Chapter XXXIV: Appendix: I (1)

EARLY UNPUBLISHED MAPS OF THE MISSISSIPPI AND THE GREAT LAKES.

Most of the maps described below are to be found in the Dépôt des
Cartes de la Marine et des Colonies, at Paris. Taken together, they
exhibit the progress of western discovery, and illustrate the
records of the explorers.

1. The map of Galinée, 1670, has a double title,--_Carte du Canada et des Terres découvertes vers le lac Derié, and Carte du Lac Ontario et des habitations qui l'environnent ensemble le pays que Messrs. Dolier et Galinée, missionnaires du seminaire de St. Sulpice, ont parcouru_. It professes to represent only the country actually visited by the two missionaries. Beginning with Montreal, it gives the course of the Upper St. Lawrence and the shores of Lake Ontario, the river Niagara, the north shore of Lake Erie, the Strait of Detroit, and the eastern and northern shores of Lake Huron. Galinée did not know the existence of the peninsula of Michigan, and merges Lakes Huron and Michigan into one, under the name of "Michigané, ou Mer Douce des Hurons." He was also entirely ignorant of the south shore of Lake Erie. He represents the outlet of Lake Superior as far as the Saut Ste. Marie, and lays down the river Ottawa in great detail, having descended it on his return. The Falls of the Genesee are indicated, as also the Falls of Niagara, with the inscription, "Sault qui tombe au rapport des sauvages de plus de 200 pieds de haut." Had the Jesuits been disposed to aid him, they could have given him much additional information, and corrected his most serious errors; as, for example, the omission of the peninsula of Michigan. The first attempt to map out the Great Lakes was that of Champlain, in 1632. This of Galinée may be called the second.

2. The map of Lake Superior, published in the Jesuit Relation of 1670, 1671, was made at about the same time with Galinée's map. Lake Superior is here styled "Lac Tracy, ou Supérieur." Though not so exact as it has been represented, this map indicates that the Jesuits had explored every part of this fresh-water ocean, and that they had a thorough knowledge of the straits connecting the three Upper Lakes, and of the adjacent bays, inlets, and shores. The peninsula of Michigan, ignored by Galinée, is represented in its proper place.

3. Three years or more after Galinée made the map mentioned above, another, indicating a greatly increased knowledge of the country, was made by some person whose name does not appear. This map, which is somewhat more than four feet long and about two feet and a half wide, has no title. All the Great Lakes, through their entire extent, are laid down on it with considerable accuracy. Lake Ontario is called "Lac Ontario, ou de Frontenac." Fort Frontenac is indicated, as well as the Iroquois colonies of the north shore. Niagara is "Chute haute de 120 toises par où le Lac Erié tombe dans le Lac Frontenac." Lake Erie is "Lac Teiocha-rontiong, dit communément Lac Erié." Lake St. Clair is "Tsiketo, ou Lac de la Chaudière." Lake Huron is "Lac Huron, ou Mer Douce des Hurons." Lake Superior is "Lac Supérieur." Lake Michigan is "Lac Mitchiganong, ou des Illinois." On Lake Michigan, immediately opposite the site of Chicago, are written the words, of which the following is the literal translation: "The largest vessels can come to this place from the outlet of Lake Erie, where it discharges into Lake Frontenac [Ontario]; and from this marsh into which they can enter there is only a distance of a thousand paces to the River La Divine [Des Plaines], which can lead them to the River Colbert [Mississippi], and thence to the Gulf of Mexico." This map was evidently made after that voyage of La Salle in which he discovered the Illinois, or at least the Des Plaines branch of it. The Ohio is laid down with the inscription, "River Ohio, so called by the Iroquois on account of its beauty, which the Sieur de la Salle descended." (_Ante_, 32, _note_.)

4. We now come to the map of Marquette, which is a rude sketch of a portion of Lakes Superior and Michigan, and of the route pursued by him and Joliet up the Fox River of Green Bay, down the Wisconsin, and thence down the Mississippi as far as the Arkansas. The river Illinois is also laid down, as it was by this course that he returned to Lake Michigan after his memorable voyage. He gives no name to the Wisconsin. The Mississippi is called "Rivière de la Conception;" the Missouri, the Pekitanoui; and the Ohio, the Ouabouskiaou, though La Salle, its discoverer, had previously given it its present name, borrowed from the Iroquois. The Illinois is nameless, like the Wisconsin. At the mouth of a river, perhaps the Des Moines, Marquette places the three villages of the Peoria Indians visited by him. These, with the Kaskaskias, Maroas, and others, on the map, were merely sub-tribes of the aggregation of savages known as the Illinois. On or near the Missouri he places the Ouchage (Osages), the Oumessourit (Missouris), the Kansa (Kanzas), the Paniassa (Pawnees), the Maha (Omahas), and the Pahoutet (Pah-Utahs?). The names of many other tribes, "esloignées dans les terres," are also given along the course of the Arkansas, a river which is nameless on the map. Most of these tribes are now indistinguishable. This map has recently been engraved and published.

5. Not long after Marquette's return from the Mississippi, another map was made by the Jesuits, with the following title: _Carte de la nouvelle decouverte que les peres Iesuites ont fait en l'année 1672, et continuée par le P. Iacques Marquette de la mesme Compagnie accompagné de quelques françois en l'année 1673, qu'on pourra nommer en françois la Manitoumie_. This title is very elaborately decorated with figures drawn with a pen, and representing Jesuits instructing Indians. The map is the same published by Thevenot, not without considerable variations, in 1681. It represents the Mississippi from a little above the Wisconsin to the Gulf of Mexico, the part below the Arkansas being drawn from conjecture. The river is named "Mitchisipi, ou grande Rivière." The Wisconsin, the Illinois, the Ohio, the Des Moines(?), the Missouri, and the Arkansas are all represented, but in a very rude manner. Marquette's route, in going and returning, is marked by lines; but the return route is incorrect. The whole map is so crude and careless, and based on information so inexact, that it is of little interest.

6. The Jesuits made also another map, without title, of the four Upper Lakes and the Mississippi to a little below the Arkansas. The Mississippi is called "Riuiere Colbert." The map is remarkable as including the earliest representation of the Upper Mississippi, based, perhaps, on the reports of Indians. The Falls of St. Anthony are indicated by the word "Saut." It is possible that the map may be of later date than at first appears, and that it may have been drawn in the interval between the return of Hennepin from the Upper Mississippi and that of La Salle from his discovery of the mouth of the river. The various temporary and permanent stations of the Jesuits are marked by crosses.

