Chapter XXXIV: Appendix (2)

The present rapacity of the Indians, owing to this cause, aided also by the system of giving credits to the Indians, which caused contentions among the traders, which terminated by giving the Indians a contempt for the character of whites.

The permission to persons to hunt on Indian lands, productive of many evils, the most frequent causes of war, hostile to the views of civilizing, and of governing the Indians.

The first principle of governing the Indians is to govern the whites--the impossibility of doing this without establishments, and some guards at the posts.

The Sisitons may be made a check on the Tetons by withholding their trade on the Mississippi.

Having stated the several evils which flowed from the Spanish system, I now state the Indian character, the evils which still exist, and what they will probably terminate in, if not redressed--the plan recommended to be pursued and the benefits which may be expected to result therefrom, conclude thus, it may be pretty confidently believed that it is not competent to produce the wished-for reform among the Indians.

Hunters permitted in the Indian country pernicious--frequent cause of war between us.

Some of the stipulations of the licenses granted the traders, in application to the state of the Indians on the Missouri, of course not attended to. The incompetence of the Indian agents to see that any of the stipulations are complied with. Whiskey, or ardent spirits may, therefore, be introduced, and other corruptions practised without our knowledge. There is not at present allowed by law to the superintendant of Indian affairs, any discretionary powers, by which he can prohibit our newly acquired citizens of Louisiana, who may be disaffected to our government, from trading with the Indians: the law says, that any citizen of the United States, who can give sufficient security for the sum of five hundred dollars, for the faithful compliance with the stipulation of his license, shall be permitted to trade. An instance has happened in Mr. Robideau, &c.

The preceding observations of captain Lewis, although left in an unfinished state, are too important to be omitted. The premature death of the author has prevented his filling up the able outline that he has drawn.

A summary statement of the rivers, creeks, and most remarkable places, their distances from each other, &c. their distances from the Mississippi, ascending the Missouri, across the Rocky mountains, and down the Columbia to the Pacific ocean, as was explored in the years 1804, 5, and 6, by captains Lewis and Clarke.

