Chapter 12

[1]Clark Wissler, “The Origin of the American Indian,” _Natural
History_, 53:313 (1944).

[2]Frank H. H. Roberts, Jr., “The New-World Paleo-Indian,” _Smithsonian
Institution Annual Report for 1944_, 406.

[3]Earnest A. Hooton, _Up from the Ape_, 1931, 568.

[4]Junius Bird, personal communications, 1945-1947.

[5]A. P. Okladnikov, “Archaeological Data on the Ancient History of the
Lake Baikal Region,” _Review of Ancient History_, vol. 1, pt. 2,
fig. 5 (Moscow, 1938). Henry B. Collins, Jr., “Eskimo Archaeology
and Its Bearing on the Problem of Man’s Antiquity in America,”
_Proceedings, American Philosophical Society_, 86:229-230 (1943),
fig. 5.

[6]George Gaylord Simpson, “Mammals and Land Bridges,” _Journal,
Washington Academy of Sciences_, 40:153 (1940).

[7]Bruce Howe and Hallam L. Movius, Jr., _A Stone Age Cave Site in
Tangier_ (Papers, Peabody Museum, vol 28, no. 1, 1947). Gertrude
Caton-Thompson, “The Levalloisian Industries in Egypt,”
_Proceedings, Prehistoric Society_, 1946, new ser., 12:57-120.

[8]Carleton S. Coon, _The Races of Europe_ (1939), 46.

[9]W. J. Sollas, _Ancient Hunters and Their Modern Representatives_ (2nd
ed., 1915), 485-487, 510-513, 520.

[10]Aleš Hrdlička, “The Coming of Man from Asia in the Light of Recent
Discoveries,” _Proceedings, American Philosophical Society_, 71:401
(1932).

[11]Nels C. Nelson, “The Antiquity of Man in America in the Light of
Archaeology,” in _The American Aborigines_, ed. Diamond Jenness
(1933), 116.

[12]M. R. Harrington, _Cuba Before Columbus_, pt. 1 (Indian Notes and
Monographs, Museum of the American Indian, 1921), 1:205-206, and
_Gypsum Cave, Nevada_ (Southwest Museum Papers, no. 8, 1933),
189-190.

[13]Thomas Jefferson, _Notes on the State of Virginia_, 1801, 148.

[14]Hallam L. Movius, Jr., _Early Man and Pleistocene Stratigraphy in
Southern and Eastern Asia_ (Papers, Peabody Museum, vol. 19, no. 3,
1944), 25-27.

[15]Herbert J. Spinden, _World Chronology and the Peopling of America_
(mimeographed Presidential Address read before the American
Anthropological Society, Washington, Dec. 27, 1936), 5.

[16]Herbert J. Spinden, personal communication, 1946.

[17]Spinden, “First Peopling of America As a Chronological Problem,” in
_Early Man_ (1937), 106, and _World Chronology, etc._, 5.

[18]Spinden, _World Chronology, etc._, 4.

[19]A. S. Loukashkin, “Some Observations on the Remains of a Pleistocene
Fauna and of the Paleolithic Age in Northern Manchuria,” in _Early
Man_ (1937), 327-340.

[20]Spinden, “Time Scale for the New World.” _Proceedings, 8th American
Scientific Congress_, 2:39 (1942), and _World Chronology, etc._, 2,
19.

[21]Ernst Antevs, personal communication, 1946.

[22]Kirk Bryan, “Geologic Antiquity of Man in America.” _Science_, new
ser., 93:505-514 (1941).

[23]Carl Sauer, “Early Relations of Man to Plants,” _Geographical
Review_, 37:10 (1947).

[24]Erwin H. Barbour and C. Bertrand Schultz, “Paleontologic and
Geologic Consideration of Early Man in Nebraska,” _Bulletin,
Nebraska State Museum_, 1:431 (1936).

[25]George F. Carter, The Idea of the Recency of Man in America
(unpublished MS.).

[26]Albrecht Penck, “Wann kamen die Indianer nach Nordamerika?”
_Proceedings, 23rd International Congress of Americanists_ (1930),
23-30.

[27]H. V. Walter, A. Cathoud, and Anibal Mattos, “The Confins Man: A
Contribution to the Study of Early Man in South America,” in _Early
Man_ (1937), 345.

[28]Kirk Bryan, “Correlation of the Deposits of Sandia Cave, New Mexico,
with the Glacial Chronology,” Appendix to Hibben, “Evidences of
Early Occupation in Sandia Cave” (_Smithsonian Miscellaneous
Collections_, no. 23, 1941, vol. 99), 69.

[29]Ernst Antevs, “Correlation of Wisconsin Glacial Maxima,” _American
Journal of Science_, 243A:29 (1945) and “Dating Records of Early Man
in the Southwest,” _American Naturalist_, 70:336 (1936). Chart in
Gladwin, _Excavations at Snaketown_, 2:73. “Climatic History and the
Antiquity of Man in California,” _Reports of the University of
California Archaeological Survey_, 16:23-29 (1952).

[30]Antevs, “Climate and Early Man in North America,” in _Early Man_,
128, and “Dating Records, etc.,” 333.

[31]Carl Sauer, “Geographic Sketch of Early Man in America,”
_Geographical Review_, 34:538 (1944).

[32]M. C. Burkitt, _The Old Stone Age_, 86-87 (1933).

REFERENCES AS TO ILLUSTRATIONS

(_In the main, the earliest instances of publication_)

PAGE 13. Edward Brerewood, _Enquiries Touching the Diversity of
Languages, and Religions, Through the Chief Parts of the World_
(1622—1st ed., 1614).

PAGE 18. W. A. Johnston, “Quaternary Geology of North America in
Relation to the Migration of Man,” in _The American Aborigines_, ed.
D. Jenness (1933).

PAGE 19. Carl Sauer, “Geographic Sketch of Early Man in America,”
_Geographical Review_, Vol. 34 (1944).

