Chapter V: Christmas Drama

1. This account of the mediaeval Christmas drama owes much to Chambers,
"The Mediaeval Stage," especially chaps. xviii. to xx., and to #W.
Creizenach, "Geschichte des neueren Dramas"# (Halle a/S.,
1893), vol. i., bks. ii.-iv. See also: #Karl Pearson#, essay on #"The
German Passion Play"# in #"The Chances of Death, and other Studies in
Evolution"# (London, 1897), ii. 246 f.; #E. Du Méril, "Origines
latines du théâtre moderne"# (Paris, 1849); #L. Petit de Julleville,
"Histoire du théâtre en France au moyen âge. I. Les Mystères"#
(Paris, 1880); and other works cited later.

2. Chambers, "M. S.," ii. 8 f.

3. _Ibid._ ii. 11.

4. Du Méril, 147.

5. Chambers, "M. S.," ii. 52.

6. Text in Du Méril, 153 f.

7. Chambers, "M. S.," ii. 44.

8. _Ibid._ ii. 52 f.

9. On the English plays see: Chambers, "M. S.," chaps. xx. and xxi.; #A.
W. Ward, "A History of English Dramatic Literature"# (London,
1875), vol. i. chap. i.; Creizenach, vol. i.; #K. L. Bates, "The
English Religious Drama"# (London, 1893).

10. Chambers, "M. S.," ii. 129, 131, 139.

11. #"Ludus Coventriae,"# ed. by J. O. Halliwell (London, 1841), 146 f.

12. #"York Plays,"# ed. by L. Toulmin Smith (Oxford, 1885), 114 f.

13. #"The Chester Plays,"# ed. by T. Wright (London, 1843), 137.

14. _Ibid._ 138.

15. _Ibid._ 143.

16. #"The Towneley Plays,"# ed. by George England, with Introduction by
A. W. Pollard (London, 1897). The first Shepherds' Play is on p.
100 f., the second on p. 116 f.

17. Text from Chambers and Sidgwick, "Early English Lyrics," 124 f.

18. Text in #T. Sharp, "A Dissertation on the Pageants or Dramatic
Mysteries anciently performed at Coventry"# (Coventry, 1825).

19. Petit de Julleville, ii. 36 f and 431 f.

20. _Ibid._ ii. 620 f.; #"Les marguerites de la Marguerite des
princesses,"# ed. from the edition of 1547 by F. Frank (Paris, 1873),
ii. 1 f.

21. Petit de Julleville, i. 441.

22. _Ibid._ i. 455. Text in Lemeignen, ii. 1 f.

23. Petit de Julleville, i. 79 f.

24. #P. Sébillot, "Coutumes populaires de la Haute-Bretagne"# (Paris,
1886), 177.

25. Martinengo, "Folk-Songs," xxxiii. f. In her essay, "Puer Parvulus,"
in "The Outdoor Life," 260 f., the Countess gives a charming
description of a somewhat similar Piedmontese play.

26. Barthélemy, iii. 411 f. |370|

27. Rietschel, 88 f.; #O. von Reinsberg-Düringsfeld, "Das festliche
Jahr"# (2nd Edition, Leipsic, 1898), 439 f.

28. Rietschel, 92 f.

29. An interesting book on popular Christmas plays is #F. Vogt, "Die
schlesischen Weihnachtspiele"# (Leipsic, 1901).

30. Weinhold, 94.

31. _Ibid._ 95 f.

32. _Ibid._ 100 f.

33. _Ibid._ 96 f.

34. See Chambers, "M. S.," ii. 91 f.; Symonds, "Renaissance," iv. 242,
272 f.; #A. d'Ancona, "Origini del Teatro italiano"# (Florence,
1877), i. 87 f.

35. D'Ancona, "Origini," i. 126 f.

36. #A. d'Ancona, "Sacre Rappresentazioni dei secoli xiv, xv e xvi"#
(Florence, 1872), i. 191 f.

37. _Ibid._ i. 192.

38. Latin original quoted by D'Ancona, "Origini," i. 91, and Chambers,
"M. S.," ii. 93.

39. Creizenach, i. 347.

40. #J. Fitzmaurice-Kelly, "A History of Spanish Literature"# (London,
1898), 113.

41. #Juan del Encina, "Teatro Completo"# (Madrid, 1893), 3 f., 137 f.

42. See #G. Ticknor, "History of Spanish Literature"# (6th American
Edition, Boston, 1888), ii. 283 f.

43. _Ibid._ ii. 208.

44. #"Archivio per lo studio delle tradizioni popolari"# (Palermo and
Turin), vol. xxi., 1902, 381.

45. Pitrè, 448.

46. Fernan Caballero, "Elia y La Noche de Navidad," 222 f.

47. Lloyd, 213 f.

48. #H. F. Feilberg, "Jul"# (Copenhagen, 1904), ii. 242 f.

49. #E. Cortet, "Essai sur les fêtes religieuses"# (Paris, 1867), 38.

50. Sébillot, 215.

51. Feilberg, ii. 250; Reinsberg-Düringsfeld, 31 f.; #T. Stratilesco,
"From Carpathian to Pindus: Pictures of Roumanian Country Life"#
(London, 1906), 195 f.; #E. van Norman, "Poland: the Knight among
Nations"# (London and New York, 3rd Edition, n.d.), 302; #S. Graham,
"A Vagabond in the Caucasus. With some Notes of his Experiences among
the Russians"# (London, 1910), 28.

52. Translation in #Karl Hase, "Miracle Plays and Sacred Dramas"# (Eng.
Trans., London, 1880), 9; German text in Weinhold, 132.

53. Hörmann, "Tiroler Volksleben," 247 f.

54. Graham, 28.

55. Stratilesco, 195 f.

56. _Ibid._ 355 f.

57. Van Norman, 302.

58. Cortet, 42.

59. Barthélemy, iii. 411 f.

60. #Madame Calderon de la Barca, "Life in Mexico"# (London, 1843),
237 f.

POSTSCRIPT

1. #E. Underhill, "Mysticism: A Study in the Nature and Development of
Man's Spiritual Consciousness"# (London, 1911), 305. |371|