Chapter VIII: Northern Chile.—conclusion (4)

Dana, Mr., on foliated rocks 438 —— on amygdaloids 444 Darwin, Mount 427 D’Aubuisson, on concretions 397 —— on foliated rocks 438 Decay, gradual, of upraised shells 323, 327 Decomposition of granite rocks 417 De la Beche, Sir H., his theoretical researches in geology 299 —— on the action of salt on calcareous rocks 327 —— on bent cleavage-laminæ 434 Denudation on coast of Patagonia 292, 300, 409 —— great powers of 410 —— of the Portillo range 456, 458 Deposits, saline 344 Despoblado, valley of 496, 497, 499 Detritus, nature of, in Cordillera 338 Devonshire, bent cleavage in 434 Dikes, in gneiss of Brazil 414, 418 —— near Rio de Janeiro 417 —— pseudo, at Port Desire 423 —— in Tierra del Fuego 426 —— in Chonos archipelago, containing quartz 432 —— near Concepcion, with quartz 434 —— granitic-porphyritic, at Valparaiso 435 —— rarely vesicular in Cordillera 347 —— absent in the central ridges of the Portillo pass 452 —— of the Portillo range, with grains of quartz 456 —— intersecting each other often 466 —— numerous at Copiapo 498 Domeyko, M., on the silver mines of Coquimbo 482 —— on the fossils of Coquimbo 486 D’Orbigny, M. A., on upraised shells of Monte Video 278 —— on elevated shells at St. Pedro 278 —— on elevated shells near B. Ayres 279 —— on elevation of S. Blas 281 —— on the sudden elevation of La Plata 293 —— on elevated shells near Cobija 322 —— on elevated shells near Arica 322 —— on the climate of Peru 324 —— on salt deposits of Cobija 345 —— on crystals of gypsum in salt-lakes 349 —— on absence of gypsum in the Pampean formation 353 —— on fossil remains from Bahia Blanca 359, 360 —— on fossil remains from the banks of the Parana 362 —— on the geology of St. Fé 363 —— on the age of Pampean formation 367, 376 —— on the _Mastodon Andium_ 379 —— on the geology of the Rio Negro 381 —— on the character of the Patagonian fossils 391 —— on fossils from Concepcion 399 —— —— from Coquimbo 404 —— —— from Payta 405 —— on fossil tertiary shells of Chile 406 —— on cretaceous fossils of Tierra del Fuego 426 —— —— from the Cordillera of Chile 453, 465, 486, 488, 493, 504

Earth, marine origin of 304, 308 Earthenware, fossil 326 Earthquake, effect of, at S. Maria 293 —— elevation during, at Lemus 303 —— of 1822, at Valparaiso 310 —— effects of, in shattering surface 325 —— fissures made by 325 —— probable effects on cleavage 325 Earthquakes in Pampas 290 Earthquake-waves, power of, in throwing up shells 310 —— effects of, near Lima 327 —— power of, in transporting boulders 344 Edmonston, Mr., on depths at which shells live at Valparaiso 309 Ehrenberg, Professor, on infusoria in the Pampean formation 355, 359, 362 —— on infusoria in the Patagonian formation 383, 384, 386, 391, 392 Elevation of La Plata 278 —— Brazil 279 —— Bahia Blanca 280, 357 —— San Blas 281 —— Patagonia 281, 291, 293 —— Tierra del Fuego 288 —— Falkland islands 290 —— Pampas 289, 377 —— Chonos archipelago 303 —— Chiloe 304 —— Chile 304 —— Valparaiso 307, 310 —— Coquimbo 312, 320 —— Guasco 320 —— Iquique 322 —— Cobija 322 —— Lima 323 —— sudden, at S. Maria 293 —— —— at Lemus 303 —— insensible, at Chiloe 304 —— —— at Valparaiso 311 —— —— at Coquimbo 314 —— axes of, at Chiloe 398, 405 —— —— at P. Rumena 398, 405 —— —— at Concepcion 398, 405 —— unfavourable for the accumulation of permanent deposits 410 —— lines of, parallel to cleavage and foliation 416, 417, 424, 428, 432, 434, 438 —— lines of, oblique to foliation 431 —— areas of, causing lines of elevation and cleavage 441 —— lines of, in the Cordillera 442 —— slow, in the Portillo range 475 —— two periods of, in Cordillera of Central Chile 476 —— of the Uspallata range 474 —— two periods of, in Cumbre Pass 476 —— horizontal, in the Cordillera of Copiapo 500 —— axes of, coincident with volcanic orifices 503 —— of the Cordillera, summary on 510, 513, 517 Elliott, Captain, on human remains 279 Ensenada, elevated shells of 278 Entre Rios, geology of 363 _Equus curvidens_ 364, 379 Epidote in Tierra del Fuego 426 —— in gneiss 435 —— frequent in Chile 445 —— in the Uspallata range 475 —— in porphyry of Coquimbo 482 Erman, M., on andesite 347 Escarpments, recent, of Patagonia 301 Extinction of fossil mammifers 370