PAGES 26 and 27. Harold S. Gladwin, _Excavations at Snaketown: II,
Comparisons and Theories_ (1937), and Ernst Antevs, personal
communication.

PAGE 44. Arthur Holmes, _Principles of Physical Geology_ (1945). Earnest
A. Hooton, _Up from the Ape_ (1931).

PAGE 48. Richard F. Flint, _Glacial Geology and the Pleistocene Epoch_
(1947). Ernst Antevs, _The Last Glaciation_ (American Geographical
Society Research Series, no. 17, 1928). Richard F. Flint and H. G.
Dorsey, “Glaciation of Siberia,” _Bulletin, Geological Society of
America_, Vol. 56 (1945). R. A. Daly, _The Changing World of the Ice
Age_ (1934).

PAGE 55. Arthur Keith, _New Discoveries Relating to the Antiquity of
Man_ (1931). Henry Fairfield Osborn, _Men of the Old Stone Age_
(1915). Albrecht Penck and Eduard Brückner, _Die Alpen im
Eiszeitalter_ (1901-1909). Frederick E. Zeuner, _The Pleistocene
Period: Its Climate, Chronology and Faunal Successions_ (1945). H.
N. Fisk, _Geological Investigation of the Alluvial Valley of the
Lower Mississippi River_ (1944). Henry Fairfield Osborn, _Man Rises
to Parnassus_ (1927).

PAGE 58. George C. Simpson, “Ice Ages,” _Nature_, Vol. 141 (1938). Carl
Sauer, “Geographic Sketch of Early Man in America,” _Geographical
Review_, Vol. 34 (1944).

PAGE 62. W. J. Sollas, _Ancient Hunters and Their Modern
Representatives_ (1911).

PAGE 66. Harold Peake and Herbert John Fleure, _Apes and Men_ (1927). J.
Reid Moir, _The Antiquity of Man in East Anglia_ (1927). E. Ray
Lankester, “Rostro-Carinate Flint Implements,” _Proceedings, Royal
Society_, Vol. 41 (1912).

PAGE 71. Henry Fairfield Osborn, _Men of the Old Stone Age_ (1915). L.
S. B. Leakey, _Adam’s Ancestors_ (3rd ed., 1935). Miles C. Burkitt,
_The Old Stone Age: A Study of Palaeolithic Times_ (1933).

PAGE 74. Charles Dawson and A. Smith Woodward, “On a Bone Implement from
Piltdown (Sussex),” _Quarterly Journal, Geological Society of
London_, Vol. 71 (1917). O. G. S. Crawford, _Man and His Past_
(1921).

PAGE 82. Henry Fairfield Obsorn, _Men of the Old Stone Age_ (1915). Hans
Weinert, “Zusammenfassung des Pithecanthropus Problems,”
_Zeitschriften für Anatomie und Entwicklungsgeschichte_, Vol. 87
(1928).

PAGE 83. Gustav H. R. von Koenigswald, “Search for Early Man,” _Natural
History_, Vol. 56 (1947).

PAGE 89. Franz Weidenreich, _Apes, Giants, and Men_ (1946). J. H.
McGregor, “Restoring Neanderthal Man,” _Natural History_, Vol. 26
(1926). R. Verneau, “Les Grottes de Grimaldi,” _Anthropologie_, Vol.
2 (1906). Raymond W. Murray, _Man’s Unknown Ancestors_ (1943).

PAGE 90. Gabriel de Mortillet, _Musée Préhistorique_ (1881).

PAGE 91. W. H. Holmes, _Handbook of Aboriginal American Antiquities_
(1919).

PAGE 92. _Ibid._

PAGE 93. _Ibid._

PAGE 98. Henry Fairfield Osborn, _Men of the Old Stone Age_ (1915).

PAGE 100. John Evans, _The Ancient Stone Implements, Weapons, and
Ornaments of Great Britain_ (1872).

PAGE 101. Miles C. Burkitt, _The Old Stone Age: A Study of Palaeolithic
Times_ (1933). George Grant MacCurdy, _Human Origins_ (1924).

PAGE 102. Harold Peake and Herbert John Fleure, _Hunters and Artists_
(1927).

PAGE 103. George Grant MacCurdy, _Human Origins_, Vol. I (1924). L. S.
B. Leakey, _Adam’s Ancestors_ (3rd ed., 1935).

PAGE 105. Miles C. Burkitt, _The Old Stone Age: A Study of Palaeolithic
Times_ (1933). George Grant MacCurdy, _Human Origins_, Vol. I
(1924). Edith Plant, _Man’s Unwritten Past_ (1942).

PAGE 106. George Grant MacCurdy, _Human Origins_, Vol. I (1924).

PAGE 107. Thomas Wilson, “Prehistoric Art,” _Report, U.S. National
Museum for 1896_ (1898).

PAGE 108. E. Lartet and H. Christy, _Reliquiae Aquitanicae_ (1875).

PAGE 108. Michele Mercati, _Metallotheca, Opus Posthumum_ (1717).

PAGE 109. Mark R. Harrington, _Gypsum Cave, Nevada_ (Southwest Museum
Papers, no. 8, 1933).

PAGE 110. Emile Cartailhac and Henri Breuil, “La Caverne d’Altamira à
Santillane près Santander (Espagne),” _Peintures et gravures murales
des cavernes paléolithiques_ (1906). L. Capitan, H. Breuil, and D.
Peyroni, “La Caverne de Font-de-Gaume aux Eyzies (Dordogne),”
_Peintures et gravures murales des cavernes paléolithiques_ (1910).

PAGE 112. Hugo Obermaier and Paul Wernert, _Las Pinturas rupestres del
barranco de Valltorta_ (1919).

PAGE 113. _Ibid._

PAGE 114. L. Capitan, H. Breuil, and D. Peyroni, “La Caverne de
Font-de-Gaume aux Eyzies (Dordogne),” _Peintures et gravures murales
des cavernes paléolithiques_ (1910).

