Chapter XVIII: Part II: Voyage and Discovery (2)

Text size

‘Nervous and cringing,’ as Philip de Commines had described him, Ludovico had found himself involved by his treatment of his nephew in a fog of suspicions and fears. Left to himself, uneducated and ailing in health, Gian Galeazzo Sforza would never have dared to thwart his ambitious uncle; but he had married a Neapolitan princess of stronger fibre, a granddaughter of Ferrante I, and when she complained to her relations, and they in turn remonstrated with ‘Il Moro’, trouble began.

It seemed to Ludovico, assailed by secret visions of Naples allying herself with Milan’s most dreaded enemy Venice, or even with Florence and Rome to secure revenge and his own downfall, that he must hastily give up the idea that Lorenzo had advocated of a balance of power within the peninsula itself, and look instead beyond the mountains for help and support. Mediaeval annals could give many instances of Popes and former rulers of Milan who had taken this same unpatriotic step, while a ready excuse could be found for invoking the aid of France, on account of the French King’s descent from the Second House of Anjou, that Alfonso V, Ferrante’s father, had driven from Naples.[52]

Acting, then, from motives of personal ambition, not from any wide conception of statecraft, Ludovico persuaded Charles VIII of France, son of Louis XI, that honour and glory lay in his renewal of the old Angevin claims to Naples, and in 1494, with a great flourish of trumpets, the French expedition started across the Alps. ‘I will assist in making you greater than Charlemagne,’ Ludovico had boasted, when dangling his bait before the young French King’s eyes; but the results of what he had intended were so far beyond his real expectations as to give him new cause for ‘cringing and fear’. ‘The French,’ said Pope Alexander VI sarcastically, ‘needed only a child’s wooden spurs and chalk to mark up their lodgings for the night.’

[Sidenote: French Invasion of Italy]

Almost without opposition, and where they encountered it achieving easy victories, the French marched through Italy from north to south, entering Florence, that had driven Piero and his brothers into exile, compelling the hasty submission of Rome, sweeping the Aragonese from Naples, whose fickle population came out with cheers to greet their new conquerors.

Certainly the causes of this victory were not due to the young conqueror himself, with his ungainly body and over-developed head, with his swollen ambitions and feeble brain, with his pious talk of a crusade against the East, and the idle debauch for which he and his subjects earned unenviable notoriety. Commines, a Frenchman with a shrewd idea of his master’s incompetence, believed that God must have directed the conquering armies, since the wisdom of man had nothing to say to it; but Italian historians found the cause of their country’s humiliation in her political and military decadence.

We have seen how ‘Companies’ of hired soldiers held Italy in thrall during the fourteenth century; but with the passing of years what was once a serious business had become a complicated kind of chess with mercenary levies for pawns. Fifteenth-century _condottieri_ were as great believers in war as ever Sir John Hawkwood; but, susceptible to the veneer of civilization that glosses the Renaissance, they had lost the mediaeval taste for bloodshed. What they retained was the desire to prolong indeterminate campaigns in order to draw their pay, while reducing the dangers and hardships involved to the least adequate pretence of real warfare. Here is Machiavelli’s sarcastic commentary:

‘They spared no effort,’ he says, ‘to relieve themselves and their
men from fatigue and danger, not killing one another in battle but
making prisoners ... they would attack no town by night nor would
those within make sorties against their besieging foes. Their camps
were without rampart or trench. They fought no winter campaigns.’

Before the national levies of France, rough campaigners with no taste for military chess but only determined on as speedy a victory as possible, the make-believe armies of Italy were mown down like ninepins or ran away. Thus clashed two opposing systems--one real, the other by this time almost wholly artificial--and because of its noise and stir, 1494, the year of Charles VIII’s invasion of Italy, is often taken as the boundary-line between mediaeval and modern times, just as the year 476, when Romulus Augustulus gave up his crown, is accepted as the beginning of the Middle Ages. In both cases it is not the events of the actual year that can be said to have created the change. They are merely the culminating evidence of the end of an old order of things and the beginning of a new.

[Sidenote: End of the Middle Ages]

By 1494 Constantinople was in the hands of the Turks: Columbus had discovered America: John Gutenburg had invented his printing-press: Vasco da Gama was meditating his voyage to India. All these things were witness of ‘a new birth’, the infancy of a modern world; but the year 1494 stands also as evidence of the death of an old, the mediaeval.

Stung by the oppression and insolence of their conquerors, Italian armies and intrigue were to drive the French in the years to come temporarily out of Naples; but in spite of this success the effect of Charles VIII’s military ‘walk-over’ was never to be effaced. Italy, in Roman times the centre of Europe from which all law and order had radiated, had clung to a fiction of this power and glory through mediaeval days. Now at last the sham was exposed, and before the forces of nationality her boasted supremacy collapsed. The centre of political gravity had changed, and with it the traditions and ideals for which the supremacy of Italy had stood.

_Supplementary Dates. For Chronological Summary, see pp. 368-73_.

Invention of Printing 1435
Caxton’s Press 1474
The Aldine Press 1494
Duns Scotus (died) 1308
Petrarch 1304-74
Giotto 1276-1337
Leonardo da Vinci 1452-1519
Ferrante I of Naples (died) 1494
French Invasion of Italy 1494

SOME AUTHORITIES ON MEDIAEVAL HISTORY

PERIODS OF EUROPEAN HISTORY.
_The Dark Ages._ C. W. Oman.
_The Empire and Papacy._ T. F. Tout.
_The Close of the Middle Ages._ R. Lodge.