------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+------------
Names of remarkable places. |The width|Side on |Distances|Distances
|of rivers|which |from one |up the
|and |they are |place to |Missouri
|creeks in|situated.|another. |from the
|yards. | | |Mississippi.
------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+------------
| Yards | | Miles | Miles
To the village of St. Charles | | N.E. | 21 | 21
| | | |
Osage-woman’s river | 30 | N.E. | 20 | 41
| | | |
Charrette’s village and creek | 20 | N.E. | 27 | 68
| | | |
Shepherd’s creek | | S.W. | 15 | 83
| | | |
Gasconade river | 157 | S.W. | 17 | 100
| | | |
Muddy river | 50 | N.E. | 15 | 115
| | | |
Grand Osage river | 397 | S.W. | 18 | 133
| | | |
Murrow creek | 20 | S.W. | 5 | 138
| | | |
Cedar island and creek | 20 | N.E. | 7 | 145
| | | |
Leadmine hill | | S.W. | 9 | 154
| | | |
Manitou creek | 20 | S.E. | 8 | 162
| | | |
Splitrock creek | 20 | N.E. | 8 | 170
| | | |
Saline, or Salt river | 30 | S.E. | 3 | 173
| | | |
Manitou river | 30 | N.E. | 9 | 182
| | | |
Goodwoman’s river | 35 | N.E. | 9 | 191
| | | |
Mine river | 70 | S.W. | 9 | 200
| | | |
Arrow prairie | | S.W. | 6 | 206
| | | |
Two Charleton rivers | 30/70 | N.E. | 14 | 220
| | | |
Ancient village of the | | | |
Missouri nation, near which | | | |
place Fort Orleans stood | | N.E. | 16 | 236
| | | |
Grand river | 90 | N.E. | 4 | 240
| | | |
Snake creek | 18 | N.E. | 6 | 246
| | | |
Ancient village of the Little | | | |
Osages | | S.W. | 10 | 256
| | | |
Tigers’ island and creek | 25 | N.E. | 20 | 276
| | | |
Hubert’s island and creek | | S.W. | 12 | 388
| | | |
Fire-prairie creek | | S.W. | 12 | 300
| | | |
Fort Point | | S.W. | 6 | 306
| | | |
Haycabin creek | 20 | S.W. | 6 | 312
| | | |
Coalbank | | S.W. | 9 | 321
| | | |
Bluewater river | 30 | S.W. | 10 | 331
| | | |
Kanzas river | 230 | S.W. | 9 | 340
| | | |
Little river Platte | 60 | N.E. | 9 | 349
| | | |
To the First old Kanzas | | | |
village | | S.W. | 28 | 377
| | | |
Independence creek, a mile | | | |
below the second old Kanzas | | | |
village | | S.W. | 28 | 405
| | | |
St. Michael’s prairie | | N.E. | 25 | 430
| | | |
Nodawa river | 70 | N.E. | 20 | 450
| | | |
Wolf, or Loup river | 60 | S.W. | 14 | 464
| | | |
Big Nemaha river | 80 | S.W. | 16 | 480
| | | |
Tarkio creek | 23 | N.E. | 3 | 483
| | | |
Neeshnabatona river | 50 | N.E. | 25 | 508
| | | |
Little Nemaha river | 48 | S.W. | 8 | 516
| | | |
Baldpated prairie, the | | | |
Neeshnabatona within 150 | | | |
yards of the Missouri | | N.E. | 23 | 539
| | | |
Weepingwater creek | 25 | S.W. | 29 | 568
| | | |
River Platt, or Shoal river | 600 | S.W. | 32 | 600
| | | |
Butterfly, or Papillon creek | 18 | S.W. | 3 |
| | | |
Musquetoe creek | 22 | N.E. | 7 | 610
| | | |
Ancient village of the Ottoes | | S.W. | 11 |
| | | |
Ancient Ayaways village, | | | |
below a bluff, on the | | | |
northeast side | | N.E. | 6 |
| | | |
Bowyer’s river | 25 | N.E. | 11 |
| | | |
Council bluffs (establishment)| | S.W. | 12 | 650
| | | |
Soldier’s river | 40 | N.E. | 39 | 689
| | | |
Eaneahwaudepon, (Little Sioux | | | |
river) | 80 | N.E. | 44 | 733
| | | |
Waucarde, or Badspirit creek | | S.W. | 55 | 788
| | | |
Around a bend of the river to | | | |
the northeast, the gorge of | | | |
which is only 974 yards | | | 21 | 809
| | | |
To an island, 3 miles | | | |
northeast of the Maha | | | |
village | | | 27 | 836
| | | |
Floyd’s bluff and river | 35 | N.E. | 14 | 850
| | | |
To the Big Sioux river | 110 | N.E. | 3 | 858
| | | |
Commencement of the copperas, | | | |
cobalt, pirites, and alum | | | |
bluffs | | S.W. | 27 | 880
| | | |
Hot, or Burning bluffs | | S.W. | 30 | 910
| | | |
Whitestone river | 30 | N.E. | 8 | 918
| | | |
Petit-arc, an old Maha | | | |
village, at the mouth of | | | |
Littlebow creek | 15 | S.W. | 20 | 938
| | | |
River Jacques, or James’ | | | |
river | 90 | N.E. | 12 | 950
| | | |
Calumet bluff (mineral) | | S.W. | 10 | 960
| | | |
Ancient fortification, | | | |
Goodman’s island | | S.W. | 16 | 976
| | | |