PAGES 116 and 117. Harold Peake and Herbert John Fleure, _Hunters and
Artists_ (1927). Arthur Keith, _New Discoveries Relating to the
Antiquity of Man_ (1931). Henry Fairfield Osborn, _Men of the Old
Stone Age_ (1915). Robert Braidwood, personal communication, 1946.
Frederick E. Zeuner, _Dating the Past_ (1946).

PAGE 144. Charles C. Abbott, “The Stone Age in New Jersey,” _American
Naturalist_, Vol. 16 (1872).

PAGE 145. Israel C. Russell, _The Geological History of Lake Lahontan_
(U.S. Geological Survey, Monograph no. 11, 1885).

PAGE 147. J. Graham D. Clarke, “New World Origins,” _Antiquity_, Vol. 14
(1940).

PAGE 152. W. J. Sollas, _Ancient Hunters and Their Modern
Representatives_ (1911).

PAGE 155. H. M. Wormington, _Ancient Man in North America_ (Denver
Museum of Natural History, Popular Series no. 4, 2nd rev. ed.,
1944). Edgar B. Howard, “Evidence of Early Man in North America,”
_Museum Journal_, Vol. 24 (1935). Alex Krieger, “Artifacts from the
Plainview Bison Bed,” _Bulletin, Geological Society of America_,
Vol. 58 (1947).

PAGE 157. Frank C. Hibben, “Evidence of Early Man in Alaska,” _American
Antiquity_, Vol. 8 (1943). Frank H. H. Roberts, Jr., “Developments
in the Problem of the North American Paleo-Indian,” _Smithsonian
Miscellaneous Collections_, Vol. 100 (1940).

PAGE 158. Edgar B. Howard, “Evidence of Early Man in North America,”
_Museum Journal_, Vol. 24 (1935). W. J. Sollas, _Ancient Hunters and
Their Modern Representatives_ (1911). Edith Plant, _Man’s Unwritten
Past_ (1942). Jacques J. M. de Morgan, _Prehistoric Man_ (1925).

PAGE 159. Frank C. Hibben, _op. cit._; Frank J. J. Roberts, Jr., _op.
cit._

PAGE 161. H. M. Wormington, _Ancient Man in North America_ (2nd rev.
ed., 1944). E. W. C. and H. H. Campbell, and others, _The
Archaeology of Pleistocene Lake Mohave_ (Southwest Museum Papers,
no. 11, 1937).

PAGE 162. H. M. Wormington, _Ancient Man in North America_ (2nd rev.
ed., 1944).

PAGE 165. Frank C. Hibben, “Evidences of Early Occupation in Sandia
Cave, New Mexico,” _Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections_, Vol. 99
(1941). Bruce Howe and Hallam L. Movius, Jr., _A Stone Age Site in
Tangier_, Vol. 28 (Papers of the Peabody Museum, 1947). Edith Plant,
_Man’s Unwritten Past_ (1942).

PAGE 168. Paul S. Martin, George I. Quimby, and Donald Collier, _Indians
Before Columbus_ (1947).

PAGE 171. Mariano Barceno, “Descripción de un hueso labrado, de llama
fosil,” _Anales, Museo Nacional de México_, Vol. 2 (1882).

PAGE 179. G. F. Becker, “Antiquities from Under Tuolumne Table Mountain
in California,” _Bulletin, Geological Society of America_, Vol. 2
(1891).

PAGE 190. Edwin H. Colbert, “The Association of Man with Extinct Mammals
in the Western Hemisphere,” _Proceedings of the Eighth American
Scientific Congress_, Vol. 2 (1942).

PAGE 208. Earnest A. Hooton, _Up from the Ape_ (1931).

PAGE 212. Griffith Taylor, “The Nordic and the Alpine Races and Their
Kin,” _American Journal of Sociology_, Vol. 37 (1931).

PAGE 214. L. S. B. Leakey, _Adam’s Ancestors_ (1935). Rudolf Martin,
_Lehrbuch der Anthropologie, etc._ (1928). E. P. Stibbe, _An
Introduction to Physical Anthropology_ (1938). Earnest A. Hooton,
_Up from the Ape_ (1931).

PAGE 216. E. P. Stibbe, _An Introduction to Physical Anthropology_
(1938). Earnest A. Hooton, _Up from the Ape_ (1947). Herman F. C.
ten Kate, “Matériaux pour servir à l’anthropologie de la presqu’île
Californienne,” Vol. 7, _Bulletin, Société d’ Anthropologie de
Paris_ (1884). George and Edna Woodbury, _Prehistoric Skeletal
Remains from the Texas Coast_ (Medallion Papers, Gila Pueblo, no.
28, 1935). Louis R. Sullivan and Milo Hellman, “The Punin
Calvarium,” _Anthropological Papers, Amer. Museum of Natural
History_, Vol. 23 (1925). Aleš Hrdlička, “Early Man in America,”
_American Journal of Science_, Ser. 4, Vol. 34, (1912). Earnest A.
Hooton, “Notes on Five Texas Crania,” _Bulletin, Texas
Archaeological and Paleontological Soc._, Vol. 5 (1933).

PAGE 228. Harold S. Gladwin, _Excavations at Snaketown: II, Comparisons
and Theories_ (Medallion Papers, Gila Pueblo, no. 26, 1937).

PAGE 235. Erich M. von Hornbostel, _Die Musik auf den nordwestlichen
Salomon-Inseln aus dem Phonogramm-Archiv des Psychologischen
Instituts der Universität Berlin_ (1912). Erland Nordenskiöld, _The
Ethnography of South America as Seen from Mojos in Bolivia_
(Comparative Ethnological Studies, no. 3, 1924).

