Chapter I: Mammalia (5)

[Footnote 1: CUV. and VAL., vol. iii. p. 363. In addition to the two fishes above named, a loche _Cobitis thermalis_, and a carp, _Nuria thermoicos_, were found in the hot-springs of Kannea at a heat 40° Cent., 114° Fahr., and a roach, _Leuciscus thermalis_, when the thermometer indicated 50° Cent., 122° Fahr.--_Ib_. xviii. p. 59, xvi. p. 182, xvii. p. 94. Fish have been taken from a hot spring at Pooree when the thermometer stood at 112° Fahr., and as they belonged to a carnivorous genus, they must have found prey living in the same high temperature.--_Journ. Asiatic Soc. Beng_. vol. vi. p. 465. Fishes have been observed in a hot spring at Manilla which raises the thermometer to 187°, and in another in Barbary, the usual temperature of which is 172°; and Humboidt and Bonpland, when travelling in South America, saw fishes thrown up alive from a volcano, in water that raised the temperature to 210°, being two degrees below the boiling point. PATTERSON'S _Zoology_. Pt. ii p. 211; YARRELL'S _History of British Fishes_, vol. i. In. p. xvi.]

_List of Ceylon Fishes._

I. OSSEOUS.

Acanthopterygii.

_Perca_ argentea, _Bennett_.
Apogon roseipinnis, _Cuv. & Val_.
Zeylonicus, _Cuv. & Val_.
thermalis, _Cuv. & Val_.
Ambassis thermalis, _Cuv. & Val_.
Serranus biguttatus, _Cuv. & Val_.
Tankervillæ, _Benn_.
lemniscatus, _Cuv. & Val_.
Sonneratii, _Cuv. & Val_.
flavo-ceruleus, _Lacep_.
marginalis, _Cuv. & Val_.
Boelang, _Cuv. & Val_.
Serranus faveatus, _Cuv. & Val_.
angularis, _Cuv. & Val_.
punctulatas, _Cuv. & Val_.
Diacope decem-lineatus, _Cuv. & Val_.
spilura, _Benn_.
xanthopus, _Cuv. & Val_.
Mesoprion annularis, _Cuv. & Val_.
Holocentrus orientale, _Cuv. & Val_.
spinifera, _Cuv. & Val_.
argenteus, _Cuv. & Val_.
Upeneus tæniopterus, _Cuv. & Val_.
Zeylonicus, _Cuv. & Val_.
Russeli, _Cuv. & Val_.
cinnabarinus, _Cuv. & Val_.
Platycephalus punctatus, _Cuv. & Val_.
scaber, _Linn_.
tuberculatus, _Cuv. & Val_.
serratus, _Cuv. & Val_.
Pterois volitans, _Gm_.
muricata, _Cuv. & Val_.
Diagramma cinerascens, _Cuv. & Val_.
Blochii, _Cuv. & Val_.
poeciloptera, _Cuv. & Val_.
Cuvieri, _Benn_.
Sibbaldi, _E. Benn_.
Lobotes crate, _Cuv. & Val_.
Scolopsides bimaculatus, _Rupp_.
Amphiprion Clarkii, _J. Benn_.
Dascyllus aruanus, _Cuv. & Val_.
Glyphisodon Rahti, _Cuv. & Val_.
Brownrigii, _Benn_.
_Sparus_ Hardwickii, _J. Benn_.
Pagrus longifilis, _Cuv. & Val_.
Lethrinus opercularis, _Cuv. & Val_.
fasciatus, _Cuv. & Val_.
frænatus, _Cuv. & Val_.
cythrurus, _Cuv. & Val_.
cinereus, _Cuv. & Val_.
Smaris balteatus, _Cuv. & Val_.
Cæsio coerulaureus, _Lacep_.
Gerres oblongus, _Cuv. & Val_.
Chætodon vagabundus, _Linn_.
Sebanus, _Cuv. & Val_.
Layardi, _Blyth_.
xanthocephalus, _E. Bennett_.
guttatissimus, _E. Benn_.
Hæniochus macrolepidotus, _Linn_.
Scatophagus argus, _Cuv. & Val_.
Holacanthus xanthurus, _E. Benn_.
Platax Raynaldi, _Cuv. & Val_.
ocellatus _Cuv. & Val_.
Ehrenbergii, _Cuv. & Val_.
Anabas _scandens_, _Dald_.
_Helostoma_.
_Polyacanthus_.
_Ophicephalus_.
Cybium guttatum, _Bloeh_.
Chorinemus moadetta, _Ehren_.
Rhynchobdella ocellata, _Cuv. & Val_.
Mastocemblus Skinneri, _H. Smith_.
Caranx Heberi, _J. Benn_.
speciosus, _Forsk_.
Rhombus triocellatus, _Cuv. & Val_.
Equula dacer, _Cuv. & Val_.
filigera, _Cuv. & Val_.
Amphacanthus javus, _Linn_.
sutor, _Cuv. & Val_.
Acanthurus xanthurus, _Blyth_.
triostegus, _Bloch_.
Delisiani, _Cuv. & Val_.
lineatus, _Lacep_.
melas, _Cuv. & Val_.
Atherina duodecimalis, _Cuv. & Val_.
_Blennius_.
Salarias marmoratus, _Benn_.
alticus, _Cuv. & Val_.
Eleotris sexguttata, _Cuv. & Val_.
Cheironectes hispidus, _Cuv. & Val_.
Tautoga fasciata, _Bloch_.
Julis lunaris, _Linn_.
decussatus, _W. Benn_.
formosus, _Cuv. & Val_.
quadricolor, _Lesson_.
dorsalis, _Quoy & Gaim_.
aureomaculatus, _W. Benn_.
Ceilanicus, _E. Benn_.
Finlaysoni, _Cuv. & Val_.
purpureo-lineatus, _Cuv. & Val_.
Gomphosus fuscus, _Cuv. & Val_.
viridis, _W. Benn_.
Scarus pepo, _W. Benn_.
harid, _Forsk_.

Malacopterygrii (abdominales).

_Silurus_. Bagrus albilabris, _Cuv. & Val_. Plotosus lineatus, _Cuv. & Val_. _Cyprinus_. Barbus tor, _Cuv. & Val_. Nuria thermoicos, _Cuv. & Val_. Leuciscus Zeylonicus, _E. Benn_. thermalis, _Cuv. & Val_. Cobitis thermalis, _Cuv. & Val_. Hemirhamphus Reynaldi, _Cuv. & Val_. Georgii, _Cuv. & Val_. Exocoetus evolans, _Linn_. Sardinella leiogaster, _Cuv. & Val_. lineolata, _Cuv. & Val_. Saurus myops, _Val_.

Malacopterygii (Sub-brachiati).

_Pleuronectes, L._

Malacopterygii (Apoda).

_Muræna_.

Lophobranchi.

_Syngnathus, L._

Plectognathii.

Tetraodon ocellatus, _W. Benn_. argyropleura, _E. Bennett_. argentatus, _Blyth_. Balistes biaculeatus, _W. Benn_. Triacanthus biaculeatus, _W. Benn_.

II. CARTILAGINOUS

_Squabus, L._ Pristis antiquorum, _Lath._ cuspidatus, _Lath._ pectinatus, _Lath._ _Raia, L._

NOTE (A.)

INSTANCES OF FISHES FALLING FROM THE CLOUDS IN INDIA.

_From the Bombay Times_, 1856.

Dr. Buist, after enumerating cases in which fishes were said to have been thrown out from volcanoes in South America and precipitated from clouds in various parts of the world, adduces the following instances of similar occurrences in India. "In 1824," he says, "fishes fell at Meerut, on the men of Her Majesty's 14th Regiment, then out at drill, and were caught in numbers. In July, 1826, live fish were seen to fall on the grass at Moradabad during a storm. They were the common cyprinus, so prevalent in our Indian waters. On the 19th of February, 1830, at noon, a heavy fall of fish occurred at the Nokulhatty factory, in the Daccah zillah; depositions on the subject were obtained from nine different parties. The fish were all dead; most of them were large: some were fresh, others were rotten and mutilated. They were seen at first in the sky, like a flock of birds, descending rapidly to the ground; there was rain drizzling, but no storm. On the 16th and 17th of May, 1833, a fall of fish occurred in the zillah of Futtehpoor, about three miles north of the Jumna, after a violent storm of wind and rain. The fish were from a pound and a half to three pounds in weight, and of the same species as those found in the tanks in the neighbourhood. They were all dead and dry. A fall of fish occurred at Allahabad, during a storm in May, 1835; they were of the chowla species, and were found dead and dry after the storm had passed over the district. On the 20th of September, 1839, after a smart shower of rain, a quantity of live fish, about three inches in length and all of the same kind, fell at the Sunderbunds, about twenty miles south of Calcutta. On this occasion it was remarked that the fish did not fall here and there irregularly over the ground, but in a continuous straight line, not more than a span in breadth. The vast multitudes of fish, with which the low grounds round Bombay are covered, about a week or ten days after the first burst of the monsoon, appear to be derived from the adjoining pools or rivulets and not to descend from the sky. They are not, so far as I know, found in the higher parts of the island. I have never seen them, though I have watched carefully, in casks collecting water from the roofs of buildings, or heard of them on the decks or awnings of vessels in the harbour, where they must have appeared had they descended from the sky. One of the most remarkable phenomena of this kind occurred during a tremendous deluge of rain at Kattywar, on the 25th of July, 1850, when the ground around Rajkote was found literally covered with fish; some of them were found on the tops of haystacks, where probably they had been drifted by the storm. In the course of twenty-four successive hours twenty-seven inches of rain fell, thirty-five fell in twenty-six hours, seven inches within one hour and a half, being the heaviest fall on record. At Poonah, on the 3rd of August, 1852, after a very heavy fall of rain, multitudes of fish were caught on the ground in the cantonments, full half a mile from the nearest stream. If showers of fish are to be explained on the assumption that they are carried up by squalls or violent winds, from rivers or spaces of water not far away from where they fall, it would be nothing wonderful were they seen to descend from the air during the furious squalls which occasionally occur in June."

