Chapter IX: Statistics of the Trade in Edible Oils

In basing any conclusions as to the consumption of edible oils upon the figures published by the Customs authorities of different countries, allowance must be made for the fact that in many cases (_e.g._ seed oils) it is not possible to distinguish the quantities used for food from those used for soap and lubricating purposes.

=United Kingdom Trade.=—The following figures are taken from the tables published annually by the Board of Trade, and show the import of oils during the ten years ending 1908:—

+-----------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+
| Oils. | 1899. | 1900. | 1901. |
+-----------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+
|Cocoanut, cwts. | 458,297 | 552,743 | 478,143 |
|Olive, tuns | 15,939 | 12,044 | 15,488 |
|Palm, cwts. | 945,472 | 938,350 | 1,212,111 |
|Seed oils, tuns | 46,416 | 41,131 | 48,842 |
+-----------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+
| Oils. | 1902. | 1903. |
+-----------------+--------------+--------------+
|Cocoanut, cwts. | 495,860 | 782,632 |
|Olive, tuns | 18,978 | 14,485 |
|Palm, cwts. | 1,446,298 | 1,234,004 |
|Seed oils, tuns | 35,454 | 36,011 |
+-----------------+--------------+--------------+

+-----------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+
| Oils. | 1904. | 1905. | 1906. |
+-----------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+
|Cocoanut, cwts. | 615,238 | 613,165 | 335,545 |
|Olive, tuns | 15,101 | 7,690[1] | 9,419[1] |
|Palm, cwts. | 1,309,176 | 1,144,368 | 1,223,787 |
|Seed oils, tuns | 10,553 | 3,309[1] | 1,786[1] |
+-----------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+
| Oils. | 1907. | 1908. |
+-----------------+--------------+--------------+
|Cocoanut, cwts. | 335,781 | 555,335 |
|Olive, tuns | 7,391[1] | 6,330[1] |
|Palm, cwts. | 1,508,023 | 1,317,995 |
|Seed oils, tuns | 1,111[1] | 2,203[1] |
+-----------------+--------------+--------------+

[Footnote 1: Not including refined oil.]

The amounts of the chief edible oils and their value imported into this country during the three years ending 1909 were as follows:—

_Imports_

+------------------------+-----------+-----------+-------------+
| Oil. | 1907. | 1908. | 1909. |
+------------------------+-----------+-----------+-------------+
| _Crude_— | | | |
|Cocoanut, cwts. | 357,815 | 555,335 | 502,408 |
|Olive, tuns | 7,391 | 6,330 | 4,788 |
|Palm, cwts. | 1,508,023 | 1,317,995 | 1,762,641 |
| | | | |
| _Refined_— | | | |
|Cocoanut, cwts. | 118,903 | 203,077 | 177,085 |
|Cotton-seed, tuns | 14,226 | 15,251 | 17,560 |
|Olive, tuns | 4,937 | 5,822 | 4,186 |
|Palm, cwts. | 18,656 | 35,838 | 58,645 |
+------------------------+-----------+-----------+-------------+
|Butter, cwts. | 4,210,156 | 4,210,821 | 4,062,833 |
|Margarine, cwts. | 885,068 | 813,447 | 868,292 |
+------------------------+-----------+------------+------------+
|Lard from U.S.A., cwts. | 1,903,961 | 1,924,881 | 1,703,578 |
|Lard from other | | | |
| countries, cwts. | 61,170 | 62,610 | 56,707 |
+------------------------+-----------+------------+------------+
|Imitation lard, cwts. | 222,090 | 174,064 | 231,847 |
+------------------------+-----------+------------+------------+
| Oil. | 1907. | 1908. | 1909. |
+------------------------+-----------+------------+------------+
| _Crude_— | £ | £ | £ |
|Cocoanut, cwts. | 634,357 | 757,812 | 752,257 |
|Olive, tuns | 287,254 | 243,497 | 241,905 |
|Palm, cwts. | 1,896,133 | 1,559,266 | 2,195,620 |
| | | | |
| _Refined_— | | | |
|Cocoanut, cwts. | 223,522 | 323,334 | 315,690 |
|Cotton-seed, tuns | 365,512 | 401,506 | 482,139 |
|Olive, tuns | | | |
|Palm, cwts. | 251,634 | 293,308 | 276,743 |
+------------------------+-----------+------------+------------+
|Butter, cwts. |22,417,926 | 24,080,912 | 22,425,067 |
|Margarine, cwts. | 2,223,645 | 2,081,245 | 2,243,737 |
+------------------------+-----------+------------+------------+
|Lard from U.S.A., cwts. | | | |
|Lard from other | 4,491,539 | 4,407,410 | 4,857,199 |
| countries, cwts. | | | |
+------------------------+-----------+------------+------------+
|Imitation lard, cwts. | 408,192 | 306,700 | 438,909 |
+------------------------+-----------+------------+------------+