TEXT-BOOKS OF EUROPEAN HISTORY.
_Mediaeval Europe._ K. Bell.
_The Renaissance and the Reformation._ E. M. Tanner.

EPOCHS OF MODERN HISTORY.
_The Beginning of the Middle Ages._ R. Church.
_The Normans in Europe._ A. H. Johnson.
_The Crusades._ G. W. Cox.
_Edward III._ W. Warburton.

HOME UNIVERSITY LIBRARY.
_Mohammedanism._ D. S. Margoliouth.
_Mediaeval Europe._ H. W. Davis.
_The Renaissance._ E. Sichel.

FOREIGN STATESMEN SERIES.
_Charles the Great._ T. Hodgkin.
_Philip Augustus._ W. H. Hutton.
_Cosimo de Medici._ D. K. Ewart.

MEDIAEVAL TOWN SERIES. _Venice_, _Assisi_, &c.

HEROES OF THE NATIONS.
_Alfred ‘The Great’._ B. A. Lees.
_Theodoric the Goth._ T. Hodgkin.
_Charlemagne._ H. W. Davis.
_Columbus._ Washington Irving.
_Isabel of Castile._ I. Plunket.
_The Cid Campeador._ H. Butler-Clarke.
_Prince Henry of Portugal._ R. Beazley.
_Lorenzo de Medici._ A. Armstrong.
_Mahomet._ D. S. Margoliouth.
_Saladin._ S. Lane Poole.
_Charles the Bold._ R. Putnam, and others.

STORY OF THE NATIONS.
_Germany._ S. Baring-Gould.
_Spain._ Watts.
_Moors in Spain._ Lane Poole.
_Turkey._ Lane Poole.
_Byzantine Empire._ Oman.
_Hansa Towns._ H. Zimmern.
_Denmark and Sweden._ Stefanson.
_Norway._ Boyesen, and others.

GENERAL WORKS.
_Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire._ Gibbon.
_The Cambridge Mediaeval History._
_The Cambridge Modern History_ (vol. i).
_The Mediaeval Mind._ Osborne Taylor.
_Illustrations of the History of Mediaeval Thought._ Lane Poole.
_History of Latin Christianity._ H. Milman.
_A Handbook of European History. 476-1871._ A. Hassall.
_A Notebook of Mediaeval History. 328-1453._ R. Beazley.
_A Source Book for Mediaeval History._ Thatcher and McNeal.
_The Monks of the West_ (vol. v). Gasquet.
_The Black Death._ Gasquet.
_Histoire Générale._ Lavisse et Rambaud.
_History of the Papacy during the Reformation_ (vol. i). Creighton.
_History of the Inquisition in the Middle Ages._ H. C. Lea.
_A Book of Discovery._ M. B. Synge.
_The Crusades._ Archer and Kingsford.
_The Normans in Europe._ Haskins.
_Introduction to the History of Western Europe._ T. H. Robinson.

ITALY.
_Roman Society in the Last Century of the Western Empire._ S. Dill.
_Social Life in Rome, &c._ Warde-Fowler.
_Italy and her Invaders._ T. Hodgkin.
_Life and Times of Hildebrand._ A. E. Mathew.
_Innocent the Great._ G. H. Pirie-Gordon.
_History of Rome in the Middle Ages._ Gregorovius.
_From Francis to Dante._ Coulton.
_Dante and his Time._ C. Federn.
_François d’Assise._ P. Sabatier.
_Francis of Assisi._ Little.
_History of the Italian Republics._ Sismondi.
_The Age of the Condottieri._ O. Browning.
_Guelfs and Ghibellines._ O. Browning.
_Studies in Venetian History_ (vol. i). H. Brown.
_The Painters of Florence._ J. Cartwright.
_The Prince._ Machiavelli.
_History of Florence._ Machiavelli.

FRANCE AND SPAIN.
_Histoire de France_ (vol. i). Duruy.
_The Court of a Saint._ W. Knox.
_Chronicle._ Joinville.
_Histoire de la Jacquerie._ S. Luce.
_The Maid of France._ A. Lang.
_Mémoires._ Philippe de Commines.
_Chronicles._ Froissart.
_La France sous Philippe le Bel._ Boutaric.
_History of Charles the Bold._ Kirk.
_Histoire de France._ Michelet.
_The Spanish People._ Martin Hume.
_The Rise of the Spanish Empire._ R. Bigelow Merriman.
_Ferdinand and Isabella._ Prescott.
_Christians and Moors in Spain._ C. Yonge.

GERMANY.
_The Mediaeval Empire._ H. A. L. Fisher.
_Holy Roman Empire._ Bryce.
_Germany in the Early and Later Middle Ages_ (two vols.). Stubbs.
_The Life of Frederick II, &c._ Kington.