7. Of far greater interest is the small map of Louis Joliet made and presented to Count Frontenac after the discoverer's return from the Mississippi. It is entitled _Carte de la decouverte du Sr. Jolliet ou l'on voit La Communication du fleuve St. Laurens avec les lacs frontenac, Erié, Lac des Hurons et Ilinois_. Then succeeds the following, written in the same antiquated French, as if it were a part of the title: "Lake Frontenac [Ontario] is separated by a fall of half a league from Lake Erié, from which one enters that of the Hurons, and by the same navigation, into that of the Illinois [Michigan], from the head of which one crosses to the Divine River [Rivière Divine; _i. e._, the Des Plaines branch of the river Illinois], by a portage of a thousand paces. This river falls into the river Colbert [Mississippi], which discharges itself into the Gulf of Mexico." A part of this map is based on the Jesuit map of Lake Superior, the legends being here for the most part identical, though the shape of the lake is better given by Joliet. The Mississippi, or "Riuiere Colbert," is made to flow from three lakes in latitude 47°; and it ends in latitude 37°, a little below the mouth of the Ohio, the rest being apparently cut off to make room for Joliet's letter to Frontenac (_ante_, 76), which is written on the lower part of the map. The valley of the Mississippi is called on the map "Colbertie, ou Amerique Occidentale." The Missouri is represented without name, and against it is a legend, of which the following is the literal translation: "By one of these great rivers which come from the west and discharge themselves into the river Colbert, one will find a way to enter the Vermilion Sea (Gulf of California). I have seen a village which was not more than twenty days' journey by land from a nation which has commerce with those of California. If I had come two days sooner, I should have spoken with those who had come from thence, and had brought four hatchets as a present." The Ohio has no name, but a legend over it states that La Salle had descended it. (See _ante_, 32, _note_).

8. Joliet, at about the same time, made another map, larger than that just mentioned, but not essentially different. The letter to Frontenac is written upon both. There is a third map, of which the following is the title: _Carte generalle de la France septentrionale contenant la descouuerte du pays des Illinois, faite par le Sr. Jolliet_. This map, which is inscribed with a dedication by the Intendant Duchesneau to the minister Colbert, was made some time after the voyage of Joliet and Marquette. It is an elaborate piece of work, but very inaccurate. It represents the continent from Hudson's Strait to Mexico and California, with the whole of the Atlantic and a part of the Pacific coast. An open sea is made to extend from Hudson's Strait westward to the Pacific. The St. Lawrence and all the Great Lakes are laid down with tolerable correctness, as also is the Gulf of Mexico. The Mississippi, called "Messasipi," flows into the Gulf, from which it extends northward nearly to the "Mer du Nord." Along its course, above the Wisconsin, which is called "Miskous," is a long list of Indian tribes, most of which cannot now be recognized, though several are clearly sub-tribes of the Sioux. The Ohio is called "Ouaboustikou." The whole map is decorated with numerous figures of animals, natives of the country, or supposed to be so. Among them are camels, ostriches, and a giraffe, which are placed on the plains west of the Mississippi. But the most curious figure is that which represents one of the monsters seen by Joliet and Marquette, painted on a rock by the Indians. It corresponds with Marquette's description (_ante_, 68). This map, which is an early effort of the engineer Franquelin, does more credit to his skill as a designer than to his geographical knowledge, which appears in some respects behind his time.

9. _Carte de l'Amérique Septentrionale depuis l'embouchure de la Rivière St. Laurens jusques au Sein Mexique._ On this curious little map, the Mississippi is called "Riuiere Buade" (the family name of Frontenac); and the neighboring country is "La Frontenacie." The Illinois is "Riuiere de la Diuine ou Loutrelaise," and the Arkansas is "Riuiere Bazire." The Mississippi is made to head in three lakes, and to discharge itself into "B. du S. Esprit" (Mobile Bay). Some of the legends and the orthography of various Indian names are clearly borrowed from Marquette. This map appears to be the work of Raudin, Frontenac's engineer. I owe a tracing of it to the kindness of Henry Harrisse, Esq.

10. _Carte des Parties les plus occidentales du Canada, par le Père Pierre Raffeix_, S. J. This rude map shows the course of Du Lhut from the head of Lake Superior to the Mississippi, and partly confirms the story of Hennepin, who, Raffeix says in a note, was rescued by Du Lhut. The course of Joliet and Marquette is given, with the legend "Voyage et première descouverte du Mississipy faite par le P. Marquette et Mr. Joliet en 1672." The route of La Salle in 1679, 1680, is also laid down.

11. In the Dépôt des Cartes de la Marine is another map of the Upper Mississippi, which seems to have been made by or for Du Lhut. Lac Buade, the "Issatis," the "Tintons," the "Houelbatons," the "Poualacs," and other tribes of this region appear upon it. This is the map numbered 208 in the _Cartographie_ of Harrisse.

12. Another map deserving mention is a large and fine one, entitled _Carte de l'Amérique Septentrionale et partie de la Meridionale ... avec les nouvelles découvertes de la Rivière Missisipi, ou Colbert_. It appears to have been made in 1682 or 1683, before the descent of La Salle to the mouth of the Mississippi was known to the maker, who seems to have been Franquelin. The lower Mississippi is omitted, but its upper portions are elaborately laid down; and the name _La Louisiane_ appears in large gold letters along its west side. The Falls of St. Anthony are shown, and above them is written "Armes du Roy gravées sur cet arbre l'an 1679." This refers to the _acte de prise de possession_ of Du Lhut in July of that year, and this part of the map seems made from data supplied by him.

13. We now come to the great map of Franquelin, the most remarkable of all the early maps of the interior of North America, though hitherto completely ignored by both American and Canadian writers. It is entitled _Carte de la Louisiane ou des Voyages du Sr. de la Salle et des pays qu'il a découverts depuis la Nouvelle France jusqu'au Golfe Mexique les années 1679, 80, 81, et 82, par Jean Baptiste Louis Franquelin, l'an 1684. Paris._ Franquelin was a young engineer, who held the post of hydrographer to the King, at Quebec, in which Joliet succeeded him. Several of his maps are preserved, including one made in 1681, in which he lays down the course of the Mississippi,--the lower part from conjecture,--making it discharge itself into Mobile Bay. It appears from a letter of the governor, La Barre, that Franquelin was at Quebec in 1683, engaged on a map which was probably that of which the title is given above, though had La Barre known that it was to be called a map of the journeys of his victim La Salle, he would have been more sparing of his praises. "He" (Franquelin), writes the governor, "is as skilful as any in France, but extremely poor and in need of a little aid from his Majesty as an Engineer; he is at work on a very correct map of the country, which I shall send you next year in his name; meanwhile, I shall support him with some little assistance."--_Colonial Documents of New York_, IX. 205.

The map is very elaborately executed, and is six feet long and four and a half wide. It exhibits the political divisions of the continent, as the French then understood them; that is to say, all the regions drained by streams flowing into the St. Lawrence and the Mississippi are claimed as belonging to France, and this vast domain is separated into two grand divisions, La Nouvelle France and La Louisiane. The boundary line of the former, New France, is drawn from the Penobscot to the southern extremity of Lake Champlain, and thence to the Mohawk, which it crosses a little above Schenectady, in order to make French subjects of the Mohawk Indians. Thence it passes by the sources of the Susquehanna and the Alleghany, along the southern shore of Lake Erie, across Southern Michigan, and by the head of Lake Michigan, whence it sweeps northwestward to the sources of the Mississippi. Louisiana includes the entire valley of the Mississippi and the Ohio, besides the whole of Texas. The Spanish province of Florida comprises the peninsula and the country east of the Bay of Mobile, drained by streams flowing into the Gulf; while Carolina, Virginia, and the other English provinces, form a narrow strip between the Alleghanies and the Atlantic.