Falkland islands, elevation of 290 —— pebbles on coast 297, 299 —— geology of 424 Falkner, on saline incrustations 347 Faults, great, in Cordillera 461, 469 Feldspar, earthy, metamorphosis of, at Port Desire 422 —— albitic 347 —— crystals of, with albite 347 —— orthitic, in conglomerate of Tenuyan 454 —— in granite of Portillo range 455 —— in porphyries in the Cumbre Pass 466 Feuillée on sea-level at Coquimbo 314 Fissures, relations of, to concretions 397 —— upfilled, at Port Desire 424 —— in clay-slate 470 Fitton, Dr., on the geology of Tierra del Fuego 427 Fitzroy, Captain, on the elevation of the Falkland islands 427 —— on the elevation of Concepcion 305 Foliation, definition of 414 —— of rocks at Bahia 414 —— Rio de Janeiro 415 —— Maldonado 418 —— Monte Video 420 —— S. Guitru-gueyu 421 —— Falkland I. 424 —— Tierra del Fuego 427 —— Chonos archipelago 430 —— Chiloe 433 —— Concepcion 434 —— Chile 435 —— discussion on 435 Forbes, Professor E., on cretaceous fossils of Concepcion 400 —— on cretaceous fossils and subsidence in Cumbre Pass 465 —— on fossils from Guasco 488 —— —— from Coquimbo 483, 487 —— —— from Copiapo 493 —— on depths at which shells live 409, 496 Formation, Pampean 352 —— —— area of 371 —— —— estuary origin 373 —— tertiary of Entre Rios 363 —— of Banda Oriental 365 —— volcanic, in Banda Oriental 367 —— of Patagonia 381 —— summary on 391 —— tertiary of Tierra del Fuego 391 —— —— of the Chonos archipelago 393 —— —— of Chiloe 394 —— —— of Chile 394 —— —— of Concepcion 398, 404 —— —— of Navidad 400 —— —— of Coquimbo 402 —— —— of Peru 404 —— —— subsidence during 402 —— volcanic, of Tres Montes 393 —— —— of Chiloe 394 —— —— old, near Maldonado 418 —— —— with laminar structure 440 —— —— ancient, in Tierra del Fuego 426 —— recent, absent on S. American coast 409 —— metamorphic, of claystone-porphyry of Patagonia 421, 440 —— foliation of 436 —— plutonic, with laminar structure 440 —— palaeozoic, of the Falkland I. 424 —— claystone, at Concepcion 433 —— Jurassic, of Cordillera 512 —— Neocomian, of the Portillo Pass 453 —— volcanic, of Cumbre Pass 465 —— gypseous, of Los Hornos 479, 487 —— —— of Coquimbo 482 —— —— of Guasco 487 —— —— of Copiapo 488 —— —— of Iquique 503 —— cretaceo-oolitic, of Coquimbo 486, 495 —— —— of Guasco 487, 494 —— —— of Copiapo 495 —— —— of Iquique 504 Fossils, Neocomian, of Portillo Pass 453 —— —— of Cumbre Pass 465 —— secondary, of Coquimbo 485 —— —— of Guasco 487 —— —— of Copiapo 494 —— —— of Iquique 503 —— palæozoic, from the Falklands 424 Fragments of hornblende-rock in gneiss 414 —— of gneiss in gneiss 416 Freyer, Lieutenant, on elevated shells of Arica 323 Frezier on sea-level at Coquimbo 314

