Chapter XVIII: Book II: , speaks for the fact that venom was feared, and therefore likely (7)

“Se ne ha contentare costui, e non il Papa, e per questo le cose che
si concludessino del Papa possono bene essere ritrattate da costui, ma
quelle che si concludessino da costui non saranno gia ritrattate dal
Papa.” (Dispatch from Cesena xiv. Dec. 1502.)

Footnote 53:

Arcuballistarius = cross-bow-man.

Footnote 54:

Arcuballista = cross-bow.

Footnote 55:

“Alcuni lo volevano far Re d’ Italia, e coronarlo, altri lo volevano
fa Imperatore, perche ’l prosperava talmente, che non era alcuno li
bastasse l’animo d’impedirlo in cosa alcuna.” (xi Jan. 1503.)

Footnote 56:

“Se nella morte di Alessandro fusse stato sano, ogni cosa gli era
facile.” (Machiavelli, Principe, Op. I. 39.)

Footnote 57:

Fitzgerald’s Rubaiyat of Omar Khaiyam, xvi.

Footnote 58:

Pastor, L. _History of the Popes_, edited by Fr. Frederick Antrobus of
the Oratory.

Footnote 59:

A comical side-light on this naïve age is given in the Annales
Bononiensis, (Muratori xxiii. 890) on the occasion of an outbreak of
plague. Penitence, fasting, and flagellation were resorted to.
Butchers closed their shops for eight days. And, that sorrow for sin
was not confined to respectable people may be gathered from the fact
that “meretrices ad concubita nullum admittebant. Ex eis quàdam quae
cupiditate lucri adolescentem admiserat, depreheusâ, aliae meretrices
ita illius nates nudas corrigiis percusserunt ut sanguinem emitteres.”

Footnote 60:

Here is a specimen of Mgr. Burchard’s or his copyist’s gross
inaccuracy. He officially was responsible for the conduct of this
function. He intimately should have known, and directed, every
movement and every gesture of every assistant. And he names, among the
cardinals-assistant, the Lord Giovanni Borgia (detto Seniore)
Archbishop of Monreale, Cardinal-Presbyter of Santa Susanna, _who had
been dead just eighteen days_.

Footnote 61:

_i.e._ in the usual manner, with all the ceremonies required for the
obsequies of the pontifical cadaver: not surreptitiously or with
maimed rites as some have said.

Footnote 62:

A dead Pope lies in state in the Chapel of the Trinity in St. Peter’s,
surrounded by unbleached wax tapers, and with the feet protruded
through the screen for the osculations of the faithful.

Footnote 63:

Enea Silvio Bartolomeo de’ Piccolhuomini, 1458–1464.

Footnote 64:

Qy. A concoction of cantharides? Or was it merely a name, like
κανθαρίτης οὶνός? (Plin. 14. 7. 9.)

Footnote 65:

M. de Voltaire speaks of Duke Cesare (detto Borgia) as “the son.”

Footnote 66:

Ducato d’oro = half a guinea with four times its purchasing power. A
million of gold ducats would equal £2,000,000 sterling.

Footnote 67:

M. de Voltaire speaks of Duke Cesare (detto Borgia) as the Pope’s son;
and of the Pope as Duke Cesare’s Father.

Footnote 68:

The Venerable Servant of God, King Ælfred the Great of England, has
not yet been styled “The Blessed.” Sir Thomas More, Lord Chancellor of
England under Henry VIII Tudor, only was admitted to the rank of “The
Blessed” in 1886, by the Lord Leo P.P. XIII. He now publicly may be
invoked by name, and his portraits decorated by a halo.

Footnote 69:

The Clerk of the Hanaper is the domestic in charge of the great gallon
goblet called the hanaper.

Footnote 70:

“Mercurii xx Nov. fuit data sententia in Rota, contra Sebastianum
Pinzonum, scriptorum apostolicum, absentem ob contumaciam, privationis
omnium beneficiorum et officiorum” (_interesting to notice that, in
the reign of the Lord Julius P.P. II, the eternal enemy of Borgia, a
convict on the capital charge was merely ruined, and not sentenced to
death_;) “pro quod eo dominum cardinalem Mutinensem patronum suum
veneno interemisset, qui eum de stercore eximerat.”

Footnote 71:

“Fuit facta proba, in tribus animalibus porcinis, de aliquibus
venenis, repertis in cancelleria, missis perantea a Vincencia, qua
reperta sunt non esse bona.” (Secrets de l’État de Venise, Petersburg,
1884, p. 6.)

