Chapter M: Tulli Ciceronis (5)

47. AT: so in 21, where see n. -- QUASI TITILLATIO: the _quasi_, as often in Cicero's writings, marks a translation from the Greek. Here the Epicurean word [Greek: gargalismos] is referred to; it is often in Cic. represented by _titillatio_; cf. N.D. 1, 113; Fin. 1, 39; Tusc. 3, 47. -- BENE: _sc. dixit_. -- AFFECTO AETATE: 'wrought on by age'. Cf. De Or. 1, 200 _in eius infirmissima valetudine affectaque iam aetate_. -- UTERETURNE etc.: 'whether he still took pleasure in love'; _uti = frui_. Cf. Ovid, Met. 4, 259 _dementer amoribus uti_ with Cic. Tusc. 4, 68 _venereis voluptatibus frui_. -- DI MELIORA: _sc. duint_; this archaic form usually occurs when the phrase is given in full. The story of Sophocles is taken by Cicero from Plato (Rep. 329 B) who has [Greek: euphêmei]. -- ISTINC etc.: cf. the passage in Plato, Rep. 1, 329 C. For _istinc_ used otherwise than of place cf. _unde_ in 12 with n. -- AGRESTI: 'boorish'; _rusticus_ denotes simply an ordinary countryman. -- QUAMQUAM ... ERGO: these words may be scanned as a hexameter line, but the pause before _ergo_ would prevent them from being taken as a verse. -- HOC NON DESIDERARE: 'this absence of regret'; the words form the subject of _est_. So _hoc non dolere_ in Fin. 2, 18. For the pronoun in agreement with the infinitive treated as noun cf. Persius 1, 9 _istud vivere_; 1, 122 _hoc ridere meum_. H. 538, 3.

48. SI: 'even if', 'granting that'. -- BONA AETAS: 'the good time of life', _i.e._ youth. Tischer qu. Varro de Re Rustica 2, 6, 2 _mares feminaeque bona aetate_ = 'young'. For _bona aetas = homines bona aetate_ cf. n. on 26 _senectus_. -- UT DIXIMUS: not expressly, but the opinion is implied in 44, 45. -- TURPIONE AMBIVIO: L. Ambivius Turpio was the most famous actor of Cato's time, and appeared especially in Terence's plays. In old Latin commonly, occasionally in the Latin of the best period, and often in Tacitus, the _cognomen_ is placed before the _nomen_ when the _praenomen_ is not mentioned. Cf. Att. 11, 12, 1 _Balbo Cornelio_. The usage is more common in Cicero's writings than in those of his contemporaries. -- PRIMA CAVEA: 'the lower tier'. The later Roman theatres consisted of semicircular or elliptic galleries, with rising tiers of seats; the level space partially enclosed by the curve was the _orchestra_, which was bounded by the stage in front. There can be little doubt that Cicero is guilty of an anachronism here; his words do not suit the circumstances of Cato's time. Till nearly the end of the Republic the theatres were rude structures of wood, put up temporarily; it is even doubtful whether they contained seats for the audience. Cato himself frustrated an attempt to establish a permanent theatre. -- PROPTER: 'close by'. The adverbial use of _propter_ (rarely, if ever, met with outside of Cicero) is denied by some scholars, but is well attested by MSS. here and elsewhere. -- TANTUM ... EST: these words qualify _delectatur_.

49. ILLA: put for _illud_, as in Greek [Greek: tauta] and [Greek: tade] are often put for [Greek: touto] and [Greek: tode]. The words from _animum_ to the end of the sentence are explanatory of _illa_. -- QUANTI: 'how valuable!' but the word may have exactly the opposite meaning if the context require it; thus in N.D. 1, 55 and Rep. 6, 25 the sense is 'how worthless!' -- STIPENDIIS: 'campaigns'. The four words from _libidinis_ to _inimicitiarum_ are to be taken in pairs, while _cupiditatum_ sums them up and is in apposition to all. -- SECUM ESSE: cf. Tusc. 1, 75; Pers. 4, 52 _tecum habita_. -- SI ... ALIQUOD: the sense is scarcely different from that of _si ... quod_; the distinction is as slight as that in English between 'if' followed by 'some', and 'if' followed by 'any'. Cf. n. on Lael. 24 _si quando aliquid_. -- PABULUM: for the metaphorical sense rendered less harsh by _tamquam_, cf. Acad. 2, 127; Tusc. 5, 66 _pastus animorum_. -- STUDI: an explanatory genitive dependent on _pabulum_. -- OTIOSA SENECTUTE: 'leisured age'; _otium_ in the Latin of Cicero does not imply idleness, but freedom from public business and opportunity for the indulgence of literary and scientific tastes. -- VIDEBAMUS: for the tense cf. Lael. 37 _Gracchum rem publicam vexantem ab amicis derelictum videbamus, i.e._ 'we saw over a considerable period'. See also 50, 79. -- IN STUDIO etc.: 'busied with the task of almost measuring bit by bit (_di-metiendi_) the heavens and the earth'. For the sense cf. Hor. Od. 1, 28 (of Archytas). -- GALLUM: consul in 157 B.C., famous as an astronomer and as the first Roman who predicted an eclipse before the battle of Pydna. See Liv. 44, 37.

P. 21. -- DESCRIBERE: technically used of the drawing of mathematical figures. _Ingredior_ often has an infinitive dependent on it even in the best Latin; _e.g._ Cic. Top. 1 _nos maiores res scribere ingressos_.