* * * * *

NOTE (B.)

MIGRATION OF FISHES OVER LAND.

_Opinions of the Greeks and Romans_.

It is an illustration of the eagerness with which, after the expedition of Alexander the Great, particulars connected with the natural history of India were sought for and arranged by the Greeks, that in the works both of ARISTOTLE and THEOPHRASTUS the facts are recorded of the fishes in the Indian rivers migrating in search of water, of their burying themselves in the mud on its failure, of their being dug out thence alive during the dry season, and of their spontaneous reappearance on the return of the rains. The earliest notice is in the treatise of ARISTOTLE _De Respiratione_, chap. ix., who mentions the strange discovery of living fish found beneath the surface of the soil, [Greek: tôn ichthuôn oi polloi zôsin en tê gê, akinêtizontes mentoi, kai euriskontai oruttomenoi]; and in his History of Animals he conjectures that in ponds periodically dried the ova of the fish so buried become vivified at the change of the season.[1] HERODOTUS had previously hazarded a similar theory to account for the sudden appearance of fry in the Egyptian marshes on the rising of the Nile; but the cases are not parallel. THEOPHRASTUS, the friend and pupil of Aristotle, gave importance to the subject by devoting to it his essay [Greek: Peri tês tôn ichthyôn en zêrô diamonês], _De Piscibus in sicco degentibus_. In this, after adverting to the fish called _exocoetus_, from its habit of going on shore to sleep, [Greek: apo tês koitês], he instances the small fish ([Greek: ichthydia]), which leave the rivers of India to wander like frogs on the land; and likewise a species found near Babylon, which, when the Euphrates runs low, leave the dry channels in search of food, "moving themselves along by means of their fins and tail." He proceeds to state that at Heraclea Pontica there are places in which fish are dug out of the earth, ([Greek: oryktoi tôn ichthyôn]), and he accounts for their being found under such circumstances by the subsidence of the rivers, "when the water being evaporated the fish gradually descend beneath the soil in search of moisture; and the surface becoming hard they are preserved in the damp clay below it, in a state of torpor, but are capable of vigorous movements when disturbed. In this manner, too," Theophrastus adds, "the buried fish propagate, leaving behind them their spawn, which becomes vivified on the return of the waters to their accustomed bed." This work of Theophrastus became the great authority for all subsequent writers on this question. ATHENÆUS quotes it[2], and adds the further testimony of POLYBIUS, that in Gallia Narbonensis fish are similarly dug out of the ground.[3] STRABO repeats the story[4], and one and all the Greek naturalists received the statement as founded on reliable authority.

[Footnote 1: Lib. vi. ch, 15, 16, 17.]

[Footnote 2: Lib. viii. ch. 2.]

[Footnote 3: Ib. ch. 4.]

[Footnote 4: Lib. iv. and xii.]

Not so the Romans. LIVY mentions it as one of the prodigies which were to be "expiated," on the approach of a rupture with Macedon, that "in Gallico agro qua induceretur aratrum sub glebis pisces emersisse,"[1] thus taking it out of the category of natural occurrences. POMPONIUS MELA, obliged to notice the matter in his account of Narbon Gaul, accompanies it with the intimation that although asserted by both Greek and Roman authorities, the story was either a delusion or a fraud.[2] JUVENAL has a sneer for the rustic--

"miranti sub aratro
Piscibus inventis."--_Sat_. xiii. 63.

[Footnote 1: Lib. xlii. ch. 2.]

[Footnote 2: Lib. ii ch, 5.]

And SENECA, whilst he quotes Theophrastus, adds ironically, that now we must go to fish with a _hatchet_ instead of a hook; "non cum hamis, sed cum dolabra ire piscatum."[1] PLINY, who devotes the 35th chapter of his 9th book to this subject, uses the narrative of Theophrastus, but with obvious caution, and universally the Latin writers treated the story as a fable.

[Footnote 1: _Nat. Quæst._ vii 16.]

In later times the subject received more enlightened attention, and Beckmann, who in 1736 published his commentary on the collection [Greek: Peri Thaumasiôn akousmátôn], ascribed to Aristotle, has given a list of the authorities about his own times,--Georgius Agricola, Gesner, Rondelet, Dalechamp, Bomare, and Gronovius, who not only gave credence to the assertions of Theophrastus, but adduced modern instances in corroboration of his Indian authorities.

* * * * *

NOTE (C.)

CEYLON FISHES.

(_Memorandum, by Professor Huxley._)

See p. 205.

The large series of beautifully coloured drawings of the fishes of Ceylon, which has been submitted to my inspection, possesses an unusual value for several reasons.

The fishes, it appears, were all captured at Colombo, and even had those from other parts of Ceylon been added, the geographical area would not have been very extended. Nevertheless there are more than 600 drawings, and though it is possible that some of these represent varieties in different stages of growth of the same species, I have not been able to find definite evidence of the fact in any of those groups which I have particularly tested. If, however, these drawings represent _six hundred_ distinct species of fish, they constitute, so far as I know, the largest collection of fish from one locality in existence.

The number of known British fishes may be safely assumed to be less than 250, and Mr. Yarrell enumerates only 226, Dr. Cantor's valuable work on Malayan fishes enumerates not more than 238, while Dr. Russell has figured only 200 from Coromandel. Even the enormous area of the Chinese and Japanese seas has as yet not yielded 800 species of fishes.

The large extent of the collection alone, then, renders it of great importance; but its value is immeasurably enhanced by two circumstances,--the _first_, that every drawing was made while the fish retained all that vividness of colouring which becomes lost so soon after its removal from its native element; _second_, that when the sketch was finished its subject was carefully labelled, preserved in spirits, and forwarded to England, so that at the present moment the original of every drawing can be subjected to anatomical examination, and compared with already named species.

Under these circumstances, I do not hesitate to say that the collection is one of the most valuable in existence, and might, if properly worked out, become a large and secure foundation for all future investigation into the ichthyology of the Indian Ocean.

It would be very hazardous to express an opinion as to the novelty or otherwise of the species and genera figured without the study of the specimens themselves, as the specific distinctions of fish are for the most part based upon character; the fin-rays, teeth, the operculum, &c., which can only be made out by close and careful examination of the object, and cannot be represented in ordinary drawings however accurate.

There are certain groups of fish, however, whose family traits are so marked as to render it almost impossible to mistake even their portraits, and hence I may venture, without fear of being far wrong, upon a few remarks as to the general features of the ichthyological fauna of Ceylon.

In our own seas rather less than a tenth of the species of fishes belong to the cod tribe. I have not found one represented in these drawings, nor do either Russell or Cantor mention any in the surrounding seas, and the result is in general harmony with the known laws of distribution of these most useful of fishes.

On the other hand, the mackerel family, including the tunnies, the bonitos, the dories, the horse-mackerels, &c., which form not more than one sixteenth of our own fish fauna, but which are known to increase their proportion in hot climates, appear in wonderful variety of form and colour, and constitute not less than one fifth of the whole of the species of Ceylon fish. In Russell's catalogue they form less than one fifth, in Cantor's less than one sixth.

Marine and other siluroid fishes, a group represented on the continent of Europe, but doubtfully, if at all, in this country, constitute one twentieth of the Ceylon fishes. In Russell's and Cantor's lists they form about one thirtieth of the whole.

The sharks and rays form about one seventh of our own fish fauna. They constitute about one tenth or one eleventh of Russell and Cantor's lists, while among these Ceylon drawings I find not more than twenty, or about one thirtieth of the whole, which can be referred to this group of fishes. It must be extremely interesting to know whether this circumstance is owing to accident, or to the local peculiarities of Colombo, or whether the fauna of Ceylon really is deficient in such fishes.

The like exceptional character is to be noticed in the proportion of the tribe of flat fishes, or _Pleuronectidæ_. Soles, turbots, and the like, form nearly one twelfth of our own fishes. Both Cantor and Russell give the flat fishes as making one twenty-second part of their collection, while in the whole 600 Ceylon drawings I can find but five _Pleuronectidæ_.

When this great collection has been carefully studied, I doubt not that many more interesting distributional facts will be evolved.