The Mississippi is called "Missisipi, ou Rivière Colbert;" the Missouri, "Grande Rivière des Emissourittes, ou Missourits;" the Illinois, "Rivière des Ilinois, ou Macopins;" the Ohio, which La Salle had before called by its present name, "Fleuve St. Louis, ou Chucagoa, ou Casquinampogamou;" one of its principal branches is "Ohio, ou Olighin" (Alleghany); the Arkansas, "Rivière des Acansea;" the Red River, "Rivière Seignelay," a name which had once been given to the Illinois. Many smaller streams are designated by names which have been entirely forgotten.

The nomenclature differs materially from that of Coronelli's map, published four years later. Here the whole of the French territory is laid down as "Canada, ou La Nouvelle France," of which "La Louisiane" forms an integral part. The map of Homannus, like that of Franquelin, makes two distinct provinces, of which one is styled "Canada" and the other "La Louisiane," the latter including Michigan and the greater part of New York. Franquelin gives the shape of Hudson's Bay, and of all the Great Lakes, with remarkable accuracy. He makes the Mississippi bend much too far to the West. The peculiar sinuosities of its course are indicated; and some of its bends--as, for example, that at New Orleans--are easily recognized. Its mouths are represented with great minuteness; and it may be inferred from the map that, since La Salle's time, they have advanced considerably into the sea.

Perhaps the most interesting feature in Franquelin's map is his sketch of La Salle's evanescent colony on the Illinois, engraved for this volume. He reproduced the map in 1688, for presentation to the King, with the title _Carte de l'Amérique Septentrionale, depuis le 25 jusq'au 65 degré de latitude et environ 140 et 235 degrés de longitude, etc._ In this map, Franquelin corrects various errors in that which preceded. One of these corrections consists in the removal of a branch of the river Illinois which he had marked on his first map,--as will be seen by referring to the portion of it in this book,--but which does not in fact exist. On this second map, La Salle's colony appears in much diminished proportions, his Indian settlements having in good measure dispersed.

Two later maps of New France and Louisiana, both bearing Franquelin's name, are preserved in the Dépôt des Cartes de la Marine, as well as a number of smaller maps and sketches, also by him. They all have more or less of the features of the great map of 1684, which surpasses them all in interest and completeness.

The remarkable manuscript map of the Upper Mississippi by Le Sueur belongs to a period later than the close of this narrative.

These various maps, joined to contemporary documents, show that the Valley of the Mississippi received, at an early date, the several names of Manitoumie, Frontenacie, Colbertie, and La Louisiane. This last name, which it long retained, is due to La Salle. The first use of it which I have observed is in a conveyance of the Island of Belleisle made by him to his lieutenant, La Forest, in 1679.

II.

THE ELDORADO OF MATHIEU SÂGEAN.

Father Hennepin had among his contemporaries two rivals in the fabrication of new discoveries. The first was the noted La Hontan, whose book, like his own, had a wide circulation and proved a great success. La Hontan had seen much, and portions of his story have a substantial value; but his account of his pretended voyage up the "Long River" is a sheer fabrication. His "Long River" corresponds in position with the St. Peter, but it corresponds in nothing else; and the populous nations whom he found on it--the Eokoros, the Esanapes, and the Gnacsitares, no less than their neighbors the Mozeemlek and the Tahuglauk--are as real as the nations visited by Captain Gulliver. But La Hontan did not, like Hennepin, add slander and plagiarism to mendacity, or seek to appropriate to himself the credit of genuine discoveries made by others.

Mathieu Sâgean is a personage less known than Hennepin or La Hontan; for though he surpassed them both in fertility of invention, he was illiterate, and never made a book. In 1701, being then a soldier in a company of marines at Brest, he revealed a secret which he declared that he had locked within his breast for twenty years, having been unwilling to impart it to the Dutch and English, in whose service he had been during the whole period. His story was written down from his dictation, and sent to the minister Ponchartrain. It is preserved in the Bibliothèque Nationale, and in 1863 it was printed by Mr. Shea.

He was born, he declares, at La Chine in Canada, and engaged in the service of La Salle about twenty years before the revelation of his secret; that is, in 1681. Hence, he would have been, at the utmost, only fourteen years old, as La Chine did not exist before 1667. He was with La Salle at the building of Fort St. Louis of the Illinois, and was left here as one of a hundred men under command of Tonty. Tonty, it is to be observed, had but a small fraction of this number; and Sâgean describes the fort in a manner which shows that he never saw it. Being desirous of making some new discovery, he obtained leave from Tonty, and set out with eleven other Frenchmen and two Mohegan Indians. They ascended the Mississippi a hundred and fifty leagues, carried their canoes by a cataract, went forty leagues farther, and stopped a month to hunt. While thus employed, they found another river, fourteen leagues distant, flowing south-southwest. They carried their canoes thither, meeting on the way many lions, leopards, and tigers, which did them no harm; then they embarked, paddled a hundred and fifty leagues farther, and found themselves in the midst of the great nation of the Acanibas, dwelling in many fortified towns, and governed by King Hagaren, who claimed descent from Montezuma. The King, like his subjects, was clothed with the skins of men. Nevertheless, he and they were civilized and polished in their manners. They worshipped certain frightful idols of gold in the royal palace. One of them represented the ancestor of their monarch armed with lance, bow, and quiver, and in the act of mounting his horse; while in his mouth he held a jewel as large as a goose's egg, which shone like fire, and which, in the opinion of Sâgean, was a carbuncle. Another of these images was that of a woman mounted on a golden unicorn, with a horn more than a fathom long. After passing, pursues the story, between these idols, which stand on platforms of gold, each thirty feet square, one enters a magnificent vestibule, conducting to the apartment of the King. At the four corners of this vestibule are stationed bands of music, which, to the taste of Sâgean, was of very poor quality. The palace is of vast extent, and the private apartment of the King is twenty-eight or thirty feet square; the walls, to the height of eighteen feet, being of bricks of solid gold, and the pavement of the same. Here the King dwells alone, served only by his wives, of whom he takes a new one every day. The Frenchmen alone had the privilege of entering, and were graciously received.

These people carry on a great trade in gold with a nation, believed by Sâgean to be the Japanese, as the journey to them lasts six months. He saw the departure of one of the caravans, which consisted of more than three thousand oxen, laden with gold, and an equal number of horsemen, armed with lances, bows, and daggers. They receive iron and steel in exchange for their gold. The King has an army of a hundred thousand men, of whom three fourths are cavalry. They have golden trumpets, with which they make very indifferent music; and also golden drums, which, as well as the drummer, are carried on the backs of oxen. The troops are practised once a week in shooting at a target with arrows; and the King rewards the victor with one of his wives, or with some honorable employment.