50. ACUTIS: requiring keenness of intellect. -- NAEVIUS: see n. on 20. -- TRUCULENTO ... PSEUDOLO: these plays of Plautus (lived from 254 to 184 B.C.) we still possess. The Truculentus is so named from one of the characters, a slave of savage disposition who is wheedled; the Pseudolus from a cheating slave. The latter name is commonly supposed to be a transcription from a Greek word [Greek: pseudulos], which however nowhere occurs; and as the change from Greek [Greek: u] to Latin _o_ is not found before _l_, Corssen assumes [Greek: pseudalos] as the original word. The form _Pseudulus_ of the name is probably later than _Pseudolus_. -- LIVIUM: Livius Andronicus, the founder of Latin literature (lived from about 285 to 204 B.C.), who translated the Odyssey, also many Greek tragedies. Livius was a Greek captured by Livius Salinator at Tarentum in 275 B.C.; for a time he was the slave of Livius, and, according to custom, took his name when set free. For an account of his writings see Cruttwell's Hist. of Roman Literature, Ch. 3; Sellar, Roman Poets of the Rep., Ch. 3. -- DOCUISSET: 'had brought on to the stage'. _Docere_ (like [Greek: didaskein] in Greek, which has the same use) meant originally to instruct the performers in the play. -- CENTONE TUDITANOQUE CONSULIBUS: _i.e._ in 240 B.C. The use of _que_ here is noticeable; when a date is given by reference to the consuls of the year it is usual to insert _et_ (not _que_ or _atque_, which rarely occur) between the two names, if only the _cognomina_ (as here) be given. If the full names be given, then they are put side by side without _et_. Cf. n. on 10. -- CRASSI: see n. on 27. -- PONTIFICI ET CIVILIS IURIS: the _ius pontificium_ regarded mainly the proper modes of conducting religious ceremonial. _Ius civile_, which is often used to denote the whole body of Roman Law, here includes only the secular portion of that Law. Cf. n. on 38. -- HUIUS P. SCIPIONIS: 'the present P. Scipio'. So in 14 _hi consules_ 'the present consuls'; Rep. 1, 14 _Africanus hic, Pauli filius_, and often. The P. Scipio who is meant here is not Africanus, but Nasica Corculum. -- FLAGRANTIS: 'all aglow'; so _ardere studio_ in Acad. 2, 65. -- SENES: = _cum senes essent_, so _senem_ below. -- SUADAE MEDULLAM: 'the essence (lit. marrow) of persuasiveness'. The lines of Ennius are preserved by Cicero, Brut. 58. _Suada_ is a translation of [Greek: peithô], which the Greek rhetoricians declared to be the end and aim of oratory. This Cethegus was consul in 204 and in 203 defeated Mago in the N. of Italy. -- EXERCERI: here reflexive in meaning. A. 111, n. 1; G. 209; H. 465. -- VIDEBAMUS: see n. on 49. -- COMPARANDAE: for the idea of _possibility_ which the gerundive sometimes has (but only in negative sentences or interrogative sentences implying a negative answer, and in conditional clauses) see Madvig, 420, Obs.; Roby, 1403. -- HAEC QUIDEM: a short summary of the preceding arguments, preparatory to a transition to a new subject, introduced by _venio nunc ad_. The succession of two clauses both containing _quidem_ seems awkward, but occurs in Fin. 5, 80 and elsewhere. -- HONESTUM SIT: 'does him honor'. -- UT ANTE DIXI: in 26, where see the notes. -- POTEST ESSE: Meissner (n. on 27) says that Cicero's rule is to say _potest esse, debet esse_ and the like, not _esse potest_ and the like. It is true that _esse_ in such cases is very seldom separated from the word on which it depends, but _esse potest_ is just as common as _potest esse_; the difference to the sense is one of emphasis only, the _esse_ having more emphasis thrown on it in the latter case.

51. MIHI ... VIDENTUR: see Introd. -- HABENT RATIONEM CUM 'they have their reckonings with', 'their dealings with'; a phrase of book-keeping. -- IMPERIUM: so Verg. Georg. 1, 99 _exercetque frequens tellurem atque imperat agris_; ib. 2, 369 _dura exerce imperia et ramos compesce fluentes_; Tac. Germ. 26 _sola terrae seges imperatur._ -- SED ALIAS ... FAENORE: put for _sed semper cum faenore, alias minore, plerumque maiore_. -- VIS AC NATURA: 'powers and constitution'. These two words are very often used by Cic. together, as in Fin. 1, 50 _vis ac natura rerum_. -- GREMIO: so Lucret. 1, 250 _pereunt imbres ubi eos pater aether In gremium matris terrai praecipitavit_, imitated by Verg. Georg. 2, 325. -- MOLLITO AC SUBACTO: _i.e._ by the plough. _Subigere_, 'subdue', is a technical word of agriculture; so Verg. Georg. 2, 50 _scrobibus subactis_; see also below, 59.

P. 22. -- OCCAECATUM: 'hidden'. _Caecus_ has the sense of 'unseen' as well as that of 'unseeing' or 'blind'. -- OCCATIO: Cicero's derivation, as well as Varro's (De Re Rust. 1, 31, 1) from _occidere_, because the earth is cut up, is unsound. _Occa_ is _rastrum_, probably from its _sharp_ points (root _ak-_); _occatio_ therefore is 'harrowing'. -- VAPORE: 'heat'. This word has not in the best Latin the meaning of our 'vapor'. -- COMPRESSU: a word found only here in Cicero's writings and elsewhere in Latin only in the ablative case, like so many other nouns whose stem ends in _-u_. -- DIFFUNDIT ET ELICIT: 'expands and lures forth'. -- HERBESCENTEM: this word occurs nowhere else in Latin. -- NIXA: A. 254, _b_; G. 403, Rem. 3; H. 425, 1, 1), n. -- FIBRIS STIRPIUM: so Tusc. 3, 13 _radicum fibras_. -- GENICULATO: 'knotted'. The verb _geniculo_, from _genu_, scarcely occurs excepting in the passive participle, which is always used, as here, of plants. So Plin. Nat. Hist. 16, 158 _geniculata cetera gracilitas nodisque distincta_, speaking of the _harundo_. -- SPICI: besides _spica_, the forms _spicum_ and _spicus_ are occasionally found. _Spici_ here is explanatory _frugem_. -- VALLO: for the metaphor compare N.D. 2, 143 _munitae sunt palpebrae tamquam vallo pilorum_; Lucr. 2, 537.

52. QUID EGO ... COMMEMOREM: this and similar formulae for passing to a new subject are common; cf. 53 _quid ego ... proferam_ etc.; often _nam_ precedes the _quid_, as in Lael. 104. The _ego_ has a slight emphasis. Cato implies that his own devotion to grape-culture was so well known as not to need description. -- ORTUS SATUS INCREMENTA: 'origin, cultivation, and growth'. For the omission of the copula see n. on 53. -- UT: final, and slightly elliptic ('I say this that etc.'); so in 6 (where see n.), 24, 56, 59, 82. -- REQUIETEM: the best MSS. of Cic. sometimes give the other form _requiem_, as in Arch. 13. -- VIM IPSAM: 'the inherent energy'. -- OMNIUM ... TERRA: a common periphrasis for 'all plants'; cf. _e.g._ N.D. 2, 120. The Latin has no one word to comprehend all vegetable products. -- QUAE ... PROCREET: 'able to generate'. -- TANTULO: strictly elliptic, implying _quantulum re vera est_. In such uses _tantus_ and _tantulus_ differ slightly from _magnus_ and _parvus_; they are more emphatic. -- ACINI VINACEO: 'a grape-stone'. -- MINUTISSIMIS: used here for _minimis_. Strictly speaking _minutus_ ought to be used of things which are fragments of larger things, _minutus_ being really the participle passive of _minuo_. In a well-known passage (Orat. 94) Cic. himself calls attention to the theoretical incorrectness of the use, which, however, is found throughout Latin literature. Cf. 46 _pocula minuta_; also below, 85 _minuti philosophi_. -- MALLEOLI: vine-cuttings; so called because a portion of the parent stem was cut away with the new shoot, leaving the cutting in the shape of a mallet. -- PLANTAE: 'suckers', shoots springing out of the trunk. -- SARMENTA: 'scions', shoots cut from branches not from the trunk. -- VIVIRADICES: 'quicksets', new plants formed by dividing the roots of the mother plant. -- PROPAGINES: 'layers', new plants formed by rooting a shoot in the earth without severing it from the parent plant; Verg. Georg. 2, 26. -- EADEM: n. on 4 _eandem_. -- CLAVICULIS: cf. N.D. 2, 120 _vites sic claviculis_. -- ARS AGRICOLARUM: _agricolae arte freti_, a strong instance of the abstract put for the concrete.

