors, to allow
the prisoner to be placed inside. The entire interior is fitted
with long, sharp iron spikes, so that, when the doors are
pressed to, the sharp prongs force their way into various
portions of the victim’s body. Two entered his eyes, others
pierced his back, his chest, and, in fact, _impaled_ him alive
in such a manner that he lingered in the most agonizing torture.
When death relieved the poor wretch from his agonies, perhaps
after days, a trap-door in the base was pulled open and the body
was allowed to fall into the moat or river below. Persons were
condemned to death by the embraces of the _Iron Maiden_ for
plots against the governing powers, parricide, religious
unbelief, and murder with attempt against puberty. The date of
this rare specimen is the fifteenth century.

It is believed that the Iron Maiden is purely and peculiarly a
relic of old Nuremberg, as at that date we do not read of it
anywhere else, whilst the annals of that town contain many
allusions to its terrors.

We find that in the next (16th) century there was an instrument of
execution in Scotland known as the “Maiden,” but it was
perfectly different to this one, and was really a beheading
block on to which a knife fell from a certain height, and
something after the style of the present guillotine—a much more
merciful and expeditious mode of execution than the slow, cruel,
lingering death above mentioned. As we said in our Preface, the
fiendish ingenuity displayed in inventing terrible torture is in
no instance more in evidence than in the construction of this
relic of ancient Nuremberg, known as “The Iron Maiden.”

637 =An Engraving= showing the “Iron Maiden.”

638 =An Old Painting= on panel, “Justice,” with the inscription:

“Gott ist grecht in sainn Gericht drum thu gutts und sündge
nicht.”

Translation:

“God’s judgment is aright; do thou good, and sin not.”

This was fixed over the judge’s seat.

639 =Small Panel Painting.= “The Sign of the Ban of Blood,”
showing an axe and a severed hand.

640 =A similar Panel.=

641 =Stone Tablet=, which hung over the entrance door to the
torture chamber, with the inscription—

“Atris patratis sunt atra theatra parata.”

Translation:

“Dark deeds make dark endings.”

642 =A Papal Bull=, dated Rome, 5th February, 1492. Written in
Latin on parchment, giving an authority to the Abbot of St.
Ægidus, in Nuremberg, to hold and constitute Courts of Justice
in that town.

643 =A Witch’s Charm=, of lead, with engraved characters and
motto.

644 =Wooden Model of the Witch’s Castle=, near Straubing, in
Lower Bavaria; here the notorious Agnes Bernauer was accused of
being a witch, and as such kept until she was drowned in the
Danube.

645 =Oil Painting of the Gilder, Erdmann of Nuremberg.= He was
the last man publicly tortured in Nuremberg. After his death he
was found to have been innocent of the crime of theft to which
he had _confessed_ under torture, and in consequence of this
lamentable miscarriage of justice, it was decided that torture
should be forever abolished in the town.

646 =Picture of the Guillotine= on wood.

647 =A Curious 15th-Century Forerunner of the Mitrailleuse or
Gatling Gun=, constructed so as to fire fifteen balls at one
time; was in those days called a _Hell Machine_, and its use was
forbidden by the International agreement as being outside the
pale of fair warfare.

648 =Thumb Instrument, or Press=, with two pressers for thumbs.

649 =A Set of Stocks with Wheels=, so that they could be wheeled
about to any part of the city or from town.

650 =A Strong Wooden Windlass= for running the victim up to the
ceiling, where he was suspended by the thumb, with weights
attached to his feet.

651 =Portrait of Maria Renata, of Wurzburg=, who was the last
woman burnt at the stake in Germany for being suspected of
witchcraft.

652 =Oil Painting of a Bavarian Court Jester= who was bricked in
alive, with his hands tied behind him, at the Castle of
Trausnitz, and so left miserably to starve to death.

_See Catalogue, No. 1020._
]

The Collection of Prints and Engravings,

_Showing the Application of the Various Tortures in Different
Countries._

700 Descriptive account of the capture of the Bavarian robber,
Hiesel.

701 Tumult at Middelburg, in Holland.

702 Man on stretcher being singed to death.

703 Print showing the application of manacles, shackles, etc.

704 Portrait of Judica Widman, wife of the executioner of
Nuremberg, 1672.

705 Louis XVI. brought back from Varennes to Paris, June 25,
1791.

706 “La malheureuse famille Calas.”