These people are of a dark complexion and hideous to look upon, because their faces are made long and narrow by pressing their heads between two boards in infancy. The women, however, are as fair as in Europe; though, in common with the men, their ears are enormously large. All persons of distinction among the Acanibas wear their fingernails very long. They are polygamists, and each man takes as many wives as he wants. They are of a joyous disposition, moderate drinkers, but great smokers. They entertained Sâgean and his followers during five months with the fat of the land; and any woman who refused a Frenchman was ordered to be killed. Six girls were put to death with daggers for this breach of hospitality. The King, being anxious to retain his visitors in his service, offered Sâgean one of his daughters, aged fourteen years, in marriage; and when he saw him resolved to depart, promised to keep her for him till he should return.

The climate is delightful, and summer reigns throughout the year. The plains are full of birds and animals of all kinds, among which are many parrots and monkeys, besides the wild cattle, with humps like camels, which these people use as beasts of burden.

King Hagaren would not let the Frenchmen go till they had sworn by the sky, which is the customary oath of the Acanibas, that they would return in thirty-six moons, and bring him a supply of beads and other trinkets from Canada. As gold was to be had for the asking, each of the eleven Frenchmen took away with him sixty small bars, weighing about four pounds each. The King ordered two hundred horsemen to escort them, and carry the gold to their canoes; which they did, and then bade them farewell with terrific howlings, meant, doubtless, to do them honor.

After many adventures, wherein nearly all his companions came to a bloody end, Sâgean, and the few others who survived, had the ill luck to be captured by English pirates, at the mouth of the St. Lawrence. He spent many years among them in the East and West Indies, but would not reveal the secret of his Eldorado to these heretical foreigners.

Such was the story, which so far imposed on the credulity of the minister Ponchartrain as to persuade him that the matter was worth serious examination. Accordingly, Sâgean was sent to Louisiana, then in its earliest infancy as a French colony. Here he met various persons who had known him in Canada, who denied that he had ever been on the Mississippi, and contradicted his account of his parentage. Nevertheless, he held fast to his story, and declared that the gold mines of the Acanibas could be reached without difficulty by the river Missouri. But Sauvolle and Bienville, chiefs of the colony, were obstinate in their unbelief; and Sâgean and his King Hagaren lapsed alike into oblivion.

INDEX.

Abenakis, the, 285, 295, 316, 346.

Acanibas, the, great nation of,
description of, 487-489;
gold mines of, 489.

"Acansea" (Arkansas) River, the, 484.

Accau, Michel, 186, 187, 249, 251, 253, 261, 265, 266, 273.

African travel, history of, 198.

Agniers (Mohawks), the, 136.

Aigron, Captain, on ill-terms with La Salle, 372, 382, 383.

Ailleboust, Madame d', 111.

"Aimable," La Salle's store-ship, 372, 373, 374, 375, 379, 380,
381, 405, 454, 468.

Aire, Beaujeu's lieutenant, 375.

Akanseas, nation of the, 300. See also _Arkansas Indians, the_.

Albanel,
prominent among the Jesuit explorers, 109;
his journey up the Saguenay to Hudson's Bay, 109.

Albany, 118, 200, 220.

Algonquin Indians, the,
Jean Nicollet among, 3;
at Ste. Marie du Saut, 39;
the Iroquois spread desolation among, 219.

Alkansas, nation of the, 300. See also _Arkansas Indians, the_.

Alleghany Mountains, the, 84, 308, 309, 483.

Alleghany River, the, 307, 483, 484.

Allouez, Father Claude,
explores a part of Lake Superior, 6;
name of Lake Michigan, 42, 155;
sent to Green Bay to found a mission, 43;
joined by Dablon, 43;
among the Mascoutins and the Miamis, 44;
among the Foxes, 45;
at Saut Ste. Marie, 51;
addresses the Indians at Saut Ste. Marie, 53;
population of the Illinois Valley, 169;
intrigues against La Salle, 175, 238;
at Fort St. Louis of the Illinois, 458;
his fear of La Salle, 459.

Allumette Island, 3.

Alton, city of, 68.

America,
debt due La Salle from, 432.

"Amerique Occidentale" (Mississippi Valley), 479.

Amikoués, the,
at Saut Ste. Marie, 51.

Andastes,
reduced to helpless insignificance by the Iroquois, 219.

André, Louis,
mission of the Manitoulin Island assigned to, 41;
makes a missionary tour among the Nipissings, 41;
his experiences among them, 42;
at Saut Ste. Marie, 51.

Anthony, St., of Padua, the patron of La Salle's great
enterprise, 152, 250, 259.

Anticosti, great island of,
granted to Joliet, 76.

Appalache, Bay of, 373.

Aquipaguetin, Chief, 254;
plots against Hennepin, 255, 261, 262, 264, 271, 272.

Aramoni River, the, 221, 225, 239.

Arctic travel,
history of, 198.

Arkansas Indians, the,
Joliet and Marquette among, 72, 184;
La Salle among, 299;
various names of, 300;
tallest and best-formed Indians in America, 300, 308;
villages of, 466.

Arkansas River, the, 71;
Joutel's arrival at, 453;
Joutel descends, 456; 478, 484.

Arnoul, Sieur, 383, 390.

Arouet, François Marie, see _Voltaire_.

Aspinwall, Col. Thomas, 471.

Assiniboins, the,
at the Jesuit mission of St. Esprit, 40, 261;
Du Lhut among, 276.

Assonis, the,
Joutel among, 451;
Tonty among, 452.

Atlantic coast, the, 480.

Atlantic Ocean, the, 74.

Auguel, Antoine, 186.
See also _Du Gay, Picard_.

Autray, Sieur d', 200.

Bancroft, 75.

Barbier, Sieur, 406;
marriage of, 408, 418;
fate of, 470.

Barcia, 244, 471.

Barrois, secretary of Count Frontenac, 293.

Barthelemy, 433, 451, 456.

Baugis, Chevalier de, 326, 327.

Bazire, 101.

Beauharnois, forest of, 14.

Beaujeu, Madame de,
devotion to the Jesuits, 361.

Beaujeu, Sieur de,
divides with La Salle the command of the new enterprise, 353;
lack of harmony between La Salle and, 354-361;
letters to Seignelay, 354-356;
letters to Cabart de Villermont, 357-360;
sails from Rochelle, 366;
disputes with La Salle, 366;
the voyage, 368;
complaints of, 370;
La Salle waiting for, 374;
meeting with La Salle, 375;
in Texas, 381;
makes friendly advances to La Salle, 385;
departure of, 387;
conduct of, 389;
coldly received by Seignelay, 389, 454.

"Beautiful River" (Ohio), the, 70.

Bégon, the intendant, 367, 368.

"Belle," La Salle's frigate, 372, 373, 374, 379, 383, 386, 389,
392, 401, 404, 406, 407, 416, 417, 468.

Bellefontaine, Tonty's lieutenant, 458, 460.

Belle Isle, 203.