_Exports_

+---------------------+------+------+------+-------+-------+--------+
| Oil, etc. | 1907.| 1908.| 1909.| 1907. | 1908. | 1909. |
+---------------------+------+------+------+-------+-------+--------+
| _Crude_— | | | | £ | £ | £ |
|Cocoanut, cwts.|56,058|56,887|61,247| 95,074| 79,563| 89,327 |
|Olive, tuns | | 26| 70| | 1,341| 3,915 |
|Palm, cwts.| 4,946| 415| 1,787| 7,568| 543| 2,554 |
| _Refined_, | | | |846,037|705,020|822,923 |
|Butter, cwts.|12,305|10,045| 9,214| 68,591| 59,324| 54,825 |
|Lard, cwts.| 9,634| 8,118| 5,506| 26,340| 22,340| 18,722 |
|Imitation lard, cwts.| 568| 583| 792| 1,000| 1,008| 1,604 |
+---------------------+------+------+------+-------+-------+--------+

In the case of the crude oils mentioned in the above tables it is probable that the bulk was used for technical purposes.

=Olive Oil.=—Large quantities of foreign olive oil are imported into the French Riviera, the bulk coming from Italy and Tunis, and a small proportion from Spain, Turkey, Algiers, and Greece.

According to statistics published by Slaus-Kantschlieder (_Chem. Rev. Fett- u. Harz-Ind._, 1909, xvi. 223-231), the importations into Nice amounted to 8,264,900 kilos in 1907, as compared with 11,917,200 kilos in 1906.

The quantities of olive oil exported from Nice to various countries during the two years were as follows:—

+----------------+---------+---------+
| Exported to— | 1906. | 1907. |
+----------------+---------+---------+
| | Kilos. | Kilos. |
|Austria-Hungary | 351,000 | 370,000 |
|Germany | 748,000 | 749,000 |
|Russia | 436,000 | 624,000 |
|England | 234,000 | 206,000 |
|Switzerland | 313,000 | 289,000 |
|Roumania | 70,000 | 123,000 |
|Servia | 14,000 | 21,000 |
|Bulgaria | 4,600 | 5,200 |
+----------------+---------+---------+

=Italian Trade in Olive Oil.=—The Italian Customs authorities give the following details of the exports of refined and other grades of olive oil during the three years ending 1907, the quantities being in quintals (1 quintal = 220·46 lb.):—

_Refined Olive Oil_

+----------------+------------+------------+----------+
| Exported to— | 1907. | 1906. | 1905. |
+----------------+------------+------------+----------+
| | Quintals. | Quintals. | Quintals.|
|United States | 29,188 | 71,400 | 38,687 |
|Austria-Hungary | 28,998 | 22,203 | 7,752 |
|Germany | 15,690 | 11,132 | 5,490 |
|Great Britain | 5,861 | 9,432 | 4,102 |
|Holland | 12,648 | 73,519 | 8,403 |
|Switzerland | 7,626 | 11,294 | 6,936 |
|Egypt | 15,353 | 19,285 | 4,867 |
|Other countries | 8,536 | 8,894 | 4,900 |
+----------------+------------+------------+----------+
| Totals | 123,900 | 227,159 | 81,137 |
+----------------+------------+------------+----------+
| Total values | $1,471,122 | $2,051,652 | $945,600 |
+----------------+------------+------------+----------+