707 Dick Turpin and Black Bess.

708 The execution of the two famous castle thieves at Berlin,
June 8, 1718.

709 The Debtors’ Bridge at Nuremberg, showing debtors’ towers
for males and females, and also a baker being dipped for
fraudulent weights.

710 Picture showing a person being branded on back, forehead,
and cheeks.

711 Execution at The Hague, 1619.

712 Torture and execution of women.

713 Three terrible modes of execution.

714 Portrait of a Swiss rebel, beheaded near Lucerne in 1653.

715 Prisoner chained, and with iron collar.

716 Portrait of Suess Oppenheimer, the fraudulent Finance
Minister of Würtemberg.

717 The same, executed in a cage.

718 Wife of Widman, the Nuremberg executioner.

719 Execution of Counts Struensee and Brand, Copenhagen, 1772,
and their crests being destroyed by the headsman.

720 Arrest of a notorious thief.

721 Portrait of Simon Fraser, Lord Lovat.

722 Picture of a prisoner in chains.

723 A decapitated head exposed on the wheel.

724 Execution of two thieves at Hamburg.

725 Massacre in the Low Countries.

726 Scene during the French Revolution.

727 Episodes during the life of Jack Rann.

728 The robber Hiesel, his son and dog (colored).

729 Portrait of Beatrice de Cenci, after Guido Reni.

730 Sixteen portraits of notorious criminals.

731 Portrait of Lieutenant Schiedel, who captured Hiesel.

732 The fortress of Hohenstein, where Oppenheimer was
imprisoned.

733 Execution in the Low Countries, 1584.

734 Execution of Councillor Gosson, at Atrecht (Arras), for not
joining the rebels, October 20, 1578.

735 Strangulation of the grand Vizier Cara Mustapha by order of
the Sultan, February, 1684.

736 Portrait of Philip Egalité.

737 Man being publicly whipped on the stocks.

738 Madame Elizabeth, sister of Louis XVI.

739 Portrait of Johann Beuckels, Provost of Münster, called Jan
Van Leyden.

740 Capture of Louis XVI. at Varennes, June 22, 1791.

741 Jan Smit, hung by his feet at Haarlem, in 1752.

742 Suess Oppenheimer in prison, and his trial.

743 Execution of Andreas Hofer, the Tyrolean patriot, outside
the walls of Mantua.

744 Portrait of Robespierre.

745 Portrait of P. Schaeffer.

746 Portrait of Anckerström, murderer of the King of Sweden.

747 Portrait of Wilhelm von Grumpach, 1567.

748 Death of Gustav the Fearless, King of Sweden, at a ball, by
the hand of an assassin, March 16, 1792.

749 Portrait of the Count Cagliostro.

750 Portrait of the Emperor Joseph II., during whose reign
torture was relinquished in Germany.

751 A prisoner suffering the bastinado.

752 The man in the iron mask.

753 Engraving of a female cheat in Strasburg.

754 Showing Algerius, student of Padua, burned at Rome in 1557.

755 Execution of Louis XVI.

756 Execution of the regicides, Counts Struensee and Brand, at
Copenhagen, April 28, 1772.

757 Massacre by the Spaniards in the Low Countries.

758 Damien being torn to pieces by four horses; his remains
burnt.

759 Terrible massacre at Haarlem after the capture of the town
by the Spaniards, July 13, 1573.

760 Portrait of Wiedman, the Nuremberg executioner.

761 Henri Masers de Latude, incarcerated during thirty-five
years in different state prisons.

762 Portrait of Carl Sand, murderer of Kotzebue.

763 A military execution.

764 Engraving, showing a man having his eyes burned out.

765 Execution of Marie Antoinette on the Place de la Revolution,
October 16, 1793. Her last words were, “Farewell, my children; I
go to rejoin your father.”