Chronological Summary, 476-1494

---------------------------------+------------------------------------
_Eastern Europe and Asia Minor._ | _France and Spain._
---------------------------------+------------------------------------
475-491 Emperor Zeno. |
|
|481-511 Clovis, King of the Franks.
| 486 Battle of Soissons.
|
491-518 Emperor Anastasius. |
518-527 Emperor Justin I. |
527-565 Emperor Justinian. |
565-578 Emperor Justin II. |
|
| 585 Visigothic Conquest of
| Spain complete.
|
610-641 Emperor Heraclius. |
622 The ‘Hijrah’. |
626 Siege of Constantinople |
by Chosroes. |
627 Battle of Nineveh. |
634 Battle of Yermuk. |
|628-638 Dagobert I.
637 Jerusalem taken by the |
Moslems. |
642-668 Emperor Constans II. |
668-685 Emperor Constantine IV |
(Pogonatus). |
685-695}Justinian II. |
705-711} |
| 712 Battle of Guadalete.
715-717 Theodosius III. |714-741 Charles Martel, ‘Mayor of
717-740 Leo ‘the Isaurian’. | the Palace’.
| 732 Battle of Poitiers.
|
| 751 Dethronement of the
| Merovingians.
786-809 Haroun al-Raschid, |768-814 Charlemagne, King of the
Caliph of Bagdad. | Franks.
780-797 Emperor Constantine VI. |
797-802 Empress Irene. |
|814-840 Louis I ‘the Pious’.
| 842 Oath of Strasbourg.
| 843 Treaty of Verdun.

MEDIAEVAL GENEALOGIES

1 The King of England from the Conquest until Henry VII
2 The House of Charlemagne
3 The House of Capet
4 The House of Valois
5 The Norman Rulers of Sicily
6 The First & Second House of Anjou in Naples
7 The House of Aragon in Spain & Naples
8 The House of Castile & Leon
9 The Guelfs & Ghibellines
10 The Dukes of Burgundy & House of Habsburg
11 The House of Luxemburg
12 The Paleologi
]

CHARLES MARTEL
Duke of Austrasia. Mayor of the Palace
|
PEPIN “the Short”
King of the Franks 751-768
|
+-------------------+--------------+
| |
CHARLEMAGNE CARLOMAN
King of the Franks 771 King of Austrasia
Emperor of the West 800-814 768-771
|
+---------+-----------------------------+
| | |
CHARLES PEPIN LOUIS the Pious
d.811 Kg. of Italy d.810 Emperor of the West 814-840
| |
| |
BERNARD |
King of Italy 810-818 |
|
+-----------+-----------+---------+-----+
| | | |
LOTHAR PEPIN LOUIS CHARLES “the Bald”
Emperor of Kg. of Kg. of Kg. of France
the West Aquitaine Germany 843-877
840-855 d.838 843-876 |
| |
CHARLES LOUIS II
“the Fat” Kg. of
Emperor of France
the West 877-879
881-887 |
|
+------------------+-----------+
| | |
LOUIS III CARLOMAN CHARLES III
Kg. of France Kg. of France “the Simple”
879-882 879-884 Kg. of France
892-929
|
LOUIS IV
Kg. of France
“d’Outremer”
936-954
|
+--------+-----+
| |
LOTHAIR CHARLES
Kg. of France Duke of
954-986 Lorraine
|
LOUIS V
Kg. of France
“The Good-for-Nothing”
986-987
]

THE SECOND HOUSE OF ANJOU IN NAPLES

* Réné le Bon disinherited his grandson Réné Duke of Lorraine
and left his claims to Naples to his nephew Charles—with
remainder to the French Crown. In this way Charles VIII was
enabled to claim the Neapolitan throne.
]

ALFONSO II
of Aragon
1162-1196
|
PEDRO II EMPEROR FREDERICK II
1196-1213 King of Naples
| |
JAMES I MANFRED
“the Conqueror” (illegitimate)
1213-1276 |
| |
PEDRO III = CONSTANCE
King of Aragon 1276-1285
King of Sicily 1282-1285
|
+---------------------+
| |
ALFONSO III JAMES II
1283-1291 1291-1327
|
ALFONSO IV
1327-1336
|
PEDRO IV
1336-1387
|
+---------------+-----------------+
| | |
JOHN I = ELEANOR JOHN I MARTIN I
of Castile 1387-1395 1395-1410
|
+---------------------------+
| |
HENRY III FERDINAND I
of Castile (chosen King of Aragon)
1412-1416
|
+-------------------------+-----+
| |
ALFONSO V JOHN II
of Aragon 1416-1458 of Aragon
of Naples 1435-1458 1458-1479
| |
FERRANTE I FERDINAND = ISABEL
King of Naples the Catholic of Castile
(illegitimate)
d. 1494
|
+----+-----------+
| |
ALFONSO II FADRIQUE
d. 1495 (deposed 1501)
|
FERDINAND II
d. 1296
]

__HOUSE OF HABSBURG__

JOHN “the Good” RUDOLF I Emperor 1273-1291
King of France 1350-1364 |
| |
PHILIP “the Bold” = MARGARET ALBERT I
Duke of Burgundy Heiress of 1298-1308
d. 1404 Duchy of Brabant |
|
| +----------------+-----+-----+
| | | |
JOHN “the Fearless” RUDOLF LEOPOLD ALBERT
murdered 1419 King of Bohemia d. 1326 d. 1358
| d. 1307 |
+--------------+ |
| | |
JOHN = ANNE PHILIP “the Good” LEOPOLD d. 1386
Duke of d. 1467 |
Bedford | ERNEST d. 1424
| |
| +---------------+
| |
CHARLES “the Rash” FREDERICK III
d. 1477 King of the Romans
| 1440-1493
| |
MARY = The Emperor MAXIMILIAN I
Heiress of Burgundy 1493-1519
]

The Emperor HENRY VI CAROBERT
1308-1313 King of Hungary
| |
JOHN |
King of Bohemia +-------+----+
| | |
The Emperor CHARLES IV LOUIS ANDREW = Joanna I
1347-1378 “the Great” of Naples
| |
+--------+--------------+ +-------+
| | | |
WENZEL SIGISMUND = MARY HEDWIG = JAGELLO
King of Bohemia 1378-1419 King of Hungary of Lithuania
Emperor 1378-1400 Emperor 1410-1437 (LADISLAS V
of Poland
1386-1433)
]

FOOTNOTES

[1] See p. 41.