_Other Grades of Olive Oil_

+---------------------+-------------+-------------+------------+
| Exported to— | 1907. | 1906. | 1905. |
+---------------------+-------------+-------------+------------+
| | Quintals. | Quintals. | Quintals. |
|Austria-Hungary | 19,013 | 25,834 | 18,293 |
|France | 60,766 | 116,312 | 43,191 |
|Germany | 17,793 | 21,222 | 11,058 |
|Great Britain | 25,000 | 29,739 | 22,184 |
|Russia | 26,677 | 22,854 | 29,765 |
|Switzerland | 7,124 | 8,819 | 5,668 |
|Egypt | 2,636 | 5,810 | 1,956 |
|United States | 82,198 | 95,258 | 52,577 |
|Brazil | 14,495 | 12,320 | 8,820 |
|Argentina | 90,347 | 109,194 | 58,256 |
|Uruguay | 9,402 | 8,190 | 3,893 |
|Other countries | 32,976 | 33,032 | 17,440 |
+---------------------+-------------+-------------+------------+
| Totals | 388,427 | 488,584 | 273,101 |
+---------------------+-------------+-------------+------------+
| Total Values | $9,370,801 | $11,787,041 | $6,852,104 |
+---------------------+-------------+-------------+------------+
| Grand Totals | 512,327 | 715,743 | 354,238 |
+---------------------+-------------+-------------+------------+
| Grand Total Values | $10,861,923 | $13,838,693 | $7,797,704 |
+---------------------+-------------+-------------+------------+

=Spanish Oil Trade.=—Some interesting details of the production of olive oil in Spain were given in the _Board of Trade Journal_ for September 1907. The average output of the oil was estimated at 200,000 metric tons. In 1906 it amounted to 133,665 tons (metric), as against 149,249 tons in 1905. The deficiency in the crop of 1906 accounted for the falling off of the exports of oil in that year, though owing to the official pecuniary encouragement given to the manufacture of seed oils in Spain, there was not a corresponding increase in the importations of oils employed as substitutes for olive oil.

The imports of seed oils, cocoanut, and palm-nut oils and oil seeds into Spain, and the exports of olive oil during the years 1905 and 1906, and the first six months of 1907, were as follows:—

_Spanish Oil Trade_

+-----------------------+--------------+--------------+------------+
| | | | First |
| | 1905. | 1906. | six months |
| | | | of 1907. |
+-----------------------+--------------+--------------+------------+
|_Imports_:— | Metric tons. | Metric tons. |Metric tons.|
| Seed oil | 684 | 895 | 330 |
| Cocoanut and palm-nut| 279 | 548 | 400 |
| oil | | | |
| Oil seeds | 39,526 | 45,233 | 32,917 |
|_Export_:— | | | |
| Olive oil | 34,228 | 18,911 | 6,150 |
+-----------------------+--------------+--------------+------------+

=Vegetable Oil Trade in France.=—The following details of the trade of France in vegetable oils are given by the _Oil, Paint, and Drug Rep._, April 4, 1910:—

During 1909, 141,080 metric tons of copra (cocoanut pulp) were imported into France as against 169,357 tons in 1908, and 110,008 tons in 1907, nearly the whole of the quantity going to Marseilles.

About 40 per cent. of the imports were from the Philippines, 29 per cent. from the Dutch Indies, 9 per cent. from British India, 8 per cent. from Mauritius, and the remainder from other countries.