Galapagos archipelago, pseudo-dikes of 424 Gallegos, Port, tertiary formation of 390 Garnets in gneiss 415 —— in mica-slate 427 —— at Panuncillo 481 Gardichaud, M., on granites of Brazil 417 Gay, M., on elevated shells 306 —— on boulders in the Cordillera 339, 341 —— on fossils from Cordillera of Coquimbo 487 Gill, Mr., on brickwork transported by an earthquake-wave 327 Gillies, Dr., on heights in the Cordillera 448 —— on extension of the Portillo range 458 Glen Roy, parallel roads of 319 —— sloping terraces of 340 Gneiss, near Bahia 414 —— of Rio de Janeiro 415 —— decomposition of 417 Gold, distribution of 506 Gorodona, formations near 362 Granite, axis of oblique, to foliation 431 —— andesitic 446 —— of Portillo range 455 —— veins of, quartzose 432, 475 —— pebble of, in porphyritic conglomerate 493 —— conglomerate 497 Grauwacke of Uspallata range 468 Gravel at bottom of sea 293, 298 —— formation of, in Patagonia 295 —— means of transportation of 298 —— strata of, inclined 467 Gravel-terraces in Cordillera 337 Greenough, Mr., on quartz veins 437 Greenstone, resulting from metamorphose hornblende-rock 419 —— of Tierra del Fuego 426 —— on the summit of the Campana of Quillota 442 —— porphyry 443 —— relation of, to clay-slate 443 _Gryphæa orientalis_ 483 Guasco, elevation of 321 —— secondary formation of 487 Guitru-gueyu, Sierra 421 Guyana, gneissic rocks of 415 Gypsum, nodules of, in gravel at Rio Negro 296 —— deposited from sea-water 327 —— deposits of, at Iquique 345 —— crystals of, in salt lakes 346 —— in Pampean formation 353 —— in tertiary formation of Patagonia 382, , , —— great formation of, in the Portillo Pass 461, 463 —— —— in the Cumbre Pass 461, 463 —— —— near Los Hornos 479 —— —— at Coquimbo 482 —— —— at Copiapo 490, 492 —— —— near Iquique 504 —— of San Lorenzo 504

Hall, Captain, on terraces at Coquimbo 316 Hamilton, Mr., on elevation near Tacna 323 Harlan, Dr., on human remains 279 Hayes, Mr. A., on nitrate of soda 346 Henslow, Professor, on concretions 437 Herbert, Captain, on valleys in the Himalaya 335 Herradura Bay, elevated shells of 315 —— tertiary formations of 402 Himalaya, valleys in 335 _Hippurites Chilensis_ 483, 486 Hitchcock, Professor, on dikes 414 Honestones, pseudo, of Coquimbo 483 —— of Copiapo 489 Hooker, Dr. J. D., on fossil beech-leaves 391 Hopkins, Mr., on axes of elevation oblique to foliation 432 —— on origin of lines of elevation 440, 512 Hornblende-rock, fragments of, in gneiss 414 Hornblende-schist, near M. Video 420 Hornos, Los, section near 479 Hornstone, dike of 433, 434 Horse, fossil tooth of 358, 364 Huafo island 393, 404 —— subsidence at 411 Huantajaya, mines of 503 Humboldt, on saline incrustations 347 —— on foliations of gneiss 415 —— on concretions in gneiss 435

Icebergs, action on cleavage 434, 436 Illapele, section near 479 Imperial, beds of shells near 305 Incrustations, saline 347 Infusoria in Pampean formation 352, 355, 360, 363 —— in Patagonian formation 382, 383, 384, 391 Iodine, salts of 347, 348 Iquique, elevation of 322 —— saliferous deposits of 344 —— cretaceo-oolitic formation of 503 Iron, oxide of, in lavas 463, 499 —— in sedimentary beds 480, 482 —— tendency in, to produce hollow concretions 398 —— sulphate of 489 Isabelle, M., on volcanic rocks of Banda Oriental 368

Joints in clay-slate 428 Jukes, Mr., on cleavage in Newfoundland 437

Kamtschatka, andesite of 347 Kane, Dr., on the production of carbonate of soda 328 King George’s sound, calcareous beds of 312

