Chapter IX: Conventional Ornaments

DOG-TOOTH, BALL-FLOWER AND TUDOR-FLOWER

The dog-tooth ornament is profusely used in rich thirteenth-century buildings, and is one of the clearest indications of date. It is often placed in the deep Early English mouldings as on the Galilee Porch at Ely (Pl. 104). It consists of a pyramid formed of four leaves, usually with a hole drilled where they divide. The example from Lincoln ambulatory doorway (Pl. 66) shows their character plainly. Sometimes they are curved, as in Hereford transept (Pl. 34), sometimes there are only two leaves, the other two being suppressed, as in the Lichfield triforium (Pl. 49). At Soham there are three leaves (Pl. 105). Sometimes they are elaborately enriched as at St Cross (Pl. 106) and Dunstable (Pl. 107). The most elaborate example of this sort of treatment is on the west doorway at Wells (Pl. 108).

The ball-flower ornament is to the fourteenth-century work what the dog-tooth is to the thirteenth. A window at Leominster (Pl. 109) shows this well. Sometimes, as on the screen at Exeter (Pl. 110) the ball-flowers are united by stalks. The character of the ornament is shown plainly in our example from Tewkesbury (Pl. 111). The ball is a bud form with three enclosing leaves, and there are three deep indentations between them.

The Tudor ornament fulfils a similar part in late Perpendicular work. It is well shown on the watching loft of the shrine at Oxford (Pl. 84), and in detail in our illustration from Purse Caundle (Pl. 112).

TOPOGRAPHICAL INDEX OF PLATES

Abergavenny _Plate_ 100

Aldenham 79

Aylesbury 8

Beverley 71, 73

Black Bourton 19

Bledlow 27

Boxgrove 1

Broadwater 16

Bury St Edmunds 1

Cambridge 70, 85

Canterbury 15, 18

Christchurch 5, 94

Crowcombe 103

Cuddington 23

Deerhurst 10, 11

Dunstable 107

Durham 12

Eaton Bray 36

Ely 54, 74, 75, 81, 104

Erwarton 69

Exeter 63, 64, 77, 87, 91, 92, 93, 110

Fountains 28

Fyfield (Essex) 67

Hemel Hempstead 6

Hereford 25, 34, 60

Iffley 65

Ivinghoe 37

Kimpton 4, 20, 29, 30

King’s Lynn 48, 95, 96

King’s Walden 13, 21, 24

Leominster 109

Lichfield 49

Lincoln 33, 40, 44, 45, 46, 47, 66, 76, 86

Llandaff 55

London (Tower) 1

Minster (Thanet) 31

Mullion 102

Northampton 7

North Cerney 82

Norwich 101

Oxford 3, 9, 14, 62, 83, 84

Patrington 78

Peterborough 90

Purse Caundle 112

Rochester 68, 89

Romsey 22

St Albans 80

St Cross 106

St David’s 26

Salisbury 50, 51

Soham 105

Sompting 2, 17

Southwell 57, 58, 59

Stone (Kent) 38

Teversham 35

Tewkesbury 111

Tong 98, 99

Wells 32, 41, 42, 43, 52, 53, 108

Weobley 56

Westminster 39

Winchelsea 61, 72

Winchester 1, 97

York 88

SHAPES OF CAPITALS

SHAPES OF CAPITALS

i Cushion ii Scalloped iii Bell iv Cup

(pp. 14, 15, 20, 39)]

SOMPTING. A.S. (pp. 11, 23, 25)]

OXFORD. A.S.(?) (pp. 11, 26, 48)]

KIMPTON. _c._ 1180. (pp. 13, 22)]

CHRISTCHURCH. _c._ 1100. (p. 15)]

HEMEL HEMPSTEAD. _c._ 1140. (pp. 15, 36, 41, 42, 50)]

NORTHAMPTON. _c._ 1160. (p. 16)]

AYLESBURY. _c._ 1160. (p. 16)]

OXFORD. _c._ 1160. (p. 16)]

DEERHURST. A.S. (p. 17)]

DEERHURST. _c._ 1200. (p. 17)]

DURHAM. _c._ 1170. (p. 17)]

KING’S WALDEN. _c._ 1180. (p. 18)]

OXFORD. _c._ 1165. (p. 18)]

CANTERBURY. _c._ 1180. (p. 19)]

BROADWATER. _c._ 1160. (p. 19)]

SOMPTING. A.S. (p. 19)]

CANTERBURY. _c._ 1150. (p. 20)]

BLACK BOURTON. _c._ 1150. (p. 21)]

KIMPTON. _c._ 1180. (pp. 21, 24)]

KING’S WALDEN. _c._ 1180. (pp. 21, 24)]

ROMSEY. _c._ 1150. (p. 21)]

CUDDINGTON. _c._ 1160. (p. 21)]

KING’S WALDEN. _c._ 1180. (p. 22)]

HEREFORD. _c._ 1100. (pp. 2, 23)]

ST DAVID’S. _c._ 1190. (pp. 23, 28, 31)]

BLEDLOW. _c._ 1190. (p. 23)]

FOUNTAINS. _c._ 1160. (p. 23)]

KIMPTON. _c._ 1185. (p. 23)]

KIMPTON. _c._ 1185. (p. 24)]

MINSTER. _c._ 1190. (p. 24)]

WELLS. _c._ 1190. (pp. 25, 28)]

LINCOLN. _c._ 1220. (p. 25)]

HEREFORD. _c._ 1250. (pp. 25, 28, 53)]

TEVERSHAM. _c._ 1220. (p. 26)]