* * * * *

Since receiving this note from Professor Huxley, the drawings in question have been submitted to Dr. Gray, of the British Museum, and that eminent naturalist, after a careful analysis, has favoured me with the following memorandum of the fishes they exhibit, numerically contrasting them with those of China and Japan, so far as we are acquainted with the ichthyology of those seas:--

Cartilaginea.
China and
Ceylon Japan.

Squali 12 15 Raiæ 19 20 Sturiones 0 1

Ostinopterygii.

Plectognathi.
tetraodontidæ 10 21
balistidæ 9 19
Lophobranchii
syngnathidæ 2 2
pegasidæ 0 3
Ctenobranchii
lophidæ 1 3
Cyclopodii.
echeneidæ 0 1
cyclopteridæ 0 1
gobidæ 7 35

China and
Ceylon Japan.

Percini.
callionymidæ 0 7
uranoscopidæ 0 7
cottidæ 0 13
triglidæ 11 37
polynemidæ 12 3
mullidæ 1 7
percidæ 26 12
berycidæ 0 5
sillaginidæ 3 1
sciænidæ 19 13
hæmulinidæ 6 12
serranidæ 31 38
theraponidæ 8 20
cirrhitidæ 0 2
mænidiæ 37 25
sparidæ 16 17
acanthuridæ 14 6
chætodontidæ 25 21
fistularidæ 2 3
Periodopharyngi.
mugilidæ 5 7
anabantidæ 6 15
pomacentridæ 10 11
Pharyngognathi.
labridæ 16 35
scomberesocidæ 13 6
blenniidæ 3 8
Scomberina.
zeidæ 0 2
sphyrænidæ 5 4
scomberidæ 118 62
xiphiidæ 0 1
cepolidæ 0 5
Heterosomata.
platessoideæ 5 22
siluridæ 31 24
cyprinidæ 19 52
scopelinidæ 2 7
salmonidæ 0 1
clupeidæ 43 22
gadidæ 0 2
macruridæ 1 0
Apodes.
anguillidæ 8 12
murænidæ 8 6
sphagebranchidæ 8 10

CHAP. V.

CONCHOLOGY, ETC.

I. THE SHELLS OF CEYLON.

Allusion has been made elsewhere to the profusion and variety of shells which abound in the seas and inland waters of Ceylon[1], and to the habits of the Moormen, who monopolise the trade of collecting and arranging them in satin-wood cabinets for transmission to Europe. But, although naturalists have long been familiar with the marine testacea of this island, no successful attempt has yet been made to form a classified catalogue of the species; and I am indebted to the eminent conchologist, Mr. Sylvanus Hanley, for the list which accompanies this notice of those found in the island.

[Footnote 1: See Vol. II. P. ix. ch. v.]

In drawing it up, Mr. Hanley observes that he found it a task of more difficulty than would at first be surmised, owing to the almost total absence of reliable data from which to construct it. Three sources were available: collections formed by resident naturalists, the contents of the well-known satin-wood boxes prepared at Trincomalie, and the laborious elimination of locality from the habitats ascribed to all the known species in the multitude of works on conchology in general.

But, unfortunately, the first resource proved fallacious. There is no large collection in this country composed exclusively of Ceylon shells. And the very few cabinets rich in the marine treasures of the island having been filled as much by purchase as by personal exertion, there is an absence of the requisite confidence that all professing to be Singhalese have been actually captured in the island and its waters.

The cabinets arranged by the native dealers, though professing to contain the productions of Ceylon, include shells which have been obtained from other islands in the Indian seas; and books, probably from these very facts, are either obscure or deceptive. The old writers content themselves with assigning to any particular shell the too-comprehensive habitat of "the Indian Ocean," and seldom discriminate between a specimen from Ceylon and one from the Eastern Archipelago or Hindustan. In a very few instances, Ceylon has been indicated with precision as the habitat of particular shells, but even here the views of specific essentials adopted by modern conchologists, and the subdivisions established in consequence, leave us in doubt for which of the described forms the collective locality should be retained.

Valuable notices of Ceylon shells are to be found in detached papers, in periodicals, and in the scientific surveys of exploring voyages. The authentic facts embodied in the monographs of Reeve, Kuster, Sowerby, and Kienn, have greatly enlarged the knowledge of the marine testacea; and the land and fresh-water mollusca have been similarly illustrated by the contributions of Benson and Layard in the _Annals of Natural History_.

The dredge has been used but only in a few insulated spots along the coasts of Ceylon; European explorers have been rare; and the natives, anxious only to secure the showy and saleable shells of the sea, have neglected the less attractive ones of the land and the lakes. Hence Mr. Hanley finds it necessary to premise that the list appended, although the result of infinite labour and research, is less satisfactory than could have been wished. "It is offered," he says, "with diffidence, not pretending to the merit of completeness as a shell-fauna of the island, but rather as a form, which the zeal of other collectors may hereafter elaborate and fill up."

Looking at the little that has yet been done, compared with the vast and almost untried field which invites explorers, an assiduous collector may quadruple the species hitherto described. The minute shells especially may be said to be unknown; a vigilant examination of the corals and excrescences upon the spondyli and pearl-oysters would signally increase our knowledge of the Rissoæ, Chemnitziæ, and other perforating testacea, whilst the dredge from the deep water will astonish the amateur by the wholly new forms it can scarcely fail to display.

Dr. Kelaart, an indefatigable observer, has recently undertaken to investigate the Nudibranchiata, Inferobranchiata, and Tectibranchiata; and a recently-received report from him, in the Journal of the Ceylon Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, in which he has described fifty-six species,--thirty-three belonging to the genus Doris alone--gives ample evidence of what may be expected from the researches of a naturalist of his acquirements and industry.

_List of Ceylon Shells._

The arrangement here adopted is a modified Lamarckian one, very similar to that used by Reeve and Sowerby, and by MR. HANLEY, in his _Illustrated Catalogue of Recent Shells_.[1]

[Footnote 1: Below will be found a general reference to the Works or Papers in which are given descriptive notices of the shells contained in the following list; the names of the authors (in full or abbreviated) being, as usual, annexed to each species.

ADAMS, _Proceed. Zool. Soc._ 1853, 54, 56; _Thesaur. Conch._ ALBERS, _Zeitsch. Malakoz._ 1853. ANTON, _Wiegm. Arch. Nat._ 1837; _Verzeichn. Conch._ BECK in _Pfeiffer, Symbol. Helic._ BENSON, _Ann. Nat. Hist._ vii. 1851; xii. 1853; xviii. 1856. BLAINVILLE, _Dict. Sc. Nat.; Nouv. Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat._ i. BOLTEN, _Mus._ BORN, _Test. Mus. Cæs. Vind._ BRODERIP, _Zool. Journ._ i. iii. BRUGUIDRE, _Ency. Méthod. Vers._ CARPENTER, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1856. CHEMNITZ, _Conch. Cab._ CHENU, _Illus. Conch._ DESHAYES, _Encyc. Méth. Vers.; Mag. Zool._ 1831; _Voy. Belanger; Edit. Lam. An. s. Vert.; Proceed. Zool. Soc._ 1853, 54, 55. DILLWYN, _Descr. Cat. Shells._ DOHRN, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1857, 58; _Malak. Blatter; Land and Fluviatile Shells of Ceylon._ DUCLOS, _Monog. of Oliva_. FABRICIUS, _in Pfeiffer Monog. Helic.; in Dohrn's MSS._ FÉRUSSAC, _Hist. Mollusques._ FORSKÄL, _Anim. Orient._ GMELIN, _Syst. Nat_. GRAY, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1834, 52; _Index Testaceologicus Suppl.; Spicilegia Zool.; Zool. Journ._ i.; _Zool. Beechey Voy_. GRATELOUP, _Act. Linn. Bourdeaux_, xi. GUERIN, _Rev. Zool_. 1847. HANLEY, _Thesaur. Conch_. i.; _Recent Bivalves; Proc. Zool. Soc_. 1858. HINDS, _Zool. Voy. Sulphur; Proc. Zool. Soc_. HUTTON, _Journ. As. Soc_. KARSTEN, _Mus. Lesk_. KIENER, _Coquilles Vivantes_. KRAUSS, _Sud-Afrik Mollusk_. LAMARCK, _An. sans Vertéb_. LAYARD, _Proc. Zool. Soc_. 1854. LEA, _Proceed. Zool. Soc_. 1850, LINNÆUS, _Syst. Nat_. MARTINI, _Conch. Cab_. MAWE, _Introd. Linn. Conch.; Index. Test. Suppl_. MEUSCHEN, in _Gronov. Zoophylac_. MENKE, _Synop. Mollus_. MULLER, _Hist. Verm. Terrest_. PETIT, _Pro. Zool. Soc_. 1842. PFEIFFER, _Monog. Helic.; Monog. Pneumon.; Proceed. Zool. Soc_. 1852, 53, 54, 55, 56 _Zeitschr. Malacoz_. 1853. PHILIPPI, _Zeitsch. Mal_. 1846, 47; _Abbild. Neuer Conch_. POTIEZ et MICHAUD, _Galerie Douai_. RANG, _Mag. Zool_. ser. i. p. 100. RÉCLUZ, _Proceed. Zool. Soc_. 1845; _Revue Zool. Cuv_.1841; _Mag. Conch_. REEVE, _Conch. Icon.; Proc. Zool. Soc_. 1842, 52. SCHUMACHER, _Syst_. SHUTTLEWORTH. SOLANDER, in _Dillwyn's Desc. Cat. Shells_. SOWERBY, _Genera Shells; Species Conch.; Conch. Misc.; Thesaur. Conch.; Conch. Illus.; Proc. Zool. Soc.; App. to Tankerville Cat_. SPENGLER, _Skrivt. Nat. Selsk. Kiobenhav_. 1792. SWAINSON, _Zool. Illust_. ser. ii. TEMPLETON, _Ann. Nat. Hist_. 1858. TROSCHEL, in _Pfeiffer, Mon. Pneum; Zeitschr. Malak_. 1847; _Weigm. Arch. Nat_. 1837. WOOD, _General Conch_.]