766 Massacre in the Low Countries by the Spaniards.

767 The memorable address of Louis XVI. at the Bar of the
National Convention, December 26, 1792.

768 Model of the Bastile.

769 A prisoner being led to execution.

770 A murderess in prison, in chains.

771 Thomas Muncer, preacher, executed at Alstet, Thuringia.

772 The robber Hiesel, his son and dog.

773 Calas taking leave of his family.

774 Bohemian rebel.

775 Attempted murder during a public procession.

776 Portrait of Jacob Clements, the murderer of Henry III., King
of France, August 1, 1589.

777 Execution of eighteen noblemen at Brussels, June 1, 1568, by
order of the Spaniards.

778 Four people condemned to be burnt by the Inquisition.

779 Portrait of Kaspar Hauser.

780 Execution of a general for having given his town over to the
enemy.

781 Portrait of Johann de Witt.

782 An execution in the interior of a prison.

783 Terrible torture of a woman at Maestricht.

784 Terrible torture inflicted at Veer, in Zeeland, in 1560.

785 Attempt to kill Napoleon I. with an infernal machine,
December 25, 1800.

786 The son of Louis XVI. being shown the guillotine.

787 Execution of French delinquents for having attempted the
life of Prince of Saxony at Cologne, June 13, 1704.

788 Dulcinus and his wife torn limb from limb at Novara, 1308.

789 The guillotine.

790 Arrest of the rebel, Johann David Miller.

791 Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester, Baron of Denbigh, Governor
of the Low Countries.

792 Portrait of the murderer of P. Forster in prison.

793 Count Cajetani tried and executed for alchemistry.

794 Portrait of the Duke of Alba.

795 Execution of Louis XVI.

796 Five views showing the deposition and imprisonment of
Charles I. of England.

797 Execution at Buchloe, Bavaria, 1777.

798 Drowning and hanging rebels at Bonn, on the Rhine.

799 Execution of Counts Egmont and Van Horn, June 5, 1568, at
Brussels.

800 Cecilie Renaud arrested at Robespierre’s house in 1794.

801 Portrait of Suess Oppenheimer.

802 Hiesel’s attempt to escape from prison.

803 Engraving showing twenty-four criminals, some handcuffed,
some with shackles, some with jougs.

804 Allegorical picture, “The Angel Delivering Man from Satan’s
Influence.”

805 A culprit being exposed in a cage.

806 Cruelties by the Spaniards in the Netherlands.

807 A female fortune-teller paraded through the streets of
Nuremberg in 1801.

808 The Duc de Nemours in prison.

809 The Duke of Orleans, Philip Egalité.

810 Drowning of French subjects in the Loire by order of
Carrier, 1793.

811 The Duke of Alba treacherously summons Counts Van Horn and
Egmont, and has them seized.

812 Rebels being led to execution.

813 Portraits of three Frankfort rebels.

814 Lucretia Grenville, who attempted Cromwell’s life.

815 The wounded Robespierre being carried into the vestry-room
of the Committee of Public Safety.

816 Execution of rebels in front of Town Hall at Leipsic.

817 A famous robber and his gang being taken to prison.

818 The Spanish auto-da-fé.

819 Hungarian preachers sent to the galleys in 1674.

820 Attempt on the life of Joseph I., King of Portugal, and
execution of the plotters, in 1759.

821 Execution in London, subject unknown.

822 Various modes of execution.

823 Showing various executions.

824 Ann Hendricks, burned at Amsterdam, 1571.

825 A public execution.

826 Scenes in the life of a noted criminal.

827 Twelve portraits of notorious criminals.

828 Prisoners at work.

829 Assassination of Prince of Orange, March 15, 1582.

830 The death of Kotzebue.

831 Portrait of Wilhelm von Grumpach.

832 Attack on the village of Jonckersdorff, near Cologne.

833 Execution at Frankfort, 1616.

834 Public execution of a woman at Ansbach.

835 Print showing Suess Oppenheimer in cage (colored).

836 Kaspar Hauser’s grave at Ansbach, with poem.

837 Execution of six persons, Vohlau, in 1661.

838 The brothers de Witt, executed and mutilated.

839 Pouring boiling oil down prisoners’ throats at Poitou, in
1685.

840 Louis XVI. and his family.

841 Arrest of the famous robber, Schinder Hannes, and his band.

842 Episodes of the murder of the Mayor of Liège by Count
Varfuse.

843 Portraits of plotters against William of Orange of England,
and history of the plot.

844 Execution of Cajetani at Custrin, in Pomerania, 1709.

845 Engraving showing the execution of the Duke of Monmouth, on
Tower Hill, July, 1685; and in the same frame the execution of
the Marchioness of Brinvilliers.