EATON BRAY. _c._ 1205. (p. 26)]

IVINGHOE. _c._ 1220. (p. 26)]

STONE (KENT). _c._ 1265. (p. 27)]

WESTMINSTER. _c._ 1255. (p. 27)]

LINCOLN. _c._ 1230. (pp. 27, 28)]

WELLS. _c._ 1230. (p. 27)]

WELLS. _c._ 1190. (p. 28)]

WELLS. _c._ 1190. (p. 28)]

LINCOLN. _c._ 1270. (p. 28)]

LINCOLN. _c._ 1270. (pp. 29, 39, 50)]

LINCOLN. _c._ 1260. (p. 29)]

LINCOLN. _c._ 1270. (pp. 24, 29)]

KING’S LYNN. _c._ 1240. (pp. 29, 40)]

LICHFIELD. _c._ 1250. (pp. 30, 53)]

SALISBURY. _c._ 1270. (p. 30)]

SALISBURY. _c._ 1260. (p. 30)]

WELLS. _c._ 1230. (p. 30)]

WELLS. _c._ 1230. (p. 31)]

ELY. _c._ 1250. (pp. 32, 50)]

LLANDAFF. _c._ 1200. (p. 32)]

WEOBLEY. _c._ 1220. (p. 32)]

SOUTHWELL. _c._ 1290. (pp. 35, 40)]

SOUTHWELL. _c._ 1290. (p. 35)]

SOUTHWELL. _c._ 1290. (p. 35)]

HEREFORD. _c._ 1285. (p. 36)]

WINCHELSEA. _c._ 1300. (pp. 36, 41, 42, 50)]

OXFORD. _c._ 1290. (p. 36)]

EXETER. _c._ 1295. (p. 36)]

EXETER. _c._ 1295. (p. 36)]

IFFLEY. _c._ 1160. (p. 37)]

LINCOLN. _c._ 1270. (pp. 37, 53)]

FYFIELD. _c._ 1290. (p. 37)]

ROCHESTER. _c._ 1330. (p. 37)]

ERWARTON. _c._ 1450. (p. 38)]

CAMBRIDGE. _c._ 1510. (p. 38)]

BEVERLEY. _c._ 1325. (p. 39)]

WINCHELSEA. _c._ 1320. (p. 40)]

BEVERLEY. _c._ 1325. (p. 40)]

ELY. _c._ 1340. (p. 41)]

ELY. _c._ 1340. (p. 41)]

LINCOLN. _c._ 1300. (p. 41)]

EXETER. _c._ 1330. (p. 41)]

PATRINGTON. _c._ 1370. (p. 41)]

ALDENHAM. _c._ 1410. (pp. 36, 41, 42, 50)]

ST ALBANS. _c._ 1520. (p. 42)]

ELY. _c._ 1500. (p. 43)]

NORTH CERNEY. _c._ 1500. (p. 43)]

OXFORD. _c._ 1500. (p. 43)]

OXFORD. _c._ 1500. (pp. 43, 54)]

CAMBRIDGE. _c._ 1515. (pp. 37, 38, 44, 45)]

LINCOLN. _c._ 1270. (p. 48)]

EXETER. _c._ 1210. (p. 49)]

YORK. _c._ 1255. (p. 49)]

ROCHESTER. _c._ 1220. (p. 49)]

PETERBOROUGH. Capitals _c._ 1220. (p. 49)]

EXETER. _c._ 1225. (p. 50)]

EXETER. _c._ 1230. (p. 50)]

EXETER. _c._ 1240. (p. 50)]

CHRISTCHURCH. _c._ 1220. (p. 50)]

KING’S LYNN. _c._ 1300. (pp. 36, 41, 42, 43, 50)]

KING’S LYNN. _c._ 1300. (p. 50)]

WINCHESTER. _c._ 1305. (p. 50)]

TONG. _c._ 1500. (p. 51)]

TONG. _c._ 1500. (p. 51)]

ABERGAVENNY. _c._ 1500. (p. 51)]

NORWICH. _c._ 1420. (p. 51)]

MULLION. _c._ 1580. (p. 52)]

CROWCOMBE. _c._ 1550. (p. 52)]

ELY. _c._ 1210. (p. 53)]

SOHAM. _c._ 1240. (p. 53)]

ST CROSS. _c._ 1240. (p. 53)]

DUNSTABLE. _c._ 1240. (p. 53)]

WELLS. _c._ 1230. (p. 53)]

LEOMINSTER. _c._ 1330. (p. 53)]

EXETER. _c._ 1320. (p. 53)]

TEWKESBURY. _c._ 1320. (pp. 40, 54)]

PURSE CAUNDLE. _c._ 1500. (p. 54)]

* * * * *

FOOTNOTES:

[1] Freeman’s _Norman Conquest of England_.

[2] This question is argued at considerable length in Prior and Gardner’s _English Medieval Figure Sculpture_, Book II, Chapter <small>I</small>, and by Professors Baldwin Brown and Lethaby and Sir Martin Conway in various numbers of _The Burlington Magazine_.

[3] _The Burlington Magazine_, “A Dangerous Archaeological Method.”

[4] A more graceful and further developed specimen occurs on a fragment at Hereford (Pl. 25).

[5] It may be a later insertion. Compare with Pl. 43.

[6] _A History of Gothic Art in England_, p. 252.

[7] This is as distinguished from a common arrangement in later work in which the stems take more the form of waves about to break. This form is shown in the vine string on the Oxford watching loft (Pl. 84).

Typographical errors corrected by the etext transcriber:

Anglian crosses=> Anglican crosses {pg 7}