The total values of oil products used in France in 1909 were officially estimated at £2,044,500, including—Arachis nuts, £4,511,000; linseed, £1,999,800; sesame seed, £892,000; mustard and Indian rape seed, £864,000; poppy seed, £399,800; and cotton-seed (chiefly Egyptian), £262,000.

The following figures show the imports of oil seeds into Marseilles during the three years:—

+------------------------+---------+---------+---------+
| | 1907. | 1908. | 1909. |
+------------------------+---------+---------+---------+
| | Tons. | Tons. | Tons. |
|Sesame | 68,836 | 41,749 | 64,087 |
|Arachis nuts, shelled | 113,219 | 85,653 | 170,012 |
| ” ” unshelled | 123,304 | 102,188 | 155,056 |
|Linseed | 21,202 | 17,085 | 16,962 |
|Rape and ravison | 5,082 | 2,202 | 5,795 |
|Poppy seed | 4,106 | 2,334 | 2,356 |
|Castor seed | 16,370 | 18,111 | 11,553 |
|Pulghere | 520 | 709 | 1,818 |
|Cotton-seed | 15,884 | 14,497 | 14,249 |
|Niger and kapok | 6,351 | 3,701 | 5,118 |
|Copra | 109,744 | 163,999 | 136,655 |
|Palm kernels | 4,412 | 1,675 | 3,639 |
|Mowhrah, illipé, etc. | 12,781 | 11,146 | 8,856 |
+------------------------+---------+---------+---------+
| Totals | 501,811 | 465,049 | 596,156 |
+------------------------+---------+---------+---------+

The only oils imported in any quantities were cotton-seed, olive, and palm oils, the average importations of which during the last five years were:—

Tons.
Cotton-seed oil 24,000
Olive oil 22,000
Palm oil 16,000

The copra imported is chiefly used in the manufacture of soap, though about a third is manufactured into edible cocoanut oil and vegetable butters.

The cocoanut oil exported from Marseilles (chiefly to England, the United States, Switzerland, and Austria) amounted to 23,840 tons in 1909, while 22,726 tons were sent from Marseilles to other parts of France.

=Cotton-Seed Oil in the United States.=—The growth of the now gigantic cotton-seed oil industry in the United States is illustrated by the following figures given by the _Oil, Paint, and Drug Rep._, June 7, 1909, which show the production and exports of the seed and its product since 1872:—

_Production of Cotton-Seed and Oil_

+------------+---------------------------+-------------+-----------+
| | Cotton-seed. | | Cake and |
|Year ending +-----------+---------------+ Oil | Meal |
| June 30. | Produced. | Manufactured. | Produced. | Produced.|
+------------+-----------+---------------+-------------+-----------+
| | Tons. | Tons. | Gallons. | Tons. |
| 1909 | 5,903,838 | 3,669,747 | 146,789,880 | 1,491,752 |
| 1908 | 4,952,402 | 2,564,873 | 103,049,820 | 1,043,080 |
| 1907 | 5,912,646 | 3,843,981 | 153,759,240 | 1,785,804 |
| 1906 | 5,060,205 | 3,131,175 | 125,700,928 | 1,271,740 |
| 1904 | 4,716,591 | 3,241,426 | 121,877,618 | 1,155,568 |
| 1902 | 4,630,311 | 3,154,417 | 118,606,079 | 1,124,550 |
| 1900 | 4,668,346 | 2,479,386 | 93,325,729 | 884,391 |
| 1890 | 3,494,811 | 873,702 | 34,948,000 | 305,800 |
| 1880 | 2,615,608 | 235,404 | 9,416,000 | 82,400 |
| 1875 | 1,686,516 | 84,325 | 3,373,000 | 29,500 |
| 1872 | 1,317,637 | 52,705 | 2,108,000 | 18,400 |
+------------+---------------------------+-------------+-----------+