[2] See p. 43.

[3] See p. 62.

[4] See p. 48.

[5] See Genealogy, p. 377.

[6] See p. 85.

[7] See p. 16.

[8] See p. 95.

[9] See p. 103.

[10] See p. 120.

[11] See p. 115.

[12] See p. 77.

[13] See p. 45.

[14] See p. 143.

[15] See p. 131.

[16] See p. 122.

[17] See p. 152.

[18] See p. 154.

[19] See p. 169.

[20] See p. 115.

[21] See p. 49.

[22] See p. 164.

[23] See p. 199.

[24] See p. 194.

[25] See p. 195.

[26] See Genealogical Table, p. 378.

[27] See p. 55.

[28] The province of Dauphiné, formerly an imperial fief, was acquired by the French crown in 1349, and became a regular ‘appanage’ of the King’s eldest son, conferring on him the title of ‘Dauphin’, equivalent to the English title ‘Prince of Wales’.

[29] See p. 223.

[30] See p. 53.

[31] See p. 62.

[32] See p. 215.

[33] See p. 195.

[34] See p. 229.

[35] See p. 229.

[36] See p. 247.

[37] See p. 342.

[38] See p. 229.

[39] See p. 252.

[40] See p. 151.

[41] See p. 179.

[42] See Genealogical Table, p. 379.

[43] See p. 184.

[44] See p. 230.

[45] See p. 294.

[46] See p. 232.

[47] See p. 294, and genealogy, p. 380.

[48] See p. 184.

[49] See p. 229.

[50] See p. 274.

[51] See p. 207.

[52] See Genealogical Table, p. 382.

INDEX

Aachen, 93, 99, 102, 188.

Abelard, Peter, 208, 209, 211, 347, 349, 354.

Abu Bakr, 68, 74.

Abu Talib, 67, 69, 70.

Adrianople, 38, 332.

Agincourt, 250.

Alaric, 40, 41, 45.

Albert I, 278, 279.

Albigenses, the, 213, 214, 216, 217, 266.

Alboin, 51.

Alcuin, 82, 97, 99.

Aldine Press, 350.

Alessandria, 179.

Alexander II, Pope, 137.

Alexander III, Pope, 179.

Alexander VI, Pope, 361.

Alexius Commenus, 143 et seq.

Alfonso V of Aragon, 315, 361.

Alfonso VIII of Castile, 265, 266.

Alfonso X of Castile, 267, 271.

Alfred the Great, 105, 106, 107, 131.

Almohades, the, 265, 266.

Alsace, 276, 281, 282.

Ambrose, St., 33, 42.

Amerigo Vespucci, 345.

Anagni, 231.

Andrew of Hungary, 293, 313.

Andronicus II, 330.

_Anglo-Saxon Chronicle_, 105, 113.

Anjou, Charles of, 229, 230, 312.

--, second House of, 314, 361.

Anno, Archbishop, 138.

Anselm, Archbishop, 142.

Antioch, 149.

Aquinas, Thomas, 209, 355.

Arcadius, the Emperor, 39.

Aristotle, 208, 210, 261, 355.

Arius, 30, 31.

Armagnac, 250, 251.

Arnold of Brescia, 211, 212, 326, 347.

Artevelde, Jacob van, 237, 239.

Assize of Clarendon, 163.

Athanaric, 39, 143.

Athaulf, 54.

Athelney, 106.

Athens, Duchy of, 329, 330.

Attila, 44, 45, 145.

Augustine, St., of Canterbury, 52.

Augustine, St., of Hippo, 42, 43, 97, 197, 208, 210, 349, 355.

Augustulus, the Emperor, 46, 363.

Augustus, the Emperor, 2, 4, 6, 9, 20, 98.

Averroës, 261.

Avignon, 232, 316, 317, 318, 321, 322, 323, 356.

Babylonish Captivity, 232, 316, 322.

Bacon, Roger, 207, 349.

Badr, battle of, 71.

Bagdad, 87, 146, 151.

Balearic Islands, 268.

Barcelona, 266, 268, 337.

Basil, St., 32.

Bavaria, Duchy of, 89, 91, 133.

Becket, Thomas, 160, 163-5, 202, 215.

Bedford, John, Duke of, 253, 257.

Belisarius, 50.

Benedict, St., 125.

Benedict IX, Pope, 135.

Benedictines, the, 126, 222.

Berengaria of Navarre, 156.

Bernard, King of Italy, 101.

Bernard, St., 126, 128, 129, 152, 153, 154, 209, 212, 214, 219, 347.

Black Death, the, 240, 241, 242.

Blanche of Castile, 217, 223.

Boccaccio, 241, 356.

Boethius, 48, 107.

Bohemia, 277, 317.

Bohemund, 145, 149.

