Chapter XXX (4)

Abul-Hassan, Sultan of Fez, invades Spain, ii. 476.

Abul-Kasim-Mohammed, Kadi of Seville, great power of, ii. 116;
death of, 140.

Abu-Said betrayed by Pedro el Cruel, ii. 492.

Africa, innate barbarism of, ii. 88.

Agriculture, system of the Arabs, its perfection, iii. 599–601.

Aguilar, Alonso de, death of, iii. 250.

Ajarquia, rout of, ii. 562, 563.

Alarcos, battle of, ii. 311.

Albigenses, rise and doctrines of, iii. 90;
crusade against, 95, 96.

Alfonso I., King of Aragon, raid of, ii. 263, 264;
defeated and killed at Fraga, 269.

Alfonso I., King of the Asturias, i. 357;
his expeditions, 359;
his death, 361.

Alfonso III., exploits of, i. 532.

Alfonso VI., reforms of, ii. 162;
prowess of, 183;
enters Toledo, 185.

Alfonso VIII. wins battle of Las Navas, ii. 331.

Alfonso X., great talents of, ii. 441;
literary works, 443;
his death, 444.

Alfonso XI., death of, before Gibraltar, ii. 483.

Al-Hakem I. ascends the throne, i. 440;
defeats his uncles, 443, 444;
quells rebellion of southern suburb, 466;
his sufferings and death, 474.

Al-Hakem II., accession of, i. 636, 637;
character of, 668;
his love of learning, 670;
his great library, 672;
his erudition, 673;
attempts at reform, 676;
public works, 677.

Alhambra, origin of, i. 547;
magnificence, ii. 525;
gardens, 529.

Alhandega, battle of, i. 588.

Al-Haytham-Ibn-Obeyd appointed emir by the Khalif, i. 290.

Al-Horr appointed emir by the Viceroy of Africa, i. 272.

Ali, ruler of Spain, ii. 87;
his severe measures, 89, 90;
his death, 93.

Al-Maghreb, its extent and fertility, i. 134;
invasion of, by Abdallah, 138;
by Ibn Hajij, 141;
is conquered by Okbah, 143;
is invaded by Hassan, 145;
is finally subjugated by Musa, 162.

Al-Mansur--_see_ Ibn-abi-Amir.

Almohades, rise of, ii. 255.

Al-Mondhir, character of, i. 533;
is poisoned, 535.

Almoravides, origin of, ii. 191;
they conquer Africa, 194;
their immense empire, 239.

Al-Morthada, ii. 91.

Al-Nazer, King of Granada, ii. 454.

Al-Samh, Emir, i. 273;
invades France, 276;
is killed, 277.

Al-Zagal defeats Christians, ii. 563;
becomes king, 591;
abdication of, 664.

Al-Zarkal, clepsydra of, ii. 164;
quadrant of, iii. 435;
suggests elliptical orbit, 477.

Amulets of Arabs, i. 36.

Anbasah-Ibn-Sohim succeeds Abd-al-Rahman, i. 287;
his severity, 288;
invades Septimania, 290.

Arabia, topography of, i. 1;
dearth of history, 4;
visited by Phœnicians, 5;
its great wealth, 7;
exemption from foreign influence, 10.

Arabs, their prominence in antiquity, i. 16;
their energy, 16;
predatory instincts predominant, 16;
influence of the sheik, 19;
difference from other pastoral nations, 19;
blood revenge, 25;
habits of life, 27, 28;
treatment of woman, 28;
idolatry, 30;
relationship with Jews, 32;
trade of, 39;
wonderful career of the race, 54;
rebel after death of Mohammed, 128.

Architecture under the Moors of Spain, iii. 537–540.

Art, absence of, in Arabia, iii. 535.

Asturias, foundation of the kingdom of, i. 341.

Aurora, sultana, intrigues with Ibn-abi-Amir, i. 691;
opposes the latter, 735.

Averroes, iii. 473–475.

Ayub-Ibn-Habib, provisional emir, i. 271;
is deposed by the Khalif, 272.

B

Badis, King of Granada, ii. 134.