Lakes, origin of 300 —— fresh-water, near salt lakes 350 Lava, basaltic, of S. Cruz 389 —— claystone-porphyry, at Chiloe 395 —— —— ancient submarine 446 —— basaltic, of the Portillo range 457 —— feldspathic, of the Cumbre Pass 463 —— submarine, of the Uspallata range 471, 473, 476 —— basaltic, of the Uspallata range 475 —— submarine, of Coquimbo 484, 486 —— of Copiapo 490, 496, 499 Lemus island 393, 404 Lemuy islet 394 Lignite of Chiloe 395 —— of Concepcion 398 Lima, elevation of 323 Lime, muriate of 328, 344, 347 Limestone of Cumbre Pass 462 —— of Coquimbo 483, 485 —— of Copiapo 493 Lund and Clausen on remains of caves in Brazil 378, 380 Lund, M., on granites of Brazil 417 Lyell, M., on upraised shells retaining their colours 289 —— on terraces at Coquimbo 315 —— on elevation near Lima 327 —— on fossil horse’s tooth 364 —— on the boulder-formation being anterior to the extinction of North American mammifers 371 —— on quadrupeds washed down by floods 374 —— on age of American fossil mammifers 379 —— on changes of climate 409 —— on denudation 410 —— on foliation 438

MacCulloch, Dr., on concretions 437 —— on beds of marble 440 Maclaren, Mr., letter to, on coral-formations 413 _Macrauchenia Patachonica_ 358, 370 Madeira, subsidence of 302 Magellan, Strait, elevation near, of 288 Magnesia, sulphate of, in veins 387 Malcolmson, Dr., on trees carried out to sea 475 Maldonado, elevation of 277 —— Pampean formation of 365 —— crystalline rocks of 418 Mammalia, fossil, of Bahia Blanca 356, 364 —— —— near St. Fé 363 —— —— of Banda Oriental 366 —— —— of St. Julian 369 —— —— at Port Gallegos 391 —— washed down by floods 373 —— number of remains of, and range of, in Pampas 376 Man, skeletons of (Brazil) 279 —— remains of, near Lima 325 —— Indian, antiquity of 325 Marble, beds of 418 Maricongo, ravine of 500 Marsden, on elevation of Sumatra 305 _Mastodon Andium_, remains of 362 —— range of 378 Maypu, Rio, mouth of, with upraised shells 307 —— gravel fringes of 339 —— debouchement from the Cordillera 449 Megalonyx, range of 379 Megatherium, range of 379 Miers, Mr., on elevated shells 311 —— on the height of the Uspallata plain 335 Minas, Las 418 Mocha Island, elevation of 305 —— tertiary form of 398 —— subsidence at 411 Molina, on a great flood 341 Monte Hermoso, elevation of 280 —— fossils of 355 Monte Video, elevation of 278 —— Pampean formation of 365 —— crystalline rocks of 419 Morris and Sharpe, Messrs., on the palæozoic fossils of the Falklands 424 Mud, Pampean 352 —— long deposited on the same area 376 Murchison, Sir R., on cleavage 436 —— on waves transporting gravel 299 —— on origin of salt formations 505 —— on the relations of metalliferous veins and intrusive rocks 507 —— on the absence of granite in the Ural 512

_Nautilus d’Orbignyanus_ 400, 405 Navidad, tertiary formations of, subsidence of 400, 411 Negro, Rio, pumice of pebbles of 281 —— gravel of 295 —— salt lakes of 295 —— tertiary strata of 384 North America, fossil remains of 379 North Wales, sloping terraces absent in 340 —— bent cleavage of 434 Neuvo Gulf, plains of 282 —— tertiary formation of 384