Bologna, University of, 178, 201, 208.

Boniface, St., 88, 89, 98.

Boniface VIII, Pope, 230, 231, 311.

Bouvines, battle of, 169, 187.

Brandenburg, 131, 151.

Breisgau, 281.

Bretigni, Treaty of, 246.

Burgos, 264.

Burgundians, the, 55, 59.

Burgundy, Charles, Duke of, 280 et seq.

Burgundy, John, Duke of, 250, 252.

--, Philip, Duke of, 252, 256, 257.

Calais, 240, 248, 249, 257.

Canon Law, 202.

Canossa, 140, 141, 176, 183.

Cantacuzenos, John, 331.

Cape of Good Hope, 341.

Capet, Hugh, 109.

Capet, Odo, 109.

_Capitularies_, the, 96.

Carinthia, 277.

Carniola, 277.

Carthage, 45, 77, 228.

Carthusians, the, 127, 128.

Castile, 269, 270.

Catalan Company, the, 330.

Catherine, St., of Siena, 320 et seq.

Catherine of Valois, 251.

Caxton, William, 350.

Celestine V, Pope, 310.

Chalons, battle of, 44, 54.

_Chambre des Comptes_, 233.

_Chanson de Roland_, 80, 81, 82.

Charlemagne, 78 et seq., 101, 104, 107, 109, 142, 170, 200, 291, 349,
353.

Charles ‘Martel’, 62, 78, 88, 98.

Charles ‘the Bald’, 102, 103, 109.

Charles ‘the Fat’, 103.

Charles ‘the Simple’, 110.

Charles V of France, 245, 247, 248, 249.

Charles VI of France, 250.

Charles VII of France, 251, 252, 254, 256, 257, 258.

Charles VIII of France, 361, 362, 363.

Charles of Durazzo, 314.

Charles IV, the Emperor, 289, 293, 294 et seq., 324, 333, 346.

Chioggia, battle of, 306.

Chloderic, 58.

Chosroes, King, 73, 74.

Cid, the, 263 et seq.

Cimabue, 357.

Cistercians, the, 128, 215.

_Civitas Dei_, the, 43, 97, 222, 311.

Civitate, battle of, 115.

Clement V, Pope, 232.

Clement VII, Pope, 323.

_Clericis Laicos_, the Bull, 230.

Clermont, Council of, 147, 148.

Clovis, 57 et seq.

Cluni, 127, 133, 135.

Cnut, King, 108, 287.

Colonna, Stephen, 318.

Columbus, Christopher, 342 et seq., 349, 358, 360.

_Comitatus_, the, 16, 119.

Commines, Philip de, 280, 351, 362.

Commune, the French, 173, 284.

--, the Italian, 176, 177, 178, 180, 284.

Compostella, 265.

_Condottieri_, the, 301.

Conrad I, 131.

Conrad III, 152.

Conrad (son of Frederick II), 192.

Conradin, 194, 229, 269, 312.

_Conseil du Roi_, 233.

_Consolations of Philosophy_, the, 48, 107.

Constance of Naples, 181, 182, 183.

Constance, Perpetual Peace of, 180.

--, Council of, 324, 325, 326.

Constans II, Emperor, 75.

Constantine ‘the Great’, 27 et seq., 34 et seq.

Constantine ‘Pogonatus’, 75.

Constantine XI, 334 et seq.

Constantinople, 34 et seq., 40, 49, 74, 86, 87, 143, 306, 327, 328,
329, 335, 336, 338, 363.

--, Latin Empire of, 184, 329.

Constitutions of Clarendon, 164.

Cordova, Caliphate of, 260 et seq.

_Corpus Juris Civilis_, the, 49.

Cortenuova, battle of, 193.

Council of Ten, 304.

Courtrai, battle of, 234.

Creci, battle of, 239, 240.

Crema, 178, 179.

Crusade, the First, 147-50.

--, the Second, 129, 152, 158.

--, the Third, 154-8.

--, the Fourth, 184, 306.

--, the Seventh, 226-7.

--, the Children’s, 226.

_Curia_, the, 13, 14.

_Curia Regis_, the, 162.

_Curiales_, the, 13, 14, 19, 117.

Cyprus, 156, 226.

Dagobert, King, 60.

Danegeld, 108.

Danelaw, the, 106.

Dante, 294, 309 et seq., 356.

Danzig, 285, 292.

_Decameron_, the, 241.

_Decretum_, the, 202, 209.

Denmark, 108, 287.

Diaz, Bartholomew, 340.

Didier, King, 82-4.

_Divina Commedia_, 199, 311, 356.

Domesday Book, 113.

Dominic, St., 215, 216, 219.

Donation of Constantine, 85.

Du Guesclin, 247, 272.

Duns Scotus, 355.

Eccelin de Romano, 192.

Edessa, 150, 152.

Edward ‘the Confessor’, 111.

Edward ‘the Elder’, 106.

Edward I, 228, 230, 234, 235, 247.

Edward II, 236.

Edward III, 236, 237, 242, 246, 247, 317.

Edward ‘the Black Prince’, 242, 247, 248.

Eginhard, 90, 98.

Eleanor of Aquitaine, 152, 159, 166.

Epicurus, 22.

Erasmus, 351.

Ethelred, ‘the Rede-less’, 107, 108, 109, 111, 286.

Faust, Legend of, 350.

