Chapter I: H S (3)

5. _Atloyantepetl_; this name possibly means "the mountain of the place of the water-falcons" (_atl_, water; _tlatli_, falcon; _yan_, place-ending; _tepetl_, mountain). I have not found it in other writers. (See Index.)

8. _tlaylotlaqui_; Siméon, on the authority of Aubin, explains this term as the name of a tribe living near Tezcuco. In derivation it appears to be a term of contempt, "workers in filth or refuse," scum, offscourings. It also appears in Song XV.

10. The construction of this verse is so obscure, or the text so imperfect, that the translation is doubtful.

NOTES FOR SONG XIV.

This poem, chanted in 1551 before the Governor of Azcapotzalco, by Francisco Placido, a native of Huexotzinco, is a Christian song in the style and metre of the ancient poetry. See the Introduction, p. 51.

1. _impetlatl_; the ordinary meaning of _petlatl_ is a mat or rug; it is here to be taken in its figurative sense of power or authority, chiefs and other prominent persons being provided with mats at the councils, etc.

NOTES FOR SONG XV.

This extremely difficult composition seems to be a war song, in which the bard refers to the traditional history of the Nahuas, names some of their most prominent warriors, and incites his hearers to deeds of prowess on the battle field. I do not claim for my version more than a general correspondence to the thought of the original. In several parts, especially verse 18, the text is obviously defective.

1. _tzihuactitlan_; "the land of the tzihuac bushes." The tzihuactli is a small kind of maguey which grows in rocky localities. The tenth edifice of the great temple at Tenochtitlan was a wall surrounding an artificial rockery planted with these bushes. Sahagun, who mentions this fact, adds that the name of this edifice was _Teotlalpan_, which literally means "on holy ground." (_Hist. de la Nueva España_, Lib. II, App.) The _mizquitl_ is the common _Mimosa circinalis_.

_Chicomoztoc_; "at the Seven Caves," a famous locality in Mexican legend, and the supposed birthplace of their race.

2. _Colhuacan_ is probably for Acolhuacan; the early rulers of the latter were of the blood of the Chichimec chiefs of the Tepanecas.

4. _Hueytlalpan_, "at the ancient land," perhaps for Huetlapallan, a 1ocality often referred to in the migration myths of the Nahuas.

5. _Atloyan_; see note to XIII, 6.

9. The ceiba and cypress trees were employed figuratively to indicate protection and safeguard. See Olmos, _Gram. de la Langue Nahuatl_, p. 211.

12. On _tlailotlaqui_, see note to XIII, 8. The interjectional appendages to this and the following verse are increased.

15. Tepeyacan was the name of a mountain on which before the Conquest was a temple dedicated to the "Mother of our Life," Tonantzin.

16. _tlapalcayocan_, "the place of shards," of broken pieces, i.e., the field of battle.

19. The word _totomihuacan_, which has already occurred in vv. 3 and 7, I have translated as referring to the war captains of the Mexican armies, called _otomi_ (see Bandelier, _On the Art of War of the Ancient Mexicans_, p. 117). I am quite open for correction however.

27. _in ipetl icpal_; in a translation of an ancient song, Ixtlilxochitl renders the expression _in ipetl icpal in teotl_, "en el trono y tribunal de Dios," _Historia Chichimeca_, cap. 32.

29. _Mictlan_; the place of departed souls in Aztec mythology.

NOTES FOR SONG XVI.

In this stirring war-song, the poet reproaches his friends for their lukewarmness in the love of battle. He reminds them that life is transitory, and the dead rise not again, and that the greatest joy of the brave is on the ringing field of fray where warriors win renown. It is in the spirit of the Scotch harper:--

"'Twere worth ten years of peaceful life,

One hour of such a day."

1. Each verse terminates with an interjectional refrain. The frequent introduction of the particle _on_ is intended to add strength and gravity to the oration.

2. _oppan piltihua_. Compare this expression with that in v. 22, p. 44.