Aspergillum Javanum, _Brug._ Enc. Mét.
sparsum, _Sowerby_, Gen. Shells.[1]
clavatum, _Chenu_, Illust. Conch.
Teredo nucivorus, _Spengl_. Skr. Nat. Sels.[2]
Solen truncatus, _Wood_, Gen. Conch.
linearis, _Wood_, Gen. Conch.
cultellus, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.
radiatus, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.
Anatina subrostrata, _Lamarck_, Anim. s. Vert.
Anatinella Nicobarica, _Gm_. Syst. Nat.
Lutraria Egyptiaca, _Chemn_. Conch. Cab.
Blainvillea vitrea, _Chemn_. Conch. Cab.[3]
Scrobicularia angulata, _Chemn_. Conch. Cab.[4]
Mactra complanata, _Deshayes_, Proc. Zool. Soc.[5]
tumida, _Chemn_. Conch. Cab.
antiquata, _Reeve_ (as of _Spengler_), Conch. Icon.
cygnea, _Chemn_. Conch. Cab.
Corbiculoides, _Deshayes_, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1854.
Mesodesma Layardi, _Deshayes_, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1854.
striata, _Chemn_. Conch. Cab.[6]
Crassatella rostrata, _Lam_. Anim. s. Vert.
sulcata, _Lam_. Anim. s. Vert.
Amphidesma duplicatum, _Sowerby_. Species Conch.
Pandora Ceylonica, _Sowerby_, Conch. Mis.
Galeomma Layardi. _Deshayes_, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1856.
Kellia peculiaris, _Adams_, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1856.
Petricola cultellus, _Deshayes_ Proc. Zool. Soc. 1853.
Sanguinolaria rosea, _Lam_. Anim. s. Vert.
Psammobia rostrata, _Lam_. Anim. s. Vert.
occidens, _Gm_. Systema Naturæ.
Skinneri, _Reeve_, Conch. Icon.[7]
Layardi, _Desh_. P.Z. Soc. 1854.
lunulata, _Desh_. P.Z. Soc. 1854.
amethystus, _Wood_, Gen. Conch.[8]
rugosa, _Lam_. Anim. s. Vert.[9]
Tellina virgata, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.[10]
rugosa, _Born_. Test. Mus. Cæs. Vind.
ostracea, _Lam_. Anim. s. Vert.
ala, _Hanley_, Thesaur. Conch. i.
inæqualis, _Hanley_, Thesaur. Conch. i.
Layardi, _Deshayes_, P.Z. Soc. 1854.
callosa, _Deshayes_, P.Z. Soc. 1854.
rubra, _Deshayes_, P.Z. Soc. 1854.
abbreviata, _Deshayes_, P.Z. Soc. 1854.
foliacea, _Linn_. Systema Naturæ.
lingua-felis, _Linn_. Systema Naturæ,
vulsella, _Chemn_. Conch. Cab.[11]
Lucina interrupta, _Lam_. Anim. s. Vert.[12]
Layardi, _Deshayes_, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1855.
Donax scortum, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.
cuneata, _Linn_. Syst, Nat.
faba, _Chem_. Conch. Cab.
spinosa, _Gm_. Syst. Nat.
paxillus, _Reeve_, Conch. Icon.
Cyrena Ceylanica, _Chemn_. Conch. Cab.
Tennentii, _Hanley_, P. Z. Soc. 1858.
Cytherea Erycina, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.[13]
meretrix, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.[14]
castanea, _Lam_. Anim. s. Vert.
castrensis, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.
casta, _Gm_. Syst. Nat.
costata, _Chemn_. Conch. Cab.
læta, _Gm_. Syst. Nat.
trimaculata, _Lam_. Anim. s. Vert.
Hebræa, _Lam_. Anim. s. Vert.
rugifera, _Lam_. Anim. s. Vert.
scripta, _Linn_. Syst. Nat
gibbia, _Lam_. Anim. s. Vert.
Meroe, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.
testudinalis, _Lam_. Anim. s. Vert.
seminuda, _Anton_. Wiegm. Arch. Nat. 1837.
Cytherea seminuda, _Anton._[15]
Venus reticulata, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.[16]
pinguis, _Chemn_. Conch. Cab.
recens, _Philippi_, Abbild. Neuer Conch.
thiara, _Dillw_. Descriptive Cat. Shells.
Malabarica, _Chemn_. Conch. Cab.
Bruguieri, _Hanley_, Recent Bivalves,
papilionacea, _Lam_. Anim. s. Vert.
Indica, _Sowerby_, Thesaur. Conch. ii.
inflata, _Deshayes_, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1853.[17]
Ceylonensis, _Sowerby_, Thes. Conch. ii.
literata, _Linn_. Systema Naturæ,
textrix, _Chemn_. Conch. Cab.[18]
Cardium unedo, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.
maculosum, _Wood_, Gen. Con.
leucostomum, _Born_. Test. Mus. Cæs. Vind.
rugosum, _Lam_. Anim. s. Vert.
biradiatum, _Bruguiere_, Encyc. Méth. Vers.
attenuatum, _Sowerby_, Conch. Illust.
enode, _Sowerby_, Conch Illust.
papyraceum, _Chemn_. Conch. Cab.
ringiculum, _Sowerby_, Conch. Illust.
subrugosum, _Sowerby_, Conch. Illust.
latum, _Born_, Test. Mus. Cæs. Vind.
Asiaticum, _Chemn_. Conch. Cab.
Cardita variegata, _Bruguiere_, Encyc. Méthod. Vers.
bicolor, _Lam_. Anim. s. Vert.
Arca rhombea, _Born_, Test. Mus.
vellicata, _Reeve_, Conch. Icon.
cruciata, _Philippi_, Ab. Neuer Conch.
decussata, _Reeve_ (as of Sowerby), Conch. Icon.[19]
scapha, _Meuschen_, in Gronov. Zoo.
Pectunculus nodosus, _Reeve_, Conch. Icon.
pectiniformis, _Lam_. Anim. s. Vert.
Nucula mitralis, _Hinds_, Zool. voy. Sul.
Layardi, _Adams_, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1856.
Nucula Mauritii (_Hanley_ as of _Hinds_), Recent Bivalves.
Unio corrugatus, _Müller_, Hist. Verm Ter.[20]
marginalis, _Lam_. Anim. s. Vert.
Lithodomus cinnamoneus, _Lam_. Anim. s. Vert.
Mytilus viridis, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.[21]
bilocularis, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.
Pinna inflata, _Chemn_. Conch. Cab.
cancellata, _Mawe_, Intr. Lin. Conch.
Malleus vulgaris, _Lam_. Anim. s. Vert.
albus, _Lam_. Anim. s. Vert.
Meleagrina margaritifera, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.
vexillum, _Reeve_, Conch. Icon.[22]
Avicula macroptera, _Reeve_, Conch. Icon.
Lima squamosa, _Lam_. Anim. s. Vert.
Pecten plica, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.
radula, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.
pleuronectes, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.
pallium, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.
senator, _Gm_. Syst. Nat.
histrionicus, _Gm_, Syst. Nat.
Indicus, _Deshayes_, Voyage Belanger.
Layardi, _Reeve_, Conch. Icon.
Spondylus Layardi, _Reeve_, Conch. Icon,
candidus, _Reeve_ (as of _Lam_.) Conch. Icon.
Ostrea hyotis, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.
glaucina, _Lam_. Anim. s. Vert.
Mytiloides, _Lam_. Anim. s. Vert,
cucullata? var. _Born_. Test. Mus Vind.[23]
Vulsella Pholadiformis, _Reeve_, Conch. Icon. (immature).
Placuna placenta, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.
Lingula anatina, _Lam_. Anim. s. Vert.
Hyalæa tridentata, _For_. Anim. Orient.[24]
Chiton, 2 species (_Layard_).
Patella Reynaudii, _Deshayes_, Voy. Be.
testudinaria, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.
Emarginula fissurata, _Chemn_. Conch. Cab.[25] _Lam_.
Calyptræa (Crucibulum) violascens,
_Carpenter_, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1856.
Dentalium octogonum, _Lam_. Anim. s. Vert
aprinum, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.
Bulla soluta, _Chemn_. Conch. Cab.[26]
vexillum, _Chemn_. Conch. Cab.
Bruguieri, _Adams_, Thes. Conch.
elongata, _Adams_, Thes. Conch.
ampulla, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.
Lamellaria (as Marsenia Indica, _Leach_. in Brit. Mus.) allied to
L. Mauritiana, if not it.
Vaginula maculata, _Templ_. An. Nat.
Limax, 2 sp.
Parmacella Tennentii, _Templ_.[27]
Vitrina irradians, _Pfeiffer_, Hon. Helic.
Edgariana, _Benson_, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1853 (xii.)
membranacea, _Benson_, Annal. Nat. Hist. 1853 (xii.)
Helix hæmastoma, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.
vittata, _Müller_, Vermium Terrestrium.
bistrialis, _Beck_, in Pfeiffer, Symbol. Helic.
Tranquebarica, _Fabricius_, in _Pfeiff_. Monog. Helic.
Juliana, _Gray_, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1834.
Waltoni, _Reeve_, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1842.
Skinneri, _Reeve_, Conch. Icon, vii.
corylus, _Reeve_, Conch. Icon. vii.