Ferdinand I of Aragon, 273.

Ferdinand II of Aragon, 274, 343, 345.

Ferrante of Naples, 361.

Feudalism, 117 et seq.

Flanders, 234, 237, 238, 250, 305, 345.

Florence, 290, 297, 302, 303, 307, 308 et seq., 348, 352, 360, 361.

Francis, St., of Assisi, 217 et seq., 357.

Franks, the, 55 et seq., 83.

Frederick I, ‘Barbarossa’, 154, 178 et seq., 191, 202, 296.

Frederick II, 183, 185, 186 et seq., 203, 210, 224, 226, 276, 296,
308, 315.

Friars, the, 216, 220, 221.

Froissart, 239, 243, 244.

Genoa, 145, 187, 284, 305, 306, 307, 329, 337, 338.

Genseric, 43, 45.

_Germania_, the, 15-17.

Gessler, 278, 279.

Ghibellines, the, 176, 178, 179, 193, 194, 206, 229, 294, 296.

Giotto, 357, 358.

Gloucester, Humphrey, Duke of, 253.

Godfrey de Bouillon, 149, 150.

Godwin, House of, 111.

Golden Bull, the, 295.

Goths, the, 31, 104.

Granada, 274.

Grand Council, Venetian, 304.

Granson, battle of, 282.

Gratian, 202.

Greenland, 105.

Gregory, St., 32.

Gregory, St., of Tours, 59.

Gregory I, ‘the Great’, Pope, 52, 53, 107.

Gregory VII, Pope (Hildebrand), 111, 115, 136 et seq., 147, 177, 183,
202, 229.

Gregory IX, Pope, 190, 191, 193, 216.

Gregory XI, Pope, 321, 322.

Grosstete, Bishop, 205.

Guadalete, battle of, 62, 259.

Guelfs, the, 176, 178, 179, 185, 193, 194, 206, 229, 296, 308.

Guienne, Duchy of, 225, 235, 236, 242, 246, 248, 258.

Guiscard, Robert, 116, 141, 145.

Guthrum, King, 106.

Gutenburg, John, 363, 350.

Guy de Lusignan, 153.

Hako, King, 206.

Hansa, the, 285 et seq., 348.

Harold ‘the Saxon’, 111, 144.

Haroun al-Raschid, 87, 146.

Hattin, battle of, 153.

Hauteville, House of, 115, 116.

Hawkwood, Sir John, 302, 321, 362.

Henry II of Castile, 247, 271, 272.

Henry IV of Castile, 273.

Henry I of England, 142, 160.

Henry II of England, 159 et seq., 181, 202, 215, 270.

Henry III of England, 204, 205, 221, 225.

Henry IV of England, 249.

Henry V of England, 249, 250, 251, 252.

Henry VI of England, 258.

Henry VII of England, 343.

Henry ‘the Fowler’, 120, 131, 132.

Henry III, the Emperor, 135, 137.

Henry IV, the Emperor, 138 et seq., 176, 177.

Henry VI, the Emperor, 156, 168, 181, 182, 183, 185, 191.

Henry VII, the Emperor, 294, 311, 312, 319.

Henry ‘the Lion’, 178, 179, 181.

Henry ‘the Navigator’, 339, 340.

Heraclius, the Emperor, 73, 75.

Hijrah, the, 69.

Hildebrand. _See_ Gregory VII.

Hohenstaufen, the, 176, 177, 183, 185, 188, 191, 192, 194, 269, 312,
317.

Holy Roman Empire, the, 134, 185, 194, 285.

Holy Roman Republic, the, 318, 320.

Honorius, the Emperor, 39, 40, 41, 54.

Honorius III, Pope, 189, 190.

Hospitallers. _See_ John, Knights of St.

Hundred Years’ War, 236 et seq., 287, 316, 324.

Hungarians, the, 132.

Huns, the, 37, 44, 104.

Huss, John, 324, 325, 326.

Hussite Wars, the, 326.

Iceland, 105.

Ingeborg, Queen, 170, 171, 184.

Innocent III, Pope, 168, 170, 171, 183 et seq., 187, 188, 214, 216,
221, 226, 265, 266, 317, 346.

Innocent IV, Pope, 193, 204, 205, 224, 317.

Interregnum, the Great, 229, 271, 284.

Investiture Question, the, 138 et seq.

Irene, the Empress, 86.

_Irminsul_, the, 88, 90.

Isabel I of Castile, 274, 343, 345.

Isabel, Queen of England, 236.

Jacquerie, the, 244.

Jagello of Lithuania. _See_ Ladislas V.

James ‘the Conqueror’, 266-8.

Janissaries, the, 332, 336.

Jeanne d’Arc, 253 et seq., 320.

Jerome, St., 33, 41, 208.

Jerusalem, 75, 114, 147, 150, 153, 157, 190.

--, Latin Kingdom of, 151, 153.

Joanna I of Naples, 293, 313, 314, 333.

Joanna II of Naples, 315.

John II of Castile, 273.

John V, the Emperor, 331, 335.

John II of France, 243.

John, King of England, 167, 168, 169, 170.

John I of Portugal, 339.

John Ducas, 327.

John Hunyadi, 336.

John, Knights of St., 150, 153, 232, 265.

John of Gaunt, 248, 249, 339.

Joinville, 226.

Julian, Count, 77.

Justinian I, 49 et seq., 178.

Justinian II, 76.