Footnote 72:

“_Christophori sancti faciem quicunque tuetur
Illa nempe die mala morte non morietur._”

Footnote 73:

in Pentade Quaest. latrophilologicarum, p. 122. Ed. Geneva 1647,
quoting Juan de Vigo, Lib. II, Chirug. Tract. II, 5.

Footnote 74:

Mgr. Paris de Grassis _On Mgr. Hans Burchard_ is fine indeed!

Footnote 75:

Lamansky. Secrets de l’Etat de Venise. Petersburg. 1884.

Footnote 76:

Cf. Maricourt.

Footnote 77:

Decii Junii Juvenalis, Satura xiii.

Footnote 78:

Have these Bulls been rescinded? If not, it is possible that they form
the ground of the dull and bitter and radical animosity of Spain and
Portugal to Anglo-Saxondom of the present day. In the light of these
Bulls, England and America are usurpers and excommunicate!

Footnote 79:

Ep. II to Cor. ii. 7.

Footnote 80:

Ep. to Eph. i. 21.

Footnote 81:

Ep. to St. Titus ii. 15.

Footnote 82:

Réné, Comte de Maricourt, who quotes M. L’Abbé Morel in _L’Univers_.

Footnote 83:

When it becomes a question of blaming a priest or a Pope, the
principle of proportion demands that the lesser should bear. Two
modern Roman Catholics have presumed with “unctuous rectitude” to
scold the Holiness of the Pope as follows:

“From a Catholic point of view, it is impossible to blame Alexander
too severely.”—(History of the Popes. Pastor + Antrobus. VI. 139.)

This inhuman pronouncement is saved by the “a.” Comment is needless:
but there is another “Catholic point of view.”

Footnote 84:

Enea Silvio Bartolomeo de’ Piccolhuomini.

Footnote 85:

Secret Archives of the duchies of Ossuna and Infantado.

Footnote 86:

Symonds, J. A. Renascence, II. 493–5.

Footnote 87:

One _bandito_, under sentence, or ban, of exile.

Footnote 88:

Observe the chivalrous gentleness of the Borgian Era in regard to
women, compared with the bald mercilessness of modern parochial and
civil Registers. In these deeds of legitimation, the woman is never
named, and not always the man. The weaker party is never punished by
eternal gibbeting, by eternal record of her shame by name. She is
always permitted to hide under the veil of _coniugata_, or _soluta_,
“a married woman” or “a spinster.” Still, the Twentieth Century is
humane to the wolf’s brother and the hyæna’s cousin; and nourishes a
Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals: and perhaps that
balances the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries’ humanity and chivalry
to sex.

Footnote 89:

Theuli. Bonaventura Abp. Teatro Istorico di Velletri, II. 5.

Footnote 90:

Vit. Synop. Stef. Borgiae S.R.E. Card. Ampliss. (Peter Paul of St.
Bartholomew, discalced Carmelite. Rome, 1805, I. 2.)

Footnote 91:

It appears to be a little inconsistent of a Pope, Who wished Messer
Rafaele Sanzio to paint Him with a Sword and not a book in His hand,
to object to a Cardinal in a Breast-plate: _for the sword is the
weapon of offence; but the Breast-plate, of defence merely_. But many
terms in this Bull are simply “corroborative detail calculated to lend
an air of verisimilitude to an otherwise bald and unconvincing
narrative”—simply words, “full of sound and fury, signifying nothing.”

Footnote 92:

The Twentieth Century may be shocked to notice that, in the Sixteenth,
England ranked as the fifth Power in Europe, _after Portugal_.

Footnote 93:

See _Menghini_. (_C. Canon_) Opinion ... upon the Question whether ...
John Carmont D.D. incurred the Major Excommunication, etc. _J.
Anderson and Son. Courier and Herald Offices, Dumfries. 1886_: and
leading article in _Scotsman_, May 11th, 1886.

Footnote 94:

(Verg. Aen. XII. 419.)

Footnote 95:

These two charming personages used a most beautiful handwriting, neat,
clear, well-mannered, decisive; as may be seen in the private Brief of
the Lord Leo P.P. X, _placet et ita motu proprio mandamus_; and in the
letter of Cardinal Giulio de’ Medici, dated April 1516; which are
preserved in the British Museum 23.721.

