Chapter I: Gradual degradation of Spain and Portugal 4

Tyranny of the Church and of the Governments 5, 6

Mal-administration of the laws 6

Disuse of the Cortes 7

Condition of the Nobles 7

Of the army 8

Improvement among the Clergy 9

State of the Religious Orders 11

Improving literature 12

Morals 12

National character unchanged 14

Both countries in a favourable state for improvement 14

Both become dependent upon France 15

Causes and progress of the French Revolution 16

Buonaparte 19

Military power of France 23

The Conscription 23

Change in the constitution and character of the French army 29

Levelling principle of the Revolutionary service 30

Honourable character of the old French army 32

Honour not the principle of despotism 32

Education in the hands of the Clergy before the Revolution 33

The whole system destroyed 35

Public instruction promised by the Revolutionists 36

Talleyrand’s scheme 36

Religion omitted 36

Condorcet’s scheme 36

Religion proscribed 37

Scheme of the National Convention 37

Domestic education proscribed 38

None of these schemes attempted in practice 39

Normal schools 40

Consequences of these visionary schemes 41

Attachment of the Jacobins to Buonaparte 42

A system of education necessary for his views 43

Imperial University 44

Communal Colleges 46

Ecclesiastical schools 47

Lyceums 49

First Catechism 50

Special Military Academies 51

Youths from the conquered countries 51

Moral effect of the Lyceums 52

System of inspection 52

Uniformity of education 53

Effects of the Revolution upon morals 55

Frequency of divorces 55

Obscene publications 56

Gaming-houses established by Government 56

Abolition of primogeniture 57

Degradation of the Church 60

State of Europe 61

England 63

Duke of Portland’s administration 64

The Grenville party 66

The Foxites 67

Attempts to raise a cry for peace 68

Superstition concerning Buonaparte 68

Admirers of the French Revolution 69

Increased expenditure, activity, and wealth 70

Manufacturing system 71

Weakness of the Government 73

Hopes of Buonaparte 74