846 Scenes during the Rebellion at Mastricht, 1576.

847 Portrait of Kohler, who was executed for blasphemy.

848 Portrait of Frederick van der Trenck.

849 Colored engraving showing the landing of Murat, King of
Naples, at Pizzo, October 8, 1815.

850 Portrait of Stortzenbecher, Hamburg pirate, who was
executed.

851 Execution of the robber Hiesel.

852 The brothers Bigedini, tortured and afterwards executed at
Mantua for high treason.

853 Revolution at Vincennes, February 28, 1791.

854 Cruelties inflicted by President Massaut at Niort in 1664.

855 Portrait of the Countess Valois de la Motte.

856 Execution in Brabant, 1570.

857 Suess Oppenheimer being escorted to the place of execution.

858 A meeting of the French revolutionary party in Paris, 1793.

859 Portrait of Roesner, and his execution.

860 Burning and torture of Jews in Vienna, 1642.

861 Showing a prisoner in chains.

862 Louis XVI. being led to execution, accompanied by his
Confessor, Edgeworth.

863 Engraving showing various vices and their resulting
punishments. In this print will be seen many of the instruments
of torture as described in this Catalogue.

864 Human sacrifice in the East.

865 Execution of Louis XVI., January 21, 1793, whose last words
were, “I die innocent of the crimes of which I am accused. I
never wished anything beyond the happiness of my people, and my
dying prayer is that Heaven may forgive them my death.”

866 J. B. Ziermann, a notorious murderer, executed at
Rudolstadt, May 29, 1767.

867 Jean, a merchant at Cordova, led about with his face turned
to an ass’s tail, and then burnt in 850.

868 The drowning of Marie de Monjou, 1552.

869 Trial and execution of Roessner at Thorn, in Prussia.

870 Camille Desmoulins preaching revolution, July 12, 1789.

871 Excesses by the Spaniards in the Low Countries.

872 Execution at Prague in 1621.

873 Man confronted by a murderer.

874 Episodes in the life of Hiesel.

875 Engraving showing prisoners secured in various ways in a
prison cell.

876 Execution of Edward Digby, Thomas Winter, and others, in
London, 1606.

877 Arnoldus, reader at Brixen, burned as a heretic at Rome,
1145.

878 Bird’s-eye view of the Chateau de Vincennes, where the
Prince de Conti and others were arrested.

879 Hiesel being conducted to the court-house.

880 Interior of the State Prison in Venice.

881 Charles VI. orders the dishonorer of his wife to be sewn up
in a sack and thrown into the river.

882 Execution of the Gunpowder Plot criminals in London.

883 Suess Oppenheimer in a cage surrounded by spectators.

884 Portrait of John George Wogaz, a notorious thief, who stole,
in October, 1788, valuable pictures from the Dresden Gallery.

885 Plan of the old torture prison in Nuremberg.

886 Execution of Sand at Mannheim, 1820.

887 Execution at Berlin, June 8, 1718.

888 Massacre of the Huguenots.

889 An Englishman, John Brett, burnt at Antwerp, after having
had his tongue torn out, 1576.

890 Massacre in Ireland about 1644.

891 Terrible torture at Antwerp, 1576.

892 Robber being broken on the wheel.

893 Engraving showing a man being stoned to death.

894 George Wanger, beheaded at Brixen, 1591.

895 The whipping of a woman.

896 Portrait of Suess Oppenheimer and his mistress.

897 Portrait of Beatrice de Cenci, with inscription.

898 Murder at Stettin, scene of the murder, and culprit in
prison.

899 Portrait of Cartouche, his imprisonment and execution.

_See Catalogue, No. 1017._
]

900 A letter from the Vehmgericht, dated 1509, with seal and
coat-of-arms, inviting Heyntz Kone to come before the judgment,
addressed thus:

“Ane Heyntz Kone komme diesse Brieff Dissen brieff sol
niemandt vffthun lessen odder horen lessen er sy dan eyn echt
recht freyscheffe des heimlich freyen Gerichts.”

(“This letter is for Heyntz Kone; no one must open it, hear
it, or read it, but this is a real free letter of the secret
free judgment.”)