53. EIS: _sc. sarmentis_, those which have not been pruned away by the knife. -- EXSISTIT: 'springs up'. _Exsistere_ in good Latin never has the meaning of our 'exist', _i.e._ '_to be in_ existence', but always means '_to come into_ existence'. -- ARTICULOS: 'joints'; cf. 51 _culmo geniculato_. The word _tamquam_ softens the metaphor in _articuli_, which would properly be used only of the joints in the limbs of animals. -- GEMMA: Cicero took the meaning 'gem' or 'jewel' to be the primary sense of _gemma_ and considered that the application to a bud was metaphorical. See the well-known passages, Orat. 81 and De Or. 3, 155. -- VESTITA PAMPINIS: 'arrayed in the young foliage'. -- FRUCTU ... ASPECTU: ablatives of respect, like _gustatu_ above. -- CAPITUM IUGATIO: 'the linking together of their tops'; _i.e._ the uniting of the tops of the stakes by cross-stakes. So the editors; but Conington on Verg. Georg. 2, 355 seems to take _capita_ of the top-foliage of the vines, an interpetation which is quite possible. Those editors are certainly wrong who remove the comma after _iugatio_ and place it after _religatio_, as though _et_ were omitted between the two words. In enumerations of more than two things Cic. either omits the copula altogether or inserts it before each word after the first; but in enumerating two things _et_ cannot be omitted, except where there are several _sets_ or _pairs_ of things. Cf. n. on 13. -- RELIGATIO: _i.e._ the tying down of shoots so as to cause them to take root in the earth. _Religatio_ seems to occur only here.

P. 23. -- ALIORUM IMMISSIO: 'the granting of free scope to others'. _Immissio_ scarcely occurs elsewhere in good Latin. The metaphor is from letting loose the reins in driving; cf. Verg. Georg. 2, 364; Plin. N.H. 16, 141 _cupressus immittitur in perticas asseresque amputatione ramorum_; Varro, R.R. 1, 31, 1 _vitis immittitur ad uvas pariendas_. Some, referring to Columella de Arbor, c. 7, take the word to mean the setting in the earth of a shoot in order that it may take root before being separated from the parent stem. The context, however, is against this interpretation. -- IRRIGATIONES etc.: the plurals denote more prominently than singulars would the repetition of the actions expressed by these words. -- REPASTINATIONES: 'repeated hoeings'. The _pastinum_ was a kind of pitchfork, used for turning over the ground round about the vines, particularly when the young plants were being put in. -- MULTO TERRA FECUNDIOR: see n. on 3 _parum ... auctoritatis_.

54. IN EO LIBRO: see Introd. -- DOCTUS: often used of poets, not only by Cicero but by most other Latin writers, more particularly by the elegiac poets; see also n. on 13. -- HESIODUS: the oldest Greek poet after Homer. The poem referred to here is the [Greek: Erga kai Hêmerai] which we still possess, along with the Theogony and the Shield of Heracles. -- CUM: concessive. -- SAECULIS: 'generations', as in 24. -- FUIT: = _vixit_. -- LAERTEN: the passage referred to is no doubt the touching scene in Odyss. 24, 226, where Odysseus, after killing the suitors, finds his unhappy old father toiling in his garden. In that passage nothing is said of _manuring_. -- LENIENTEM: see n. on 11 _dividenti_. -- COLENTEM etc.: the introduction of another participle to explain _lenientem_ is far from elegant. _Cultione agri_ or something of the kind might have been expected. The collocation of _appetentem_ with _occupatum_ in 56 is no less awkward. -- FACIT: n. on 3 _facimus_. -- RES RUSTICAE LAETAE SUNT: 'the farmer's life is gladdened'. -- APIUM: this form is oftener found in the best MSS., of prose writers at least, than the other form _apum_, which probably was not used by Cic. -- OMNIUM: = _omnis generis_. -- CONSITIONES ... INSITIONES: 'planting ... grafting'. On the varieties of grafting and the skill required for it see Verg. Georg. 2, 73 _seq._

55. POSSUM: see n. on 24. -- IGNOSCETIS: 'you will excuse (me)'. -- PROVECTUS SUM: 'I have been carried away'. Cicero often uses _prolabi_ in the same sense. -- IN HAC ... CONSUMPSIT: Cic. probably never, as later writers did, used _consumere_ with a simple ablative. -- CURIUS: see n. on 15. -- A ME: = _a mea villa;_ cf. n. on 3 _apud quem_. -- ADMIRARI SATIS NON POSSUM: a favorite form of expression with Cicero; _e.g._ De Or. 1, 165. -- DISCIPLINAM: 'morals'; literally 'teaching'.

56. CURIO: Plutarch, Cat. 2, says the ambassadors found him cooking a dinner of herbs, and that Curius sent them away with the remark that a man who dined in that way had no need of gold. The present was not brought as a bribe, since the incident took place after the war. Curius had become _patronus_ of the Samnites, and they were bringing the customary offering of _clientes_; see Rep. 3, 40. -- NE: here = num, a rare use; so Fin. 3, 44; Acad. 2, 116. -- SED VENIO AD: so in 51 _venio nunc ad. Redeo ad_ (see n. on 32) might have been expected here. -- IN AGRIS ERANT: 'lived on their farms'. For _erant_ cf. n. on 21 _sunt_. -- ID EST SENES: cf. 19 n. on _senatum_. -- SI QUIDEM: often written as one word _siquidem_ = [Greek: eiper]. -- ARANTI: emphatic position. -- CINCINNATO: L. Quinctius Cincinnatus is said to have been dictator twice; in 458 B.C., when he saved the Roman army, which was surrounded by the Aequians, and ended the war in sixteen days from his appointment; in 439, when Maelius was killed and Cincinnatus was eighty years old. In our passage Cic. seems to assume only one dictatorship. The story of Cincinnatus at the plough is told in Livy 3, 26. -- FACTUM: the technical term was _dicere dictatorem_, since he was nominated by the consul on the advice of the senate. -- DICTATORIS: in apposition with _cuius_.

P. 24. -- MAELIUM: a rich plebeian, who distributed corn in time of famine and was charged with courting the people in order to make himself a king. Ahala summoned him before the dictator, and because he did not immediately obey, killed him with his own hand. For this, Ahala became one of the heroes of his nation. See Liv. 4, 13. Cicero often mentions him with praise. Cf. in Catil. I. 3; p. Sestio 143, etc. -- APPETENTEM: = _quia appetebat_; so _occupatum_ = _cum occupasset_. -- VIATORES: literally 'travellers', so 'messengers'. They formed a regularly organized corporation at Rome and were in attendance on many of the magistrates. Those officers who had the _fasces_ had also lictors, who, however, generally remained in close attendance and were not despatched on distant errands. The statement of Cic. in the text is repeated almost _verbatim_ by Plin. N.H. 18, 21. -- MISERABILIS: 'to be pitied'. The word does not quite answer to our 'miserable'. -- AGRI CULTIONE: a rare expression, found elsewhere only in Verr. 3, 226; then not again till the 'Fathers'. -- HAUD SCIO AN NULLA: since _haud scio an_ is affirmative in Cicero, not negative as in some later writers, _nulla_ must be read here, not _ulla_. Cf. 73 _haud scio an melius Ennius_, 'probably Ennius speaks better'; also 74 _incertium an hoc ipso die_, 'possibly to-day'. Roby, 2256; G. 459, Rem.; H. 529, II. 3, 20, n. 2. -- QUAM DIXI: = _de qua dixi_, as in 53. -- SATURITATE: the word is said to occur nowhere else in Latin. -- QUIDAM: _i.e._ the authors of the _tertia vituperatio senectutis_, whom Cato refutes in 39, 59. -- PORCO ... GALLINA: these words are used collectively, as _rosa_ often is; so Fin. 2, 65 _potantem in rosa Thorium_. -- IAM: 'further'. -- SUCCIDIAM ALTERAM: 'a second meat-supply'. The word seems to be connected with _caedo_, and probably originally meant 'slaughter'. In a fragment of Cato preserved by Gellius 13, 24, 12 (in some editions 13, 25, 12) we find _succidias humanas facere_. Varro, R.R. 2, 14 has the word in the sense of 'meat'. -- CONDITIORA FACIT: 'adds a zest to'; cf. _condita_ in 10. -- SUPERVACANEIS OPERIS: 'by the use of spare time'; literally 'by means of toils that are left over', _i.e._ after completing the ordinary work of the farm.