Owen, Professor, on fossil mammiferous remains 356, 358, 364, 366, 370

Palmer, Mr., on transportation of gravel 300 Pampas, elevation of 290 —— earthquakes of 290 —— formation of 295, 350 —— localities in which fossil mammifers have been found 380 Panuncillo, mines of 481 Parana, Rio, on saline incrustations 347 —— Pampean formations near 361 —— on the S. Tandil 420 Parish, Sir W., on elevated shells near Buenos Ayres 278, 279 —— on earthquakes in the Pampas 290 —— on fresh-water near salt lakes 350 —— on origin of Pampean formation 373 Patagonia, elevation and plains of 281 —— denudation of 291 —— gravel-formation of 295 —— sea-cliffs of 301 —— subsidence during tertiary period 411 —— crystalline rocks of 421 Payta, tertiary formations of 404 Pebbles of pumice 280 —— decrease in size on the coast of Patagonia 293 —— means of transportation 298 —— encrusted with living corallines 299 —— distribution of, at the eastern foot of Cordillera 337 —— dispersal of, in the Pampas 354 —— zoned with colour 443 Pentland, Mr., on heights in the Cordillera 460 —— on fossils of the Cordillera 465 Pernambuco 279 Peru, tertiary formations of 403 Peuquenes, Pass of, in the Cordillera 448 —— ridge of 452 Pholas, elevated shells of 303 Pitchstone of Chiloe 395 —— of Port Desire 421 —— near Cauquenes 448 —— layers of, in the Uspallata range 472 —— of Los Hornos 480 —— of Coquimbo 483 Plains of Patagonia 282, 291 —— of Chiloe 304 —— of Chile 333 —— of Uspallata 335 —— on eastern foot of Cordillera 336 —— of Iquique 346 Plata, La, elevation of 277 —— tertiary formation of 295, 353 —— crystalline rocks of 418 Playfair, Professor, on the transportation of gravel 300 Pluclaro, axis of 483 Pondicherry, fossils of 400 Porcelain rocks of Port Desire 422 —— of the Uspallata range 471, 473, 476 Porphyry, pebbles of, strewed over Patagonia 296 Porphyry, claystone, of Chiloe 395 —— —— of Patagonia 421 —— —— of Chile 442, 445 —— greenstone, of Chile 444 —— doubly columnar 448 —— claystone, rare, on the eastern side of the Portillo Pass 454 —— brick-red and orthitic, of Cumbre Pass 458, 467 —— intrusive, repeatedly injected 467 —— claystone of the Uspallata range 468 —— —— of Copiapo 489, 499 —— —— eruptive sources of 502 Port Desire, elevation and plains of 283 —— tertiary formation of 383 —— porphyries of 421 Portillo Pass in the Cordillera 448 Portillo chain 454, 458 —— compared with that of the Uspallata 478 Prefil or sea-wall of Valparaiso 310 Puente del Inca, section of 461 Pumice, pebbles of 230 —— conglomerate of R. Negro 382 —— hills of, in the Cordillera 347 Punta Alta, elevation of 280 —— beds of 356

Quartz-rock of the S. Ventana 421 —— C. Blanco 421 —— Falkland islands 424 —— Portillo range 455 —— viscidity of 475 —— veins of, near Monte Video 420 —— —— in dike of greenstone 426 —— grains of, in mica slate 430 —— —— in dikes 432, 434 —— veins of, relations to cleavage 437 Quillota, Campana of 442 Quintero, elevation of 311 Quiriquina, elevation of 306 —— deposits of 399

Rancagua, plain of 334 Rapel, R., elevation near 307 Reeks, Mr. T., his analysis of decomposed shells 328 —— his analysis of salts 344 Remains, human 324 Rio de Janeiro, elevation near 279 —— crystalline rocks of 415 Rivers, small power of transporting pebbles 298 —— small power of, in forming valleys 343 —— drainage of, in the Cordillera 449, 513 Roads, parallel, of Glen Roy 319 Rocks, volcanic, of Banda Oriental 367 —— Tres Montes 393 —— Chiloe 394 —— Tierra del Fuego 426 —— with laminar structure 440 Rodents, fossil, remains of 356 Rogers, Professor, address to Association of American Geologists 412 Rose, Professor G., on sulphate of iron at Copiapo 489