Belleisle, Island of, 485.

Bellinzani, 129.

Bernon, Abbé,
on the character of La Salle, 342.

Bibliothèque Mazarine, the, 17.

Bienville, 489.

Big Vermilion River, the, 221, 239, 241.

Bissot, Claire,
her marriage to Louis Joliet, 76.

Black Rock, 149.

Boeufs, Rivière aux, 392.

Bois Blanc, Island of, 153.

Boisrondet, Sieur de, 218, 223, 227, 233, 236, 457.

Boisseau, 101.

Bolton, Captain,
reaches the Mississippi, 5.

Boston, 5;
rumored that the Dutch fleet had captured, 88.

Boughton Hill, 21.

Bourbon, Louis Armand de, see, _Conti, Prince de_.

Bourdon, the engineer, 111.

Bourdon, Jean, 200.
See also _Dautray_.

Bourdon, Madame, superior of the Sainte Famille, 111.

Bowman, W. E., 317.

Branssac,
loans merchandise to La Salle, 49, 434.

Brazos River, the, 424.

Breman,
fate of, 471, 472.

Brest, 486.

Brinvilliers,
burned alive, 179.

British territories, the, 309.

Brodhead, 136.

Bruyas, the Jesuit, 115;
among the Onondagas and the Mohawks, 115, 135;
the "Racines Agnières" of, 136.

Buade, Lake, 257, 262, 481.

Buade, Louis de, see _Frontenac, Count_.

Buade, Rivière (Mississippi), 481.

Buffalo, the, 205, 398.

Buffalo Rock, 169, 314;
occupied by the Miami village, 314;
described by Charlevoix, 314.

Buisset, Luc, the Récollet, 121;
at Fort Frontenac, 132, 135, 137, 280.

Bull River, 272.

Burnt Wood River, the, 277.

Caddoes, the, 452;
villages of, 465.

Cadodaquis, the, 452.

California, Gulf of, 15, 31, 41, 63, 74, 84, 480.

California, State of, 480.

Camanches, the, 414.

Cambray, Archbishop of, 16.

Canada, 10;
Frontenac's treaty with the Indians confers an inestimable
blessing on all, 95;
no longer merely a mission, 104, 484.

Canadian Parliament, Library of, the, 13.

Cananistigoyan, 275.

Carignan, regiment of, 12, 91.

Carolina, 483.

Carver, 62, 267.

"Casquinampogamou" (St. Louis) River, the, 484.

Casson, Dollier de, 15;
among the Nipissings, 16;
leads an expedition of conversion, 16;
combines his expedition with that of La Salle, 17;
journey of, 19, 20;
_belles paroles_ of La Salle, 25;
discoveries of La Salle, 29, 475.

Cataraqui Bridge, the, 90.

Cataraqui River, the, 87;
Frontenac at, 90;
fort built on the banks of, 92.

Cavelier, nephew of La Salle, 420, 435, 438, 446, 449, 451, 458, 463.

Cavelier, Henri, uncle of La Salle, 7, 363.

Cavelier, Jean, father of La Salle, 7.

Cavelier, Abbé Jean, brother of La Salle, 9;
at Montreal, 98;
La Salle defamed to, 113;
causes La Salle no little annoyance, 114, 333, 353, 367, 369, 370,
371, 372, 374, 376, 388, 394, 396, 402, 405, 406, 412, 415, 416,
417, 420, 421, 423;
unreliable in his writings, 433, 435, 436;
doubt and anxiety, 437, 438, 446;
plans to escape, 447;
the murder of Duhaut, 449;
sets out for home, 450, 451;
among the Assonis, 452, 453;
on the Arkansas, 455;
at Fort St. Louis of the Illinois, 457;
visit to Father Allouez, 459;
conceals La Salle's death, 460;
reaches Montreal, 462;
embarks for France, 462;
his report to Seignelay, 462, 463;
his memorial to the King, 463, 464.

Cavelier, Madeleine, 28, 34.

Cavelier, René Robert, see _La Salle, Sieur de_.

Cayuga Creek, 145, 146.

Cayugas, the,
Frontenac's address to, 91.

Cenis, the,
La Salle among, 413;
villages of, 415;
Duhaut's journey to, 438;
Joutel among, 440-445;
customs of, 443;
joined by Hiens on a war-expedition, 450.

Champigny, Intendant of Canada, 434.

Champlain, Lake, 483.

Champlain, Samuel de,
dreams of the South Sea, 14;
map of, 139;
his enthusiasm compared with that of La Salle, 431;
first to map out the Great Lakes, 476.

Chaouanons (Shawanoes), the, 307, 317.

Charlevoix, 50;
death of Marquette, 82; 103;
the names of the Illinois River, 167;
the loss of the "Griffin," 182;
the Illinois Indians, 223;
doubted veracity of Hennepin, 244;
the Iroquois virgin, Tegahkouita, 275;
the Arkansas nation, 300;
visits the Natchez Indians, 304;
describes "Starved Rock" and Buffalo Rock, 314;
speaks of "Le Rocher," 314;
character of La Salle, 433, 454;
the remains of Fort St. Louis of the Illinois, 468.

Charon, creditor of La Salle, 150.

Charron, Madame, 111.

Chartier, Martin, 337.

Chassagoac, chief of the Illinois,
meeting with La Salle, 192.

Chassagouasse, Chief, 192.

Chateauguay, forest of, 14.

"Chaudière, Lac de la" (Lake St. Clair), 476.

Chaumonot, the Jesuit,
founds the association of the Sainte Famille, 111.

Chefdeville, M. de, 406, 407, 418, 463.

Cheruel, 167.

Chicago, 50, 236, 460, 462, 477.

Chicago Portage, the, 320.

Chicago River, the, 31;
Marquette on, 78, 296.

Chickasaw Bluffs, the, 311.

Chickasaw Indians, the, 184, 296, 307, 320, 468.

Chikachas (Chickasaws), the, 307.

China, 6, 14, 29.

China, Sea of, 38, 83.

Chippewa Creek, 139, 145.

Chippeway River, the, 272.

"Chucagoa" (St. Louis) River, the, 484.

Chukagoua (Ohio) River, the, 307.

Clark, James, 169, 170;
the site of the Great Illinois Town, 239.

Coahuila, 469.

Colbert, the minister,
Joliet's discovery of the Mississippi announced to, 34;
Frontenac's despatch, recommending La Salle, 99;
La Salle defamed to, 119;
a memorial of La Salle laid before, 122, 344, 345, 480.

Colbert River (Mississippi), the, 35, 244, 307, 346, 376, 477, 479, 482.

"Colbertie" (Mississippi Valley), 479.

Collin, 187.

Colorado River, the, 411, 415.

Comet of 1680, the Great, 213.

"Conception, Rivière de la" (Mississippi River), 477.

Conti, Fort, 128;
location of, 129, 148.

Conti, Lac de (Lake Erie), 129.

Conti, Prince de (second),
patron of La Salle, 106;
letter from La Salle, 118.