57. ORDINIBUS: cf. 59 _ordines_. -- BREVI PRAECIDAM: 'I will cut the matter short', for _praecidam_ (_sc. rem_ or _sermonem_) cf. Acad. 2, 133 _praecide_ (_sc. sermonem_); for _brevi_ (= 'in brief', [Greek: en brachei]) cf. De Or. 1, 34 _ne plura consecter comprehendam brevi_. -- USU UBERIUS: cf. 53 _fructu laetius ... aspectu pulchrius_. -- AD QUEM ... RETARDAT: some have thought that there is zeugma here, supposing _ad_ to be suited only to _invitat_, not to _retardat_. That this is not the case is clear from such passages as Caes. B.G. 7, 26, 2 _palus Romanos ad insequendum tardabat_ (= _tardos faciebat_); Cic. Sull. 49 _nullius amicitia ad pericula propulsanda impedimur_. On _fruendum_ see Madvig, 421, _a_, Obs. 2 and 265, Obs. 2; G. 428, Rem. 3, exc.; H. 544, 2, n. 5. -- INVITAT ATQUE ALLECTAT: one of the 'doublets' of which Cicero is so fond; cf. Lael. 99 _allectant et invitant_.

58. SIBI HABEANT: _sc. iuvenes_; contemptuous, as in Lael. 18 _sibi habeant sapientiae nomen_ Sull. 26 _sibi haberent honores, sibi imperia_ etc.; cf. the formula of Roman divorce, _tu tuas res tibi habeto_. -- HASTAS: in practising, the point was covered by a button, _pila_; cf. Liv. 26, 51 _praepilatis missilibus iaculati sunt_. -- CLAVAM: cf. Vegetius de Re Mil. 1, 11 _clavas ligneas pro gladiis tironibus dabant, eoque modo exercebantur ad palos_; Iuv. 6, 246. The _palus_ is called _stipes_ by Martial 7, 32. -- PILAM ... VENATIONES ... CURSUS: all national amusements, well known to readers of Horace; see Becker's Gallus. _Venationes_, em. for _nataliones_. -- TALOS ... TESSERAS: _tali_, 'knucklebones', were oblong, and rounded at the two ends; the sides were numbered 1 and 6 (1 being opposite to 6), 3 and 4. Four _tali_ were used at a time and they, like the _tesserae_, were generally thrown from a box, _fritillus_. The _tesserae_, of which three were used at a time, were cubes, with the sides numbered from 1 to 6 in such a way that the numbers on two opposite sides taken together always made 7. A separate name was used by dicers for almost every possible throw of the _tesserae_ and _tali_. The two best known are _canis_, when all the dice turned up with the same number uppermost; and _venus_, when they all showed different numbers. The word _alea_ was general and applicable to games of chance of every kind. These games, which were forbidden by many ineffectual laws ('_vetita legibus alea_') were held to be permissible for old men; see Mayor on Iuv. 14, 4. -- ID IPSUM: sc. _faciunt_; the omission of _facere_ is not uncommon. Roby, 1441; H. 368, 3, n. 1. -- UT: em. for ordinary readings _unum_ and _utrum_.

59. LEGITE: 'continue to read'. Cf. De Or. 1, 34 _pergite, ut facitis, adulescentes_. In Tusc. 2, 62 it is stated that Africanus was a great reader of Xenophon.

P. 25. -- LIBRO QUI EST DE: so in Fat. 1 _libris qui sunt de natura deorum,_ and similarly elsewhere; but the periphrasis is often avoided, as in Off. 2, 16 _Dicaearchi liber de interitu hominum_. -- QUI: _quique_ might have been expected, but the words above, _qui ... familiari,_ are regarded as parenthetical. -- OECONOMICUS: Cicero translates from this work c. 4, 20-25. -- INSCRIBITUR: see n. on 13. -- REGALE: 'worthy of a king'; different from _regium_, which would mean 'actually characteristic of kings'. Yet Cic. sometimes interchanges the words; thus _regalis potestas_ in Har. Resp. 54 is the same as _regia potestas_ in Phil. 1, 3. -- LOQUITUR CUM CRITOBULO etc.: 'discourses with Critobulus of how Cyrus etc.'. The construction of _loqui_ with acc. and inf. belongs to colloquial Latin, as does the construction _loqui aliquam rem_ for _de aliqua re_; cf. Att. 1, 5, 6 _mecum Tadius locutus est te ita scripsisse_; ib. 9, 13, 1 _mera scelera loquuntur_. -- CYRUM MINOREM: Cyrus the younger (cf. 79 _Cyrus maior_), well known from Xenophon's _Anabasis_. As Cyrus never arrived at the throne (having been killed at Cunaxa in 401 in his attempt to oust his brother the king with the help of the 10,000 Greeks) _regem_ is used in the sense of 'prince', as in Verr. 4, 61 and elsewhere; [Greek: basileus] is used in exactly the same way in a passage of the Oeconomicus which comes a little before the one Cic. is here rendering (4, 16). -- LYSANDER: the great commander who in 405 B.C. won the battle of Aegospotamos against the Athenians. -- SARDIS: acc. pl.; _-is_ represents Gk. [Greek: -eis]. -- CONSAEPTUM AGRUM: 'park'; the phrase is a translation of Xenophon's [Greek: paradeison]; this will account for the omission of _et_ before _diligenter consitum_. -- DILIGENTER: 'carefully'. -- PROCERITATES: the plural probably indicates the height of each _kind_ of tree. -- QUINCUNCEM: thus:·:·:·:·:·:·: This was the order of battle in the Roman army during a great part of its history. The cause for this application of the term is rather difficult to see; it originally meant five-twelfths of an _uncia_; possibly it was thus applied because by drawing lines between the points the letter V (five) might be produced. As regards its application to trees, see Verg. Georg. 2, 277-284. -- PURAM: so the farmers talk of 'cleaning' the land. -- DIMENSA: notice the passive use of this participle, originally deponent; cf. n. on 4 _adeptam_. -- DISCRIPTA: 'arranged'; so _discriptio_ a little farther on. Cf. n. on 5 _descriptae_. -- ORNATUM: 'costume', used by Latin writers of any dress a little unfamiliar. So in Plaut. Miles 4, 4, 41 (1177 R) _ornatus nauclericus_.