S. Blas, elevation of 281 S. Cruz, elevation and plains of 284 —— valley of 285 —— nature of gravel in valley of 296 —— boulder formation of 371 —— tertiary formation of 386 —— subsidence at 412 S. Fé Bajada, formations of 363 S. George’s bay, plains of 282 S. Helena island, sea-cliffs, and subsidence of 301 S. Josef, elevation of 281 —— tertiary formation of 383 S. Juan, elevation near 278 S. Julian, elevation and plains of 284 —— salt lake of 348 —— earthy deposit with mammiferous remains 369 —— tertiary formations of 384 —— subsidence at 411 S. Lorenzo, elevation of 323 —— old salt formation of 504 S. Mary, island of, elevation of 305 S. Pedro, elevation of 278 Salado, R., elevated shells of 279 —— Pampean formation of 353 Salines 348 Salt, with upraised shell 324, 327 —— lakes of 348 —— purity of, in salt lakes 349 —— deliquescent, necessary for the preservation of meat 349 —— ancient formation of, at Iquique 504 —— —— at S. Lorenzo 504 —— strata of, origin of 505 Salts, superficial deposits of 344 Sand-dunes of the Uruguay 279 —— of the Pampas 281 —— near Bahia Blanca 281, 293 —— of the Colorado 281, 294 —— of S. Cruz 286 —— of Arica 323 Sarmiento, Mount 427 Schmidtmeyer on auriferous detritus 506 Schomburghk, Sir R., on sea-bottom 299 —— on the rocks of Guyana 415 Scotland, sloping terraces of 340 Sea, nature of bottom of, off Patagonia 292 —— power of, in forming valleys 343 Sea cliffs, formation of 301 Seale, Mr., model of St. Helena 301 Sebastian Bay, tertiary formation of 391 Sedgwick, Professor, on cleavage 336 Serpentine of Copiapo 489 Serpulæ, on upraised rocks 325 Shale-rock, of the Portillo Pass 452 —— of Copiapo 493 Shells, upraised state of, in Patagonia 288 —— elevated, too small for human food 308 —— transported far inland, for food 309 —— upraised, proportional numbers varying 312, 324 —— —— gradual decay of 323, 324, 327 —— —— absent on high plains of Chile 335 —— —— near Bahia Blanca 358 —— preserved in concretions 394, 397 —— living and fossil range of, on west coast 406, 408 —— living, different on the east and west coast 411 Shingle of Patagonia 295 Siau, M., on sea-bottom 299 Silver mines of Arqueros 431 —— of Chanuncillo 494 —— of Iquique 503 —— distribution of 506 Slip, great, at S. Cruz 387 Smith, Mr., of Jordan Hill, on upraised shells retaining their colours 289 —— on Madeira 302 —— on elevated seaweed 325 —— on inclined gravel beds 467 Soda, nitrate of 346 —— sulphate of, near Bahia Blanca 348, 349 —— carbonate of 347 Soundings off Patagonia 293, 299 —— in Tierra del Fuego 300 Spirifers 486, 488 Spix and Martius on Brazil 417 Sprengel on the production of carbonate of soda 328 Springs, mineral, in the Cumbre Pass 461 Stratification of sandstone in metamorphic rocks 414 —— of clay-slate in Tierra del Fuego 428 —— of the Cordillera of Central Chile 442, 448, 461 —— little disturbed in Cumbre Pass 460, 466 —— disturbance of, near Copiapo 501 Streams of lava at S. Cruz, inclination of 390 —— in the Portillo range 457 String of cotton with fossil-shells 325 _Struthiolaria ornata_ 392 Studer, M., on metamorphic rocks 438 Subsidence during formation of sea-cliffs 301 —— near Lima 327 —— probable, during Pampean formation 376 —— necessary for the accumulation of permanent deposits 411 —— during the tertiary formations of Chile and Patagonia 413 —— probable during the Neocomian formation of the Portillo Pass 453 —— probable during the formation of conglomerate of Tenuyan 459 —— during the Neocomian formation of the Cumbre Pass 465 —— of the Uspallata range 474, 477 —— great, at Copiapo 496 —— —— during the formation of the Cordillera 510 Sulphur, volcanic exhalations of 509 Sumatra, promontories of 305 Summary on the recent elevatory movements 259, 329, 514 —— on the Pampean formation 371, 515 —— on the tertiary formations of Patagonia and Chile 391, 404, 513 —— on the Chilean Cordillera 508 —— on the cretaceo-oolitic formation 508 —— on the subsidences of the Cordillera 509 —— on the elevation of the Cordillera 511, 517