umbrina, (_Reeve_, as of _Pfeiff_.), Conch. Icon. vii.
fallaciosa, _Férassac_ Hist. Mollus.
Rivolii, _Deshayes_, Enc. Méth. Vers. ii.
Charpentieri, _Pfeiff_. Monog. Helic.
erronea, _Albers, Zeitschr_. Mal. 1853.
carneola, _Pfeiff_. Monog. Helic.
convexiuscula, _Pfeiff_. Monog. Helic.
ganoma, _Pfeiff_. Monog. Helic.
Chenui, _Pfeiff_. Monog. Helic.
semidecussata, _Pfeiff_. Monog. Helic.
phoenix, _Pfeiff_. Monog. Helic.
superba, _Pfeiff_. Monog. Helic.
Ceylanica, _Pfeiff_. Monog. Helic.
Gardneri, _Pfeiff_. Monog. Helic.
coriaria, _Pfeiff_. Monog. Helic.
Layardi, _Pfeiff_. Monog. Helic.
concavospira, _Pfeiff_. Monog. Helic.
novella, _Pfeiff_. Monog. Helic.
verrucula, _Pfeiff_. Monog. Helic.
hyphasma, _Pfeiff_. Monog. Helic.
Emiliana, _Pfeiff_. Monog. Helic.
Woodiana, _Pfeiff_. Monog. Helic.
partita, _Pfeiff_. Monog. Helic.
biciliata, _Pfeiff_. Monog. Helic.
Isabellina, _Pfeiff_. Proc. Zool. Soc.
trifilosa, _Pfeiff_. Proc. Zool Soc. 1854.
politissima, _Pfeiff_. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1854.
Thwaitesii, _Pfeiff_. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1854.
nepos, _Pfeiff_. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1855.
subopaca, _Pfeiff_. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1853.
subconoidea, _Pfeiff_. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1854.
ceraria. _Benson_, Annals Nat. Hist. 1853 (xii.)
vilipensa, _Benson_, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1853 (xii.)
perfucata, _Benson_, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1853 (xii.)
puteolus, _Benson_, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1853 (xii.)
mononema, _Benson_, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1853 (xii.)
marcida, _Benson_, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1853 (xii.)
galerus, _Benson_, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1856 (xviii.)
albizonata, _Dohrn_, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1858.
Nietneri, _Dohrn_, MS.[28]
Grevillei, _Pfeiff_. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1856.
Streptaxis Layardi, _Pfeiff._ Mon. Helic.
Cingalensis, _Pfeiff._ Monog. Helic.
Pupa muscerda, _Benson_, Annals Nat. Hist. 1853 (xii.)
mimula, _Benson_, Ann. Nat Hist. 1856 (xviii.)
Ceylanica, _Pfeiff_. Monog. Helic.
Bulimus
trifasciatus, _Brug_. Encycl. Méth. Vers.
pullus, _Gray._ Proc. Zool. Soc. 1834.
gracilis, _Hutton_, Journ. Asiat. Soc. iii.
punctatus, _Anton_, Verzeichn. Conch.
Ceylanicus, _Pfeiff_. (? lævis, _Gray_, in Index
Testaceologicus.)
adumbratus, _Pfeiff_. Monog. Helic.
intermedius, _Pfeiff_. Monog. Helic.
proletarius, _Pfeiff_. Monog. Helic.
albizonatus, _Reeve_, Conch. Icon.
mavortius, _Reeve_, Conch. Icon.
fuscoventris, _Benson_, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1856 (xviii.)
rufopictus, _Benson_, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1856 (xviii.)
panos, _Benson_, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1853 (xii.)
Achatina nitens, _Gray_, Spicilegia Zool.
inornata, _Pfeiff_. Monog. Helic.
capillacea, _Pfeiff_. Monog, Helic.
Ceylanica, _Pfeiff_. Monog. Helic.
Punctogallana, _Pfeiff_. Monog. Helic.
pachycheila, _Benson_.
veruina, _Bens_. Ann. Nat. Hist. 1853 (xii.)
parabilis, _Bens_. Ann. Nat. Hist 1856 (xviii.)
Succinea Ceylanica, _Pfeiff_. Monog. Helic.
Auricula Ceylanica, _Adams_, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1854.[29]
Ceylanica, _Petit_, Proc. Zool Soc. 1842.[30]
Layardi, _Adams_, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1854.[31]
pellucens, _Menke_, Synopsis Moll.
Pythia Ceylanica, _Pfeiff_. Zeitschr. Malacoz. 1853.
ovata, _Pfeiff_. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1854.
Truncatella Ceylanica, _Pfeiff_ Proc. Zool. Soc. 1856.
Cyclostoma (_Cyclophorus_) Ceylanicum, _Sowerby_, Thes. Conch.
involvulum, _Müller_, Verm. Terrest.
Menkeanum, _Philippi_, Zeitsch. Mal. 1847.
punctatum, _Grateloup_. Act. Lin. Bordeaux (xi.)
Loxostoma, _Pfeiff_. Monog. Pneumon.
alabastrum, _Pfeiff_. Monog. Pneumon.
Bairdii, _Pfeiff_. Monog Pneumon.
Thwaitesii, _Pfeiff_. Monog. Pneumon.
annulatum, _Troschel_, in Pfeiff. Mon. Pneumon.
parapsis, _Bens_. Ann. Nat. Hist 1853 (xii.)
parma, _Bens_. Ann. Nat Hist. 1856 (xviii.)
cratera, _Bens_. Ann. Nat. Hist 1856 (xviii.)
(_Leptopoma_) halophilum, _Benson_, Ann. Nat. Hist.
(ser. 2. vii.) 1851.
orophilum, _Bens_. Annals Nat. Hist. (ser. 2. xi.)
apicatum, _Bens_. Ann. Nat Hist 1856 (xviii.)
conulus, _Pfeiff_. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1854.
flammeum, _Pfeiff_. Monog. Pneumon.
semiclausum, _Pfeiff_. Monog. Pneumon.
poecilum, _Pfeiff_. Monog. Pneumon.
elatum, _Pfeiff_. Monog. Pneumon.
Cyclostoma _(Aulopoma)_.
Itieri, _Guérin_, Rev. Zool. 1847.
helicinum, _Chemn_. Conch. Cab.
Hoffmeisteri, _Troschel_, Zeitschr. Mal. 1847.
grande, _Pfeiff_. Monog. Pneumon.
spheroideum, _Dohrn_, Malak. Blätter.
(?) gradatum, _Pfeiff_. Monog. Pneum.
Cyclostoma (_Pterocyclos_).
Cingalense, _Bens_. Ann. Nat Hist. (ser. 2. xi.)
Troscheli, _Bens_. Ann. Nat. Hist 1851.
Cumingii, _Pfeiff_. Monog. Pneumon.
bifrons, _Pfeiff_. Monog. Pneumon.
Cataulus Templemani, _Pfeiff_. Mon. Pneu.
eurytrema, _Pfeiff_. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1852.
marginatus, _Pfeiff_. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1853.
duplicatus, _Pfeiff_. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1854.
aureus, _Pfeiff._ Proc. Zool. Soc. 1855.
Layardi, _Gray_, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1852.
Austenianus _Bens._ Ann. Nat. Hist. 1853 (xii.)
Thwaitesii, _Pfeiff_. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1852.
Cumingii, _Pfeiff_, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1856.
decorus, _Bens_. Ann. Nat. Hist. 1853.
hæmastoma, _Pfeiff_. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1856.
Planorbis Coromandelianus, _Fabric_, in _Dorhrn's_ MS.
Stelzeneri, _Dohrn_, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1858.
elegantulus, _Dohrn_, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1858.
Limnæa tigrina, _Dohrn_, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1858.
pinguis, _Dohrn_, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1858.
Melania tuberculata, _Müller_, Verm. Ter.[32]
spinulosa, _Lam._ Anim. s. Vert.
corrugata, _Lam._ Anim. s. Vert.
rudis, _Lea_, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850.
acanthica, _Lea_, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850.
Zeylanica, _Lea_, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850.
confusa, _Dohrn_, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1858.
datura, _Dohrn_, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1858.
Layardi, _Dohrn_, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1858.
Paludomus abbreviatus, _Reeve_, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1852.
clavatus, _Reeve_, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1852.
dilatatus, _Reeve_, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1852.
globulosus, _Reeve_, Conch. Icon.
decussatus, _Reeve_, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1852.
nigricans, _Reeve_, Conch. Icon.
constrictus, _Reeve_, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1852.
bicinctus, _Reeve_, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1852.
phasianinus, _Reeve_, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1852.
lævis, _Layard_, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1854.
palustris, _Layard_, Proc. Zool. So. 1854.
fulguratus, _Dohrn_, Proc. Zool. So. 1857.