Ka’bah, the, 66, 67, 72.

Kalmar, Union of, 290.

Khubla Khan, 337.

Koran, the, 68.

Kossovo, battle of, 333, 334.

Ladislas of Naples, 315.

Ladislas V of Poland, 292.

Lateran Council, Fourth, 188.

Lazar of Serbia, 333.

Legnano, battle of, 179, 235, 296.

Leo ‘the Isaurian’, 77, 144.

Leo I, Pope, 45, 52.

Leo III, Pope, 85, 86, 97.

Leo IX, Pope, 115, 135, 136.

Leonardo da Vinci, 357 et seq.

Leopold, the Archduke, 156, 167.

Leopold, Duke, 279, 280.

_Lex Visigothorum_, the, 78.

Limoges, 255.

Lombard League, the, 179, 192, 193, 202.

Lombards, the, 50 et seq., 75, 82, 85.

Lothair, Count, 133.

Lothar, Emperor, 102, 103.

Lotharingia, 103, 133.

Louis ‘the German’, 103.

Louis ‘the Good for Nothing’, 109.

Louis ‘the Pious’, 101.

Louis III of Anjou, 315.

Louis VII of France, 152, 159, 165, 166.

Louis VIII of France, 217, 223, 250.

Louis IX of France, 172, 217, 223 et seq., 233, 312.

Louis XI of France, 258, 274, 281, 302, 361.

Louis XII of France, 300.

Louis ‘the Great’ (of Hungary,) 291, 293 et seq., 313, 314, 324, 332,
333.

Lübeck, 285, 286, 293.

Ludovico ‘Il Moro’, 351, 359, 360 et seq.

Luna, Alvaro de, 273.

Machiavelli, 308, 354, 362.

Madeira, 340.

Magna Charta, 158, 168.

_Magnum Concilium_, 162.

Mahomet, 66 et seq.

Mainz, 89.

Mandeville, Sir John, 338.

Maniaces, 115.

Marcel, Étienne, 245.

Margaret of Denmark, 290.

Martin V, Pope, 326.

Matthew Paris, 205.

Maxentius, Emperor, 27.

Mayfield, the, 83.

Mayor of the Palace, the, 56, 61.

Mecca, 67.

Medici, Cosimo de, 352, 353, 354.

Medici, Lorenzo de, 354, 356, 358, 360.

Medici, Piero de, 360, 361.

Medinah, 70.

Mercia, 106.

Merovingians, the, 55, 60, 62, 64, 95, 103, 109.

Milan, 297, 298 et seq., 303, 308, 315, 351, 352.

--, Edict of, 29.

_Minnesingers_, the, 200.

_Missi_, the, 95, 96, 97, 107, 121.

Mohammed II, 334, 336, 338.

Monasticism, 31, 123 et seq., 348.

Montereau, bridge of, 251.

Morat, battle of, 283.

Morgarten, battle of, 280.

Morkere, House of, 111.

Murcia, 267, 268.

Narses, 50, 51.

Nanci, battle of, 283.

Naples, 297, 303, 312 et seq., 352, 357, 361.

Navarette, battle of, 247.

Navarre, 266.

Navarre, ‘Charles the Bad’ of, 245.

Navas de Tolosa, battle of, 265.

Nero, Emperor, 9, 25.

Nicholas I, Pope, 144.

Nicholas II, Pope, 115, 136.

Nicholas V, Pope, 352.

Nineveh, battle of, 74.

Nogaret, 231.

Normandy, Duchy of, 108, 110, 169.

Northmen, the, 104 et seq., 109, 114.

Norway, 108.

Odo of Bayeux, 113, 149.

Odoacer, 46, 47.

Orkhan, Sultan, 331, 332.

Orleans, 256.

Ostrogoths, the, 46, 47.

Othman, Caliph, 75.

Otto I, the Great, 132 et seq., 142.

Otto IV, 169, 185, 186, 187, 188, 193.

Ottocar of Bohemia, 277, 278.

Paleologus, Michael, 306, 327, 328, 329, 330, 331.

Paris, 174, 201, 208.

--, University of, 257.

_Parlamento_, the, 309.

_Parlement de Paris_, 233.

Pavia, 82, 84, 85.

Pedro ‘the Cruel’, 247, 248, 271, 272.

Pedro II of Aragon, 266.

Pedro III of Aragon, 268, 269.

Pepin ‘the Short’, 63 et seq., 79, 86.

Perpetual League, the, 277.

Peter III of Aragon, 230.

Peter ‘the Hermit’, 147, 154.

Peter Lombard, 209, 211.

Petrarch, 356.

Philip II ‘Augustus’, 154, 156, 165, 168 et seq., 181, 184, 185, 197,
201, 217, 223, 224.

Philip III of France, 228.

Philip IV of France, 228, 230, 232 et seq., 236.

Philip V of France, 236.

Philip VI of France, 237, 239.

Philip II, the Emperor, 185, 186.

Pisa, 145, 290, 300, 337.

Pisani, 306.

Platonic Academy, the, 354, 356.

Poitiers, 62, 243.

Poland, 291.

Polo, Marco, 337, 338.

Portugal, 266, 339, 343.

Praetorian Guard, the, 18.

Praguerie, the, 258.

Provence, 268, 314, 316, 317.

Ravenna, 93, 95, 312.

Ravenna, Exarchate of, 51, 53, 64, 75, 115, 144.