PAGE 237. Harold S. Gladwin, _Excavations at Snaketown: II, Comparisons
and Theories_ (Medallion Papers, Gila Pueblo, no. 26, 1937). Frances
Elmore, “The Casa Grande National Monument,” _Arizona’s National
Monuments_ (1945). James Wickersham, “An Aboriginal War Club,”
_American Antiquarian_, Vol. 3 (1895). J. Imbelloni, “On the
Diffusion in America of _Patu Onewa_, _Okewa_, _Patu Paraoa_,
_Miti_, and Other Relatives of the _Mere_ Family,” _Journal,
Polynesian Society_, Vol. 39 (1930).

PAGE 250. George C. Vaillant, “A Bearded Mystery,” _Natural History_,
Vol. 31 (1931). Matthew W. Stirling, “Great Stone Faces of the
Mexican Jungle,” _National Geographic Magazine_, Vol. 78 (1940).
Miguel Covarrubias, _Mexico South_ (1946).

PAGE 273. Paul C. Mangelsdorf and C. Earle Smith, Jr., “New
Archaeological Evidence on Evolution in Maize,” _Harvard University
Botanical Museum Leaflets_, Vol. 13, no. 8 (Mar. 4, 1949).

PAGE 282. A. P. Okladnikov, “Archaeological Data on the Ancient History
of the Baikal Region,” _Review of Ancient History_, Vol. 86 (Moscow,
1938). Henry B. Collins, Jr., “Eskimo Archaeology and Its Bearing on
the Problem of Man’s Antiquity in America,” _Proceedings, American
Philosophical Society_, Vol. 86 (1943). Edgar B. Howard, “Evidence
of Early Man in North America,” _Museum Journal_, Vol. 24 (1935).

PAGE 285. Hallam L. Movius, Jr., _Early Man and Pleistocene Stratigraphy
in Southern and Eastern Asia_, Vol. 19, no. 3 Papers, Peabody Museum
(1944).

PAGE 287. Thomas T. Paterson, “On a World-Correlation of the
Pleistocene,” _Transactions, Royal Society of Edinburgh_, Vol. 60
(1942).

INDEX

A
Abbevillian, as substitution for Chellean, 64
Abbott, C. C., 124;
discoveries of, 145
Abilene points. _See_ Milnes Milnesand points
Acosta, Father José de, believes Old and New Worlds joined, 12, 13
Adhémar, J., on cause of glaciation, 54
Agassiz, Louis, and glacial hypothesis, 46, 47, 121
Agriculture, animals in, 8;
development of, 7, 30, 39, 40, 167, 182;
difference between Mediterranean and New World, 264;
in fertile crescent, 40;
and increase of roundheadness, 211;
of Indian culture, 246, 263-65, 267-68, 272;
and neolithic man, 38, 283;
origins in New World of, 254, 258, 265;
women in, 38, 39, 265
Altamira, paintings discovered at cave of, 110-11
Ameghino, Fiorino, 125-26;
discoveries of, 123-24
American Association for the Advancement of Science, 258
Anderson, Edgar, on Burmese origin of corn, 274-75
Animal fossils, 189-205;
abundance of, 128;
Alaskan, 203;
in association with human bones, 120-21, 123, 126, 130-33, 139,
204, 215, 294
Animals, domesticated, 8, 34
Antevs, Ernst, 150;
and Cochise culture, 167;
dates corn, 273;
and glaciation, 49, 205;
on length of residence of man in New World, 31;
on Minnesota man, 132;
on pluvials, 293, 294
Archeology, beginnings of, 61
Arrow, as precursor of spear point, 105
Ashe, Thomas, on extinct American mammals, 193
Aterians, use of arrowhead by, 107
Atlantis, 16
Aurignacian culture, 99-101;
recognized in ancestry of American Indian, 218, 285-86
_Australopithecines_, 85-87

B
Badarians, 39
Barbour, Erwin H., on existence of glacial man, 290
Basket Makers, 219, 221-22, 247
Basketry, beginnings of, 38;
in first Christian centuries, 219
Bastian, Adolf, 175;
theory of psychic unity by, 238
Bering Strait, 2, 3. _See also_ Migration routes
crossing of, 2, 16, 17, 24, 60, 219-20, 224, 278;
Palisades culture north of, 188
Bernhardi, A., and glacial hypothesis, 46
Bird, Junius, 274;
discoveries of, 132, 175
Birdsell, Joseph, on origin of early man in New World, 230-31
_Bison bison_, evolution of, 198-200
Boas, Franz, on diversity of languages, 6
Boucher (de Crèvecoeur) de Perthes, Jacques, 129-30;
discovers reality of glacial man, 63, 64
Bow and arrow, hypothesis on invention of, 108-9, 242
Braidwood, Robert G., on stay of Solutreans in Europe, 102;
time scale of early man by, 65
Breasted, James H., Sr., on advent of agriculture, 39
Bronze Age, limits of, 33, 34
Broom, Robert, and Dart discover southern apes, 85
Brückner, Eduard, and Alpine glaciation, 47;
on duration of glaciation, 55;
on temperatures during glaciation, 53
Bruman, Henry J., 266;
on agriculture in New World, 272-73
Bryan, Kirk, 137, 150;
flints recorded by, 175;
on length of residence of man in New World, 31, 289-90;
on Minnesota man, 132;
on movement of Durst Silts, 163;
on pluvials, 293
Burins, 107
Burkitt, M. C., on pluvials, 294