Balj-Ibn-Beshr besieged in Ceuta, i. 314;
relieved by Abd-al-Melik, 316;
seizes authority, 317.

Barcelona taken by the Franks, i. 450.

Baths, iii. 643;
luxury of, 644.

Baza, siege of, ii. 651;
capitulation of, 663.

Bedouins, life and character of, i. 17.

Beni-Khaldun, clan of, i. 552.

Berbers, origin and characteristics of, i. 136;
language and government, 137, 138;
oppressed by Arabs, 313, 325.

Bermudo, King of Leon, renders homage to Al-Mansur, i. 727.

Bernhart, count of Barcelona, killed, i. 492.

Béziers, destruction of, iii. 98.

Biscay, its ruggedness and severe climate, i. 338.

Black Stone of Kaaba, i. 35.

Boabdil taken prisoner at Lucena, ii. 568;
released, 572;
his worthless character, 594.

Botany of Spanish Moslems, iii. 486, 487.

Byzantine Empire, condition of, after barbarian conquest, i. 70;
its society and its policy, iii. 370–372;
degradation of all classes, 381, 382.

C

Calligraphy, skill in, iii. 590.

Carmona taken by Arabs, i. 235;
its siege raised by Abd-al-Rahman I., 400.

Carthage, the ancient city, its origin and splendor, i. 147, 148;
trade, 148;
religion, 151;
buildings, 152;
the Megara, 152;
the Roman city, its arts, its learning, and its vices, 153;
stormed by Hassan, 154.

Castrogiovanni, first attack on, ii. 18;
surprised by Moslems, 29.

Chakya, the impostor, rebels against Abd-al-Rahman I., i. 401;
his defeat and death, 402.

Charlemagne invades Spain, i. 405.

Charles Martel, character of, i. 302;
hated by the clergy, 303;
invades Provence, 309.

Chemistry, its great progress in the Peninsula, iii. 490–492.

Chess, game of, introduced by the Arabs, iii. 661, 662.

Christian tributaries of the Moors, iii. 183;
their tribute and their privileges, 184, 185;
disabilities of, 186, 189;
persecution of, by the khalifs, 204–206.

Christianity made no progress in Arabia, i. 41.

Church, condition of, before Mohammed, i. 66.

Cid, rise of, ii. 160;
character and career of, 220;
valor of, 224;
duplicity of, 226;
takes Valencia, 235;
horrors of the siege, 236;
his death, 237.

Civil organization of the Arabs, iii. 638.

Clergy, influence of, among the Visigoths, i. 175;
their luxury, 194, 211;
increasing power of, ii. 420;
wealth of, 422.

Commerce, its great extent under the Moors, iii. 616–619.

Cordova, beauty and wealth of, under the Ommeyades, i. 618, 619;
suburbs of, 622;
taken by Ferdinand III., ii. 366.

Count Julian resents outrage on his daughter, i. 221;
enters Spain, 224;
retires to Ceuta, 259.

Covadonga, battle of, i. 350.

D

Damascus, beauty and wealth of city, i. 370–372.

Dances derived from the Orient, iii. 663.

De Hauteville, House of, ii. 54.

E

Edrisi, geography of, ii. 71.

Egilona, queen of Roderick, captured at Merida, i. 246;
marries Abd-al-Aziz, 269.

Egiza, his tyranny, i. 216.

Egypt, effect of its civilization on the Arabs, i. 132.

Elvira, foundation and wars of, i. 542–549;
surrenders to Abd-al-Rahman III., 567.

Emirate, disorders of, i. 322.

Equestrian sports, their magnificence, iii. 491, 492.

Ervigius, reign and death of, i. 214.

F

Fatimites of Africa, i. 580;
remove capital to Egypt, 646.

Favila, King of Asturias, i. 356.

Fayic and Djaudar, eunuchs, conspiracy of, i. 697.

Ferdinand Gonzalez, Count of Castile, his character, i. 589;
power and exploits of, 603, 604.

Ferdinand III., character of, ii. 416.

Ferdinand the Catholic, character of, ii. 539;
defeated at Loja, 559.

Festivals, iii. 667–669.

Force, worship of, by man, i. 121.