Copper mines of Lake Superior, 23;
Joliet attempts to discover, 23;
the Jesuits labor to explore, 38;
Indian legends concerning, 39;
Saint-Lusson sets out to discover, 49.

Coroas, the,
visited by the French, 305, 310.

Coronelli, map made by, 221, 484.

Corpus Christi Bay, 375.

Cosme, St., 69, 314, 454;
commendation of Tonty, 467.

Courcelle, Governor, 11, 15, 17, 35;
quarrel with Talon, 56;
schemes to protect French trade in Canada, 85.

Couture,
the assassination of La Salle, 433;
welcomes Joutel, 453, 455, 456, 461, 464.

Creeks, the, 304.

Crees, the,
at Saut Ste. Marie, 51.

Crèvecoeur, Fort, 34;
built by La Salle, 180;
La Salle at, 180-188;
destroyed by the mutineers, 199;
La Salle finds the ruins of, 211.

Crow Indians, the,
make war upon the dead, 207.

Cuba, 372, 389.

Cussy, De, governor of La Tortue, 367, 368.

Dablon, Father Claude the Jesuit,
at Ste. Marie du Saut, 27, 51;
reports the discovery of copper, 38;
the location of the Illinois Indians, 41;
the name of Lake Michigan, 42;
joins Father Allouez at the Green Bay Mission, 43;
among the Mascoutins and the Miamis, 44;
the Cross among the Foxes, 45;
the authority and state of the Miami chief, 50;
Allouez's harangue at Saut Ste. Marie, 55;
rumors of the Dutch fleet, 88, 112.

Dacotah (Sioux) Indians, the, 260.

Dauphin, Fort, 128;
location of, 129.

Dauphin, Lac (Lake Michigan), 155.

Daupin, François, 203.

Dautray, 187, 199, 210, 306.

De Launay, see _Launay, De_.

De Leon, see _Leon, Alonzo de_.

De Leon (San Antonio), the, 469.

Del Norte, the, 469.

De Marle, see _Marle, De_.

Denonville, Marquis de, 21, 121, 275, 454;
in the Iroquois War, 460;
announces war against Spain, 464;
commendation of Tonty, 467.

Des Groseilliers, Médard Chouart,
reaches the Mississippi, 5.

Deslauriers, 118.

Desloges, 384.

Des Moines, 65.

Des Moines River, the, 477, 478.

De Soto, Hernando,
buried in the Mississippi, 3.

Des Plaines River, the, 79, 477, 479.

Detroit, 26.

Detroit River, the, 31, 197, 279.

Detroit, the Strait of,
first recorded passage of white men through, 26;
the "Griffin" in, 151;
Du Lhut ordered to fortify, 275, 475.

Divine, the Rivière de la, 167, 479.

Dollier, see _Casson, Dollier de_.

Douay, Anastase, 69, 155;
joins La Salle's new enterprise, 353, 372;
in Texas, 388;
at Fort St. Louis, 399, 405, 406, 412, 413, 414, 415, 416,
417, 418, 420, 421, 422, 428;
the assassination of La Salle, 432;
unreliable in his writings, 433, 435;
doubt and anxiety, 437, 446;
the murder of Duhaut, 448, 449;
sets out for home, 451, 458;
visit to Father Allouez, 459;
character of, 462.

Druilletes, Gabriel,
at Saut Ste. Marie, 51;
teaches Marquette the Montagnais language, 59.

Duchesneau, the intendant, 69, 78, 101, 102, 125, 126, 138, 156,
164, 197, 217, 218, 219, 235, 274, 275, 480.

Du Gay, Picard, 186, 187, 250, 251, 253;
among the Sioux, 259, 261, 265, 266, 268, 269, 270, 272, 273.

Duhaut, the brothers, 368, 400.

Duhaut, the elder,
return of, 401;
at Fort St. Louis, 405;
plots against La Salle, 410, 420, 424;
quarrel with Moranget, 425;
murders Moranget, Saget, and Nika, 426;
assassinates La Salle, 429;
triumph of, 435;
journey to the Cenis villages, 438;
resolves to return to Fort St. Louis, 446;
quarrel with Hiens, 446;
plans to go to Canada, 448;
murder of, 448.

Du Lhut, Daniel Greysolon, 182;
meeting with Hennepin, 273;
sketch of, 274;
exploits of, 275, 276;
route of, 276;
explorations of, 276-278;
among the Assiniboins and the Sioux, 276;
joined by Hennepin, 278;
reaches the Green Bay Mission, 279, 322;
in the Iroquois War, 460, 481, 482.

Dumesnil, La Salle's servant, 415.

Dumont,
La Salle borrows money from, 127.

Duplessis,
attempts to murder La Salle, 166.

Dupont, Nicolas, 99.

Du Pratz,
customs of the Natchez, 304.

Durango, 350.

Durantaye, 275;
in the Iroquois War, 460.

Dutch, the,
trade with the Indians, 219;
encourage the Iroquois to fight, 324.

Dutch fleet, the,
rumored to have captured Boston, 88.

East Indies, the, 489.

Eastman, Mrs., legend of Winona, 271.

"Emissourites, Rivière des" (Missouri), 70.

English, the,
hold out great inducements to Joliet to join them, 76;
French company formed to compete at Hudson's Bay with, 76;
trade with the Indians, 219;
encourage the Iroquois to fight, 324.

"English Jem," 421.

Eokoros, the, 486.

Erie, Lake, 23, 25, 26, 29, 31, 96, 124, 141, 146, 151, 196, 197,
275, 279, 309, 333, 475, 476, 477, 479, 483.

Eries, the,
exterminated by the Iroquois, 219.

Esanapes, the, 486.

Esmanville, the priest, 375, 379.

Espiritu Santo Bay, 394, 471.

Estrées, Count d', 344.

Faillon, Abbé,
connection of La Salle with the Jesuits, 8;
the seigniory of La Salle, 12, 13;
detailed plan of Montreal, 13;
La Salle's discoveries, 29;
La Salle in need of money, 49;
throws much light on the life of, 58, 98;
on the establishment of the association of the Sainte Famille, 112;
plan of Fort Frontenac, 121.

Fauvel-Cavelier, Mme., 463.

Fénelon, Abbé, 16;
attempts to mediate between Frontenac and Perrot, 97;
preaches against Frontenac at Montreal, 98.

Ferland,
throws much light on the life of Joliet, 58.

Fire Nation, the, 44.

Five Nations, the, 11.

Florida, 483.

Florida Indians, the,
lodges of, 442.

Folles-Avoines, Nation des, 61.

Forked River (Mississippi), the, 5.

Fox River, the, 4, 43, 50, 62, 477.

Foxes, the
at the Jesuit mission of St. Esprit, 40;
location of, 43;
Father Allouez among, 45;
incensed against the French, 45;
the Cross among, 45, 287.

France,
takes possession of the West, 52;
receives on parchment a stupendous accession, 308.

Francheville, Pierre, 58.

Francis, St., 249.

Franciscans, the, 133.