C
Calaveras skull, dispute with churchmen over, 122
Campbell, Mr. and Mrs. W. H., discoveries of, 160, 169, 175
Carbon 14. _See_ Dating, through radiocarbon
Carter, George F., on existence of glacial man, 183, 290
Catholic church, 191;
explanation of Indians by, 12
Cephalic index, 210-18
Childe, Gordon, on beginnings of archeology, 61;
on invention of writing, 115;
on neolithic civilization, 37, 38;
on Stone Age, 114-15;
on superiority of metal over stone for tools, 34
Clovis man, name change of, xii;
points of, found with extinct mammal fossils, 191
Cochise culture, 167-69
Colbert, Edwin H., on extinction of mammals, 203
Confins man, 131, 293
Conquistadores, 2
Conyers, discoveries of, 61, 62
Coon, Carleton S., on origins of early man in New World, 230, 284
Corn, 267, 268-76;
no wild ancestor for Indian, 263, 272;
origins in New World of, 265
_Coup de poing._ _See_ Hand axes
Cressman, L. S., discoveries of, 179
Croll, James, on causes of glaciation, 54
Cro-Magnon man, 63, 89, 97, 126;
as part of Aurignacian culture, 99, 100
Culture periods, Ameghino’s, 123;
confusion in determining, 115-18;
history of classification of, 33;
indicated by tools, 65-72;
major divisions of, 33-37;
Mortillet’s, 64, 65, 68
Cummings, Byron, discovers milling stones, 167
Cuvier, cataclysmal explanation of great extinction by, 201

D
Dart, Raymond, 86;
and Broom discover southern apes, 85
Dasypodidae. _See_ Extinct armadillo
Dating, of early man by death of mammals, 189-205, 294;
through pluvial periods, 52, 63;
through pottery, 247;
through radiocarbon, xi, 9, 86, 94-97, 100, 102, 138, 140, 179,
188, 204, 278;
from sloth dung, 160;
of Turin skeletons, 140
Dawn stones. _See_ Eoliths
Diaz (del Castillo), Bernal, on principle of wheel in New World, 30;
on Mexican mammoth bone, 136
Dixon, Roland B., criticizes Rivet’s languages hypothesis, 255;
on cultural diffusion, 243-44;
on origins of early man in New World, 220-22;
on transpacific migration, 30, 218
Douglas, A. E., originates tree-ring count, 49
Dubois, Eugène, 85;
discovers Java man, 81, 82

E
Eden culture, name change of, xii;
points of, 154, 158, 203;
pressure flaking in, 104, 181
Eiseley, Loren C., on Athabasca bison, 200;
on extinction of American mammals, 192-93, 195, 202-3;
questions evidence of historic mastodon, 197
Ekholm, Gordon, on Asia-America diffusion, 258
Engravings, on bone, 172-73
Eoliths, development of tools from, 67, 163;
origin of, 67, 68
Eskimo, 6, 220, 279;
Caspian strain in, 221
Eustatism, 59
Evans, Glen L., discovers Plainview point, 156
Ewing, Maurice, on cause of glaciation, 56, 57
Extinct armadillo, 190

F
Facial index, 211-12
Fertile crescent, 40
Figgins, J. D., discovers Folsom point, 144-46
Fire lenses, 183
Flint knapping, 282-83;
finest, 154;
steps in, 282-83
Flint, Richard F., on last glaciation, 19, 49, 60
Fluorine test, for fossils, 76
Folsom man, dating of, 28, 151-52, 181, 191, 199-201;
Generalized, 156;
pressure flaking in culture of, 104;
spear points of, 144-51, 153-55, 191, 198
Fontechevade man, discovery of, 80
Font Robert point, 100, 105;
appearance of, 107
Frere, John, discoveries of, 62

G
García, Fray Gregorio, on origins of Indians, 14, 15
Geikie, James, and glacial hypothesis, 47
Giddings, J. L., Palisades culture of, 188
_Gigantopithecus_, 83, 84
Glacial Period. _See_ Great Ice Age
Glaciation. _See_ Ice ages
Gladwin, Harold S., 49, 162;
on advent of Pygmies in New World, 225-26;
on cultural diffusion, 242-43, 246-49;
on independent invention of agriculture, 267;
on invasion of America by Alexander the Great, 249-55;
on various early migrations to New World, 227, 229-30, 247
Great Ice Age, definition of, 44, 45, 48, 60;
large mammals in, 84, 181, 204;
rainfall during, 294;
theory of flake vs. core tools in, 70.
_See also_ Ice ages
Grimaldi man, 102
Günz glaciation, Danubian glaciers before, 47;
determination of time of, 54
Gypsum man, 159, 160

H
Haddon, A. C., recognizes Australoid in America, 218
Haeckel, Ernst, 81
Hand axes, 84, 85, 173;
as products of core industry, 70, 286;
development of, 68, 111;
in the New World, 173-76, 183, 287;
spread of use of, 72
Harrington, John, on diversity of Indian speech, 6
Harrington, M. R., discoveries of, 159;
on forebears of Eskimo, 223;
on migration through Ireland, 25
Haua Fteah, importance of finds at, 96
Heidelberg man, 80;
taurodontism in, 77
Heizer, Robert F., discoveries of, 136, 160;
on Monument skulls, 135
Henri-Martin, Mlle., 80
Hester, Jim, on extinction of mammals, 205
Hibben, Frank C., and Generalized Folsom points, 156;
discoveries of, 164;
on crossing into New World, 20;
redates Durst Silts, 163
Holmes, W. H., 31;
attacks early man, 124, 174;
on King’s pestle, 178
Holocene. _See_ Postglacial Period
_Homo sapiens._ _See_ Man
Hooton, Earnest A., 31, 32, 97;
on length of residence of man in New World, 132-33;
on origins of early man in New World, 219-20, 222-23;
quoted, 207, 233;
recognizes Australoid in America, 218;
on resemblance of American Indian to Old World peoples, 209,
222-23, 233, 241-42;
on spurious finds, 125-26
Housebuilding, earliest evidence in New World of, 171
Howard, Edgar B., discoveries of, 149-50;
on customs of Folsom man, 152-53, 280;
on length of residence of man in New World, 6;
on preservation of mammals, 198
Howells, W. W., quoted, 1;
sees similarity between American and Pacific tribes, 222
Howorth, Henry H., on extinction of mammals in New World, 201
Hrdlička, Aleš, attacks on traces of early man by, 124-28, 134;
on Aurignacian and Magdalenian ancestry in American Indian, 218;
on Calaveras skull, 123;
on crossing into New World, 18, 20;
on Indian culture, 240-41;
on migration routes, 21
Huntington, Ellsworth, on migration across Atlantic, 25