Raymond VI, 213, 215.

Raymond VII, 217.

Remi, St., 57.

Renaissance, the, 346 et seq.

Rhodes, 232.

Richard I, 154-8, 167.

Richard II, 238, 249.

Rienzi, Cola di, 318, 320, 356.

Robert of Naples, 312, 357.

Robert of Normandy, 114, 149.

Roderic, King, 62, 259.

Roger II, 116.

Roger de Flor, 330.

Rollo of Normandy, 110.

Rome, 41, 46, 290, 303, 316 et seq., 352.

Roncesvalles, 81.

Rudolf I, 229, 276, 277, 295.

Sacred Months, the, 66, 123.

Saladin, 153 et seq.

Salic Law, the, 56, 96, 236.

Salisbury, Gemot of, 121.

San Germano, Treaty of, 191.

_Santa Hermandad_, 274.

Santiago, Order of, 265.

Saxons, the, 88 et seq., 130.

Scala, Mastino della, 307.

Schism, the Great, 323.

Scholasticism, 209, 355.

Scutage, 162.

Senlac, battle of, 112.

_Sententiae_, the, 209.

Serbia, 293, 332, 333, 334.

Sforza, Francesco, 351.

Sforza, Galeazzo Maria, 351.

Sforza, Gian Galeazzo, 361.

Sicilian Vespers, the, 229, 269, 330.

Siena, 320.

_Siete Partidas_, the, 271.

Sigismund, the Emperor, 294, 324 et seq.

Sigismund of the Tyrol, 281.

Simon de Montfort, 215, 266.

‘Sluggard Kings’, the, 60.

Sluys, battle of, 238.

Spoletum, Duchy of, 83.

Stamford Bridge, battle of, 111.

‘Staple’ Towns, 237.

States-General, 233.

Stephen II, Pope, 64.

Stephen Dushan, 332.

Stephen of England, 122, 160.

Stilicho, 39, 40.

Stralsund, Treaty of, 289.

Strasbourg, the Oath of, 103, 130.

Styria, 277.

_Summa Theologiae_, the, 210.

Sutri, Synod of, 135.

Swiss Cantons, the, 277, 279, 282 et seq., 296.

Tacitus, 4, 15, 17, 25, 54, 119.

Tancred of Sicily, 156, 182.

Tannenberg, battle of, 292.

Tell, William, 279.

Templars, the, 151, 153, 190, 232, 265.

Teutonic Knights, 151, 291 et seq.

Theodora, the Empress, 49.

Theodoric, King, 47, 48.

Theodosius, the Emperor, 33, 39.

Thorn, Treaty of, 292.

Titus, the Emperor, 11, 46.

Toulouse, Counts of, 199, 212.

Trajan, the Emperor, 25.

Troubadours, the, 200.

Troyes, Treaty of, 252.

Truce of God, 123.

Tunis, 227.

Turks, the, 146 et seq., 331 et seq., 338.

Urban II, Pope, 145, 147.

Urban VI, Pope, 322.

Valdemar III, 287, 288, 289.

Valencia, 261, 264.

Valens, the Emperor, 37, 38.

Valentian, the Emperor, 37.

Vandals, the, 43, 50, 77, 104.

Vasco da Gama, 341, 342, 344, 363.

Venice, 45, 95, 145, 158, 284, 290, 293, 297, 300, 303 et seq., 329,
337, 338, 350, 352.

Verdun, the Partition of, 103.

Vespasian, the Emperor, 9.

Visconti, Bernabò, 299.

Visconti, Filippo Maria, 302, 308, 315, 351.

Visconti, Gian Galeazzo, 299, 300, 302.

Visconti, Valentina, 300.

Visigoths, the, 37, 40, 41, 54, 59, 77.

Waldensians, the, 213, 214, 219.

Wedmore, Treaty of, 106.

Wenzel, Emperor, 324.

Wessex, 105, 106.

William I of England, 111, 112 et seq., 121, 137.

William II of England, 114.

Wisby, 288.

Witikind, 90.

Worms, Concordat of, 142.

Wycliffe, 317, 324.

Ximenez, Rodrigo, 266.

Yermuk, battle of, 75.

Zeno, Emperor, 47.

Zeno, philosopher, 22.

PRINTED IN ENGLAND
AT THE OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS

Transcriber’s Notes

Punctuation, hyphenation, and spelling were made consistent when a predominant preference was found in this book; otherwise they were not changed.

Simple typographical errors were corrected; occasional unbalanced quotation marks retained.

Ambiguous hyphens at the ends of lines were retained.

The Sidenotes in this eBook originally were page headers. Some of them may be a paragraph or two away from their ideal placement, and in some versions of this eBook are left-justified on lines of their own.

Ditto marks have been replaced by the actual text.

Bottom-of-page footnotes have been moved to the end of the text, just before the Index.

Index not checked for proper alphabetization or correct page references.

Page 105: “To wake war” was printed that way.

Page 140: “In the winter of 1066” should be 1077, as shown correctly on page 371 of the Chronological Summary.

Page 156: “bethrothed” was printed that way.

Page 383: “The House of Habsburg” was underlined, not italicized.

End of Project Gutenberg's Europe in the Middle Ages, by Ierne Lifford Plunket

Comments

Europe in the Middle AgesChapter XVIII: Part II: Voyage and Discovery (2)

0%26 min left in chapter