901 Engraving showing the use of the antique blunderbuss (see
torture instruments).

902 Portrait of Widman, the headsman of Nuremberg.

903 Execution of rebels at Frankfort, 1616.

904 Execution at Prague, June, 1621.

905 Engraving showing man being roasted to death.

906 Parricide having his hands cut off and then executed.

907 Sacking of a Dutch town, and torture of the inhabitants.

908 A notorious robber and his boy being examined before the
judge.

909 Murder of General Wallenstein, Duke of Friedland, at Eger,
1634.

910 Colored print of Hiesel and his boy and dog.

911 Public exposure of a murderer outside the Town Hall at
Nuremberg.

912 Attack on the Prince of Orange at Delft, July 10, 1584.

913 Persecution of the Protestant Ministers in Hungary, 1674.

914 A woman being buried alive at Brussels, 1597.

915 Portrait of Damien, “the greatest monster on earth,”
murderer of Henri Quatre.

916 An engraving, showing man being flogged.

917 Murder of a Burgomaster.

918 Imprisonment and execution of Brothers Rennebaum.

919 Episodes in the life of Hiesel.

920 Female accused of arson, in prison.

921 Portrait of Widman, Nuremberg executioner, born 1675.

922 James Bolland, executed for forgery.

923 Murder of Marat by Charlotte Corday, July 13, 1793.

924 Portraits of Mme. de Brinvilliers and another.

925 Louis XVI. taking leave of his family.

926 View of the State Prison in Venice.

927 Portrait of the head of a gypsy band who was executed on the
wheel in 1733.

928 Execution of Gray and Baxter at Whitehall.

929 Schinder Hannes, his wife, and child.

930 Beginning of the French revolution, first emeute in Faubourg
St. Antoine.

931 A celebrated robber discovered hiding in a beer-barrel.

932 Burning of the town of Ulm by the French, with map of the
district.

933 Portrait of the French General Melac, who devastated
Germany.

934 Conspirators against the King of Portugal.

935 Tortures inflicted on the Swiss by applying red-hot irons to
their hands, in 1214.

936 Execution of a woman in London, subject unknown.

937 Execution at The Hague.

938 Heinrich Emkens being burned to death with lighted straw at
Utrecht in 1562.

939 Criminals being whipped and otherwise tortured, previous to
being burned to death, at Bruges.

940 Burning of criminals at Ghent, 1578.

941 Portrait and execution of Count of Tattenbach, executed at
Gratz, in Styria, December 1, 1671.

942 The fortress of Hohenstein prison, of Würtemberg.

943 Public exposure of a perjurer at Augsburg.

944 The son of Louis XVI. executed before the eyes of his
father.

945 Portraits of five female criminals.

946 Portrait of Karl Ludwig Sand.

947 Prisoner in chains.

948 The Bavarian robber, Toni, in prison, 1786.

949 Damien chained to his iron bed on which he was carried to
the judgment-chamber, and on which he could be tortured without
being released.