I
Ice ages, xii, 9, 18, 19;
Alpine glaciations in, 47, 48;
changes in sea level in, 50-53;
classification of, 44, 45;
extent of Wisconsin glaciation in, 18, 24, 26, 60;
hypothesis of land bridge in, 17, 18, 289;
hypothesis on causes of glaciation in, 53-60;
mammals in Americas in, 190;
migration in, 288-92;
and migration routes, 21-25, 60;
overlapping of centers in, 49;
Sangamon Interglacial period in, 24;
wood in, 35
Imbelloni, José, on advent of Pygmies in New World, 225-26
Indian race, autochthonous origin of, 233-34;
as descendants of Welsh, 16;
as inventor of own culture, 261;
myth of, 207, 279
Insects, in man’s diet, 41
International Congress of Americanists, 257

J
Java man. _See_ _Pithecanthropus erectus_
Jefferson, Thomas, excavates Virginia mound, 120;
and fossils of extinct mammals, 191;
on origin of Eskimo, 286
Jenks, A. E., 132;
discoveries of, 154, 157;
on Sauk Valley skull, 133
Johnson, Frederick, traces migration routes, 21

K
Kay, G. F., on Minnesota man, 132
Keith, Sir Arthur, 31, 94;
on Lagoa Santa craniums, 130;
recognizes Australoid in America, 218
King, C. J., discoveries of, 178-79
Kingsborough, Lord, 129;
believes Indians to be Lost Tribes, 15
Koch, A. C., 120-21;
discoveries of, 154
Kroeber, Alfred L., on cultural diffusion, 244-45;
on number of languages, 5

L
_Lagenaria_ gourd, 258
Lagoa Santa caves, 121, 127, 130-32, 135, 142
Larkin, Frederick, on Indian domestication of mammoth, 194
Leakey, L. S. B., and discovery of _Zinjanthropus_, 86;
on paleolithic pottery sherds, 38
Leechman, Douglas, traces migration routes, 21
Leighton, M. M., on finds at Elm Creek Silts, 162-63;
on length of residence of man in New World, 31;
on Minnesota man, 132
Lemert, Edwin M., discoveries of, 160
Lewis, Gilbert N., on neolithic culture in Andes, 256
Libby, Willard F., xi;
and dating through radiocarbon, 95, 96, 165, 179, 278
Lubbock, Sir John, on division of paleolithic and neolithic ages, 36
Lund, P. W., 121;
discoveries of, 130
Lyell, Sir Charles, 121;
on late survival of mastodon in New World, 197

M
MacClintock, Paul, on Minnesota man, 132
MacNeish, Richard S., 266;
dates corn, 273
Magdalenian man, in ancestry of American Indian, 218, 285-86;
hypothetical migration of, 25;
in Old World, 107, 126
Man, “age” of, 43;
and his early diet, 40, 41;
-apes in Africa, 85-87;
Australoid, 214-15, 217-18;
Australoid or Negroid ancestry of, in New World, 31, 42, 210,
219-20, 223-24, 248-49, 279;
as descendants of Adam, 119-21;
dividing line between ape and, 85-87;
existence of glacial, 63, 64, 288-92;
giant ancestors of, 83, 84;
length of residence in New World of, 2-7, 9, 28, 31, 56, 112,
124-42, 180-88, 277, 288-92, 294;
location of sites in New World of, 184-88;
Mongoloid, 207-9, 213, 215-18, 220;
relationship of forms of, 97, 220, 279
Mandan Indians, thought to be descendants of Welsh, 16
Mangelsdorf, P. C., and cereal treasure, 268
Manos, defined, 177
Marston, A. F., discovery of Swanscombe skull by, 77
Martin, Paul S., on extinction of mammals, 205
Mastodon, American, 9
Mathematics, development of, 7
Mather, Cotton, on Dighton Rock carvings, 120;
on giants of Holy Writ, 191
McGee, W. J., 146
Meade, Grayson, E., discovers Plain view point, 156
Medicine, development of, 7
_Meganthropus palaeojavanicus_, 83
Melanesian people. _See_ Oceanic Negrito
Melbourne skull, 133-34
Mendel glaciation, 47
Mendes Correâ, A. A., and hypothesis of southern land bridge, 224
Mercati, Michele, on origin of ancient artifacts, 143
Mesolithic Age, 36, 37
Mexico, prehistory of, 29, 30
Microliths, in division of prehistory, 36
Midland man, 139-40
Migration of north pole, 56, 57
Migration routes, 2, 3, 16, 17, 166;
across Atlantic, 25;
across Pacific, 25;
by Antarctica, 25;
by Bering Strait, 20, 21, 24, 128;
early opinions on, 12-15;
from Europe to Canada, 25;
by Isthmus of Panama, 24
Milling stones, 166-70;
puzzle anthropologists, 280-81
Milnes Milnesand points, 162
Minnesota man, 132-33, 278;
challenge existence of, 140
Moir, J. Reid, 173;
discovery of eoliths by, 67, 68
Monkey trial, 124
Monument Site, significance of discoveries at, 135
Morlot, Adolphe, and glacial hypothesis, 47
Mortillet, Gabriel de, classification of cultures by, 64, 65, 68, 87,
88;
modification of theory of, 72
Mounds, number in U.S. of, 7
Mousterian. _See_ Neanderthal
Mu, continent of, 16, 240
Mugharet-el-Kebara, 96
Muscovy duck, 8