_Exports_

+------------+------------------------+-------------------------+
| Year | Cotton-seed. | Oil. |
| ending +-----------+------------+------------+------------+
|June 30.[2] | Quantity. | Value. | Quantity. | Value. |
+------------+-----------+------------+------------+------------+
| | Tons. | $ | Gallons. | $ |
| 1909 | | | | |
| 1908 | 14,239 | 353,213 | 41,029,991 | 17,226,451 |
| 1907 | 8,814 | 209,493 | 41,880,304 | 17,074,403 |
| 1906 | 11,859 | 268,330 | 43,793,519 | 13,673,370 |
| 1904 | 6,430 | 141,174 | 29,013,743 | 10,717,280 |
| 1902 | 28,202 | 509,627 | 33,042,848 | 12,992,393 |
| 1900 | 24,928 | 346,230 | 46,902,390 | 14,127,538 |
| 1890 | 3,830 | 74,575 | 13,384,385 | 5,219,178 |
| 1880 | 6,071 | 134,116 | 6,997,796 | 3,225,414 |
| 1875 | 2,658 | 63,128 | 417,387 | 216,640 |
| 1872 | 3,180 | 72,212 | 547,165 | 293,546 |
+------------+-----------+------------+------------+------------+
| Year | Cake and Meal. |
| ending +-----------+------------+
| June 30. | Quantity. | Value. |
+------------+-----------+------------+
| | Tons. | $ |
| 1909 | | |
| 1908 | 464,644 | 11,889,415 |
| 1907 | 670,484 | 17,062,594 |
| 1906 | 555,417 | 13,073,100 |
| 1904 | 410,175 | 9,134,088 |
| 1902 | 525,233 | 12,271,009 |
| 1900 | 571,852 | 11,229,188 |
| 1890 | [3] | |
| 1880 | | |
| 1875 | | |
| 1872 | | |
+------------+-----------+------------+

[Footnote 2: The figures in this table relate to the seed crop of the previous year.]

[Footnote 3: Not separately shown.]

INDEX

Acetic acid, 9.

=Acid=—
Acetic, 9.
Arachidic, 9.
Behenic, 9.
Butyric, 9.
Capric, 9.
Caproic, 9.
Caprylic, 9.
Carnaubic, 9.
Cerotic, 10.
Daturic, 9.
Doeglic, 10.
Eleomargaric, 12.
Eleostearic, 12.
Erucic, 10.
Ficocerylic, 9.
Hyænic, 10.
Hypogæic, 10.
Isolinolenic, 12.
Isovaleric, 9.
Jecoric, 12.
Lauric, 9.
Lignoceric, 9.
Linolenic, 12.
Linolic, 12.
Margaric, 67.
Melissic, 10.
Moringic, 10.
Myristic, 9.
Oleic, 10.
Palmitic, 9.
Physetoleic, 10.
Pisangcerylic, 10.
Psyllostearylic, 10.
Rapic, 10.
Ricinolenic, 12.
Stearic, 9.
Tariric, 12.
Telfairic, 12.
Theobromic, 10.
Tiglic, 10.
Acidity of lard, 61-62.
Acids, volatile fatty, 10.
Alkaline earths, refining with, 28.
Analysis of oil, 89.
Arachidic acid, 9.
Arachis oil, 18, 77, 78.
adulteration of, 78.
analysis of, 78.
constituents of, 78.
Artificial colouring matter in butter, 55, 122.
Artificial flavouring in margarine, 71, 72.
Azo dyes, 71.