950 Portrait of Jan van Leyden.

951 Portrait of a notorious malefactor.

952 John Grosch, handcuffed in prison.

953 Geleyn Cornelius, hung by his thumb, with weights to his
feet, afterwards burnt, 1572.

954 Henry II. of England doing penance at Thomas-à-Beckett’s
grave.

955 Engraving showing an execution block in Rome.

956 Punishments in the early Middle Ages.

957 A notorious criminal being exhibited in a cage.

958 View of the dungeon where the torture instruments were
exhibited at the Royal Castle of Nuremberg.

959 Capture of a notorious criminal.

960 Scene at a public execution.

961 Capture of rebels.

962 Engraving showing Sand in prison.

963 Death of General Dillon at Lille, April 29, 1792.

964 Execution of a general at Innsbrück.

965 Hiesel at a country inn.

966 Murder at an inn at Nuremberg.

967 Execution of two thieves outside the castle at Berlin.

968 Public exposure of a perjurer previous to his being
guillotined.

969 Portrait of Mary Lafarge.

970 Engraving showing man stretched perpendicularly, and being
flayed alive.

971 Showing man being stretched on stretching bench preparatory
to flogging.

972 Interior of a prison, and various punishments.

973 A prisoner being visited by priests.

974 An execution on the wheel.

975 Three martyrs sewn in sacks and drowned at Aix-la-Chapelle,
1560.

976 The arrest of a woman by an officer of police.

977 Execution of De Previl at Arras.

978 A group of martyrs being burned at Salzburg, 1528.

979 Execution of about 350 persons near Mayence, by order of the
Crown, and various modes of death, 1529.

980 Origines tortured at Alexandria in the year 254.

981 Fearful cruelties perpetrated in the Netherlands by the Duke
of Alba, 1567.

982 Sacking of a town and massacre of the inhabitants.

983 Executions in Hungary.

984 Portrait of a murderer at Munich.

985 Runck, the dishonest keeper of the royal castle at Berlin.

986 Portrait of John Christopher Neumann, thief and son of
thievish parents.

987 Female convicted of arson, in chains.

988 Death of Robespierre.

989 Portrait of the famous robber, Schinder Hannes.

990 The prisoner of Chillon.

991 Engraving of a token of Charles I. of England.

992 Portrait of Thomas Moore.

993 Simon, guardian of the Bastille.

994 Portrait of Count Struensee, murderer of the King of
Denmark.

995 Portrait of William, Earl of Kilmarnock, beheaded in London,
August 29, 1746.

996 Peasants measuring a matrimonial yoke.

997 Titus Oates in the Pillory.

998 Portrait of Christian Müller, of Stolpe.

999 Portrait of Egmont.

1000 Portrait of Sir Walter Raleigh, beheaded in London,
November 19, 1618.

1001 Print showing the application of the iron Joug. The Joug of
St. Goar on the Rhine.

1002 Portrait of Mary Queen of Scots.

1003 “Le Temple,” the celebrated prison of Louis XVI.

1004 Portrait of Kaspar Müller, called “Gallows Kaspar.”

1005 Berend Knipperdolling, Provost of Münster, in Westphalia.

1006 Prisoner chained with belt, handcuffs, etc.

1007 Thomas Howard, Duke of Norfolk.

1008 The Bridge of Sighs, at Venice.

1009 Erdmann, who was innocently tortured in Nuremberg.

1010 Portrait of Thomas, Count Amalfi, the Neapolitan rebel.

1011 Portrait of the son and successor of the Nuremberg
executioner, Widman.

1012 Portrait of Kaspar Hauser.

1013 Portrait of Eppelein von Gailingen, the famous bandit who
jumped on horseback from the walls of the Castle of Nuremberg.

1014 Scene at a public execution.

1015 Showing male and female prisoners at work, each one wearing
a neck or head iron with bell (see No. 23).

1016 Curious old print showing various modes of torture, men
being flogged, flayed, hanged, burned, broken on the wheel,
etc., etc., and with following motto: “Scopus Legis est aut ut
eu que punit emendet, aut poena eius caeteros melliores reddet
aut sublatis malis caeteri securiores vivat.”

1017 Engraving showing metal bull being heated, preparatory to
placing Christian martyrs inside to be roasted to death.

1018 Perspective showing the buildings of the Schwabach prison
and torture-house, with man receiving the bastinado.

1019 Regulus being headed into a barrel with spiked nails,
preparatory to being rolled down a hill.

1020 Engraving showing the execution of a famous robber band,
some being hanged, broken on the wheel, and the chief being
decapitated.

NOTE.—The following twenty-nine engravings are taken from the
celebrated Torture Law-book, “Constitutio Criminalis
Theresiana,” which book contains the series of laws passed by
the Empress Maria Theresa of Austria, etc., etc., and dated
Vienna, the last day of December, 1768. It appears that up to
this date torture could be inflicted at the will and decree of
any governor of a province, judge, or feudal lord. The Empress,
however, determined that laws should be passed not only limiting
these powers, but minutely detailing the various crimes for
which torture was to be allowed, the mode and form in which it
was to be applied, and giving drawings, diagrams, and
descriptions of the instruments to be used, as follows:

1021 The thumbscrew, its application and directions for use.

1022 Diagram showing formation of the thumbscrew.

1023 Showing how the thumbs should be placed when applying the
thumbscrew.

1024 Showing prisoners under the torture of the thumbscrew.

1025 The punishment of the cord, showing the formation and
appearance of the binding-cord.

1026 Showing the application of the cord, with diagram of the
human arm under the infliction of the torture of the
binding-cord.

1027 The arms bound together with the cord.

1028 Showing the stretching ladder, with details as to binding
the prisoner preparatory to being stretched.

1029 Prisoner bound on stretching ladder, with winding apparatus
for stretching him.

1030 Another diagram of the stretching ladder, with prisoner
being stretched.

1031 Showing the formation of the bundle of candles used for
burning portions of the condemned’s body while on the stretching
ladder.

1032 Prisoner undergoing the torture of burning while on the
stretching ladder.

1033 Three engravings showing the formation of the Spanish boot
(see No. 322), with diagrams giving mode of application.

1034 Prisoner undergoing the torture of the Spanish boot.

1035 Four engravings showing the thumb-presser, its formation
and application.

1036 Three illustrations giving details of bench or seat on
which victim was laid or sat preparatory to being bound, with
diagram showing the hands fastened together.