Footnote 96:

Whistler counts his myopia as his chief talent.

Footnote 97:

Belriguardo. xi Jul. 1516.

Footnote 98:

Oratrice (oratrix) is a rare word = but perfectly classical; and its
use shews that the Renascence of Learning had done something to
improve ecclesiastical Latin, and, by consequence, Italian also.

Footnote 99:

Authorities for this sketch of Saint Francisco de Borja, General of
Jesuits, and sometime Duke of Gandia, etc.

1. Ribadaneira. Life.

2. Cardinal Alvaro Cienfuegos. La heroica vida, etc. del grande San
Francisco de Borja. Madrid 1717.

3. Monumenta Historica Societatis Jesu. Madrid 1894–5.

4. Sir James Stephen. Essays in Ecclesiastical Biography.

5. A. M. Clarke. St. Francis Borgia. Lond. 1872 etc.

The last was prepared under the auspices of the late Fr. John Morris,
S.J.; and is useful in giving the modern English Jesuit point of view.

Footnote 100:

Sir James Stephen. Essays in Ecclesiastical Biography, i. 29.

Footnote 101:

A second bastard of Archbishop Don Alonso de Aragona, also called Doña
Juana, married Don Felipe of Austria, and became the mother of the
Emperor Carlos.

Footnote 102:

Anciently Salduba, colonized by Caius Julius Caesar Octavianus
Augustus B.C. 27, who called it Caesaraugasta; afterwards corrupted
into Saragossa.

Footnote 103:

A plain gold band, studded with uncut gems, round whose inner rim runs
one of the Nails that nailed our Divine Redeemer to the Cross of
Calvary hammered into a flat band to press the brows of him who wears
the Iron Crown. It may be seen enshrined in the Treasury of the
Cathedral at Monza.

Footnote 104:

In Catholic countries one is bound to use the clergy of one’s own
parish.

Footnote 105:

Milk and meat were forbidden during Lent, and on every Saturday
throughout the year.

Footnote 106:

_e.g._, one might marry in Lent or Advent.

Footnote 107:

To enable the Borgia ladies sometimes to see their relations in the
Monastery of Poor Clares, whose Rule is one of the strictest.

Footnote 108:

The Bull _Regimini_ was not finally sealed till xxvii Sept. 1540.

Footnote 109:

_La heroica vida, etc., del grande San Francisco de Borja, by Cardinal
Alvaro Cienfuegos._ Madrid, 1717, III. i. 115.

Footnote 110:

_La heroica vida, etc., del grande San Francisco de Borja, by Cardinal
Alvaro Cienfuegos._ Madrid, 1717, III. i. 115.

Footnote 111:

This Pontiff once was asked to give an opinion as to who had been the
greatest Popes. He answered, St. Peter, St. Sylvester, Alexander VI
and Ourself.

Footnote 112:

“Card Zappata ajebat frustra Card. Gasparem Borgia mores componere et
a natura recedere, ut Pontificatum assequatur. Quandoquidem a multis
annis Spiritus Sanctus non spiret in Hispania, Cubebat nihilominus
fidem adhibere inani, et fatuae predictioni bovem tertio murgiturum.
Quod assentatores interpretabantur ut post Calixtum III et Alexandrum
VI, ipse tertius Pontifex renuntiantur, et famiglia Borgia, bovem in
scuto ferens.” (_Arnidenio, in Vite m. s.s. de’ Cardinali_)

Footnote 113:

It would be very interesting to know how and when this title passed
from the line of Prince Gioffredo Borgia into the line of his elder
brother Don Juan Francisco de Borja the murdered Duke of Gandia; for
Prince Gioffredo, married at fourteen, certainly originated a notable
branch of Borgia, which, in the Seventeenth Century intermarried with
the Orsini Duke of Gravina. It is most unusual for a title _to turn
back_, as it were, and vest itself in another branch. And what has
become of the principalities of Teano and Tricarico, and the counties
of Chiaramonte, Lauria, and Cerignola which were held by the murdered
Duke of Gandia, his son Don Juan II, and the son of the last St.
Francisco de Borja?

Footnote 114:

All from _El Blason de España_, by Don Augusto de Burgos, III. i.
85–95.

Footnote 115:

Theuli. _Teatro Istorico di Velletri._ Velletri, 1644. III. 304.

Footnote 116:

Theuli, III. 335.

Footnote 117:

Ricchi, 251.

Footnote 118:

Theuli, III. 312–3.