Franquelin, Jean Baptiste Louis,
manuscript map made by, 169, 221,
309, 316, 317, 347, 390, 481, 482, 483, 484, 485.

Fremin, the Jesuit, 21.

French, the,
Hurons the allies of, 4;
in western New York, 19-23;
the Iroquois felt the power of, 42;
the Foxes incensed against, 45;
the Jesuits seek to embroil the Iroquois with, 115;
seeking to secure a monopoly of the furs of the north and west, 219;
in Texas, 348;
reoccupy Fort St. Louis of the Illinois, 468.

French River, 28, 462.

Frontenac, Count,
La Salle addresses a memorial to, 32;
announces Joliet's discovery of the Mississippi to Colbert, 34;
speaks slightingly of Joliet, 34;
succeeds Courcelle as governor, 56, 57, 60, 67;
letter from Joliet to, 76;
favorably disposed to La Salle, 85;
comes to Canada a ruined man, 85;
schemes of, 86;
at Montreal, 87;
his journey to Lake Ontario, 88;
faculty for managing the Indians, 89;
reaches Lake Ontario, 89;
at Cataraqui, 90;
addresses the Indians, 91;
admirable dealing with the Indians, 92, 93;
his enterprise a complete success, 95;
confers an inestimable benefit on all Canada, 95;
his plan to command the Upper Lakes, 96;
quarrel with Perrot, 96;
arrests Perrot, 96;
has Montreal well in hand, 96;
the Abbé Fénelon attempts to mediate between Perrot and, 97;
the Abbé Fénelon preaches against, 98;
championed by La Salle, 99;
recommends La Salle to Colbert, 99;
expects to share in profits of La Salle's new post, 101;
hatred of the Jesuits, 102;
protects the Récollets, 109;
intrigues of the Jesuits, 118, 125, 201, 232, 235, 238, 274;
entertains Father Hennepin, 280, 292;
recalled to France, 318;
obligations of La Salle to, 434;
commendation of Tonty, 467, 479, 480, 481.

Frontenac, Fort, 34;
granted to La Salle, 100;
rebuilt by La Salle, 101, 112;
La Salle at, 120;
plan of, 121;
not established for commercial gain alone, 122, 148, 203, 292;
La Barre takes possession of, 325;
restored to La Salle by the King, 351, 476.

Frontenac (Ontario), Lake, 128, 476, 477, 479.

Frontenac, Madame de, 167.

"Frontenacie, La," 481.

Fur-trade, the,
the Jesuits accused of taking part in, 109, 110;
the Jesuits seek to establish a monopoly in, 114.

Gabriel, Father, 158, 159, 227, 237.

Gaeta, 128.

Galinée, Father, 17;
recounts the journey of La Salle and the Sulpitians, 19, 20, 26;
cruelty of the Senecas, 22;
the work of the Jesuits, 28;
makes the earliest map of the Upper Lakes, 28, 106, 140, 475.

Galve, Viceroy, 469.

Galveston Bay, 374, 376, 385.

Garakontié, Chief, 91.

Garnier, Julien, 59;
among the Senecas, 141.

Gayen, 384.

Geest, Catherine
mother of La Salle, 7;
La Salle's farewell to, 364.

Geest, Nicolas, 7.

Gendron, 139.

Genesee, the Falls of the, 476.

Genesee River, the, 140, 142, 279.

Georgian Bay of Lake Huron, 27, 203.

Giton,
La Salle borrows money from, 150.

Gnacsitares, the, 486.

Gould, Dr. B. A.,
on the "Great Comet of 1680," 213.

Grandfontaine, Chevalier de, 56.

Grand Gulf, 300.

Grand River, 23, 25.

Gravier, 244, 297;
the Arkansas nation, 300.

Great Lakes, the, 4;
Joliet makes a map of the region of, 32;
early unpublished maps of, 475-485;
Champlain makes the first attempt to map out, 476.

Great Manitoulin Island, the, 41.

"Great Mountain," the Indian name for the governor of Canada, 156.

Green Bay of Lake Michigan, the, 4, 31, 42, 43, 75;
La Salle at, 155; 236.

Green Bay Mission, the,
Father Allouez sent to found, 43;
Marquette at, 62;
Father Hennepin and Du Lhut reach, 279.

"Griffin," the,
building of, 144-148;
finished, 149;
voyage of, 151-153;
at St. Ignace of Michilimackinac, 154;
set sail for Niagara laden with furs, 156;
La Salle's forebodings concerning, 163;
loss of, 181, 322.

Grollet, 445, 446, 448, 470, 471;
sent to Spain, 472.

Guadalupe, the, 469.

Gulliver, Captain, 486.

Hagaren, King of the Acanibas, 487-489.

Hamilton, town of, 23.

Harrisse, Henry, 76, 481, 482.

Haukiki (Marest) River, the, 167.

Hennepin, Louis,
connection of La Salle with the Jesuits, 8;
at Fort Frontenac, 121;
meets La Salle on his return to Canada, 130;
receives permission to join La Salle, 131;
his journey to Fort Frontenac, 132;
sets out with La Motte for Niagara, 132;
portrait of, 133;
his past life, 133;
sails for Canada, 134;
relations with La Salle, 134, 135;
work among the Indians, 135;
the most impudent of liars, 136;
daring of, 137;
embarks on the journey, 137;
reaches the Niagara, 138;
account of the falls and river of Niagara, 139;
among the Senecas, 140, 141;
at the Niagara Portage, 145-147;
the launch of the "Griffin," 148, 149;
on board the "Griffin," 151;
St. Anthony of Padua the patron saint of La Salle's great
enterprise, 152;
the departure of the "Griffin" for Niagara, 157;
La Salle's encounter with the Outagamies, 161;
La Salle rejoined by Tonty, 163;
La Salle's forebodings concerning the "Griffin," 163;
population of the Illinois Valley, 169;
among the Illinois, 173, 174;
the story of Monso, 177;
La Salle's men desert him, 178;
at Fort Crèvecoeur, 181;
sent to the Mississippi, 185;
the journey from Fort Crèvecoeur, 201;
the mutineers at Fort Crèvecoeur, 218; 234;
sets out to explore the Illinois River, 242;
his claims to the discovery of the Mississippi, 243;
doubted veracity of, 244;
captured by the Sioux, 245;
proved an impostor, 245;
steals passages from Membré and Le Clerc, 247;
his journey northward, 249;
suspected of sorcery, 253;
plots against, 255;
a hard journey, 257;
among the Sioux, 259-282;
adopted as a son by the Sioux, 261;
sets out for the Wisconsin, 266;
notice of the Falls of St. Anthony, 267;
rejoins the Indians, 273;
meeting with Du Lhut, 273;
joins Du Lhut, 278;
reaches the Green Bay Mission, 279;
reaches Fort Frontenac, 280;
goes to Montreal, 280;
entertained by Frontenac, 280;
returns to Europe, 280;
dies in obscurity, 281;
Louis XIV. orders the arrest of, 282;
various editions of the travels of, 282;
finds fault with Tonty, 467, 479, 481;
rivals of, 485, 486.