60. IMPEDIT: _sc. nos_; with this construction the pronoun is always omitted. -- VALERIUM: when a young man, in 349 B.C., he engaged in combat with a Gaul, in sight of the Roman and Gallic armies, and came off victor by the aid of a raven, _corvus_; hence the name Corvinus (Liv. 7, 26). His first consulship was in 348, his last in 299; Cic. has miscalculated. Valerius was also twice dictator and is said to have held altogether 21 terms of curule offices. -- PERDUXISSE: _sc. agri colendi studia_. Cf. Lael. 33 _quod -- perduxissent_. -- ESSET: cf. n. on 21. -- AETATE: here = the vigorous period of life; cf. _bona aetas_ in 48. -- CURSUS HONORUM: 'official career'. -- HUIUS: _ille_ and _hic_ are not often found in the same sentence referring to the same person. _Eius_ would have been more regular here. -- MEDIA: cf. n. on 33 _constantis aetatis_.

P. 26. -- APEX: 'the crown', 'the highest glory'. The word meant originally 'knot', being connected with _ap-tus ap-isci ap-ere_ and other words containing the idea of binding fast or grasping. It was properly applied to the olive-twig bound round with wool, which was stuck in the cap worn by the _flamines_ and _salii_. It is sometimes employed to translate [Greek: diadêma] (a word originally of similar meaning), the royal _insigne_, as in Horace, Odes, 3, 21, 20 _regum apices_, with which cf. Odes, 1, 34, 14. The word is scarcely found elsewhere in a metaphorical sense. Our passage is imitated by Ammianus Marcellinus (a great imitator of Cicero) 27, 7, 2 _Rufinus velut apicem honoratae senectutis praetendens_.

61. METELLO: see n. on 30. -- A. ATILIO CALATINO: consul in 258 B.C. and again in 254; dictator in 249, censor in 247. Cicero classed him with old heroes like Curius and Fabricius (Planc. 60). His tomb was on the _via Appia_ outside the _Porta Capena_, close to the well-known tomb of the Scipios (see Tusc. 1, 13). -- IN QUEM ... ELOGIUM: 'in whose honor there is the inscription'. With _in quem = de quo_ cf. the occasional occurrence of [Greek: kata tinos] in the sense of [Greek: peri tinos]. -- ELOGIUM: Greek [Greek: elegeion] (so Curtius): for the representation of [Greek: e] by _o_ cf. _oliva_ with [Greek: elaia], and Plautus' lopadas for [Greek: lepadas]. But cf. Roby, 929, d. -- HUNC etc.: the inscription (which is quoted by Cicero also in Fin. 2, 116) is strikingly like that on the tomb of _Scipio Barbatus_ which has actually come down to us, and thus begins (Ritschl's recension):

_honc oino ploirime cosentiont Romai_
_duonoro optumo fuise viro viroro_

_i.e. hunc unum plurimi consentiunt Romae bonorum optimum fuisse virum virorum_. Ritschl thus completes the _elogium_ of Atilus, by comparison with others still preserved: _dictator_ (ending the second line), _Consul, censor, aedilis hic fuit apud vos_. But Cicero's words (_nolum ... sepulcro_) seem to imply a longer inscription than one of three lines; the analogy of the Scipionic inscriptions points the same way. The older monumental inscriptions of Rome were written in the Saturnian metre, which depended partly on accent. The normal line ran thus:

v -' v - v -' v' | -' v - v -' v'

but there were many deviations. -- UNUM: intensifies _primarium_, 'the very first'; cf. the common use of _unus_ with a superlative adjective, for which see n. on Lael. 1 _unum_ etc. -- ESSET CONSENTIENS: cf. n. on 26 _agens aliquid_. -- NUPER: like _modo_ (see n. on 27) _nuper_ is loosely used, and has its meaning defined by the context. Cf. n. on Lael. 13. In Plin. Ep. 1, 2, 2 the orator Calvus, a younger contemporary of Cicero, is said to have existed _nuper_. -- LEPIDUM: _pontifex maximus_ from 180 B.C., consul in 187 and in 175; censor in 179; he is said to have been chosen _princeps senatus_ by six sets of censors in succession. He died in 152. -- PAULO: see 29 _L. Aemilius_ with n. -- MAXIMO: see 10 _et seq_. -- SENTENTIA: _i.e._ a set speech in the senate. Cf. De Or. 1, 38 _is non accurata orationis copia, sed nutu atque verbo libertinos in urbanas tribus transtulit_. -- HONORATA: see n. on 22.

62. IN OMNI ORATIONE: 'everywhere throughout my speech'. _Tota oratione_ would have meant 'my speech viewed as a whole'. -- DEFENDERET: the tense is accommodated to that of _dixi_, according to Latin custom; see n. on 42 _efficeret_. -- CANI: _sc. capilli_; the same ellipsis is found in Ovid. Cf. _calda (sc. aqua), laurea (sc. corona), natalis (sc. dies), Latinae (sc. feriae)_, etc.; also _cereo_ in 44. -- FRUCTUS ... EXTREMOS: 'receives the reward of influence at the last'.

63. APPETI: 'to be courted'; _decedi_: 'to take precedence', literally 'that there should be a yielding of the way'. -- ASSURGI: 'the honor shown by rising'. Cf. Iuv. 13, 54 _credebant grande nefas et morte piandum si iuvenis vetulo non assurrexerat_, where see Mayor's note. -- DEDUCI REDUCI: 'the escort from home and the attendance homeward'. The difference between these two words, which has often been misunderstood, is shown by Val. Max. 2, 1, 9 _iuvenes senatus die utique aliquem ex patribus conscriptis ad curiam deducebant, affixique valvis exspectabant donec reducendi etiam officio fungerentur_. -- CONSULI: probably refers to private legal consultations as well as to the deliberations of the senate. -- UT QUAEQUE OPTIME: Cic. often uses _ut quisque_ with superlatives, _ita_ following; see n. on Lael. 19. Translate _ut ... ita_ 'in proportion as ... so'. -- MORATA: from _mos_. -- MODO: in 59. -- MEMORIAE PRODITUM EST: in Verr. 5, 36 Cic. uses _ad memoriam_ instead of the dative. The best writers have _memoriae prodere_ and _prodi_, '_for the recollection of_ posterity', _memoria prodi_, 'to be handed down _by_ tradition'; but not _memoria prodere_. -- LUDIS: _sc. Panathenaicis_, abl. of time. The Panathenaea was the greatest of the Athenian festivals and was celebrated in honor of Athene, patron goddess of the city, once in four years. The story that follows is told in almost the same words by Val. Max. 4, 5, ext. 2.

P. 27. -- QUI: at this point the _oratio obliqua_ is broken off, but it is resumed in the next sentence, _dixisse_ being dependent on _proditum est_. -- LEGATI CUM ESSENT: 'being ambassadors'. -- ILLI: 'in his honor'. -- SESSUM RECEPISSE: Val. Max. uses the same phrase; cf. Fam. 10, 32, 2 _sessum deducere_; N.D. 3, 74 _sessum ire_.