Barium values, 55.
Bechi’s test, 107.
Behenic acid, 9.
Bleaching of oils, 29.
with charcoal, 29.
fuller’s earth, 30.
hydrosulphites, 33.
hyposulphites, 33.
organic peroxides, 33.
ozone, 32.
sodium bisulphite, 33.
Borax in butter, 46.
Boric acid in butter, 46.
Borneo tallow, 87.
Boron compounds, 124.
Bromine absorption, 96.
thermal value, 105.
Brown grease, 58.
=Butter=, 3, 39, 40.
abnormal, 49.
analysis of, 109.
artificial colouring matters in, 55, 122.
borax in, 46.
boric acid in, 46.
cacao, 19, 84, 85.
casein in, 121.
chemical characteristics of, 48-52.
cocoanut oil in, 53, 54, 112.
commercial, 40.
composition of, 40.
curd in, 41.
Dutch, 67.
fat, 39, 40.
composition of, 40.
Illipé, 87.
influence of food of cows on, 52.
Irish, 52.
keeping properties of, 42-44.
Mahua, 87.
milk-blended, 41.
nut, 72.
oil, 16, 45.
physical characteristics of, 47.
preservatives in, 46-47, 124.
“process,” 44-46.
rancidity of, 44.
refractometric examination of, 48.
renovated, 44-46.
salt in, 41.
shea, 21, 87.
solubility of, 47.
vegetable, 16, 72.
water in, 41.
Butterine, 67.
Butyric acid, 9.
Butyrin, 6, 7.
Butyro-refractometer, 48.

Cacao butter, 19, 84-85.
Cadmium values, 55.
Capric acid, 9.
Caprin, 6.
Caproic acid, 9.
Caproin, 6.
Caprylic acid, 9.
Caprylin, 6.
Carnaubic acid, 9.
Casein in butter, 121.
Caustic soda, refining with, 26.
Cerotic acid, 10.
Ceylon oil, 16.
Charcoal, bleaching with, 29.
Cheese, 130.
Chemical methods of refining, 132.
Chocolate, 84, 132.
Chocolate cream, 85.
Chocolate fats, 84-88, 133.
Choice lard, 58.
Choice steam lard, 58.
Cochin oil, 16.
Cocoa, 84.
Cocoanut oil, 15.
analyses of, 86.
deodorisation of, 34.
in butter, 53, 54, 112.
stearins, 85, 86.
Colouring matter for margarine, 71.
matters, artificial, in butter, 55.
Combustion of fats, 2.
Commercial butter, 40.
grades of lard, 58-59.
Constitution of fats, 1, 3.
oils, 1, 3.
Corn oil, 83, 84.
Cotton-seed oil, 16, 80, 107.
winter, 81.
stearin, 17, 81.
Coumarine, 72.
Crystals of lard, 59, 60.
Culinary oils, 74.
Curd, amount of, in butter, 41.

Daturic acid, 9.
Decroline, 33.
Demargarinated oil, 76.
Deodorisation of cocoanut oil, 34-36.
of fats, 34.
Digestibility of fats, oils, 3.
Diglycerides, 5.
Dika fat, 87.
Doeglic acid, 10.
Dripping, 2, 14, 65.
Dutch butter, 67.
Dyes, azo, 71.

Earth-nut oil, 18, 77, 108.
Elaidin test, 64, 79.
Eleomargaric acid, 12.
Eleostearic acid, 12.
Erucic acid, 10.

Fat as food, 1.
Fat, butter, 39-40.
Dika, 87.
goose, 6.
Illipé, 87.
Mkani, 87.
Tankawang, 87.
turkey, 6.
Fats, chocolate, 84-88.
constitution of, 1, 3.
deodorisation of, 34.
other vegetable, 86.
treatment of rancid, 36-38.
Fatty acids, volatile, 8, 10.
Fendler’s patent, 71.
Ficocerylic acid, 9.
Filtration, methods of, 25.
Flare lard, 60.
Flavouring, artificial, in margarine, 71-72.
Fluorides, 128.
Food, fat as, 1.
value, 3.
Foots, 27, 80.
Formulæ for margarine, 69-70.
(U.S.A.) Cheap Grade, 70.
High Grade, 70.
Medium High Grade, 70.
Free fatty acids, 91.
French salad oil, 79.
oil trade, 142.
Fuller’s earth, bleaching with, 30.

Gaboon fat, 87.
Gingelly oil, 79.
Glycerides, 3, 4.
Goose fat, 6.
Grades, commercial, of lard, 58-59.
Grease, brown, 58.
pig’s foot, 58.
white, 58.
yellow, 58.
Guts, 58.