Footnote 119:

While it indubitably is Christian, this epitaph shews that the modern
sophistication, which has destroyed belief in the world to come,
already had made its appearance in Italy. Death here is no longer
regarded with the calm dignity perceivable in earlier epitaphs, (that
of his lineal ancestor Don Pietrogorio Borgia, for example, on p.
434), but as a Horror and an End.

Footnote 120:

The Order of Malta, or of St. John of Jerusalem, was founded by Don
Gerardo di Martiquez di Provenza, warden of the Hospital of St. John
Baptist for Pilgrims, in 1098. The Hospitallers were dedicated to the
service of the poor; and wore a black habit, with an eight-pointed
Maltese Cross, in white, on the breast. They took vows of poverty,
chastity and obedience. The Regular Foundation was delayed till 1104
when Baldwin I was king in Jerusalem. The Rule was that of St.
Aurelius Augustine; and the Order was finally confirmed by the Bull of
the Lord Paschal P.P. II in 1113. Its Constitution admitted of Knights
of Honour and Brothers of Devotion; the former swore to defend the
Faith against all enemies, the latter to minister to pilgrims and
afflicted. There were two badges, a cross of six points in gold
enamelled white, and a crowned cross of eight points of the same, worn
on a black riband. The Order had a Priory in London before the
Reformation—St. John of Jerusalem in Clerkenwell—whose original gate
and crypt may yet be seen. The present soi-disant Order which occupies
this Priory has yet to shew authority for its existence.

Footnote 121:

P. E. Cav. Visconti in Tipaldo.

Footnote 122:

The Sforza-Cesarini, who in the Fifteenth Century intermarried with
the Borgia, enjoy the Duchy of Segni at the present day.

Footnote 123:

Coronelli, Bibl. Univ. II. 870.

Footnote 124:

By his last will and testament, Cardinal King Henry IX bequeathed his
rights in the English Crown to the descendants of Anna Maria
d’Orleans, (daughter of Henrietta Stewart, and niece of King Charles
I,) who married Duke Vittoramadeo of Savoja; from whom descends—not
the Bavarian Princess of the Order of the White Rose, but—King
Vittoremanuele III of Italy.

Footnote 125:

A ring belonging to Cardinal King Henry IX, containing miniatures of
his father and mother, King James III and Queen Clementina, has found
its way into the Fortnum Collection at the Oxford University
Galleries.

Footnote 126:

“Benefices in Spain,” the possession of which is alleged as a crime in
the Lord Alexander P.P. VI, appear to be common enough.

Footnote 127:

Miss Clementina Walkinshaw, Countess Alberstorf, the mistress of King
Charles III.

Footnote 128:

The word _magnanimitá_ had undergone a change of meaning since the
Sixteenth Century, when Messor Niccolo Machiavelli sneered that the
Baglioni of Perugia shewed no _magnanimitá_, because they did not
garrote the Lord Julius P.P. II, their guest.

Footnote 129:

Could any hint be more obscurely obvious, more insinuatory of
compliment? Cardinal Borgia’s little trick of leaving the
initiative(!) to John Bull is a master-stroke of Latin diplomacy,
whose strength is, now, and ever, in the pulling of wires.

Footnote 130:

From the ANNUAL REGISTER, 1837, p. 147. “_xvii Sept. 1837. At the
private chapel of the rt. rev. the bishop Griffiths, (Vicar-Apostolic
of the London District) Caroline Shirley, only daughter of Robert
Sewallis Shirley, Viscount Tamworth, to Don Lorenzo Sforza, Duca
Sforza, only son of the late Don Francisco Sforza, Duca Sforza, of
Rome_.”

(There is a slight inaccuracy in this notice. Duke Lorenzo should be
described as _only surviving son_ of Don Francisco, not as _only son_;
for Don Francisco’s elder son, Don Salvatore, died xix May 1832; and
Don Francisco’s daughter Donna Anna, wife to Don Marino Torlonia,
egregiously failed, before the Tribunal of the Ruota, to dispossess
her younger brother the aforesaid Don Lorenzo, the legitimate son,
born on the night between xvii and xviii of March 1807, to the
aforesaid Don Francisco Sforza-Cesarini, by his wife the Duchess
Geltruda de’ Conti. This hideous law-suit was the excitement of all
Rome at the time.)