Forum Judicum, i. 178;
procedure it enjoins, 179, 180;
foundation of modern jurisprudence, 181;
precepts, 185–189.

France, South of, its traditions and civilization, iii. 61;
literary and social condition, 64, 65.

Franks, the character and institutions of, i. 300.

Fraxinet, colony of, i. 602.

Frederick II., Emperor, first defiance of the Pope, iii. 31, 33;
his genius, 35;
laws of, 36;
commercial regulations instituted by, 39;
his intimacy with the Moslems, 39;
his power and dignity, 54;
his character, 56–59.

G

Galera, siege of, iii. 287.

Garcia, King of Leon, i. 575.

Gerbert, his origin, iii. 483;
educated at Cordova, 484, 485.

Ghalib subdues Africans, i. 649;
feud with Ibn-abi-Amir, 719, 720.

Giralda, construction of, ii. 316.

Gothic March, i. 446, 447;
conquered by the Franks, 448.

Granada (city), siege and capture of, ii. 677, 683.

Granada (kingdom), dawning greatness of, ii. 131;
taken by Almoravides, 214;
condition of, in fifteenth century, 513, 514;
palaces of, 525.

Guadalete, battle of, i. 230.

H

Hamet-al-Zegri, raid of, ii. 574;
severity of, 634;
sold as a slave, 641.

Harrani, Syrian physician, i. 502.

Haschim, vizier of Mohammed, defeated by the Christians, i. 519.

Hasdai, ambassador of the Khalif, i. 593;
cures Sancho the Fat, 595.

Hegira, i. 88.

Hischem I., Emir, i. 421;
his character, 422;
war with his uncles, 425;
his armies invade France, 429;
his death, 439.

Hischem II. kept in tutelage, i. 716;
severe restraints imposed on him, 717;
disappearance of, 761.

Hischem III., ii. 71;
death of, at Saragossa, 108.

Human sacrifices of Arabs, i. 37.

I

Iberians, their rudeness and ignorance, i. 339, 340.

Ibn-Abbas, minister of Zohair, ii. 129.

Ibn-abi-Abda invades Leon and is defeated, i. 576, 577.

Ibn-abi-Amir sent on mission to Africa, i. 649;
his boast in the garden, 686;
early career of, 688, 689;
conduct of, in Africa, 693, 694;
becomes vizier, 701;
appointed hajib, 707;
burns books of the library, 710;
reorganizes the army, 711;
becomes ruler of Moorish Spain, 720;
his campaigns, 723, 724;
named Al-Mansur, 724;
his invasion of Galicia, 738;
his death, 744;
his character, 744, 745.

Ibn-Abu, death of, iii. 301.

Ibn-al-Awam, botanical work of, iii. 607.

Ibn-Djahwar, rise of, ii. 106;
great talents of, 112.

Ibn-Forat, Kadi of Tunis, invades Sicily, ii. 12;
his death, 17.

Ibn-Habib, Viceroy of Africa, pursues Abd-al-Rahman, i. 387.

Ibn-Hud, family of, ii. 115.

Ibn-Kenun, his revolt, i. 647;
defeats Al-Hakem, 647;
taken to Cordova, 651;
put to death, 730.

Ibn-Shobeyd, wealth of, i. 615.

Improvisation prized by Arabs, i. 50.

Industrial arts in Spain, iii. 575–577.

Innocent III., ability of, ii. 30.

Interdict, its terrors, iii. 335.

Irrigation in Moorish Spain, iii. 601, 602.

Isabella, character of, ii. 539;
her popularity, enters the camp before Malaga, 632;
aids army before Baza, 661.

Islam, its unprecedented career, i. 61, 63;
slow progress of, when first promulgated, 86;
its meaning, 113;
duties enjoined by it, 114, 115;
the benefits it conferred on the Arabs, 116, 117;
its grand achievements, 125.

Ismail I., King of Granada, ii. 459.

J

Jaime I. of Aragon, ii. 351;
character of, 394, 395.