64. PLAUSUS MULTIPLEX: cf. Verg. Aen. 1, 747 _ingeminant plausu_. Cic. generally says _plausus maximus_. -- FACERE NOLLE: cf. the well-known saying of Demosthenes, Olynth. 3, § 3 [Greek: pepeismai gar ta pleiô tôn pragmatôn hymas ekpepheugenai tôi mê boulesthai ta deonta poiein, ê tôi mê synienai]. -- COLLEGIO: the college or board of augurs to which Cato belonged. In his time there were nine members; later the number was increased. -- ANTECEDIT: _sc. alios_. -- SENTENTIAE PRINCIPATUM: 'precedence in debate'. Meissner quotes Verr. 4, 142 _ut quisque aetate et honore antecedit, ita primus solet sua sponte dicere itaque a ceteris ei conceditur_. -- HONORE: _i.e._ as regards office, past or present. -- QUI ... SUNT: actual praetors or consuls. -- COMPARANDAE: n. on 50. -- FABULAM AETATIS: cf. 5, 70, 85. The comparison of life to a play, and mankind to the players, is common in all literature; _e.g._ 'All the world's a stage, etc.'. When Augustus was on his deathbed he asked his friends _ecquid eis videretur mimum vitae commode transegisse_ (Suet. Aug. 99); cf. Gay's epitaph, 'Life's a jest, etc.'. -- CORRUISSE: _i.e._ through fatigue; cf. _defetigationem_ in 85.

65. AT: see n. on 21. -- MORUM: cf. 7 _in moribus est culpa, non in aetate_. -- EA VITIA: _i.e. ea alia vitia_. -- HABENT etc.: cf. Thucyd. 3, 44 [Greek: echontes ti syngnômês]. -- NON ... VIDEATUR: 'not well grounded indeed, but such as it may seem possible to allow'. _Ille_ is often used with _quidem_ in making concessions where the English idiom requires no pronoun. Roby, 2259; Madvig, 489, _b_; Kennedy, 65, n. 2; A. 151, _e_; G. 292, Rem. 4; H. 450, 4, n. 2. -- CONTEMNI ... DESPICI: see n. on 43 _spreta et contempta_. -- MORIBUS BONIS ET ARTIBUS: for the order of the words cf. n. on 1 _animi tui_. -- IN VITA: 'in everyday life' -- ADELPHIS: _Adelphi_ = [Greek: adelphoi], The Brothers; this play of Terence is still extant. -- DIRITAS: 'harshness of temper'; but Suet. Tib. 21 has _diritas morum_, and Varro _scena quem senem Latina vidit dirissimum_. Both _dirus_ and _diritas_ are rare in Cicero; the former word does not once occur in the whole range of the speeches, the latter scarcely excepting here and in Vat. 9; in Tusc. 3, 29 Cic. uses it in translating from Euripides.

P. 28. -- 66. SOLLICITAM HABERE: 'to keep in trouble'. _Sollicitus_ is, literally, 'wholly in motion', from _sollus_, which has the same root with [Greek: holos], and _citus_; cf. the rare words _sollifides_, _solliferreus_. The perfect participle with _habeo_ emphasizes the continuance of the effect produced. Zumpt, 634; A. 292, _c_; G. 230; H. 388, 1, n. -- NOSTRAM AETATEM: cf. n. on 26 _senectus_. -- ESSE LONGE: more usually _abesse_. -- O MISERUM: 'O, wretched is that old man'. Cicero oftener joins _O_ with the accusative than with the nominative: he rarely, if ever, uses the interjection with the vocative in direct address to persons. -- EXTINGUIT ANIMUM: the doctrine of the annihilation of the soul after death was held by many of Cicero's contemporaries, professedly by the Epicureans (_e.g._ Lucretius, De Rerum Nat. 3, 417 _et seq._; cf. also Caesar's argument at the trial of the Catilinian conspirators, Sall. Bell. Catil. c. 51, Cic. in Catil. 3, c. 4), practically by the Stoics, who taught that there is a future existence of limited though indefinite length. -- DEDUCIT: cf. n. on 63. -- ATQUI: see n. on 6. -- TERTIUM ... POTEST: 'nothing can be found as a third alternative': so in Tusc. 1, 82 _quoniam nihil tertium est._

67. QUID TIMEAM etc.: so Tusc. 1, 25 _quo modo igitur aut cur mortem malum tibi videri dicis? quae aut beatas nos efficiet, animis manentibus, aut non miseros, sensu carentis;_ ib. 1, 118 _ut aut in aeternam domum remigremus aut omni sensu careamus._ For mood see A. 268; G. 251; H 486, II. -- AUT NON MISER ... AUT BEATUS: a dilemma, but unsound and not conclusive; for _non miser_ is used with reference to annihilation, and the soul may exist after death in a state of unhappiness. -- FUTURUS SUM: see n. on 6 _futurum est_. -- QUAMVIS SIT: prose writers of the Republican period use _quamvis_ with the subjunctive only; see Roby, 1624, 1627; A. 313,_a, g_; G. 608; H. 515, III. and n. 3. -- CUI: see n. on 38 _viventi_. -- AD VESPERUM ESSE VICTURUM: 'that he will be alive when evening comes', _not_ 'that he will live till the evening'. With the prepositions _ad_, _sub_, _in_ the form _vesper_ is generally used, not _vespera._ With this passage cf. Fin. 2, 92 _an id exploratum cuiquam potest esse quo modo sese habiturum sit corpus. non dico ad annum, sed ad vesperum?_ Also cf. the title of one of Varro's Menippean Satires, _nescis quid vesper serus vehat_, probably a proverb. -- AETAS ILLA ... ADULESCENTES: some suppose that this sentence was borrowed from Hippocrates. -- TRISTIUS: '_severioribus remediis_'. Manutius. So Off. 1, 83 _leviter aegrotantis leniter curant, gravioribus autem morbis periculosas curationes et ancipites adhibere coguntur_. The adverb _tristius_, which has in prose a superlative but no positive, occurs in Fam. 4, 13, 5. -- MENS ... RATIO ... CONSILIUM: cf. n. on 41. -- QUI ... NULLI: cf. n. on 46 _qui pauci_; but _nulli_ here almost = _non_. -- NULLAE ... FUISSENT: _i.e._ the young men would have brought every country to ruin; see 20. -- CUM ... CUM: see n. on 4.

68. IN FILIO ... IN FRATRIBUS: cf. Lael. 9. As to Cato's son cf. 15, 84. -- TU: _sc. sensisti_. -- EXSPECTATIS AD: a rare construction, perhaps without parallel; _exspectatis_ is an adjective and takes the construction of _aptus_, _idoneus_ etc., 'of whom hopes were entertained as regards honor'. -- FRATRIBUS: the sons of Paulus Macedonicus, two of them died within seven days (Fam. 4, 6, 1), one just before and one just after Paulus' great triumph in 167 B.C. -- IDEM: see n. on 4 _eandem_. -- INSIPIENTER: adversative asyndeton. -- INCERTA ... VERIS: chiasmus avoided. With the thought cf. Off. 1, 18. -- AT ... AT: the objection and its answer are both introduced by _at_, as here, in 35. -- AT ... ADULESCENS: these words look back to the preceding sentence, to which they are an answer. -- ILLE ... HIC: here _hic_ denotes the person who is more important, _ille_ the person who is less important for the matter in hand; the former may therefore be regarded as nearer to the speaker, the latter as more remote. A. 102, _a_; G. 292, Rem. 1; H. 450, 2, n.

69. QUAMQUAM: see n. on 2 _etsi_. -- QUID EST ... DIU: cf. Tusc. 1, 94 _quae vero aetas longa est, aut quid omnino homini longum? ... quia ultra nihil habemus, hoc longum dicimus_. For _est_ see n. on 72. -- TARTESSIORUM ... GADIBUS: the whole of the south coast of Spain bore the name _Tartessus_, but the name is often confined to Gades, the chief city. -- FUIT: = _vixit_. -- SCRIPTUM VIDEO: so in Acad. 2, 129; Div. 1, 31; cf. also N.D. 1, 72 _ut videmus in scriptis_; Off. 2, 25 _ut scriptum legimus_; also cf. n. on 26 _videmus_. -- ARGANTHONIUS: the story is from Herodotus 1, 163.