N
Nachahmer, Emil, quoted, 143
Neanderthal man, 88-94, 96;
advent of, 79, 94;
as inventor of religion, 88;
predecessor of, 80
Negro slaves, thought to identify fossils of extinct mammals, 191-92
Nelson, N. C., 120;
on advent of Aurignacians, 100;
on ancestors of American Indian, 285;
on divisions of prehistory, 37;
on European attitude toward Indians, 12;
on Indian types, 209
Neolithic age, daggers from, 154;
defined, 36-39, 41, 42;
time taken to reach, 8
New Stone Age. _See_ Neolithic age
Niagara Gorge, 49
Nordenskiöld, Baron Erland, on Indian culture, 240, 245, 247;
on inventions unique to New World, 261-62, 264;
on metallurgy in New World, 31, 32
Notharctus, 2

O
Oceanic Negrito, 213
Old Stone Age. _See_ Paleolithic age
_Oreopithecus bambolii_, 87
Osborn, Henry Fairfield, on advent of Aurignacians, 100;
on extinction of mammals, 202

P
Painting, 104, 171;
as religious art, 258-59;
by Magdalenians, 107-12, 256;
in Spain, 112-13
Paleolithic age, 96;
defined, 36, 37, 41, 42, 116-17;
progress from, 7, 8;
sculpture of, 98
Panpipes, 235-36, 253
Papuan peoples. _See_ Oceanic Negrito
_Paranthropus_, 85
Peking man, 81-85
Penck, Albrecht, and Alpine glaciations, 47;
on duration of glaciation, 55;
on inter-glacial migration, 290-92;
on length of residence of man in New World, 6, 31
Peñón man, 138
Percussion flaking, 88, 90, 91
Pericú skulls, 135, 221
Perry, W. J., 16, 239-40
Peyroni, D., 173
Piltdown forgery, 74-77
_Pithecanthropus erectus_, 82, 89;
cousin of, 84;
discovery of, 81
_Pithecanthropus robustus_, 89
Plainview points, 155-56, 203. _See also_ Folsom man, Generalized
Playfair, John, and glacial hypothesis, 46
Pleistocene. _See_ Great Ice Age
_Plesianthropus_, 85
Pliocene Period, 67, 68, 87
Pluvials, 59, 131, 170, 292-94;
defined, 52
Polished ax, social use of, 39
Population of New World in 1492, 5
Postglacial Period, definition of, 45
Pottery, in association with animal fossils, 194-95;
Aurignacian, 113;
cord-marked, 229;
in dating, 247;
as factor in neolithic life, 38;
invention in New World of, 54
Pressure flaking, 93, 280;
by Solutreans, 104, 283
Prestwich, Sir Joseph, 64, 67
Protestant dogma, 122, 124;
influence on archeology of, 63
Punin man, 131-33;
question of antiquity of, 195;
resemblance to Australian skulls of, 218
Putnam, F. W., 124
Putnam, General Rufus, 120
Pygmy, as exception to Negroid headshape, 210;
as preceding Australoid in New World, 225-27

Q
Querns. _See_ Milling stones

R
Rainey, F. G., 156
Ranking, John, on extinction of American mammals, 193
Ray, Cyrus N., 161
Recent Period. _See_ Postglacial Period
Red Lady of Paviland, 97
Reeves, R. G., and cereal treasure, 268
Renaud, E. B., discoveries of, 173-74
Retzins, Anders, sets up cephalic index, 210
Rickard, T. A., on classification of cultures, 35-37;
on scope of Bronze Age, 34
Riss glaciation, 47
River terraces, determination of culture periods of early man through,
50-52, 64, 72, 73
Rivet, Paul, on origin of early man in New World, 224-25
Roberts, Frank H. H., Jr., 146;
digs Lindenmeier site, 150;
on early man in America, 125, 127, 278
Rogers, Malcolm J., challenges dating of Mohave and Pinto, 160
Romer, Alfred S., on extinction of mammals, 203
Romero, Javier, on Tepexpan man, 138
Rosholt. _See_ Dating
Rostrocarinates. _See_ Eoliths

S
Saltadora Cave, paintings in, 112-13
Sandia Cave, dating of man found in, 191;
findings at, 165, 184;
points found with extinct mammals in, 191
Sauer, Carl, 169;
on agriculture in New World, 265-66, 272;
on backwardness of living American tribes, 223-24;
on cornlike Asian grasses, 274;
on existence of glacial man, 290;
on extinction of mammals, 202-3;
on migration routes, 22;
on pluvials, 294
Sauk Valley man, 133
Sautuola, Marcelino de, 112
Schultz, C. Bertrand, discoveries of, 166;
on existence of glacial man, 290
Scopes trial. _See_ Monkey trial
Scott, William B., on historic existence of Pleistocene mammals, 197
Sculpture, 171;
Aurignacian, 98, 256;
Magdalenian, 107, 256
Sellards, E. H., believes Oklahoma find glacial, 146;
discoveries of, 133-34, 171
Seton, Ernest Thompson, 200
Shanidar Cave, 96
Simpson, Sir George C., on rainfall during Great Ice Age, 294;
on solar energy during glaciation, 57-59
Simpson, George Gaylord, 281
Smith, Sir Grafton Elliot, 16;
on autochthonous origin of Indian cultures, 239-40
Smith, Joseph, 15, 16
Smith, Philip S., on crossing into New World, 20
Smith, Reginald A., 173
Solecki, Ralph S., 96
Solutreans, 102-7, 283-84;
artifacts of, 158, 165;
hypothesis of invention of bow and arrow by, 108;
hypothesis of origin of, 104;
as offshoot of Mousterians, 104, 284;
painting and sculpture of, 256
Southern apes, 85-87
Spear points, association with animal fossils of, 149, 189;
Clovis Fluted, 148-49, 153, 169, 180-81;
Folsom, 144-51, 153-62, 164-66;
invention of, 88, 90;
Ohio Fluted, 148;
as puzzle of New World, 281-83;
as signs of migration routes, 20, 21;
Solutrean, 104-7
Spillman, Franz, discoveries of, 194-95
Spinden, Herbert J., on possibility of paleolithic man in Americas,
287-88
Stahl, Willy, discoveries of, 170
Steinheim man, 80;
resemblance to Swanscombe, 79
Stephens, John L., 129
Stewart, George R., on significance of scrapers, 103;
on use of animal carcasses, 35
Stewart, T. D., 134;
on Tepexpan man, 138
Strong, Duncan, 274;
and Indian myths, 192
Strong, W. D., discovers milling stones, 169
Sullivan, Louis R., 218
Swanscombe man, 80;
similarity to Neanderthal man of, 77, 78