Halphen’s test, 107.
Hehner value, 49, 118.
Huiles d’enfer, 75.
tournantes, 75.
Hyænic acid, 10.
Hydraldite C., 33.
Hydrosulphites, bleaching with, 33.
Hypogæic acid, 10.
Hyposulphites, bleaching with, 33.

Illipé butter, 87.
fat, 87.
Iodine value, 94.
of lard, 63, 64.
Irish butter, 52.
Isolinolenic acid, 12.
Isovaleric acid, 9.
Isovalerin, 6.

Jecoric acid, 12.

Keeping properties of butter, 42-44.

=Lard=, 15, 56.
acidity of, 61-62.
amount of water in, 62-63.
analysis of, 61.
choice (steam), 58.
commercial grades, 58-59.
composition of, 59.
crystals, 59-60.
examination of, 130.
flare, 60.
guts, 58.
influence of food on, 60-61.
iodine value, 63-64.
leaf, 58, 60.
neutral, 58.
oil, 15, 64.
prime, 58.
pure, 58.
rendering of, 56-58.
water in, 62.
Lauric acid, 9.
Laurin, 6, 7.
Lignoceric acid, 9.
Linde’s process, 24.
Linolenic acid, 9, 12.
Linolic acid, 9, 12.

Mafura tallow, 87.
Mahua butter, 87.
Maize oil, 16, 83-84.
analyses of, 84.
Malabar tallow, 87.
Margaric acid, 67.
=Margarine=, 3, 14, 65-66.
analyses of, 129.
artificial flavouring, 71-72.
colouring matter, 71.
composition of, 70.
English formula, 70.
formulæ for, 69-70.
Cheap Grade, 70.
High Grade, 70.
Medium High Grade, 70.
manufacture of, 66.
modern process, 68-69.
Margosa oil, 21.
Maumené test, 103.
Mège-Mouries process, 65-68.
Melissic acid, 10.
Methods of filtration, 25.
Milk-blended butter, 41.
Mixed glyceride, 5.
Mkani fat, 87.
Modern process margarine, 68-69.
Monoglycerides, 5.
Moringic acid, 10.
Mowrah-seed oil, 21.
Myristic acid, 9.
Myristin, 6, 7.

Nagel’s process, 37.
Neutral lard, 56, 68-69.
Nut butter, 72.
salad oils, 77.

=Oil=—
Arachis, 18, 77-78.
Butter, 16, 45.
Ceylon, 16.
Cochin, 16.
Cocoanut, 15.
Corn, 83, 84.
Cotton seed, 16, 80-82.
Demargarinated, 76.
Earth-nut, 18.
French salad, 79.
Gingelly, 79.
Lard, 15, 64.
Maize, 16, 83-84.
Margosa, 21.
Mowrah-seed, 21.
Nut salad, 77.
Olive, 17, 74-77.
Palm, 20, 72.
kernel, 18.
nut, 18.
Peanut, 18.
Poppy, 83.
Sesame, 18, 79-80.
Soya bean, 20.
Sunflower (seed), 19, 82-83.
Teel, 79.
of Theobroma, 19.
Virgin, 74, 76.
Winter cotton-seed, 81.
=Oils=—
bleaching of, 29.
constitution of, 1, 3.
pyrene, 75.
salad, 74-88.
semi-drying, 79, 81.
sulphocarbon, 75.
summer, 25, 80.
winter, 25, 76.
Oleic acid, 9, 10.
Olein, 6, 8.
Oleomargarine, 66, 67, 68, 70.
Oleo oil, 67, 69, 70.
Oleo-refractometer, 64.
Oleo-stearin, 69.
Olive oil, 17, 74-77, 106.
Organic peroxides, bleaching with, 33.
Ozonair apparatus, 32.
Ozone, bleaching with, 32.