P. 29. -- ALIQUID EXTREMUM: see n. on 5; cf. pro Marcello 27 -- EFFLUXIT: strongly aoristic in sense 'at once is gone'. -- TANTUM: -- 'only so much'. -- CONSECUTUS SIS: 'you may have obtained'. The subjunctive is here used in the indefinite second person to give a hypothetical character to the statement of the verb. The indicative might have been expected; the expression almost = _consecuti sumus, consecutus aliquis est_. Roby, 1546; G. 252, Rem. 3; H. 486, III. -- VIRTUTE ET RECTE FACTIS: the same opinion is enforced in Tusc. 1, 109. -- QUID SEQUATUR: 'the future'; cf. Lucr. 1, 459 _transactum quid sit in aevo, Tum quae res instet, quid porro deinde sequatur_. -- QUOD ... CONTENTUS: this passage with the whole context resembles Lucretius 3, 931-977; cf. especially 938 _cur non ut plenus vitae conviva recedis_; 960 _satur ac plenus discedere rerum_. Cf. also Hor. Sat. 1, 1, 117-118.

70. UT PLACEAT: 'in order to secure approval'. -- PERAGENDA: cf. n. on 50 _comparandae_. -- PLAUDITE: the Latin plays nearly always ended with this word, addressed by the actor to the audience; cf. Hor. A.P. 153 _si plausoris eges aulaea manentis et usque Sessuri donec cantor 'vos plaudite' dicat_. -- BREVE TEMPUS etc.: one of the poets has said that 'in small measures lives may perfect be'. Cf. also Tusc. 1, 109 _nemo parum diu vixit qui virtutis perfectae perfecto functus est munere_; Seneca, Ep. 77 _quo modo fabula, sic vita: non quam diu, sed quam bene acta sit refert_. -- PROCESSERIT: probably the subject is _sapiens_, in which case _aetate_ must also be supplied from _aetatis_; the subject may however be _aetas_. -- OSTENDIT: 'gives promise of'; cf. Fam. 9, 8, 1 _etsi munus_ (gladiatorial show) _flagitare quamvis quis ostenderit, ne populus quidem solet nisi concitatus_. With the whole passage cf. pro Cael. 76.

71. UT ... DIXI: in 9, 60, 62. -- SECUNDUM NATURAM: = [Greek: kata physin] a Stoic phrase; cf. n. on 5 _naturam optimam ducem_. -- SENIBUS: dative of reference; _emori_ stands as subject to an implied _est_. -- CONTINGIT: see n. on 8. -- EXSTINGUITUR: there is the same contrast between _opprimere_ and _exstinguere_ in Lael. 78. -- QUASI ... EVELLUNTUR: it is rare to find in Cic. or the other prose writers of the best period a verb in the indicative mood immediately dependent on _quasi_, in the sense of _sicut_ or _quem ad modum_. When two things are compared by _quasi ... ita_, the indicative verb is nearly always put in the second clause, and may be supplied in the clause with _quasi_; very rarely are there two different verbs for the two clauses. Cf. however Plautus, Stich. 539 _fuit olim, quasi nunc ego sum senex_; Lucr. 3, 492 _agens animam spumat quasi_ ... _fervescunt undae_. -- SI ... SI: for the more usual _si ... sin_. -- ACCEDAM: see A. 342; G. 666; H. 529, II. -- IN PORTUM: speaking of death, Cic. says in Tusc. 1, 118 _portum potius paratum nobis et perfugium putemus: quo utinam velis passis pervehi liceat! Sin reflantibus ventis reiciemur tamen eodem paulo tardius referamur necesse est_; cf. also ib. 1, 107.

P. 30. -- 72. MUNUS OFFICI: see n. on 29. -- TUERI: 'uphold'. -- POSSIT: subject indefinite. -- EX QUO FIT etc.: the argument seems to be that youth knows how long it has to last and is therefore less spirited than age, which knows not when it will end. -- ANIMOSIOR ... FORTIOR: Horace, Odes 2, 10, 21 _rebus angustis animosus atque fortis appare_; the two words are joined also in Cic. Mil. 92: _animosus_, 'spirited'. -- HOC ILLUD EST etc.: 'this is the meaning of the answer made by Solon etc'. Cf. Div. 1, 122 _hoc nimirum illud est quod de Socrate accepimus_, also the Greek phrase [Greek: hê tout' ekeino]. _Est_ = _valet_ as in 69. -- PISISTRATUS: the despot of Athens, who seized the power in 560 B.C. Plutarch, who tells the story, 'An Seni Sit Gerenda Respublica' c. 21, makes Solon speak to the friends of Pisistratus, not to P. himself. -- QUAERENTI: see n. on 11 _dividenti_. -- AUDACITER: Quintil. 1, 6, 17 condemns those who used _audaciter_ for _audacter_, which latter form, he says, had been used by 'all orators'. Yet the form _audaciter_ is pretty well attested by MSS. here and elsewhere in Cicero. [See Neue, Formenlehre, 1² 662.] For the two forms cf. _difficiliter, difficulter. Audaciter_ is of importance as showing that _c_ before _i_ must have been pronounced just like _c_ in any other position, not as in modern Italian. -- CERTIS SENSIBUS: Acad. 2, 19 _integris incorruptisque sensibus_. -- IPSA ... QUAE: see n. on 26. H. 569, I. 2. -- COAGMENTAVIT: Cic. is fond of such metaphors; cf. Orat. 77 _verba verbis quasi coagmentari_; Phil. 7, 21 _docebo ne coagmentari quidem pacem posse_ ('that no patched-up peace can be made'). -- CONGLUTINAVIT: a still more favorite metaphor than _coagmentare_. Cic. has _conglutinare rem _ (Or. 1, 188); _amicitias_ (Lael. 32 and Att. 7, 8, 1); _voluntates_ (Fam. 11, 27, 2); _concordiam_. (Att. 1, 17, 10); in Phil. 3, 28 Cic. says of Antony that he is _totus ex vitiis conglutinatus_. -- IAM: 'further', so below. -- CONGLUTINATIO: the noun occurs only here and Orat. 78 _c. verborum_. -- RELIQUUM: not infrequently, as here, used substantively with an adjective modifier. -- SINE CAUSA: 'without sufficient reason'.