To Plum creek | 12 | N.E. | 10 | 986
| | | |
Whitepoint creek | 28 | S.W. | 8 | 994
| | | |
Quicourre | 152 | S.W. | 6 | 1000
| | | |
To the Poncar river and | | | |
village | 30 | S.W. | 10 | 1010
| | | |
To the dome and village of | | | |
the burrowing squirrels | | S.W. | 20 | 1030
| | | |
Island of cedars | | | 45 | 1075
| | | |
To White river | 300 | S.W. | 55 | 1130
| | | |
To the Three rivers of the | | | |
Sioux pass | 35 | N.E. | 22 | 1152
| | | |
An island in the commencement | | | |
of the Big bend | | N.E. | 20 | 1172
| | | |
The upper part of the Big | | | |
bend, the gorge of which is | | | |
1¼ miles | | S.W. | 30 | 1202
| | | |
To Tylor’s river | 35 | S.W. | 6 | 1208
| | | |
Loisel’s fort on Cedar island | | S.W. | 18 | 1226
| | | |
Teton river | 70 | S.W. | 37 | 1263
| | | |
The upper of five old Ricara | | | |
villages, reduced by the | | | |
Sioux, and abandoned | | S.W. | 42 | 1305
| | | |
To Chayenne river | 400 | S.W. | 5 | 1310
| | | |
An old Ricara village on | | | |
Lahoocat’s island | | | 47 | 1357
| | | |
Sarwarkarna river | 90 | S.W. | 40 | 1397
| | | |
Wetarhoo river | 120 | S.W. | 25 | 1422
| | | |
The first Ricaras villages on | | | |
an island | | S.W. | 4 |
| | | |
Second Ricaras three villages | | S.W. | 4 | 1430
| | | |
Stone-idol creek | 18 | N.E. | 18 |
| | | |
Warreconne river | 35 | N.E. | 40 | 1488
| | | |
Cannonball river | 140 | S.W. | 12 | 1500
| | | |
Chesschetar river, near six | | | |
old Mandan villages | 38 | S.W. | 40 | 1540
| | | |
Old Ricara and Mandan villages| | S.W. | 40 | 1580
| | | |
To Fort Mandan (wintering | | | |
post of 1804) | | N.E. | 20 | 1600
| | | |
The Mandan villages on each | | | |
side | | | 4 | 1604
| | | |
To Knife river, on which the | | | |
two Minnetaree and Maha | | | |
villages are situated near | | | |
the mouth | 80 | S.W. | 2 | 1606
| | | |
The Island | | | 11 |
| | | |
Miry river | 10 | N.E. | 16 | 1633
| | | |
Island in the Little basin | | | 28 |
| | | |
Little Missouri river | 134 | S.W. | 29 | 1690
| | | |
Wild-onion creek | 16 | N.E. | 12 |
| | | |
Goose-egg lake | 300 | N.E. | 9 |
| | | |
Chaboneau’s creek | 20 | S.W. | 16 | 1727
| | | |
Goatpen creek, Mouse river, | | | |
waters of lake Winnipec | | | |
near the Missouri | 20 | N.E. | 16 | 1743
| | | |
To Hall’s, strand, lake, and | | | |
creek | | N.E. | 47 | 1790
| | | |
White-earth river | 60 | N.E. | 40 | 1840
| | | |
Rochejaune, or Yellowstone | | | |
river | 858 | S.W. | 40 | 1880
| | | |
To Martha’s river | 50 | N.E. | 60 | 1940
| | | |
Porcupine river | 112 | N.E. | 50 | 1990
| | | |
To the Littledry creek | 25 | S.W. | 40 | 2030
| | | |
Bigdry creek | 100 | S.W. | 9 |
| | | |
Littledry river | 200 | S.W. | 6 | 2045
| | | |
Gulf in the Island bend | | | 32 |
| | | |
To Milk river | 150 | N.E. | 13 | 2090
| | | |
Bigdry river | 400 | S.W. | 25 |
| | | |
Werner’s run | 10 | N.E. | 9 |
| | | |
Pine creek | 20 | N.E. | 36 | 2160
| | | |
Gibson’s river | 35 | N.E. | 17 | 2177
| | | |
Brownbear-defeated creek | 40 | S.W. | 12 |
| | | |
Bratton’s river | 100 | N.E. | 24 | 2213
| | | |
Burntlodge creek | 50 | S.W. | 6 |
| | | |
Wiser’s creek | 40 | N.E. | 14 | 2233
| | | |
Muscleshell river | 110 | S.W. | 37 | 2270
| | | |
Grouse creek | 20 | N.E. | 30 |
| | | |
North-mountain creek | 30 | N.E. | 36 | 2336
| | | |
South-mountain creek | 30 | S.W. | 18 | 2354
| | | |
Ibex island | | | 15 |
| | | |
Goodrich’s island | | | 9 | 2378
| | | |
Windsor’s creek | 30 | N.E. | 7 | 2385
| | | |
Elk rapid (swift water) | | | 15 | 2400
| | | |
Thomson’s creek | 28 | N.E. | 27½ | 2427½
| | | |
Judith’s river | 100 | S.W. | 11½ | 2439
| | | |
Ash rapid (swift water) | | | 4 |
| | | |
Slaughter river | 40 | S.W. | 11 | 2454
| | | |
Stonewall creek, above the | | | |
natural walls | 30 | N.E. | 26 | 2480
| | | |
Maria’s river | 186 | N.E. | 41 | 2521
| | | |
Snow river | 50 | S.W. | 19 |
| | | |
Shields’s river | 35 | S.W. | 28 | 2568
| | | |
The foot of the entrance of | | | |
Portage river, five miles | | | |
below the Great falls | 45 | S.W. | 7 | 2575