Tacna, elevation of 323 Tampico, elevated shells near 329 Tandil, crystalline rocks of 420 Tapalguen, Pampean formation of 353 —— crystalline rocks of 420 Taylor, Mr., on copper veins of Cuba 506 Temperature of Chile during the tertiary period 408 Tension, lines of, origin of, axes of elevation and of cleavage 440 Tenuy Point, singular section of 395 Tenuyan, valley of 454, 478 Terraces of the valley of S. Cruz 286 —— of equable heights throughout Patagonia 290 —— of Patagonia, formation of 294 —— of Chiloe 304 —— at Conchalee 311 —— of Coquimbo 316 —— not horizontal at Coquimbo 317 —— of Guasco 320 —— of S. Lorenzo 323 —— of gravel within the Cordillera 337 Theories on the origin of the Pampean formation 372 Tierra Amarilla 489 Tierra del Fuego, form of sea-bottom 300 —— tertiary formations of 391 —— clay-slate formation of 424 —— cretaceous formation of 426 —— crystalline rocks of 426 —— cleavage of clay-slate 427, 436 Tosca rock 352 Trachyte of Chiloe 394 —— of Port Desire 421 —— in the Cordillera 347 Traditions of promontories having been islands 305 —— on changes of level near Lima 327 Trees buried in plain of Iquique 346 —— silicified, vertical, of the Uspallata range 473 Tres Montes, elevation of 303 —— volcanic rocks of 393 _Trigonocelia insolita_ 392 Tristan Arroyo, elevated shells of 278 Tschudi, Mr., on subsidence near Lima 327 Tuff, calcareous, at Coquimbo 313 —— on basin-plain near St. Jago 334 —— structure of, in Pampas 352 —— origin of, in Pampas 374 —— pumiceous, of R. Negro 382 —— Nuevo Gulf 383 —— Port Desire 383 —— S. Cruz 386 —— Patagonia, summary on Chiloe 391 —— formation of, in Portillo chain 395 —— great deposit of, at Copiapo 457 Tuffs, volcanic, metamorphic, of Uspallata 471 —— of Coquimbo 484

Ulloa, on rain in Peru 324 —— on elevation near Lima 327 Uruguay, Rio, elevation of country near 278 Uspallata, plain of 335, 515 —— pass of 459 —— range of 368 —— concluding remarks on 476

Valdivia, tertiary beds of 398 —— mica-slate of 433 Valley of S. Cruz, structure of 285 —— Coquimbo 314 —— Guasco, structure of 320 —— Copiapo, structure of 321 —— S. Cruz, tertiary formations of 386 —— Coquimbo, geology of 482 —— Guasco, secondary formations of 487 —— Copiapo, secondary formations of 488 —— Despoblado 496, 497, 499 Valleys in the Cordillera bordered by gravel fringes 337 —— formation of 338 —— in the Cordillera 449 Valparaiso, elevation of 307 —— gneiss of 435 Vein of quartz near Monte Video 419 —— in mica-slate 430 —— relations of, to cleavage 437 —— in a trap dike 426 —— of granite, quartzose 432, 475 —— remarkable, in gneiss, near Valparaiso 435 Veins, relations of, to concretions 396 —— metalliferous, of the Uspallata range 475 —— metalliferous, discussion on 505 Venezuela, gneissic rocks of 415 Ventana, Sierra, Pampean formation near 353 —— quartz-rock of 421 Villa Vincencio Pass 468 Volcan, Rio, mouth of 449 —— fossils of 453 Volcanoes of the Cordillera 392, 447, 511 —— absent, except near bodies of water 457 —— ancient submarine, in Cordillera 502 —— action of, in relation to changes of level 514 —— long action of, in the Cordillera 517

Wafer on elevated shells 322 Waves caused by earthquakes, power of, in transporting boulders 326, 344 —— power of, in throwing up shells 309 Weaver, Mr., on elevated shells 329 White, Martin, on sea-bottom 299 Wood, silicified, of Entre Rios 364 —— S. Cruz 388 —— Chiloe 394, 396 —— Uspallata range 473 —— Los Hornos 479 —— Copiapo 495, 497

Yeso, Rio, and plain of 450 Ypun Island, tertiary formation of 393

Zeagonite 426