1037 Four illustrations showing wheel and hoist with which the
condemned was raised, giving also particulars of weights which
were to be attached to his feet, and diagram of man being so run
up.

1037a Three illustrations of the spiked shinbone pressers, their
formation and use.

The Collection of Engravings and Prints,

_Showing the Old Town of Nuremberg, its Surroundings, Customs
and Costumes._

1038 Public shooting competition in Nuremberg, in 1614, and
procession attending it.

1039 Church of the bare-footed monks as it was before the fire
in 1671.

1040 Soldiers entering the old town.

1041 The former fortress of Lichtenau, near Nuremberg.

1042 The square near the Neuenthor, Nuremberg.

1043 View of the Castle Grünsberg, near Nuremberg.

1044 View looking towards the hospital gate at Nuremberg.

1045 Festival of cross-bow men at Nuremberg.

1046 View of the Frauenthor at Nuremberg.

1047 Front view of the Nuremberg Arsenal.

1048 The house of the ancient family of Von Grundherr in 1356.

1049 View of the five-cornered tower of the Castle of Nuremberg.

1050 Encampment of the Franconian troops outside Nuremberg in
1793.

1051 View of Nuremberg Castle, on ascending the hill.

1052 Encampment of French troops near Nuremberg in 1796.

1053 Nuremberg beadle in old costume.

1054 The Frauenthor at Nuremberg.

1055 View of the Imperial Castle at Nuremberg.

1056 Armored Knight on horseback, 16th century.

1057 Pencil-drawing of the Rosenau at Nuremberg.

1058 View of the Castle.

_See Catalog, No. 971._
]

1059 View of same from another aspect.

1060 View of the town from the Wortherthor.

1061 Views of the St. Egidus Church and School in 1696.

1062 View of the town after the burning of the above church,
1696.

1063 Nuremberger Militiamen in 1803.

1064 The Church of Our Lady at Nuremberg.

1065 Burning of Ulm in 1688.

1066 Jollification of peasantry at a fair.

1067 Public games at Nuremberg, fencing, etc., etc.

1068 Carthusian Chapel.

1069 St. Walburgi’s Church.

1070 The gate of the Castle.

1071 View of Nuremberg and poetic description of same.

1072 View of Gostenhof, suburb of Nuremberg.

1073 The Cemetery of St. John, near Nuremberg.

1074 View in the Büchenglingen wood, near Nuremberg, and public
entertainments therein.

1075 The hotel of the Golden Goose, formerly the house-of-call
of the royal mails, date 1701.

1076 A member of the legal profession in olden times.

1077 The Cloister Church in Nuremberg.

1078 Conrad Fürleger, governor of the town fortress in 1679.

1079 Portrait of Nicolas Muffel, Senator, born 1410, died 1469.

1080 View of the Pfalzgrafenstube at Nuremberg.

1081 View of Town and Castle.

1082 The annual festivities of the Guild of Fishermen.

1083 Undertakers of the olden times.

1084 Castle Hiltpoltstein, near Nuremberg.

1085 View of the Castle from the cemetery.

1086 Fire at the Church of St. Egidus.

1087 Panoramic view of a procession of soldiers marching from
the Arsenal to the Castle.

1088 A series of eight colored prints showing the following
ceremonies: 1. Procession of foundlings on St. John’s Day. 2.
Annual Christmas fair. 3. Carol singers. 4. Councillors
inspecting the bread. 5. Examination of the children in the
churches. 6. Proclamation of the Easter fair. 7. Ceremony of
proclaiming the freedom of the city. 8. The drummers beating in
the New Year.