Jews, persecution of, by Visigoths, i. 173;
influence of, on civilization, iii, 105, 106;
early commerce of, 109;
prejudice against, in antiquity, 113;
prosperity and power of, in the Middle Ages, 118, 119;
good influence of, in Spain, 127;
great scholars, 141;
the depositaries of mediæval culture, 149;
expulsion from Spain and Portugal, 171, 174.

John de Gorza, ambassador of the German Emperor, i. 600.

Junquera, battle of, i. 583.

K

Kadir, ruler of Toledo, ii. 179;
expelled, 184.

Kahtanites, feud with Maadites, i. 278;
its duration and intensity, 279, 280.

Kairoan founded by Okbah, i. 143.

Khadijah marries Mohammed, i. 84.

Khairan, governor of Malaga, ally of Ali, ii. 87.

Khalifs, general character of, ii. 596.

Koceila conspires against Okbah, i. 144;
is killed, 144.

Koran, its origin, i. 104;
its contents, 106;
allegorical imagery, 108;
benign precepts, 109.

Koreish, guardians of temple of Mecca, i. 81.

L

Las Navas de Tolosa, battle of, ii. 331.

Leon taken by Al-Mansur, i. 732.

Libraries of the Arabs, iii. 470.

Literature of the Arabs, iii. 457–460.

Loja carried by storm, ii. 600.

Love, Courts of, iii. 80.

Lucera, Saracen colony of, iii. 52.

M

Magic of the Arabs, i. 36.

Maimonides, iii. 142;
his learning and his works, 143, 144.

Majorca taken by the Aragonese, ii. 322.

Malaga, city of, its wealth and prosperity, ii. 618;
manufactures, 619;
siege of, 625;
surrender of, 641.

Malik-Ibn-Anas, sect of, i. 435.

Manufactures, iii. 622–625.

Marquis of Cadiz takes Alhama, ii. 547, 548.

Mecca, its situation and climate, i. 39;
conquest by Mohammed, 90.

Medicine, its advancement and perfection among the Spanish Arabs,
iii. 511–516.

Medina-al-Zahrâ, origin of, i. 625;
extent and magnificence, 626;
pavilion, 628;
destroyed by the Berbers, 758.

Mendoza, Cardinal, his greatness and character, iii. 234, 237.

Merida, its splendid monuments, i. 244;
taken by Musa, 245.

Moallakat, i. 46, 49.

Mohammed-al-Ahmar pays homage to Ferdinand, ii. 404.

Mohammed, birth and childhood of, i. 82, 84;
marriage of, 84;
his hallucinations, 85;
death, 91;
character, 92;
distrust of himself, 96;
his personal appearance and manners, 98.

Mohammed, eldest son of Abd-al-Rahman II., i. 501, 503;
obtains the emirate, 505–507;
his zeal, 508;
death of, 525.

Mohammed II., King of Granada, ii. 436.

Mohammed III., deposed, ii. 450.

Mohammed IV., ascends the throne, ii. 459.

Mohammed V., his love of peace, ii. 487.

Mohammed VI., visits Toledo, ii. 496.

Mohammed VII., pride of, ii. 503.

Monasticism, wealth of, iii. 351, 365;
its corruption, 349.

Monastic life, its pomp and luxury, iii. 364.

Montfort, Earl of Leicester, his character, iii. 96.

Montpellier, University of, ii. 76;
high attainments of its professors, 78, 79.

Moriscoes, persecution of, by Ximenes, iii. 242, 243;
banished to Leon and Castile, 244;
attempted reform of, 259;
their property confiscated, 266;
rebellion of, 268;
exiled from Granada, 277;
chased through the mountains, 299;
final expulsion from the Peninsula, 318, 319.

Moshafi, vizier of Al-Hakem II., i. 651;
rivalry with Ibn-abi-Amir, 707;
ruin and death of, 708.

Mosque of Cordova founded by Abd-al-Rahman I., i. 414, 415, 654;
minaret, 665;
description of, 657–667.

Motadhid, Prince of Seville, talents and vices of, ii. 141, 142.

Motamid ascends the throne of Seville, ii. 168.

Muley Hassan, enmity of, to the Christians, ii. 505;
domestic troubles of, 542, 552;
death of, 633.