3. _xochimicohuayan_, should perhaps be translated, "where the captives to be immolated to the Gods are taken." The _xochimique_, "those destined to a flowery death" were the captives who were reserved for sacrifice to the gods. See Joan Bautista, _Sermonario en Lengua Mexicana_, p. 180.

4. _yaoxochimiquiztica_, "pertaining to the slaughter of the flowery war." This adjective refers to the peculiar institution of the "flowery war," _guerra florida_, which obtained among the ancient Mexicans. It appears to have been a contest without provocation, and merely for the display of prowess and to take captives to supply the demand for human sacrifices in the religious rites. On this see Tezozomoc, _Cronica Mexicana_, cap. 96.

NOTES FOR SONG XVII.

In this long fragment--the closing strophes are missing in my MS.--the bard represents himself as a stranger appearing before the nobles of Huexotzinco at some festival. The first two verses appear to be addressed to him by the nobles. They ask him to bring forth his drum and sing. He begins with a laudation of the power of music, proceeds to praise the noble company present, and touches those regretful chords, so common in the Nahuatl poetry, which hint at the ephemeral nature of all joy and the certainty of death and oblivion. An appeal is made to the Master of Life who inspires the soul of the poet, and whose praises should be ever in mind.

The words _Dios_ and _angelotin_, in verse 26th, indicate that the poem has received some "recension" by the Spanish copyist; but the general tone impresses me as quite aboriginal in character.

2. _quauhtlocelotl_, see note to I, 5.

3. In this verse, as frequently elsewhere, the syllable ya is introduced merely to complete the metre. Ordinarily it is the sign of the imperfect tense, and has other meanings (see the Vocabulary), but in many instances does not admit of translation.

8. _noncoati_, for _ni-on-coatl_, I am a guest.

18. The references in this verse are obscure, and I doubt if I have solved them.

20. "The house of spring;" compare the expression in v. 1, of Nezahualcoyotl's song, p. 42.

21. A long oration of Xicontecatl, lord of Tizatlan, may be found in Clavigero, _Hist. Antica di Messico_, Tom. III, p. 40. The expression in _camaxochitzin_, from _camatl_, mouth, _xochitl_, rose, flower, and the reverential _tzin_, is noteworthy.

24. _petlacoatl_, the centipede or scolopender; from _petlatl_, mat, and _coatl_, serpent, as they are said to intertwine with each other, like the threads of a mat (Sahagun, Lib. XII, cap. 4).

NOTES FOR SONG XVIII.

At this portion of the MS. several poems are preceded by a line of syllables indicating their accompaniment on the teponaztli (see Introduction, p. 32).

The present number is one of the most noteworthy songs of the collection. It belongs to the ancient cyclus of Quetzalcoatl myths, and gives a brief relation of the destruction of Tollan and the departure and disappearance of the Light God, Quetzalcoatl Ce Acatl. As I have elsewhere collated this typical myth at length, and interpreted it according to the tenets of modern mythologic science, I shall not dwell upon it here (see D.G. Brinton, _American Hero Myths_, Phila., 1882).

The text of the poem is quite archaic, and presents many difficulties. But my translation, I think, gives the general sense correctly.

1. _huapalcalli_; literally, "the house constructed of beams." This name was applied to the chief temple of the Toltecs; the ruins of an ancient structure at Tollantzinco were pointed out at the time of the Conquest as those of this building (see Sahagun, _Hist. de la Nueva España_, Lib. X, cap. 29).

_coatlaquetzalli_; this edifice, said to have been left incomplete by Quetzalcoatl, when he forsook Tollan, had pillars in the form of a serpent, the head at the base, the tail at the top of the pillar. (See Orozco y Berra, _Hist. Antigua de Mexico_, Tom. III, pp. 30 and 46.) The structure is mentioned as follows in the _Anales de Cuauhtitlan_:--

_Auh iniquac nemia Quetzalcoatl quitzintica, quipeuahtica iteocal quimaman coatlaquetzali ihuan amo quitzonquixti, amo quipantlaz."_

"And when Quetzalcoatl was living, he began and commenced the temple of his which is the Coatlaquetzali (Serpent Plumes), and he did not finish it, he did not fully erect it."

