Chapter II

THE EXPLORATION AND COLONIZATION OF AFRICA.

I. Peddie and Campbell in the Soudan--Ritchie and Lyon in Fezzan-- Denham, Oudney, and Clapperton in Fezzan, and in the Tibboo country--Lake Tchad and its tributaries--Kouka and the chief villages of Bornou--Mandara--A razzia, or raid, in the Fellatah country--Defeat of the Arabs and death of Boo-Khaloum--Loggan-- Death of Toole--En route for Kano--Death of Oudney--Kano-- Sackatoo--Sultan Bello--Return to Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

II. Clapperton's second journey--Arrival at Badagry--Yariba and its capital Katunga--Boussa--Attempts to get at the truth about Mungo Park's fate--"Nyffe," Yaourie, and Zegzeg--Arrival at Kano-- Disappointments--Death of Clapperton--Return of Lander to the coast--Tuckey on the Congo--Bowditch in Ashantee--Mollien at the sources of the Senegal and Gambia--Major Grey--Caillie at Timbuctoo--Laing at the sources of the Niger--Richard and John Lander at the mouth of the Niger--Cailliaud and Letorzec in Egypt, Nubia, and the oasis of Siwah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

CHAPTER III. THE ORIENTAL SCIENTIFIC MOVEMENT AND AMERICAN DISCOVERIES.

The decipherment of cuneiform inscriptions, and the study of Assyrian remains up to 1840--Ancient Iran and the Avesta--The survey of India and the study of Hindustani--The exploration and measurement of the Himalaya mountains--The Arabian Peninsula-- Syria and Palestine--Central Asia and Alexander von Humboldt--Pike at the sources of the Mississippi, Arkansas, and Red River--Major Long's two expeditions--General Cass--Schoolcraft at the sources of the Mississippi--The exploration of New Mexico--Archaeological expeditions in Central America--Scientific expeditions in Brazil-- Spix and Martin--Prince Maximilian of Wied-Neuwied--D'Orbigny and American Man . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149

SECOND PART.

CHAPTER I. VOYAGES ROUND THE WORLD, AND POLAR EXPEDITIONS.

The Russian fur trade--Kruzenstern appointed to the command of an expedition--Noukha-Hiva--Nangasaki--Reconnaisance of the coast of Japan--Yezo--The Ainos--Saghalien--Return to Europe--Otto von Kotzebue--Stay at Easter Island--Penrhyn--The Radak Archipelago-- Return to Russia--Changes at Otaheite and the Sandwich Islands-- Beechey's Voyage--Easter Island--Pitcairn and the mutineers of the _Bounty_--The Paumoto Islands--Otaheite and the Sandwich Islands-- The Bonin Islands--Lutke--The Quebradas of Valparaiso--Holy week in Chili--New Archangel--The Kaloches--Ounalashka--The Caroline Archipelago--The canoes of the Caroline Islanders--Guam, a desert island--Beauty and happy situation of the Bonin Islands--The Tchouktchees: their manners and their conjurors--Return to Russia . 173