Musa-Ibn-Nosseyr, his origin, i. 157;
appointed general in Africa, 158;
his character, 158, 159;
builds and equips a fleet, 161;
enters Spain, 243;
his return through Africa, 253;
his punishment and death, 256, 257.

Museum of Alexandria, iii, 437–440.

Music, popularity of, among the Moors, iii. 664–666.

N

Naples, University of, iii. 44.

Narbonnese Gaul, known as “The Great Land,” i. 272.

Normans invade Peninsula, i. 489, 490, 516;
character of, ii. 54;
conquer Sicily, 55;
adopt Moslem customs, iii. 16–18.

O

Okbah Ibn-al-Hejaj, Emir, i. 307;
his discipline, 308.

Okhad, fair of, i. 53.

Omar-Ibn-Hafsun, rise of, i. 521;
his antecedents, 522;
his stronghold at Bobastro, 522;
duplicity of, 540;
defeated at Aguilar, 558;
death of, 577.

Ommeyades, origin of, i. 367;
profligacy of the Syrians, 375, 376, 379.

Ordoño IV. visits court of Cordova, i. 640;
his baseness, 641, 642.

Othman-Ibn-Abu-Nesa, Emir, i. 291;
governor of Gijon, 343, 355.

P

Palermo taken by the Moslems, ii. 21;
reduced by the Normans, 56;
luxury of, under the Moors and the Normans, 66;
beauty of the city, 67.

Pampeluna destroyed by Abd-al-Rahman I., i. 585.

Papacy, corruption of, iii. 327, 328.

Paraclete, tradition of, i. 77.

Pedro el Cruel ascends throne of Castile, ii. 487.

Pelayus, his origin, i. 344;
organizes an army, 345;
becomes king, 354.

Phallicism of Arabs, i. 34.

Phœnicians, their trade in Arabia, i. 8.

Poetry of ancient Arabs, i. 43–46;
great influence of the poet, 51;
his license, 51;
that of the Spanish Moslems, iii. 448–450.

Poitiers, battle of, i. 305.

Polygamy of Arabs, i. 28;
its universal practice in the Orient, 102.

Pope Joan, story of, iii. 330, 331.

Popes, character of, iii. 332, 338.

Population of Moorish Spain, i. 613;
its great cities, 614.

Pottery, perfection in, attained by Moors, iii. 585, 586.

Public works of the Moors, i. 614, 618.

Pulgar, exploit of, ii. 676.

Q

Quadros, ii. 449.

Quesada taken by Sancho el Bravo, ii. 447.

R

Redwan Venegas, commander in fight of the Ajarquia, ii. 563.

Revenues of the khalifs, i. 614.

Roderick, accession of, i. 219;
his character, 220;
violates daughter of Count Julian, 221.

Roncesvalles, rout of, i. 406.

Rusafah, garden of, i. 412, 624.

S

Saba, i. 7;
its ancient civilization, 8.

Salado, battle of the, ii. 481.

Salerno, Medical School of, iii. 45;
its contributions to medicine and surgery, 46, 47.

Samuel, Rabbi of Granada, learning and power of, ii. 131.

Sancho-el-Bravo, King of Castile, ii. 445.

Sancho the Fat, i. 592;
visits Cordova, 594.

Santiago destroyed by Al-Mansur, i. 740.

Saragossa taken by Musa, i. 249;
under the Beni-Hud, iii. 448.

Science in Arabian Spain, iii. 476, 477.

Science, its achievements, iii. 527–530.

Seigniorial rights, iii. 387, 388.

Septimania, its origin and extent, i. 274, 275.

Serfs, condition of, in Europe, iii. 395, 396;
degradation of, 397.

Seville captured by Musa, i. 244;
surrenders to Ferdinand, ii. 411.

Sicily, great natural advantages of, ii. 1;
classic traditions of, 2;
condition of, at time of Moorish invasion, 7;
invasion of, by Moslems, 9, 10;
mixed population of, 62;
scientific progress of its people, 69.

Sidi-Yahya, treason of, ii. 493.

Silk manufacture, iii. 625.