nasutus, _Dohrn_, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1857.
sphæricus, _Dohrn_, Proc. Zool. So. 1857.
solidus, _Dohrn_, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1857.
distinguendus, _Dohrn_, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1857.
Cumingianus, _Dohrn_, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1857.
dromedarius, _Dohrn_, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1857.
Skinneri, _Dohrn_, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1857.
Swainsoni, _Dohrn_, Proc. Zool. So. 1857.
nodulosus, _Dohrn_, Proc. Zool. So. 1857.
Paludomus (_Tanalia_).
loricatus, _Reeve_, Conch. Icon.
erinaceus, _Reeve_, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1852.
æreus, _Reeve_, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1852.
Layardi, _Reeve_, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1852.
undatus, _Reeve_, Conch. Icon.
Gardneri, _Reeve_, Conch. Icon.
Tennentii, _Reeve_, Conch. Icon.
Reevei, _Layard_, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1854.
violaceus, _Layard_, Proc. Zool. So. 1854.
similis, _Layard_, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1854.
funiculatus, _Layard_, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1854.
Paludomus (_Philopotamis_).
sulcatus, _Reeve_, Conch. Icon.
regalis, _Layard_, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1854.
Thwaitesii, _Layard_, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1854.
Pirena atra, _Linn_. Systema Naturæ.
Paludina melanostoma, _Bens_.
Ceylanica, _Dohrn_, Proc. Zool. So. 1857.
Bythinia stenothyroides, _Dohrn_, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1857.
modesta, _Dohrn_, MS.
inconspicua, _Dohrn_, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1857.
Ampullaria Layardi, _Reeve_, Conch. Icon.
moesta, _Reeve_, Conch. Icon.
cinerea, _Reeve_, Conch. Icon.
Woodwardi, _Dohrn_, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1858.
Tischbeini, _Dohrn_, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1858.
carinata, _Swainson_, Zool. Illus ser. 2
paludinoides, Cat. _Cristofori & Jan._[33]
Malabarica, _Philippi_, in Kust. ed. Chem.[33]
Luzonica, _Reeve_, Conch. Icon.[33]
Sumatrensis, _Philippi_, in Kust. ed. Chem.[33]
Navicella eximia, _Reeve_, Conch. Icon,
reticulata, _Reeve_, Conch. Icon.
Livesayi, _Dohrn_, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1858.
squamata, _Dohrn_, Proc. Zool. So. 1858.
depressa, _Lam_. Anim. s. Vert.
Neritina crepidularia, _Lam_. Anim. s. Vert.
melanostoma, _Troschel_, Wiegm. Arch. Nat. 1837.
triserialis, _Sowerby_, Conch. Illustr.
Colombaria, _Recluz_, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1845.
Perottetiana, _Recluz_, Revue Zool. Cuvier, 1841.
Ceylanensis, _Recluz_, Mag. Conch. 1851.
Layardi, _Reeve_, Conch. Icon.
rostrata, _Reeve_, Conch. Icon.
reticulata, _Sowerby_, Conch. Illustr.
Nerita plicata, _Linn_. Systema Naturæ.
costata, _Chemn_. Conch. Cab.
plexa, _Chemn_. Conch. Cab.[34]
Natica aurantia, _Lam_. Anim. s. Vert.
mammilla, _Linn_. Systema Naturæ.
picta, _Reeve (as of Recluz)_, Conch. Icon.
arachnoidea, _Gm_. Systema Naturæ.
lineata, _Lam_. Anim. s. Vert.
adusta, _Chemn_. Conch. Cab f. 1926-7, and _Karsten_.[35]
pellis-tigrina, _Karsten_, Mus. Lesk.[36]
didyma, _Bolten_, Mus.[37]
Ianthina prolongata, _Blainv._, Diction. Sciences Nat. xxiv.
communis, _Krauss_, (as of _Lamarck_ in part) Sud-Afrik.
Mollusk.
Sigaretus. A species (possibly Javanicus) is known to have been
collected. I have not seen it.
Stomatella calliostoma, _Adams_, Thesaur. Conch
Holiotis varia, _Linn._ Systema Naturæ.
striata, _Martini_ (as of _Linn._), Conch. Cab. i.
semistriata, _Reeve_, Conch. Icon.
Tornatella solidula, _Linn._ Systema Nat.
Pyramidella maculosa, _Lam._, Anim. s. Vert.
Eulima Martini, _Adams_, Thes. Conch. ii.
Siliquaria muricata, _Born_, Test. Mus. Cæs. Vind.
Scalaria raricostata, _Lam._, Anim. s. Vert.
Delphinula laciniata, _Lam._, Anim. s. Vert.
distorta, _Linn._, Syst. Nat.[38]
Solarium perdix, _Hinds._, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Layardi, _Adams_, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1854.[39]
Rotella vestiaria, _Linn._, Syst. Nat.
Phorus pallidulus, _Reeve_, Conch. Icon. i.
Trochus elegantulus, _Gray_, Index Tes. Suppl.
Niloticus, _Linn._ Syst. Nat.
Monodonta labio, _Linn._ Syst. Nat.
canaliculata, _Lam._ Anim. s. Vert.
Turbo versicolor, _Gm._ Syst. Nat.
princeps, _Philippi_.[40]
Planaxis undulatus, _Lam._ Anim. s. Vert.[41]
Littorina angulifera, _Lam._ Anim. s. Vert.
melanostoma, _Gray_, Zool., Beech.
Chemnitzia trilineata, _Adams_, Proc. Zool Soc. 1853..
lirata, _Adams_, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1853.
Phasianella lineolata, _Gray_, Index Test. Suppl.
Turritella bacillum, _Kiener_, Coquilles Vivantes.
columnaris, _Kiener_, Coquilles Vivantes.
duplicata, _Linn._ Syst. Nat.
attenuata, _Reeve_, Syst. Nat.
Cerithium fluviatile, _Potiez & Michaud_, Galerie Douai.
Layardi (Cerithidea), _Adams_, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1854.
aluco, _Linn._ Syst. Nat.
asperum, _Linn._ Syst. Nat.
telescopium, _Linn._ Syst. Nat.
palustre obeliscus, _Linn._ Syst. Nat.
fasciatum, _Brug._, Encycl. Méth. Vers
rubus, _Sowerby_ (as of _Martyn_), Thes. Conch. ii.
Sowerbyi, _Kiener_, Coquilles Vivantes (teste Sir E. Tennent).
Pleurotoma Indica, _Deshayes_, Voyage Belanger.
virgo, _Lam._ Anim. s. Vert.
Turbinella pyrum, _Linn._ Syst. Nat.
rapa, _Lam._ Anim. s. Vert. (the Chank.)
cornigera, _Lam._ Anim. s. Vert.
spirillus, _Linn._ Syst. Nat.
Cancellaria trigonostoma, _Lam._ Anim. s. Vert.[43]
scalata, _Sowerby_, Thesaur. Conch.
articularis, _Sowerby_, Thesaur, Conch.
Littoriniformis, _Sowerby_, Thes. Conch.
contabulata, _Sowerby_, Thes. Conch.
Fasciolaria filamentosa, _Lam._ Anim. s. Vert.
trapezium, _Linn._ Syst. Nat.
Fusus longissimus, _Lam._ Anim. s. Vert.
colus, _Linn._ Mus. Lud. Ulricæ.
toreuma, _Deshayes_, (as Murex t. _Martyn_). ed.
_Lam._ Amin. s. Vert.
laticostatus, _Deshayes_, Magas. Zool. 1831.
Blosvillei, _Deshayes_, Encyl. Méthod. Vers., ii.
Pyrula rapa, _Linn._ Syst. Nat.[44]
citrina, _Lam._ Anim. s. Vert.
pugilina, _Born_, Test. Mus. Vind.[45]
ficus, _Linn._ Syst. Nat.
ficoides, _Lam._ Anim. s. Vert.
Ranella crumena, _Lam._ Anim. s. Vert.
spinosa, _Lam._ Anim. s. Vert.
rana, _Linn._ Syst. Nat.[46]
margaritula, _Deshayes_, Voy. Belanger.
Murex haustellum, _Linn._ Syst. Nat.
adustus, _Lam._ Anim. s. Vert.
microphyllus, _Lam._ Anim. s. Vert.
anguliferus, _Lam._ Anim. s. Vert.
palmarosæ, _Lam._ Anim. s. Vert.
ternispina, _Kiener_, (as of _Lam._), Coquilles Vivantes.
tenuispina, _Lam._ Anim. s. Vert.
ferrugo, _Mawe_, Index. Test. Suppl.[47]
Reeveanus, _Shuttleworth_, (teste _Cuming_)
Triton anus, _Linn_, Syst. Nat.[48]
mulus, _Dillwyn_, Descript. Cat. Shells.
retusus, _Lam_. Anim. s. Vert.
pyrum, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.
clavator, _Chemn_. Conch. Cab.
Ceylonensis, _Sowerby_, Proc. Zool. Soc.
lotorium, _Lam_. (not _Linn_.) Anim. s. Vert.
lampas, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.
Pterocera lambis, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.
millepeda, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.
Strombus canarium, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.[49]
succinctus, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.
fasciatus, _Born_, Test. Mus. Cæs. Vind.
Sibbaldii, _Sowerby_, Thesaur. Conch. t.
lentiginosus, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.