T
Talgai man, 221, 224
Tang, in Aterian arrowheads, 105-7;
in Solutrean points, 104-6
Tartars, thought to be forebears of Indians, 13, 14
Taylor, Griffith, on early Australoid migration, 223-24
_Telanthropus_, 85
Ten Kate, C. F., discovers Pericú skulls, 135;
recognizes Australoid in America, 218
Tepexpan man, 137-38, 278;
challenged, 140
Terra, Helmut de, discoveries of, 137-38, 175, 177
Thomsen, Christian Jutgenson, defines culture periods, 33
Tools, in association with animal fossils, 164-67, 169, 177, 179, 195;
Aurignacian, 99, 107;
chopping, 286-87;
core, 100, 174, 183, 286;
for the dead, 88;
earliest association of human remains with, 75, 84, 85;
flake vs. core, 68;
flaked, 70, 80, 81, 86, 88, 90-94;
of Fontechevade man, 80;
natural development of, 67, 68
Tree rings, 49
Treganza, A. E., discoveries of, 160
Trepanning, defined, 7
Tule Springs, discoveries at, 182

U
Uhle, Max, excavates Quito find, 194-95
Uranium, in dating, 139-40

V
Vaillant, George C., xii;
dates sites of Indian culture, 247
Varves, 132;
defined, 49
Vavilov, N. I., on temperate origins of agriculture, 266
Vespucci, Amerigo, 11
Vicuña, 8
Voltaire, on origin of man in New World, 15

W
Weapons, in food gathering, 41
Wegener, A. L., hypothesis of drift of continents by, 224
Wegner, R. N., 223
Weidenreich, Franz, 83;
on Tepexpan man, 138
Wenchung, Pei, 84
Whitney, J. D., 123
Wilford, L. A., on Sauk Valley skull, 133
Wilson, Thomas, 124;
speculates on paleolithic hand axes, 173-74
Wissler, Clark, on cultural range and variety, 7;
on first migration of man to New World, 277-78
Woman, as begetter of neolithic age, 38
Woodbury, George and Edna, on newer western craniums, 135
Wormington, H. M., 162
Wright, Sewall, hypothesis on extinction of mammals by, 202
Wright, W. B., on flake and core tools, 70
Writing, as determinant in time scale, 115;
in Indian culture, 246, 253, 255, 262

Y
Yukon Valley, as migration route, 21

Z
Zero, invention of, 7, 255
Zeuner, Frederick E., on advent of Aurignacians, 100;
on glaciation, 54, 55, 59;
on stay of Solutreans in Europe, 102
_Zinjanthropus boisei_, 85

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EARLY MAN IN THE NEW WORLD

_A Doubleday Anchor Book_
95 line drawings
Cover design by Sydney Butchkes
Cover drawing by Richard Erdoes

This eminently readable and authoritative book on the Stone Age American has been extensively revised and updated for this new edition. Early Man in the New World examines and assesses the prevailing theories on the appearance of man in America during the late Ice Age, and his relationship to the present-day American Indian. With ninety-five line drawings depicting the different stone-flaking techniques, illustrating various migration routes, and locating fossil sites, this is an incomparable guide to a continuing archaeological quest. “An admirable introduction,” wrote Harry L. Shapiro in The Saturday Review; The New York Times called it “excellent and provocative.”

KENNETH MACGOWAN is an outstanding amateur archaeologist with a special talent for clarifying the complex mass of evidence and the conflicting theories on the existence of prehistoric man in America. His vocation has been producing plays on Broadway and motion pictures in Hollywood. He is professor emeritus of theater arts at U.C.L.A., and the author of several books.

JOSEPH A. HESTER, JR., Mr. Macgowan’s collaborator on this revised edition, is an associate professor of anthropology at San Jose State College. Dr. Hester is a member of the Society for American Archaeology and a fellow of the American Anthropological Association.

The foreword to this edition is by Gordon Ekholm, Curator of Mexican Archaeology, Department of Anthropology, American Museum of Natural History.

Though best known for his distinguished career in the theater and motion pictures, Kenneth Macgowan has won the respect of professional archaeologists and anthropologists for his special talent in explaining to fellow amateurs the search for prehistoric man in North and South America. First published in 1950, Early Man in the New World has now been extensively revised to include the wealth of new finds in the last decade.

Mr. Macgowan made his reputation first as a dramatic critic for such publications as _Vogue_ and _Theatre Arts_, then as a Broadway and Hollywood producer. Since 1947 he has been professor of theater arts at U.C.L.A.

Joseph A. Hester, Jr., is associate professor of anthropology at San Jose State College. He has taught at Occidental College, Stanford University, and at U.C.L.A. He received his A.B. degree in 1949 and his Ph.D. degree in 1954 from U.C.L.A., both in anthropology. From 1952 to 1954, Dr. Hester held a fellowship in archaeology with the Carnegie Institution of Washington, and later in 1955-56, a post-doctoral fellowship with the National Science Foundation. He is a member of the Society for American Archaeology and a fellow of the American Anthropological Association.

Transcriber’s Notes

--Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook
is public-domain in the country of publication.

--Transcribed textual information from some image-based tables.

--Silently corrected a few palpable typos.

--In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by
_underscores_.