Sisebert, Archbishop of Toledo, heads conspiracy, i. 215.

Slaves, caste of, i. 606;
power and influence of, 607.

Social life of the Hispano-Arab, iii. 652, 653.

Spain, condition of, under the khalifs, i. 614–616.

St. James the Apostle, legend of, i. 471.

Stucco, iii. 549.

Suleyman, Khalif, his character, ii. 85.

Sword venerated in Arabia, i. 94;
importance of, among the Arabs, iii. 580, 581.

Syracuse, first siege of, by the Moors, ii. 13;
stormed by them, 38–40.

T

Talavera, Archbishop of Granada, his character, iii. 240.

Tarik invades Spain, i. 225;
marches northward, 237;
quarrels with Musa, 248.

Tarub, treachery of, i. 501.

Taxation of tributaries, i. 260.

Tendilla, Count of, Captain-General of Granada, iii. 240.

Textile fabrics, iii. 627.

Thalaba raised to power, i. 318;
his cruelty, 318.

Theodomir surrenders Murcia to the Arabs, i. 247.

Theology in Arabian Spain, iii. 460.

Toledo, its strength and antiquity, i. 238;
massacre of its citizens by Al-Hakem, 460;
becomes independent, 513.

Tota, Queen of Navarre, her ability, i. 592;
visits Cordova, 594.

Tribunal of the Waters, iii. 602, 603.

Troubadours, influence of, iii. 82, 83.

U

Ubeda sacked by the Christians, ii. 340.

Utrera, Gomez-Mendez, governor of, killed in the Ajarquia, ii. 563.

V

Valencia taken by Jaime, ii. 382;
expulsion of Moors from, iii. 314.

Vases of the Hispano-Arabs, iii. 585.

Visigoths, origin and migrations of, i. 166, 167;
constitution and government, 169, 170;
councils, 171;
churches, 195;
arts, 196;
manufactures, 196;
medicine, 197;
dress, 199;
profligacy, 227;
causes of the decline of their power, 263.

W

Wadhih, governor of Cordova, i. 759.

Water, symbolic use of, among Oriental nations, iii. 573, 574.

Witiza becomes king, i. 217;
his wise measures, 218;
his excesses, 219.

Women under the Arabs, iii. 446, 447;
privileges of, 655–657.

X

Xativa, prosperity of, ii. 387;
besieged by Jaime, 389;
surrender of, 391.

Ximenes, Cardinal, character and origin of, iii. 235, 236;
burns Arabic manuscripts at Granada, 243.

Y

Yahya, faqui, leads a rebellion, i. 465;
becomes a favorite of Abd-al-Rahman II., 468.

Yahya-Ibn-Salmah, Emir, i. 291.

Yakub-al-Mansur invades Andalusia, ii. 307;
death of, 314.

Yusuf-al-Fehri, Emir, i. 320;
abdicates, 394;
is killed, 396.

Yusuf, King of Granada, at the battle of Salado, ii. 480;
character of, 484.

Yusuf, Sultan of Almohades, ii. 299;
public works of, at Seville, 301;
is killed near Lisbon, 304.

Yusuf, the Almoravide, invades Spain, ii. 199;
death and character of, 241.

Z

Zahira founded by Al-Mansur, i. 717.

Zaid, wali of Barcelona, his heroic defence, i. 449.

Zallaca, battle of, ii. 204.

Zamora stormed by the Moors, i. 732.

Zeyd-Ibn-Kesade overruns Andalusia, i. 238.

Ziadet-Allah, Sultan of Africa, ii. 10.

Ziryab, the musician, i. 496;
his versatility, 497.

Ziyad-Ibn-Aflah, prefect, aids conspiracy, i. 709.

Zobeir, Ibn-al-, his success during the invasion of Africa, i. 140.

Zonaria, Hebrew prophet, i. 289.

END OF VOLUME III.

Transcriber’s Notes:

1. Obvious printers’, punctuation and spelling errors have been corrected silently.

2. Where hyphenation is in doubt, it has been retained as in the original.

3. Some hyphenated and non-hyphenated versions of the same words have been retained as in the original.

4. Italics are shown as _xxx_.