marginatus, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.
Lamarckii, _Sowerby_, Thesaur. Conch.
Cassis glauca, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.[50]
canaliculata, _Lam_. Anim. s. Vert.
Zeylanica, _Lam_. Anim. s. Vert.
areola, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.
Ricinula alboiabris, _Blainv_. Nouv. Ann. Mus. H. N. i.[51]
horrida, _Lam_. Anim. s. Vert.
morus, _Lam_. Anim. s. Vert.
Purpura fiscella, _Chemn_. Conch. Cab.
Persica, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.
hystrix, _Lam_. (not _Linn_.) Anim. s. Vert.
granatina, _Deshayes_, Voy. Belanger.
mancinella, _Lam_. (as of _Linn_.) Anim. s. Vert.
bufo, _Lam_. Anim. s. Vert.
carinifera, _Lam_. Anim. s. Vert.
Harpa conoidalis, _Lam_. Anim. s. Vert.
minor, _Lam_. Anim. s. Vert.
Dolium pomum, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.
olearium, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.
perdix, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.
maculatum, _Lam_. Anim. s. Vert.
Nassa ornata, _Kiener_, Coq. Vivantes.[52]
verrucosa, _Brug_. Encycl. Méth. Vers.
crenulata, _Brug_. Encycl. Méth. Vers.
olivacea, _Brug_. Encycl. Méth. Vers.
glans, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.
arcularia, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.
papillosa, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.
Phos virgatus, _Hinds_, Zool. Sul. Moll.
retecosus, _Hinds_, Zool. Sulphur, Moll.
senticosus, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.
Buccinum melanostoma, _Sowerly_, App. to Tankerv. Cat.
erythrostoma, _Reeve_, Conch. Icon.
Proteus, _Reeve_, Conch. Icon.
rubiginosum, _Reeve_, Conch. Icon.
Eburna spirata, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.[53]
canaliculata, _Schumacher_, Sys. Anim. s. Vert.[54]
Ceylanica, _Bruguiere_, En. Méth. Vers.
Bullia vittata, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.
lineolata, _Sowerby_, Tankerv. Cat.[55]
Melanoides, _Deshayes_, Voy. Belan
Terebra chlorata, _Lam_. Anim. s. Vert.
muscaria, _Lam_. Anim. s. Vert.
lævigata, _Gray_, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1834.
maculata, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.
subulata, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.
concinna, _Deshayes_, ed. _Lam_. Anim. s. Vert.
myurus, _Lam_. Anim. s. Vert.
tigrina, _Gm_. Syst. Nat.
Cerithina, _Lam_. Anim. s. Vert.
Columbella flavida, _Lam_. Anim. s. Vert.
fulgurans, _Lam_. Anim. s. Vert.
mendicaria, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.
scripta, _Lam_. Anim. s. Vert.(teste _Jay_).
Mitra episcopalis, _Dillwyn_, Descript. Cat. Shells.
cardinalis, _Lam_. Anim. s. Vert.
crebrilirata, _Reeve_, Conch. Icon.
punctostriata, _Adams_, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1854.
insculpta, _Adams_, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1854.
Layard, _Adams_, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1854.[56]
Voluta vexillum, _Chemn_. Conch. Cab.
Lapponica, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.
Melo Indicus, _Gm_. Syst. Nat.
Marginella Sarda, _Kiener_, Coq. Vivantes.
Ovulum ovum, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.
verrucosum, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.
pudicum, _Adams_, Proc. Zool Soc. 1854.
Cypræa Argus, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.
Arabica, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.
Mauritiana, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.
hirundo, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.
Lynx, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.
asellus, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.
erosa, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.
vitellus, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.
stolida, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.
mappa, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.
helvola, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.
errones, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.
cribraria, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.
globulus, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.
clandestina, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.
ocellata, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.
caurica, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.
tabescens, _Solander_, in Dillwyn Descr. Cat. Shells.
gangrenosa, _Solander_, in Dillwyn Desc. Cat. Shells.
interrupta, _Gray_, Zool. Journ. i.
lentiginosa, _Gray_, Zool. Journ. i.
pyriformis, _Gray_, Zool. Journ. i.
nivosa, _Broderip_, Zool. Journ. iii.
poraria, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.
testudinaria, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.
Terebellum subulatum, _Lam_. Anim. s. Vert.
Ancillaria glabrata, _Linn_. Syst Nat.
candida, _Lam_. Anim. s. Vert.
Oliva Maura, _Lam_. Anim. s. Vert.
erythrostoma, _Lam_. Anim. s. Vert,
gibbosa, _Born_, Test. Mus. Cæs.[57]
nebulosa, _Lam_. Anim. s. Vert.
Macleayana, _Duclos_, Monograph of Oliva.
episcopalis, _Lam_. Anim. s. Vert,
elegans, _Lam_. Anim. s. Vert,
ispidula, _Linn_. Syst. Nat. (partly).[58]
Zeilanica, _Lam_. Anim. s. Vert,
undata, _Lam_. Anim. s. Vert.
frisans, _Lam_. Anim. s. Vert, (teste _Duclos_).
Conus miles, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.
generalis, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.
betulinus, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.
stercus-muscarum, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.
Hebræus, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.
virgo, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.
geographicus, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.
aulicus, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.
figulinus, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.
striatus, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.
senator, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.[58]
literatus, _Linn_. Syst. Nat
imperialis, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.
textile, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.
terebra, _Born_, Test. Mus. Cæs. Vind.
tessellatus, _Born_, Test. Mus. Cæs. Vind.
Augur, _Bruguiere_, Encycl. Méth. Vers.
obesus, _Bruguiere_ Encycl. Méth. Vers.
araneosus, _Brug_. Encycl. Méth. Vers.
gubernator, _Brug_. Encycl. Méth. Vers.
monile, _Brug_. Encycl. Méth. Vers.
nimbosus, _Brug_. Encycl. Méth. Vers.
eburneus, _Brug_. Encycl. Méth. Vers.
vitulinus, _Brug_. Encycl. Méth. Vers.
quercinus, _Brug_. Encycl. Méth. Vers.
lividus, _Brug_. Encycl. Méth. Vers.
Omaria, _Brug_. Encycl. Méth. Vers.
Maldivus, _Brug_. Encycl. Méth. Vers.
nocturnus, _Brug_. Encycl. Méth. Vers.
Ceylonensis, _Brug_. Encycl. Méth. Vers.
arenatus, _Brug_. Encycl. Méth. Vers.
Nicobaricus, _Brug_. Encycl. Méth. Vers.
glans, _Brug_. Encycl. Méth. Vers.
Amadis, _Chemn_. Conch. Cab.
punctatus, _Chemn_. Conch. Cab.
minimus, _Reeve_ (as of _Linn_.), Conch. Icon.
terminus, _Lam_. Anim. s. Vert.
lineatus, _Chemn_. Conch. Cab.
episcopus, _Brug_. Encycl. Méth. Vers.
verriculum, _Reeve_, Conch. Cab.
zonatus, _Brug_. Encycl. Méth. Vers.
rattus, _Brug_. Encycl. Méth. Vers. (teste _Chemn_.)
pertusus, _Brug_. Encycl. Méth. Vers.
Nussatella, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.
lithoglyphus, _Brug_. En. Méth. Vers.[59]
tulipa, _Linn_. Syst. Nat.
Ammiralis, _var. Linn,_ teste _Brug._
Spirula Peronii, _Lam_. Anim. s. Vett.
Sepia Hieredda, _Rang_. Magas, Zool, ser. i. p. 100.
Sepioteuthis, _Sp_.
Loligo, _Sp_.

