Chapter X: Part 10

{248} Descent of Man, ii. 362.

{249} Early Law and Custom, p. 210.

{250a} Here I would like to point out that Mr. M'Lennan's theory was not so hard and fast as his manner (that of a very assured believer in his own ideas) may lead some inquirers to suppose. Sir Henry Maine writes, that both Mr. Morgan and Mr. M'Lennan 'seem to me to think that human society went everywhere through the same series of changes, and Mr. M'Lennan, at any rate, expresses himself as if all those stages could be clearly discriminated from one another, and the close of one and the commencement of another announced with the distinctness of the clock-bell telling the end of the hour.' On the other hand, I remember Mr. M'Lennan's saying that, in his opinion, 'all manner of arrangements probably went on simultaneously in different places.' In Studies in Ancient History, p. 127, he expressly guards against the tendency 'to assume that the progress of the various races of men from savagery has been a uniform progress: that all the stages which any of them has gone through have been passed in their order by all.' Still more to the point is his remark on polyandry among the very early Greeks and other Aryans; 'it is quite consistent with my view that in all these quarters (Persia, Sparta, Troy, Lycia, Attica, Crete, &c.) monandry, and even the patria potestas, may have prevailed at points.'

{250b} Early Law and Custom, p. 212.

{251} Studies in Ancient History, pp. 140-147.

{252} Totem is the word generally given by travellers and interpreters for the family crests of the Red Indians. Cf. p. 105.

{256} Domestic Manners of the Chinese, i. 99.

{258} Fortnightly Review, June 1, 1877.

{259} Kamilaroi and Kurnai. Natives call these objects their kin, 'of one flesh' with them.

{260} Studies, p. 11.

{265a} O'Curry, Manners of Ancient Irish, l. ccclxx., quoting Trin. Coll. Dublin MS.

{265b} See also Elton's Origins of English History, pp. 299-301.

{265c} Kemble's Saxons in England, p. 258. Politics of Aristotle, Bolland and Lang, p. 99. {265d}

{265d} Mr. Grant Allen kindly supplied me some time ago with a list of animal and vegetable names preserved in the titles of ancient English village settlements. Among them are: ash, birch, bear (as among the Iroquois), oak, buck, fir, fern, sun, wolf, thorn, goat, horse, salmon (the trout is a totem in America), swan (familiar in Australia), and others.

{267} 'Gentiles sunt qui inter se eodem nomine sunt. Qui ab ingeniis oriundi sunt. Quorum majorum nemo servitutem servivit. Qui capite non sunt deminuti.'

{268} Studies in Ancient History, p. 212.

{270} Fortnightly Review, October 1869: 'Archaeologia Americana,' ii. 113.

{273a} Suidas, 3102.

{273b} Herod., i. 173.

{273c} Cf. Bachofen, p. 309.

{273d} Compare the Irish Nennius, p. 127.

{276} The illustrations in this article are for the most part copied, by permission of Messrs. Cassell & Co., from the Magazine of Art, in which the essay appeared.

{286} Part of the pattern (Fig. 5, b) recurs on the New Zealand Bull- roarer, engraved in the essay on the Bull-roarer.

[Bull-roarer: 35.jpg]

{289} See Schliemann's Troja, wherein is much learning and fancy about the Aryan Svastika.