Hiens, the German, 411, 421, 425;
murders Moranget, Saget, and Nika, 426;
quarrel with Duhaut and Liotot, 446;
murders Duhaut, 448;
joins the Cenis on a war expedition, 450, 465;
fate of, 472.

Hillaret Moïse, 147, 178, 187, 193, 217, 218.

Hitt, Col. D. F., 317.

Hohays, the, 261.

Homannus,
map made by, 484.

Hondo (Rio Frio), the, 469.

Horse Shoe Fall, the, 139.

Hôtel-Dieu at Montreal, the, 13, 98.

Hudson's Bay,
Joliet's voyage to, 76;
Albanel's journey to, 109, 346, 484.

Hudson's Strait, 480.

Humber River, the, 138, 203.

Hunaut, 187, 210, 287.

Hundred Associates, Company of the, 57.

Huron Indians, the,
quarrel with the Winnebagoes, 4;
allies of the French, 4;
at the Jesuit mission of St. Esprit, 40;
Marquette among, 40;
terrified by the Sioux, 41;
destroyed by the Iroquois, 219.

Huron, Lake, 26, 27, 31;
the Jesuits on, 37, 41;
Saint-Lusson takes possession for France of, 52;
La Salle on, 152, 475, 476, 479.

Huron Mission, the, 27.

Huron River, the, 196.

"Hyacinth, confection of," 159.

Iberville, the founder of Louisiana, 455;
joined by Tonty, 467, 472, 473.

Ignatius, Saint, 78.

Illinois, Great Town of the, 170;
deserted, 191;
La Salle at, 205;
description of, 221;
Tonty in, 223;
abandoned to the Iroquois, 230;
site of, 239.

Illinois Indians, the,
at the Jesuit mission of St. Esprit, 40;
location of, 40, 41, 60;
Joliet and Marquette among, 66, 77, 78, 154, 155, 161;
La Salle among, 171-173;
hospitality of, 173;
deep-rooted jealousy of the Osages, 174, 203;
war with the Iroquois, 210, 220;
the Miamis join the Iroquois against, 220;
rankling jealousy between the Miamis and, 220;
an aggregation of kindred tribes, 223;
characteristics of, 223;
Tonty intercedes for, 228;
treaty made with the Iroquois, 231;
attacked by the Iroquois, 235;
become allies of La Salle, 287, 307;
at "Starved Rock," 314;
join La Salle's colony, 315, 316;
very capricious and uncertain, 322, 477.

Illinois, Lake of the (Lake Michigan), 42, 75, 155, 477, 479.

Illinois River, the, 31, 33, 34;
discovered by La Salle, 35;
Joliet and Marquette on, 74, 132;
La Salle on, 168;
various names of, 16, 204;
ravaged granaries of, 213, 220;
Father Hennepin sets out to explore, 242, 245, 296;
La Salle's projected colony on the banks of, 313, 315, 316, 405, 406;
Joutel on, 457, 477, 478, 481, 484.

Illinois, State of,
first civilized occupation of, 181.

Illinois, Valley of the, population of, 169.

Immaculate Conception, the, doctrine of,
a favorite tenet of the
Jesuits, 61.

Immaculate Conception, Mission of the,
Marquette sets out to found, 77.

Incarnation, Marie de l', 111.

Indians, the,
Father Jogues and Raymbault preach among, 5;
ferocity of, 11;
manitous of, 26, 44, 68;
their game of la crosse, 50;
the tribes meet at Saut Ste. Marie to confer with
Saint-Lusson, 51-56;
reception to Joliet and Marquette, 63;
lodges of, 75;
reception to Frontenac, 90;
Frontenac's admirable dealing with, 92, 93;
Alphabetical list of tribes referred to:--
Abenakis,
Acanibas,
Agniers,
Akanseas,
Algonquins,
Alkansas,
Amikoués,
Andastes,
Arkansas,
Assiniboins,
Assonis,
Caddoes,
Cadodaquis,
Camanches,
Cenis,
Chaouanons,
Chickasaws,
Chikachas,
Coroas,
Creeks,
Crees,
Crows,
Dacotah,
Eries,
Fire Nation,
Five Nations,
Floridas,
Foxes,
Hohays,
Hurons,
Illinois,
Iroquois,
Issanti,
Issanyati,
Issati,
Kahokias,
Kanzas,
Kappas,
Kaskaskias,
Kickapoos,
Kilatica,
Kious,
Kiskakon Ottawas,
Knisteneaux,
Koroas,
Malhoumines,
Malouminek,
Mandans,
Maroas,
Mascoutins,
Meddewakantonwan,
Menomonies,
Miamis,
Mitchigamias,
Mohawks,
Mohegans,
Moingona,
Monsonis,
Motantees,
Nadouessioux,
Natchez,
Nation des Folles-Avoines,
Nation of the Prairie,
Neutrals,
Nipissings,
Ojibwas,
Omahas,
Oneidas,
Onondagas,
Osages,
Osotouoy,
Ottawas,
Ouabona,
Ouiatenons,
Oumalouminek,
Oumas,
Outagamies,
Pah-Utahs,
Pawnees,
Peanqhichia,
Peorias,
Pepikokia,
Piankishaws,
Pottawattamies,
Quapaws,
Quinipissas,
Sacs,
Sauteurs,
Sauthouis,
Senecas,
Shawanoes,
Sioux,
Sokokis,
Taensas,
Tamaroas,
Tangibao,
Terliquiquimechi,
Tetons,
Texas,
Tintonwans,
Tongengas,
Topingas,
Torimans,
Wapoos,
Weas,
Wild-rice,
Winnebagoes,
Yankton Sioux.

Irondequoit Bay, 20.

Iroquois Indians, the, 11;
alone remain, 37;
felt the power of the French, 42;
the "Beautiful River," 70;
Onondaga the political centre of, 87;
the Jesuits seek to embroil them with the French, 115;
ferocious character of, 207;
war with the Illinois, 210;
ferocious triumphs of, 219;
break into war, 219;
trade with the Dutch and the English, 219;
jealous of La Salle, 219;
joined by the Miamis against the Illinois, 220;
attack on the Illinois village, 225;
grant a truce to Tonty, 230;
take possession of the Illinois village, 230;
make a treaty with the Illinois, 231;
treachery of, 231;
Tonty departs from, 233;
attack on the dead, 234;
attack on the Illinois, 235, 320;
encouraged to fight by the Dutch and English traders, 324;
attack Fort St. Louis, 327.

Iroquois War, the,
havoc and desolation of, 5, 219;
a war of commercial advantage, 219;
the French in, 460.

Isle of Pines, the, 372.

Issanti, the, 260.

Issanyati, the, 260.

Issati, the, 260.

"Issatis," the, 481.

Jacques, companion of Marquette, 78, 80.

Jansenists, the, 110.

Japan, 6, 14.

Japanese, the, 487.

Jesuitism,
no diminution in the vital force of, 103.