Leaving the Missouri below the falls, and passing by land to the navigable waters of the Columbia river.

------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+------------
Names of remarkable places. |Width of |Distance |Distance |Distance
|the |from one |from the |from the
|rivers |place to |falls of |Mississippi.
|and |another. |the |
|creeks. | |Missouri.|
------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+------------
| Yards. | Miles. | Miles. | Miles.
To the entrance of Medicine | | | |
river | 137 | 18 | 18 | 2593
| | | |
Fort Mountain, passing through| | | |
the plain between Medicine | | | |
river and the Missouri, | | | |
near the Missouri | | 15 | 33 | 2603
| | | |
Rocky mountains, to a gap on | | | |
the ridge, which divides | | | |
the waters of the Missouri | | | |
from those of the Columbia | | | |
passing the north part of | | | |
a mountain and crossing | | | |
Dearborn’s river | | 35 | 68 | 2643
| | | |
Fork of Cohahlarishkit river | | | |
from the north, passed four | | | |
creeks from the north | 45 | 40 | 108 | 2683
| | | |
To Seaman’s creek from the | | | |
north | 20 | 7 | 115 |
| | | |
Werner’s creek from the north | 35 | 10 | 125 | 2700
| | | |
The east fork of Clarke’s | | | |
river, at the entrance of | | | |
Cohahlarishkit | 120 | 30 | 155 | 3730
| | | |
To Clarke’s river, below the | | | |
forks | 150 | 12 | 167 | 2742
| | | |
Traveller’s-rest creek, on | | | |
the west side of Clarke’s | | | |
river, about the forks | 25 | 5 | 172 | 2747
| | | |
The Forks of Traveller’s-rest | | | |
creek, at a right hand road | | 18 | 190 |
| | | |
Hot springs on the creek | | 13 | 203 | 2778
| | | |
Quamash glades, passing the | | | |
head of the creek to a | | | |
branch of Kooskooskee river | | 7 | 210 |
| | | |
North branch of Kooskooskee | | | |
river, a left-hand road | | | |
leads off at five miles | | 7 | 217 |
| | | |
Junction of the roads on the | | | |
top of a snowy mountain, | | | |
the left-hand road, passing | | | |
by a fishery | | 10 | 227 | 2802
| | | |
Hungry creek from the right, | | | |
passing on a dividing | | | |
mountain, covered with deep | | | |
snow, except on two places, | | | |
which are open, with a | | | |
southern exposure at 8 and | | | |
36 miles | | 54 | 281 | 2856
| | | |
To a Glade upon Hungry creek | | 6 | 287 |
| | | |
Glade upon a small branch of | | | |
do. | | 8 | 295 |
| | | |
Glade upon Fish creek | 10 | 9 | 304 |
| | | |
To Collins’s creek | 25 | 13 | 317 |
| | | |
Quamash flats | | 11 | 328 | 2903
| | | |
Kooskooskee, or Flathead’s | | | |
river, in a pine country | 120 | 12 | 340 | 2915

NOTE. In passing from the falls of the Missouri, across the
Rocky mountains to the navigable waters of the Columbia, you
have two hundred miles of good road, one hundred and forty
miles of high, steep, rugged mountains, sixty miles of which is
covered from two to eight feet deep with snow in the last of
June.