Footnote 131:

“Io qui mi trovo racchiuso in conclave per l’elezione del nuovo
pontifice con trenta quatro Cardli, i quali avendo saputa la
generositá Inglese verso dell’ Illustro loro Collega.”

Footnote 132:

It is too early yet to speak about the twentieth.

Footnote 133:

It was Mr. Oakley, heir of Sir Charles Oakley Bart., who was entrusted
with this confidential and very delicate mission.

Footnote 134:

It should be said that loyalty to the Stewarts, as it has been here
entreated of, implies no shadow of disloyalty to the present Royal
House of England. The law of Prescriptive Right by itself would be
sufficient to require the most dutiful allegiance on the part of all
the subjects of Her Most Sacred Majesty the late Queen-Empress. But it
may be said further, that, as far as Roman Catholics are concerned,
the most ingeniously scrupulous conscience can have no possible doubt
about its obligation, since the Lord Leo P.P. XIII accorded that
formal Recognition of the late Queen’s Majesty as Queen, by the
presence of an Apostolic Ablegate at the Jubilee of 1887. In the
course of this book the immense importance which sovereigns of the
Borgian Era attached to this Recognition has been shewn. They were
ready to fight for it, knowing that without it they could not hope to
stand. In the present instance it was not even asked for; and its
spontaneous granting by the Roman Pontiff should emphasize the fact
that, what formerly might have been a matter for discussion, is now an
imperative religious duty, namely, undeviating loyalty to the Royal
and Imperial Dynasty of Queen Victoria.

Footnote 135:

Ἀλκμήνη. It is curious to note the survival of Greek names in the
ancient families of Etruria.

Footnote 136:

The Legion of Honour is a French Order founded during the Consulate of
Napoleon Buonaparte, 20 Fiorile, An. x: ratified by the Christian King
Louis XVIII on VI July, 1814. It is governed by a Grand Master who is
the Emperor, King, or President of France according to the fashion. It
contains five classes. The Knights and Officers wear silver crosses.
The Commanders, Grand Officers and Grand Crosses wear the decoration
in gold. The motto is HONNEUR ET PATRIE. (_Tettoni e Saladini. Teatro
Araldico._)

Footnote 137:

The Order of the Two Sicilies were founded by Joseph Buonaparte, XXIV
Feb. 1808, to recompense loyalty, courage, and long service. (_Tettoni
e Saladini. Teatro Araldico._)

Footnote 138:

The Order of St. Gregory the Great was founded by the Lord Gregory
P.P. XVI for Merit, Civil and Military, 1 Sept. 1831. There are four
classes, viz. First, and Second Grand Cross, Commanders, and Knights.
The obverse of the octagonal silver medal bears an eight-pointed cross
in red enamel, with a shield in pretence shewing an effigy of the Lord
St. Gregory P.P. I the Great (the Pope who sent St. Augustine to
convert the English, A.D. 596.) The reverse bears the legend, PRO DEO
ET PRINCIPE GREGORIUS XVI. P.M. ANNO I. (_Tettoni e Saladini. Teatro
Araldico._)

Footnote 139:

On the second of April 1814, M. le Comte d’Artois permitted the
National Guard of Paris to wear a silver Fleurdelys suspended from a
white watered riband, in recognition of service. On the twenty-sixth
of April, a Star was substituted for the Fleurdelys, and a blue border
added to the white riband. The Decoration was called the Order of the
Lily of France, and all _decorés_ made to swear an oath of fidelity to
God, and of obedience to the King, (_Tettoni e Saladini. Teatro
Araldico._)

Footnote 140:

Burckhardt, _Cultur de Renaissance_, see 5 ed. 2, p. 312. Gregorovius,
_Lucrezia Borgia_, II 4. Janitschek, _Gesellschaft der Renaissance_,
III.

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TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES

Page Changed from Changed to

111 Pontificum, sub anno. Pontificum, sub anno.
Gregorovius, Geschichts de Stadt Gregorovius, Geschichts der
VII. 340. Matarazzo Stadt VII. 340. Matarazzo

193 following is suggested at an following is suggested as an
explanation explanation

226 בוווד––צמובה בוווו––צמרכד

● Typos fixed; non-standard spelling and dialect retained. ● Used numbers for footnotes, placing them all at the end of the last chapter. ● Enclosed italics font in _underscores_. ● Enclosed blackletter font in =equals=. ● The caret (^) serves as a superscript indicator, applicable to individual characters (like 2^d) and even entire phrases (like 1^{st}).