Palm oil, 20, 72.
kernel oil, 18.
analyses of, 86.
stearin, 85, 86.
Palm-nut oil, 18.
stearin, 85.
Palmitic acid, 9.
Palmitin, 6, 7.
Peanut oil, 18, 77, 108.
Peroxides, bleaching with organic, 33.
Per-salts, 33.
Physetoleic acid, 10.
Physical characteristics of butter, 47.
methods of refining, 23.
Physiological considerations, 2.
Phytosteryl (acetate) test, 64, 82, 101.
Pig’s foot grease, 58.
Piney tallow, 87.
Pisangcerylic acid, 10.
Polenské’s test, 113.
Poppy oil, 83.
Premier jus, 14, 30, 68.
Preservatives in butter, 46, 47.
Prime steam lard, 58.
“Process” butter, 44-46.
Linde’s, 24.
Mège-Mouries, 65-68.
Nagel’s, 37.
Psyllostearylic acid, 10.
Pyrene oils, 75.

Rancid fats, treatment of, 36, 37, 38.
Rancidity in oils, 36.
of butter, 44.
Rapic acid, 10.
Raw materials, 14.
Refining with alkaline earths, 28.
caustic soda, 26.
sodium carbonate, 28.
silicate, 28.
of oils, 23.
Refractive index, 98.
Refractometer, butyro, 48.
Refractometric examination of butter, 48.
Reichert value, 49-50.
Reichert-Meissl value, 50-52.
process, 111.
Removal of stearin, 25.
Rendering of lard, 56-58.
Renovated butter, 44-46.
Ricinoleic acid, 9, 12.
Ricinolein, 6.
Rongalite C., 33.

Salad oils, 74-88.
Salt, amount of, in butter, 41.
oils, 121.
Saponification value, 92.
Semi-drying oils, 79, 81.
Sesame oil, 18, 79, 80.
Sesamin, 79.
Sesamol, 79.
Shea butter, 21, 87.
Sodium bisulphite, bleaching with, 33.
carbonate, refining with, 28.
silicate, refining with, 28.
Solidification point, 96.
Solubility of butter, 47.
Sorting tests, 48.
Soya bean oil, 20.
Spanish oil trade, 140.
Specific gravity, 90.
Statistics of oil trade, 137.
Steam lard, choice, 58.
Stearic acid, 9.
Stearin, 6, 8, 25, 76, 77, 79, 86.
cotton-seed, 17.
removal of, 25.
Stearins, cocoanut oil, 85, 86.
palm-kernel oil, 85, 86.
Suet, 14.
Sulphocarbon oils, 75.
Summer oils, 25, 80.
Sunflower(-seed) oil, 19, 82-83.

Tallow, 14.
Borneo, 87.
Mafura, 87.
Malabar, 87.
Piney, 87.
unrendered, 15.
Tankawang fat, 87.
Tariric acid, 12.
Teel oil, 79.
Telfairic acid, 12.
Test, elaidin, 64, 79.
phytosteryl, 64.
Valenta’s, 48.
Tests, sorting, 48.
Theobroma oil, 19.
Theobromic acid, 10.
Tiglic acid, 10.
Treatment of rancid fats, 36, 37, 38.
Triglycerides, 5, 6.
Turkey fat, 6.

Unrendered tallow, 15.
Unsaponifiable matter, 99.

Valenta’s test, 48, 102.
Value, food, 3.
Hehner, 49.
iodine, of lard, 63, 64.
Reichert, 49, 50.
Reichert-Meissl, 50-52.
Values, barium, 55.
Values, cadmium, 55.
Vegetable butter, 16, 72.
fats, other, 86.
Virgin oil, 74, 76.
Volatile fatty acids, 10.

Water, amount of, in butter, 41.
lard, 62, 63.
Watts’ bichromate process of bleaching, 31.
White grease, 58.
Winter cotton-seed oil, 81.
Winter oils, 25, 76.

Yellow grease, 58.

_Printed by_ MORRISON & GIBB LIMITED, _Edinburgh_