-----------------------------+-------+--------+--------+--------+--------
Remarkable places |Width |The side|Distance|Distance|Distance
descending the Columbia. |of the |on which|from one|descend-|from the
|rivers |they are|place to|ing the |Missis-
|and |situat- |another.|Colum- |sippi.
|creeks.|ed. | |bia. |
-----------------------------+-------+--------+--------+--------+--------
|Yards. | Side. | Miles. | Miles. | Miles.
To the entrance of Rockdam | | | | |
creek | 20 | N. | 8 | 8 | 2923
| | | | |
Chopunnish river | 120 | N. | 5 | 13 | 2928
| | | | |
Colter’s creek | 35 | N. | 37 | 50 | 2978
| | | | |
Lewis’s river, at the | | | | |
entrance of the | | | | |
Kooskooskee river | 200 | S. | 23 | 73 | 2988
| | | | |
The Sweathouse village and | | | | |
run | | S. | 7 | 80 |
| | | | |
Pilot’s village | | N. | 11 | 91 | 3005
| | | | |
Kemooenim creek | 20 | S. | 48 | 139 |
| | | | |
Drewyer’s river, below the | | | | |
narrows of Lewis’s river | 30 | N. | 5 | 144 | 3059
| | | | |
Cave rapid | | | 28 | 172 |
| | | | |
Basin rapid (bad) | | | 34 | 206 | 3121
| | | | |
Discharge rapid (bad) | | | 14 | 220 | 3135
| | | | |
The Columbia at the mouth | | | | |
of Lewis’s river, from | | | | |
the east | | S.E. | 7 | 227 | 3142
| | | | |
Wollawollah river, passed | | | | |
eleven large mat lodges | | | | |
of that nation | 40 | S.E. | 16 | 243 | 3158
| | | | |
Muscleshell rapid (bad) | | | | |
passed thirty-three mat | | | | |
lodges of the | | | | |
Wollawollahs | | | 25 | 268 | 3183
| | | | |
Pelican rapid, passed | | | | |
forty-eight lodges of | | | | |
the Pishquitpahs nation | | N. | 22 | 290 | 3205
| | | | |
Twenty-one lodges of the | | | | |
Wahowpum nation, residing | | | | |
on three islands, at the | | | | |
commencement of the high | | | | |
country | | N. | 18 | 308 | 3223
| | | | |
To eight lodges of the | | | | |
Wahowpums at Short rapid | | N. | 27 | 335 | 3250
| | | | |
The Rocky rapid, nine lodges | | | | |
of the same nation | | N. | 13 | 348 | 3263
| | | | |
The river La Page (bad rapid)| 40 | S. | 9 | 357 | 3272
| | | | |
Twenty seven lodges of the | | | | |
Eneshure nation, at | | | | |
Fishstack rapid | | N. | 10 | 367 | 3282
| | | | |
Towahnahiooks river | 180 | S. | 8 | 375 | 3290
| | | | |
The Great falls of the | | | | |
Columbia river of 57 feet | | | | |
8 inches, near which there | | | | |
are forty mat lodges of | | | | |
the Eneshure nation | | N. | 4 | 379 | 3294
| | | | |
The Short narrows, 45 yards | | | | |
wide | | | 2 | 381 | 3296
| | | | |
Skilloot village of | | | | |
twenty-one large wood | | | | |
houses, at the long | | | | |
narrows, from 50 to 100 | | | | |
yards wide | | N. | 4 | 385 | 3300
| | | | |
Chilluckittequaw village of | | | | |
eight large wood houses | | N. | 14 | 390 | 3314
| | | | |
Cataract river, a few miles | | | | |
below a village of seven | | | | |
houses, and immediately | | | | |
above one of eleven houses | | | | |
of the Chilluckittequaw | | | | |
nation | 60 | N. | 10 | 409 | 3324
| | | | |
Sepulchre rock, opposite to | | | | |
a village of houses of | | | | |
Chilluckittequaws | | N. | 4 | 413 | 3328
| | | | |
River Labiche, opposite to | | | | |
twenty-six houses of the | | | | |
Smackshop nation, houses | | | | |
scattered on the north side| 46 | S. | 9 | 422 | 3337
| | | | |
Little Lake creek, three | | | | |
houses of the Smackshop | | | | |
nation | 28 | N. | 10 | 432 | 3347
| | | | |
Cruzatte’s river | 60 | N. | 12 | 444 | 3359
| | | | |
The Grand rapid, just below | | | | |
the village of the Yehah | | | | |
tribe of the Shahala nation| | | | |
of fourteen wood houses | | N. | 6 | 450 | 3365
| | | | |
Clahelellah village of the | | | | |
Shahala nation, near the | | | | |
foot of the rapids; seven | | | | |
houses | | N. | 6 | 456 | 3371
| | | | |
Wabetellah village of | | | | |
the Shahala nation, | | | | |
twenty-three houses, just | | | | |
below the entrance of the | | | | |
Beacon-rock creek | | N. | 6 | 162 | 3377
| | | | |
_Tide water._ | | | | |
| | | | |
Phoca rock in the river, | | | | |
sixty-feet above water | | | 11 | 473 | 3388
| | | | |
To Quicksand river | 120 | S. | 9 | 482 | 3397
| | | | |
Seal river | 80 | N. | 3 | 485 |
| | | | |
Neechaokee village, opposite | | | | |
to the Diamond island | | S. | 4 | 489 |
| | | | |
Shahala village of | | | | |
twenty-five temporary | | | | |
houses | | S. | 12 | 501 | 3416
| | | | |
Multnomah river | 500 | S. | 14 | 515 | 3430
| | | | |
Multnomah village | | S. | 6 | 521 |
| | | | |
Quathlahpotle village | | N. | 8 | 529 |
| | | | |
Tahwahnahiooks river | 200 | N. | 1 | 530 | 3445
| | | | |
Cathlahaws creek and village | 18 | N. | 10 | 540 | 3455
| | | | |
Lower extremity of Elallah | | | | |
or Deer island | | S. | 6 | 546 |
| | | | |
Coweliskee river, about the | | | | |
entrance, and up this river| | | | |
the Skilloot nation reside | 150 | N. | 13 | 559 | 3474
| | | | |
Fanny’s island | | S. | 16 | 577 | 3490
| | | | |
The Sea-otter island | | | 12 | 587 | 3502
| | | | |
The upper village of the | | | | |
Wahkiacum nation | | N. | 6 | 593 | 3508
| | | | |
The Cathlamahs village of | | | | |
nine large wood houses, S. | | | | |
of Seal islands | | S. | 14 | 607 | 3522
| | | | |
Point William, opposite | | | | |
Shallow bay | | S. | 10 | 617 | 3532
| | | | |
Point Meriwether, above | | | | |
Meriwether’s bay | | S. | 9 | 626 | 3541
| | | | |
Clatsop village, below | | | | |
Meriwether’s bay, and | | | | |
seven miles northwest of | | | | |
Fort Clatsop | | S. | 8 | 634 | 3549
| | | | |
Point Adams, at the entrance | | | | |
of the Columbia into the | | | | |
Pacific ocean, or Great | | | | |
South Sea, in latitude | | | | |
46° 15´ north, and | | | | |
longitude 124° 57´ west | | | | |
from Greenwich | | S. | 6 | 640 | 3555

NOTE. Fort Clatsop is situated on the west side of, and three
miles up the Netui river from Meriwether bay, and seven miles
east from the nearest part of the seacoast;--at this fort
captain M. Lewis, and captain W. Clarke, passed the winter of
1805 and 1806.