[Footnote 1: A. dichotomum, _Chenu_.]

[Footnote 2: Fistulana gregata, _Lam_.]

[Footnote 3: Blainvillea, _Hupé_.]

[Footnote 4: Latraria tellinoides, _Lam_.]

[Footnote 5: I have also seen M. hians of Philippi in a Ceylon collection.]

[Footnote 6: M. Taprobanensis, _Index Test. Suppl_.]

[Footnote 7: Psammotella Skinneri, _Reeve_.]

[Footnote 8: P. cærulescens, _Lam_.]

[Footnote 9: Sanguinolaria rugosa, _Lam_.]

[Footnote 10: T. striatula of Lamarck is also supposed to be indigenous to Ceylon.]

[Footnote 11: T. rostrata, _Lam_.]

[Footnote 12: L. divaricata is found, also, in mixed Ceylon collections.]

[Footnote 13: C. dispar of Chemnitz is occasionally found in Ceylon collections.]

[Footnote 14: C. impudica, _Lam_.]

[Footnote 15: As Donax.]

[Footnote 16: V. corbis, _Lam_.]

[Footnote 17: As Tapes.]

[Footnote 18: V. textile, _Lam_.]

[Footnote 19: ? Arca Helblingii, _Chemn_.]

[Footnote 20: Mr. Cuming informs me that he has forwarded no less than six distinct _Uniones_ from Ceylon to Isaac Lea of Philadelphia for determination or description.]

[Footnote 21: M. smaragdinus, _Chemn_.]

[Footnote 22: As Avicula.]

[Footnote 23: The specimens are not in a fitting state for positive determination. They are strong, extremely narrow, with the beak of the lower valve much produced, the inner edge of the upper valve denticulated throughout. The muscular impressions are dusky brown.]

[Footnote 24: An Anomia.]

[Footnote 25: The fissurata of Humphreys and Dacosta, pl. 4--E. rubra, _Lamarck_.]

[Footnote 26: B. Ceylanica, _Brug_.]

[Footnote 27: P. Tennentii. "Greyish brown, with longitudinal rows of rufous spots, forming interrupted bands along the sides. A singularly handsome species, having similar habits to _Limax_. Found in the valleys of the Kalany Ganga, near Ruanwellé."--_Templeton_ MSS.]

[Footnote 28: Not far from bistrialis and Ceylanica. The manuscript species of Mr. Dohrn will shortly appear in his intended work upon the land and fluviatile shells of Ceylon.]

[Footnote 29: As Ellobium.]

[Footnote 30: As Melampus.]

[Footnote 31: As Ophicardelis.]

[Footnote 32: M. fasciolata, _Olivier_.]

[Footnote 33: These four species are included on the authority of Mr. Dohrn.]

[Footnote 34: N. exuvia, _Lam_. not _Linn_.]

[Footnote 35: Conch. Cab. f. 1926-7, and N. melanostoma, _Lam_. in part.]

[Footnote 36: Chemn, Conch. Cab, 1892-3.]

[Footnote 37: N. glaucina, _Lam._ not _Linn._]

[Footnote 38: Not of _Lamarck_. D. atrata. _Reeve_.]

[Footnote 39: Philippia L.]

[Footnote 40: Zeit. Mal. 1846 for T. argyrostoma, _Lam._ not _Linn._]

[Footnote 41: Buccinum pyramidatum, _Gm._ in part: B. sulcatum, var. C. of _Brug_.]

[Footnote 42: Teste Cuming.]

[Footnote 43: As Delphinulat.]

[Footnote 44: P. papyracea, _Lam._ In mixed collections I have seen the Chinese P. bezoar of _Lamarck_ as from Ceylon.]

[Footnote 45: P. vespertilio, _Gm._]

[Footnote 46: R. albivaricosa, _Reeve_.]

[Footnote 47: M. anguliferus var. _Lam._]

[Footnote 48: T. cynocephalus of _Lamarck_ is also met with in Ceylon collections.]

[Footnote 49: S. incisus of the Index Testaceologicus (urceus, var. _Sow_. Thesaur.) is found in mixed Ceylon collections.]

[Footnote 50: C. plicaria of _Lamarck_, and C. coronulata of _Sowerby_, are also said to be found in Ceylon.]

[Footnote 51: As Purpura.]

[Footnote 52: N. suturalis, _Reeve_ (as of _Lam_.), is met with in mixed Ceylon collections.]

[Footnote 53: E. areolata _Lam_.]

[Footnote 54: E. spirata, _Lam_. not _Linn_.]

[Footnote 55: B Belangeri, _Kiener_.]

[Footnote 56: As Turricula L.]

[Footnote 57: 0. utriculus, _Dillwyn_.]

[Footnote 58: C. planorbis, _Born_; C, vulpinus, _Lam_.]

[Footnote 59: Conus ermineus, _Born_, in part.]

A conclusion not unworthy of observation may be deduced from this catalogue; namely, that Ceylon was the unknown, and hence unacknowledged, source of almost every extra-European shell which has been described by Linnæus without a recorded habitat. This fact gives to Ceylon specimens an importance which can only be appreciated by collectors and the students of Mollusca.

2 RADIATA.

The eastern seas are profusely stocked with radiated animals, but it is to be regretted that they have as yet received but little attention from English naturalists. Dr. Kelaart has, however, devoted himself to the investigation of some of the Singhalese species, and has given the fruits of his discoveries in the Journal of the Ceylon Branch of the Asiatic Society for 1856-8. Our information respecting the radiata on the confines of the island is, therefore, very scanty; with the exception of the genera[1] examined by him. Hence the notice of this extensive class of animals must be limited to indicating a few of those which exhibit striking peculiarities, or which admit of the most common observation.

[Footnote 1: Actinia, 9 sp.: Anthea, 4 sp.; Actinodendron, 3 sp.; Dioscosoma, 1 sp.; Peechea, 1 sp.; Zoanthura, 1 sp.]

_Star Fish._--Very large species of _Ophiuridæ_ are to be met with at Trincomalie, crawling busily about, and insinuating their long serpentine arms into the irregularities and perforations in the rocks. To these they attach themselves with such a firm grasp, especially when they perceive that they have attracted attention, that it is next to impossible to procure unmutilated specimens without previously depriving them of life, or at least modifying their muscular tenacity. The upper surface is of a dark purple colour, and coarsely spined; the arms of the largest specimens are more than a foot in length, and very fragile.

The star fishes, with immovable rays[1], are not by any means rare; many kinds are brought up in the nets, or may be extracted from the stomachs of the larger market fish. One very large species[2], figured by Joinville in the manuscript volume in the library at the India House, is not uncommon; it has thick arms, from which and the disc numerous large fleshy cirrhi of a bright crimson colour project downwards, giving the creature a remarkable aspect. No description of it, so far as I am aware has appeared in any systematic work on zoology.

[Footnote 1: _Asterias_, Linn.]

[Footnote 2: _Pentaceros?_]

_Sea Slugs._--There are a few species of _Holothuriæ_, of which the trepang is the best known example. It is largely collected in the Gulf of Manaar, and dried in the sun to prepare it for export to China. A good description and figure of it are still desiderata.

_Parasitic Worms._--Of these entozoa, the _Filaria medinensis_, or guinea worm, which burrows in the cellular tissue under the skin, is well known in the north of the island, but rarely found in the damper districts of the south and west. In Ceylon, as elsewhere, the natives attribute its occurrence to drinking the waters of particular wells; but this belief is inconsistent with the fact that its lodgment in the human body is almost always effected just above the ankle, which shows that the minute parasites are transferred to the skin of the leg from the moist vegetation bordering the footpaths leading to wells. The creatures are at this period minute, and the process of insinuation is painless and imperceptible. It is only when they attain to considerable size, a foot or more in length, that the operation of extracting them is resorted to, when exercise may have given rise to inconvenience and inflammation.

_Planaria_.--In the journal above alluded to, Dr. Kelaart has given descriptions of fifteen species of planaria, and four of a new genus, instituted by him for the reception of those differing from the normal kinds by some peculiarities which they exhibit in common. At Point Pedro, Mr. Edgar Layard met with one on the bark of trees, after heavy rain, which would appear to belong to the subgenus _geoplana_.[1]

[Footnote 1: "A curious species, which is of a light brown above, white underneath; very broad and thin, and has a peculiarly shaped tail, half-moon-shaped, in fact, like a grocer's cheese knife."]

_Acalephæ_.--Acalephæ[1] are plentiful, so much so, indeed, that they occasionally tempt the larger cetacea into the Gulf of Manaar. In the calmer months of the year, when the sea is glassy, and for hours together undisturbed by a ripple, the minute descriptions are rendered perceptible by their beautiful prismatic tinting. So great is their transparency that they are only to be distinguished from the water by the return of the reflected light that glances from their delicate and polished surfaces. Less frequently they are traced by the faint hues of their tiny peduncles, arms, or tentaculæ; and it has been well observed that they often give the seas in which they abound the appearance of being crowded with flakes of half-melted snow. The larger kinds, when undisturbed in their native haunts, attain to considerable size. A faintly blue medusa, nearly a foot across, may be seen in the Gulf of Manaar, where, no doubt, others of still larger growth are to be found.

[Footnote 1: Jellyfish.]

The remaining orders, including the corals, madrepores, and other polypi, have yet to find a naturalist to undertake their investigation, but in all probability the species are not very numerous.

CHAP. VI

INSECTS.