1089 The Church of St. Leonard, 1612.

1090 View from the old Town Hall, 1614.

1091 The prison at Bamberg, where witches were incarcerated.

1092 Plan showing the position of the Swedish troops before
Nuremberg in 1632.

1093 Festivities of the Butchers’ Guild.

1094 View of the hospital gate.

1095 Explosion of the Nuremberg powder mill, 1766.

1096 The grand hall of the Rathhaus.

1097 The inner courtyard of the Castle of Nuremberg, showing
Queen Cunnigunde’s lime tree.

1098 A set of four costume engravings.

1099 View of the fortifications of the town.

1100 Three hawkers of the olden time.

1101 Panoramic view of the town, 1599.

1102 The Castle of Rotheberg, three miles from Nuremberg, date
1793.

1103 The Emperor Charles’s Chapel at Fuerth, near Nuremberg,
built in 838.

1104 The Mayor, attended by Councillors, going to the Town Hall.

1105 Colored view of the Castle towards the west.

1106 The White Tower, 1701.

1107 Ascent of the aëronaut Blanchart on November 16, 1787.
Colored print.

1108 Picture showing condemned wine, seized and taken towards
the river by the authorities.

1109 Winter festival, sledge drive given by the Mayor of
Nuremberg, in honor of Count Stolberg, in 1763.

1110 The band of the Militia in early times.

1111 Procession of the German Emperor Leopold, attended by the
patricians of the town, 1658.

1112 A Nuremberg patrician and attendant going to the Council in
1620.

1113 View from the wooden bridge over the Pegnitz.

1114 Parade of the Royal Bavarian National Guard at Nuremberg in
1812.

1115 The Landauer Chapel, 1700.

1116 View of St. Jobst in 1702.

1117 View over the Pegnitz, the debtor’s bridge.

1118 The fruit market.

1119 Four engravings of costumes.

1120 Annual meeting of the crack shots.

1121 St. Moritz Chapel, with funeral procession.

1122 View of St. Jobst, near Nuremberg.

1123 A bridegroom and bride of the nobility.

1124 Very old view of Nuremberg Castle.

1125 View of the Haller Gate, with two bridges over the Pegnitz,
in 1693.

1126 The Franciscan Church in 1126.

1127 The meat market in Nuremberg in 1680.

1128 View from the Castle.

1129 View from the bridges.

1130 Personifications of various Nuremberg slang terms.

1131 Same.

1132 View of an overflow of the river.

1133 Ruins of the Emperor Charles’s Chapel at Fuerth.

1134 Colored print showing eight different grades of inhabitants
of Nuremberg.

1135 The town-crier and his attendants.

1136 The Hallerthor at Nuremberg, from the exterior.

1137 Pencil-sketch view of town.

1138 The sentinel on the ramparts.

1139 Another view of the old lime-tree at Nuremberg.

1140 The Church of St. John.

1141 Procession and entry of the Emperor Joseph in 1704.

1142 View of Nuremberg near the park gate.

1143 The water-gate at Nuremberg.

1144 The hostelry of the Red Horse in 1701.

1145 View of the Sophia spring at Grünsberg.

1146 Foundations of old buildings.

1147 Procession of the Guild of Clothworkers in 1722.

1148 Entry of the German Emperor, Matthias I., 1612.

1149 View of the Castle towards the town.

1150 Winter diversions near Nuremberg.

1151 Nuremberg female peasant, 1701.

1152 Same, with rain cloth, 1701.

1153 A lady of rank walking, 1701.

1154 Great banquet in Town Hall at Nuremberg to celebrate the
peace of 1649.

1155 Plans showing town and neighborhood.

1156 Guild procession in 1687.

1157 The entrance gate at St. Peter.

1158 A Town Councillor.

1159 A merchant.

1160 Attendant at funerals.

1161 A bridegroom of the Patrician order.

1162 A battle near Nuremberg in 1657.

1163 Nuremberg star singers.

1164 Drummers.

1165 A Patrician bride.

1166 A jester.

1167 Characteristic impersonations of Nuremberg terms.

1168 A bird’s-eye view of Nuremberg, 15th century.

1169 Distribution of presents from the windows of the Town Hall.

1170 View of the Park.

1171 The Fortress of Nuremberg, looking west.

1172 View from the Lauferthor.

_See Catalogue, No. 939._
]

1173 The corn market.

1174 Competition of cross-bowmen in 1768.

1175 View outside the Nuremberg Town Hall on the occasion of
paying homage to Charles VI., on January 18, 1712.

1176 View of Nuremberg, with key to buildings, etc.

1177 Curious building at Nuremberg in 1646.

1178 Twelve ancient costume pictures in one frame, with poetic
inscriptions.

1179 Four large colored views of the different gates of
Nuremberg.

1180 Post at St. Rochus.

1181 View of Nuremberg Castle.

1182 An inviter to a wedding and a toast-master.

1183 Four female costumes.

1184 A peasant and his family on the way to church.

1185 View of the Town Hall from St. Sebald.

1186 Inundations at Nuremberg, 1784; water-color drawing by
Prasch.

1187 The chimney sweeps’ (of Nuremberg) annual outing.

1188 Plan of a fortification of Nuremberg.

1189 Twenty characteristic engravings of Nuremberg slang terms.