The road by which we went out by the way of the Missouri to its head is 3096 miles, thence by land, by way of Lewis’s river over to Clarke’s river, and down that to the entrance of Traveller’s-rest creek, where all the roads from different routes meet, then across the rugged part of the Rocky mountains to the navigable waters of the Columbia, 398 miles; thence down the river 640 miles, to the Pacific ocean; making a total distance of 4134 miles. On our return in 1806, we came from Traveller’s-rest creek directly to the falls of the Missouri river, which shortens the distance about 579 miles, and is a much better route, reducing the distance from the Mississippi to the Pacific ocean to 3555 miles. 2575 miles of this distance is up the Missouri to the falls of that river; thence passing through the plains, and across the Rocky mountains to the navigable waters of the Kooskooskee river, a branch of the Columbia, 340 miles; 200 miles of which is a good road, 140 miles over a tremendous mountain, steep and broken, 60 miles of which is covered several feet deep with snow, on which we passed the last of June: from the navigable part of the Kooskooskee we descended that rapid river 75 miles to its entrance into Lewis’s river, and down that river 154 miles to the Columbia, and thence 413 miles to its entrance into the Pacific ocean. About 180 miles of this distance is tide-water. We passed several bad rapids and narrows, and one considerable fall, 268 miles above the entrance of this river, of 37 feet 8 inches.--The total distance descending the Columbian waters 640 miles, making a total of 3555 miles, on the most direct route from the Mississippi, at the mouth of the Missouri, to the Pacific ocean.

ESTIMATE OF THE WESTERN INDIANS.