73. VETAT PYTHAGORAS etc.: the passage is from Plato, Phaedo 61 A-62 C. Plato makes Socrates there profess to quote Philolaus, the Pythagorean; Cic. therefore refers the doctrine to Pythagoras Cf. Tusc. 1, 74; Rep. 6, 15. The Stoics held the same view about suicide, which they authorized in extreme cases, but much less freely than is commonly supposed; cf. Sen. Ep. 117, 22 _nihil mihi videtur turpius quam optare mortem_. See Zeller, Stoics, Epicureans, and Sceptics, Ch. 12, C (2); cf. also Lecky, Hist. of European Morals, I. p. 228 _et seq_. (Am. ed.) -- IMPERATORIS ... PRAESIDIO: here Cic. seems to understand Plato's [Greek: phrourai] as referring to warfare; in Tusc. and Rep. he understands it of a prison. -- SAPIENTIS: Solon was one of the 'Seven Sages of Greece'. -- ELOGIUM: the distich is preserved by Plutarch, and runs thus: [Greek: mêde moi aklaustos thanatos moloi, alla philoisi Kalleipoimi thanôn algea kai stonachas]. Cic. thus translates it in Tusc. 1, 117 _Mors mea ne careat lacrimis, linquamus amicis Maerorem, ut celebrent funera cum gemitu_. The epitaph of Ennius is also quoted there and is declared to be better than that of Solon (cf. Tusc. 1, 34). -- VOLT SE ESSE CARUM: 'he wishes to make out that he is beloved'; _volt esse carus_ would have had quite a different sense. Cf. Fin. 5, 13 _Strato physicum se volt_, with Madvig's n. -- HAUD SCIO AN: see n. on 56. -- FAXIT: the subject is _quisquam_ understood from _nemo_. For the form see A. 142, 128, _e_, 3; G. 191, 5; H. 240, 4. The end of the epitaph is omitted here as in Tusc. 1, 117, but is given in Tusc. 1, 34 _cur? volito vivas per ora virum_. Notice the alliteration.

74. ISQUE: cf. n. on 13 _vixitque_. -- AUT OPTANDUS AUT NULLUS: cf. 66 _aut neglegenda ... aut optanda; nullus_ almost = _non_ as in 67, but only in the Letters does Cic. (imitating Plautus and the other dramatists) attach _nullus_ in this sense to the name of a particular person; _e.g._ Att. 11, 24, 4 _Philotimus nullus venit_. -- SED ... ESSE: 'but we must con this lesson from our youth up'. For the passive sense of _meditatum_ cf. n. on 4 _adeptam_. In Tusc. 1, 74 Cic., imitating Plato, says _tota philosophorum vita commentatio mortis est_. So Seneca, _tota vita discendum est mori_. -- SINE QUA ... NEMO POTEST: these words bring the position of Cicero with regard to death wonderfully near that of Lucretius: the latter argues that for peace of mind one must believe '_nullum esse sensum post mortem_'; the former's lesson is '_aut nullum esse sensum aut optandum_'. -- TIMENS: = _si quis timet_; the subject of _poterit_ is the indefinite _quis_ involved in _timens_. A. 310, _a_; G. 670; H. 549, 2. -- QUI: = _quo modo_, as in 4. -- ANIMO CONSISTERE: so in pro Quint. 77; also _mente consistere_ in Phil. 2, 68; Div. 2, 149; Q. Fr. 2, 3, 2 _neque mente neque lingua neque ore consistere_. The word is, literally, 'to stand firm', 'to get a firm foothold'.

P. 31. -- 75. L. BRUTUM: fell in single combat with Aruns, son of the exiled Tarquin; see Liv. 2, 6. The accusatives _Brutum_ etc. are not the objects of _recorder_ but the subjects of infinitives to be supplied from _profectas_. -- DUOS DECIOS: see n. on 43. -- CURSUM EQUORUM: the word _equos_ would have been sufficient; but this kind of pleonasm is common in Latin; see n. on Lael. 30 _causae diligendi_. -- ATILIUS: _i.e._ Regulus, whose story is too well known to need recounting. There are many contradictions and improbabilities about it. -- SCIPIONES: see n. on 29. In Paradoxa 1, 12 Cic. says of them _Carthaginiensium adventum corporibus suis intercludendum putaverunt_. -- POENIS: on the dat. see A. 235, _a_; H. 384, 4, n. 2. -- PAULUM: n. on 29 _L. Aemilius_. -- COLLEGAE: M. Terentius Varro. There is no reason to suppose that he was a worse general than many other Romans who met Hannibal and were beaten; the early historians, being all aristocrats, fixed the disgrace of Cannae on the democratic consul. Varro's contemporaries were more just to him. Far from reproaching him, the Senate commended his spirit, and several times afterwards entrusted him with important business. -- MARCELLUM: the captor of Syracuse in 212 B.C. He fell into an ambush in 208 and was killed; Hannibal buried him with military honors. -- CUIUS INTERITUM: abstract for concrete = _quem, post interitum_. -- CRUDELISSIMUS HOSTIS: this, the traditional Roman view of Hannibal, is the reverse of the truth, so far as extant testimony goes. See Mommsen, Hist. of Rome, Bk. III. Ch. 4; Ihne, Hist. of Rome, Bk. IV. -- SED ... ARBITRARENTUR: these words are almost exactly repeated in Tusc. 1, 89 and 101. -- RUSTICI: cf. Arch. 24 _nostri illi fortes viri sed rustici ac milites_; also above, 24.

76. OMNINO: see n. on 9. -- NUM IGITUR etc.: cf. 33 _nisi forte et seq._ -- CONSTANS: cf. n. on 33. -- NE ... QUIDEM: see n. on 27. -- SATIETAS VITAE: cf. 85 _senectus autem et seq._, and _satietas vivendi_ in pro Marc. 27; also Tusc. 1, 109 _vita acta perficiat ut satis superque vixisse videamur_.

77. CERNERE: of the mind also in 82. With the context cf. Div. 1, 63 _animus appropinquante morte multo est divinior; facilius evenit appropinquante morte ut animi futura augurentur_. -- VESTROS PATRES: n. on 15. The elder Laelius was prominent both as general and as statesman. He commanded the fleet which co-operated with Scipio Africanus in Spain and afterwards served with honor in Africa. He was an intimate friend of Cato. See Liv. 26, 42 _et seq._ -- TUQUE: so in Lael. 100 _C. Fanni et tu, Q. Muci_; but above, 4 and 9 simply _Scipio et Laeli_. -- QUAE EST SOLA VITA: cf. n. on _vitam nullam_ in 7. -- NAM DUM SUMUS etc.: the whole of this doctrine is Platonic; cf. Lael. 13. -- MUNERE NECESSITATIS ET ... OPERE: 'function and task allotted as by fate'.

P. 32. -- IMMORTALIS: Cicero rarely mentions the gods without this epithet. -- SPARSISSE: Horace calls the soul _divinae particulam aurae_. -- TUERENTUR: rule, or guard, or care for. Most editors wrongly take _tuerentur_ to be for _intuerentur_, 'to look upon', and regard it as an intentional archaism. But cf. Rep. 6, 15 (where no archaism can be intended): _homines sunt hac lege generati, qui tuerentur illum globum quae terra vocatur_; also _tuentur_ below in 82. -- CONTEMPLANTES IMITARENTUR: perhaps more Stoic than Platonic; the Stoics laid great stress on the ethical value of a contemplation and imitation of the order of the universe. Cf. N.D. 2, 37 _ipse homo ortus est ad mundum contemplandum et imitandum_; Sen. Dial. 8, 5, 1 _Natura nos ad utrumque genuit, et contemplationi rerum et actioni_. -- MODO: here _modus_ seems to be the Platonic [Greek: to metrion], or perhaps a reminiscence of the Aristotelian doctrine of the mean (n. on 46). Translate 'in moderation and consistency of life'; and cf. Off. 1, 93 _rerum modus_ 'moderation in all things'. For _constantia_ see n. on 4. -- ITA: cf. n. on 16 _et tamen sic_.