------------------------------------------------------+-------+--------
|Number |
Names of Indian nations and their places of |of |Probable
general residence. |houses | number
|or | of
|lodges.| souls.
------------------------------------------------------+-------+--------
1. Shoshonee nation resides in spring and summer on | |
the west fork of Lewis’s river, a branch of the | |
Columbia, and in winter and fall on the Missouri | 60 | 800
| |
2. Ootlashoot tribe of the Tushshepah nation reside | |
in spring and summer in the Rocky mountains | |
on Clarke’s river, and winter and fall on the | |
Missouri and its waters | 33 | 400
| |
3. Chopunnish nation, residing on the Kooskooskee | |
river, below the forks, and on Colter’s creek, | |
and who sometimes pass over to the Missouri | 33 | 2000
| |
4. Pelloatpallah band of Chopunnish reside on the | |
Kooskooskee, above the forks, and on the small | |
streams which fall into that river, west of the | |
Rocky mountains and Chopunnish river, and | |
sometimes pass over to the Missouri | 33 | 1600
| |
5. Kimooenim band of Chopunnish nation reside on | |
Lewis’s river, above the entrance of the | |
Kooskooskee, as high up that river as the forks | 33 | 800
| |
6. Yeletpo band of Chopunnish reside under the | |
southwest mountains, on a small river which falls | |
into Lewis’s river, above the entrance of the | |
Kooskooskee, which they call Weaucum | 33 | 250
| |
7. Willewah band of Chopunnish reside on a river of | |
the same name, which discharges itself into | |
Lewis’s river on the southwest side, below the | |
forks of that river | 33 | 500
| |
8. Soyennom band of Chopunnish on the north side of | |
the east fork of Lewis’s river, from its junction | |
to the Rocky mountains, and on Lamaltar creek | 33 | 400
| |
9. Chopunnish of Lewis’s river, below the entrance | |
of the Kooskooskee, on either side of that river | |
to its junction with the Columbia | 40 | 2300
| |
10. Sokulk nation reside on the Columbia, above the | |
entrance of Lewis’s river, as high up as the | |
entrance of Clarke’s river | 120 | 2400
| |
11. Chimnahpum reside on the northwest side of the | |
Columbia, both above and below the entrance of | |
Lewis’s river, and on the Tapteel river, which | |
falls into the Columbia 15 miles above Lewis’s | |
river | 42 | 1860
| |
12. Wollawollah nation on both sides of the Columbia | |
from the entrance of Lewis’s river, as low as the | |
Muscleshell rapid, and in winter pass over to the | |
Tapteel river | 46 | 1600
| |
13. Pishquitpahs nation resides on the Muscleshell | |
rapid, and on the north side of the Columbia to | |
the commencement of the high country; this nation | |
winter on the waters of the Tapteel river | 71 | 2600
| |
14. Wahowpum nation resides on the north branch | |
of the Columbia, in different bands from the | |
Pishquitpahs, as low as the river Lapage; the | |
different bands of this nation winter on the | |
waters of Tapteel and Cataract rivers | 33 | 700
| |
15. Eneshure nation resides at the upper part of | |
the Great narrows of the Columbia on either | |
side--are stationary | 41 | 1200
| |
16. Eskeloot nation resides at the upper part of the | |
Great narrows of the Columbia; on the north side | |
is the great mart for all the country | 21 | 1000
| |
17. Chilluckittequaw nation residing next below the | |
narrows, and extending down on the north side of | |
the Columbia to the river Labiche | 32 | 1400
| |
18. Smockshop band of Chilluckittequaws resides on | |
the Columbia, on each side of the entrance of the | |
river Labiche to the neighbourhood of the great | |
rapids of that river | 24 | 800
| |
19. Shahala nation resides at the grand rapids of the | |
Columbia, and extends down in different villages | |
as low as the Multnomah river, consisting of the | |
following tribes: viz. Yehuh, above the rapids, | |
Clahclellah, below the rapid, the Wahelellah, | |
below all the rapids, and the Neerchokioon (1 | |
house 100 lodges) on the south side, a few miles | |
above the Multnomah river | 62 | 2800
| |
20. _Wappatoo Indians_. | |
| |
Nechacokee tribe resides on the south side of the | |
Columbia, a few miles below Quicksand river, and | |
opposite the Diamond island | 1 | 100
| |
Shoto tribe reside on the north side of the | |
Columbia, back of a pond, and nearly opposite the | |
entrance of the Multnomah river | 8 | 460
| |
Multnomah tribe resides on Wappatoo island, in | |
the mouth of the Multnomah, the remains of a | |
large nation | 6 | 800
| |
Clannahqueh tribe of Multnomah resides on | |
Wappatoo island, below the Multnomahs | 4 | 130
| |
Nemalquinner tribe of Multnomahs reside on the | |
northeast side of the Multnomah river, three | |
miles above its mouth | 4 | 200
| |
Cathlaconimatups, a tribe of Multnomahs, reside | |
on the south side of the Wappatoo island on a | |
spur of the Multnomah | 3 | 170
| |
Cathlanaquiahs, a tribe of Multnomahs, reside on | |
the southwest side of Wappatoo island | 6 | 400
| |
Clackstar nation reside on a small river, which | |
discharges itself on the southwest side of | |
Wappatoo island | 28 | 1200
| |
Claninnatas resides on the southwest side of | |
Wappatoo island | 5 | 200
| |
Cathlacumups reside on the main shore, southwest | |
of Wappatoo island | 6 | 450
| |
Clannarminnamuns reside on the southwest side | |
of the Wappatoo island | 12 | 280
| |
Quathlahpohtle nation reside on the southwest | |
side of the Columbia, above the entrance of | |
Tahwahnahiooks river, opposite the lower point of | |
Wappatoo island | 14 | 900
| |
Cathlamahs reside on a creek which falls into the | |
Columbia on the north side, at the lower part of | |
the Columbian valley, north side | 10 | 200
| |
21. Skilloot nation resides on the Columbia, on each | |
side in different villages, from the lower part | |
of the Columbian valley as low as Sturgeon | |
island, on either side of the Coweliskee river | 50 | 2500
| |
Hullooellell reside on the Coweliskee | |
| |
22. Wahkiacums reside on the north side of the | |
Columbia, opposite the Marshy islands | 11 | 200
| |
23. Cathlamahs reside on the south side of the | |
Columbia, opposite to the Seal islands | 9 | 300
| |
24. Chinnooks reside on the north side of the | |
Columbia, at the entrance of, and on Chinnook | |
river | 28 | 400
| |
25. Clatsop nation resides on the south side of the | |
Columbia, and a few miles along the southeast | |
coast, on both sides of point Adams | 14 | 200
| |
26. Killamucks nation resides from the Clatsops of | |
the coast along the southeast coast for many | |
miles | 50 | 1000
| |
_Indian information: The following nations speak | |
the Killamuck language_: | |
| |
27. Lucktons reside on the seacoast to the southwest | |
of the Killamucks | | 20
| |
Kahuncles reside on the seacoast southwest of the | |
Lucktons | | 400
| |
Lukawis do. do. to the S.S.E. large town | | 800
| |
Youikcones do. do. do. large houses| | 700
| |
Neeketoos do. do. do. large town | | 700
| |
Ulseahs do. do. do. small town | | 150
| |
Youitts do. do. do. do. | | 150
| |
Sheastuckles reside on the seacoast to the | |
southeast of the Lucktons large town | | 900
| |
Killawats do. do. do. do. | | 500
| |
28. Cookkoo-oose nation reside on the seacoast, to | |
the south of the Killawats | | 1500
| |
Shallalah nation reside on the same course to the | |
south | | 1200
| |
Luckkarso nation do. do. do. | | 1200
| |
Hannakallal nation do. do. do. | | 600
| |
_Indians along the N. W. coast._ | |
| |
29. Killaxthocles tribe reside on the seacoast, from | |
the Chinnooks to the N. N. W. | 8 | 100
| |
Chiltz nation reside from the Killaxthokles along | |
the N. N. W. coast | 38 | 700
| |
Clamoctomichs reside from the Chiltz along the | |
N. N. W. coast | 12 | 260
| |
Potoashs reside on the same coast northwestwardly | |
of the Clamoctomichs | 10 | 200
| |
Pailsh tribe reside from the Potoash on the | |
northwest coast | 10 | 200
| |
Quiniilts reside from the Pailsh along the | |
northwest coast | 60 | 1000
| |
Quieetsos reside from the Quiniilts along the | |
northwest coast | 18 | 250
| |
Chillates reside from the Quieetsos along the | |
northwest coast | 8 | 150
| |
Calasthocle reside from the Chillate northwest | |
along the same coast | 10 | 200
| |
Quinnechart nation reside on the seacoast and | |
creek, north and northwest of the Calasthocles | | 2000
| |
30. Clarkamus nation reside on a large river of the | |
same name, which heads in Mount Jefferson, and | |
discharges itself into the Multnomah, forty miles | |
up that river on its northeast side; this nation | |
has several villages on either side | | 1800
| |
31. Cushooks nation reside on the northeast bank of | |
the Multnomah, immediately below the falls of | |
that river, about sixty miles above its entrance | |
into the Columbia | | 650
| |
32. Charcowah nation reside on the southwest bank | |
of the Multnomah, immediately above the falls; | |
they take the salmon in that river | | 200
| |
33. Callahpoewah nation inhabit the country on both | |
sides of the Multnomah, above the Charcowahs | |
for a great extent | | 2000
| |
34. Shoshonee (or Snake Indians) residing in winter | |
and fall on the Multomah river, southwardly of | |
the southwest mountains, and in spring and summer | |
on the heads of the Towanahiooks, La Page, | |
Yaumalolam, and Wollawollah rivers, and more | |
abundantly at the falls of the Towanahiooks, for | |
the purpose of fishing | | 3000
| |
35. Shoshonees on the Multnomah and its waters; | |
the residence of them is not well known to us, or | |
the Indians of the Columbia | | 6000
| |
36. Shobarboobeer band of Shoshonees reside on the | |
southwest side of the Multnomah river, high up | |
the said river | | 1600
| |
37. Shoshonees residing on the south fork of Lewis’s | |
river, and on the Nemo, Walshlemo, Shallette, | |
Shushpellanimmo, Shecomshink, Timmoonumlarwas, | |
and the Copcoppakark rivers, branches of the | |
south fork of Lewis’s river | | 3000
| |
_We saw parts of the following tribes at the Long | |
narrows_: | |
| |
38. Skaddals nation reside on Cataract river, | |
twenty-five miles north of the Big narrows | | 200
| |
Squannaroos reside on Cataract river, below the | |
Skaddals | | 120
| |
Shallattoos reside on Cataract river, above them | | 100
| |
Shanwappoms reside on the heads of Cataract and | |
Tapteel rivers | | 400
| |
39. Cutsahnim nation reside on both sides of the | |
Columbia, above the Sokulks, and on the northern | |
branches of the Tapteel river, and also on the | |
Wahnaachee river | 60 | 1200
| |
Lahanna nation reside on both sides of the | |
Columbia, above the entrance of Clarke’s river | 120 | 2000
| |
Coospellar nation reside on a river which falls | |
into the Columbia, to the north of Clarke’s river | 30 | 1600
| |
Wheelpo nation reside on both sides of Clarke’s | |
river, from the entrance of Lastaw to the great | |
falls of Clarke’s river | 130 | 2500
| |
Hihighenimmo nation reside from the entrance of | |
the Lastaw into Clarke’s river, on both sides of | |
the Lastaw, as high as the forks | 45 | 1300
| |
Lartielo nation reside at the falls of the Lastaw | |
river, below the great Wayton lake, on both sides | |
of the river | 30 | 600
| |
Skeetsomish nation resides on a small river of | |
the same name, which discharges itself into the | |
Lastaw, below the falls, around the Wayton lake, | |
and on two islands within the said lake | 12 | 2000
| |
Micksucksealton tribe of the Tushshepah reside | |
on Clarke’s river, above the great falls of that | |
river, in the Rocky mountains | 25 | 300
| |
Hohilpos, a tribe of the Tushshepah reside on | |
Clarke’s river, above the Micksucksealtons, in | |
the Rocky mountains. | 25 | 300
| |
Tushshepahs nation reside on a north fork of | |
Clarke’s river in spring and summer, and the fall | |
and winter on the Missouri. The Ootlashoots is | |
a band of this nation. | 35 | 430
+-------+------

Whole number of Indians W. of Rocky Mountains, 80,000

Thermometrical observations, showing also the rise and fall of the Mississippi (Missouri); appearances of weather, winds, &c. commencing at the mouth of the river.

Duboes in latitude 38° 55´ 19´´ ⁶/₁₀ north, and longitude 89° 57´ 45´´ west, January 1, 1804.

Thermometer on the north side of a tree in the woods.

_Explanations of the notations of the weather._

f means fair weather.

c means cloudy.

r means rain.

s means snow.

h means hail.

t means thunder.

l means lightning.

a after, as f a r means fair after rain, which has intervened
since the last observation.

c a s means cloudy after snow intervening.

c a r s means cloudy after rain and snow.

_Notations of the river._

r means risen in the last 24 hours, ending at sunrise.

f means fallen in the last 24 hours, ending at sunrise.

_Notations of thermometer._

_a_ means above naught.

_b_ means below naught.