_Nacxitl Topiltzin_, "Our Lord the four-footed." _Nacxitl_ appears to have been the name of Quetzalcoatl, in his position as lord of the merchants. Compare Sahagun, ubi supra, Lib. I, cap. 19.

2. _Poyauhtecatl_, a volcano near Orizaba, mentioned by Sahagun. _Acallan_, a province bordering on the Laguna de los Terminos. The myth reported that Quetzalcoatl journeyed to the shores of the Gulf about the isthmus of Tehuantepec and there disappeared.

3. _Nonohualco_; the reference is to the _cerro de Nonoalco_, which plays a part in the Quetzalcoatl myth. The words of the song are almost those of Tezcatlipoca when he is introduced to Quetzalcoatl. Asked whence he came, he replied, "Nihuitz in Nonohualcatepetl itzintla, etc." (_Anales de Cuauhtitlan_).

4. The occurrences alluded to are the marvels performed by Quetzalcoatl on his journey from Tulan. See my American Hero Myths, p. 115.

5. The departure of Quetzalcoatl was because he was ordered to repair to Tlapallan, supposed to be beyond Xicalanco.

8. _quinti_, for _iquintia_; the reference is to the magic draught given Quetzalcoatl by Tezcatlipoca.

9. _In tetl, in quahuitl_; literally, "stone and stick;" a very common phrase in Nahautl, to signify misfortunes.

NOTES FOR SONG XIX.

In this song we have avowedly a specimen of an early chant prepared probably by Bishop Zummarraga for the native converts. The accompaniment on the teponaztli is marked at the beginning. The language is noticeably different from the hymn to Quetzalcoatl just given (XVIII).

NOTES FOR SONG XX.

Another song of the antique Quetzalcoatl cyclus. It bewails the loss of Tulan, and the bard seeks in vain for any joyous theme to inspire his melody, reflecting on all that has bloomed in glory and now is gone forever.

3. _Tetl-quahitl_; see note to XVIII, 9.

NOTES FOR SONG XXI.

The occurrence to which this poem alludes took place about the year 1507. The chroniclers state that it was in the early period of the reign of Montezuma II, that the natives of Huexotzinco, at that time allies of the Mexicans, were severely harassed by the Tlascallans, and applied, not in vain, to their powerful suzerain to aid them. (See Tezozomoc, _Cronica Mexicana_, cap. 97.)

The poet does not appear to make a direct petition, but indirectly praises the grandeur of Montezuma and expresses his own ardent love for his native Huexotzinco. The song would appear to be used as a delicate prelude to the more serious negotiations. It is one of the few historical songs in the collection. From the references in verses 1 and 3 we infer that this singer held in his hand the painted book from which he recited the couplets. This may explain the presentation of the piece.

1. _huetzcani_; one who laughs, a jester, perhaps the designation of one who sang cheerful songs.

_chalchiuhatlaquiquizcopa_; a. word of difficult analysis. I suspect an omission of an _l_, and that the compound includes _tlaquilqui_, one who fastens and puts together, a mason, etc.

5. The sense is that the warriors of Montezuma when on the field of battle, shine in their deeds like beautiful flowers in a field, and win lasting fame by their exploits.

_mopopoyauhtoc_. The grammarian Olmos explains the reflexive verb _mopopoyauhtiuh_ to signify "he leaves an honored memory of his exploits." See Siméon, _Dictionaire de la Langue Nahuatl_, sub voce.

7. _Huexotzinco atzalan_; "Huexotzinco amid the waters." This expression, repeated in verse 8, appears inappropriate to the town of Huexotzinco, which lies inland. In fact, the description in verse 7 applies to Tenochtitlan rather than the singer's own town. But the text does not admit this translation. Perhaps we should read "Huexotzinco and Atzalan," as there are yet two villages of that name in the state of Puebla (which embraced part of ancient Huexotzinco).

10. _petiatolini_, I have derived from _petlatl_, suspecting an error in transcription. The reference is to the rushes in the mat on which the singer stood.

NOTES FOR SONG XXII.

The ordinary sad burden of the Nahuatl poets is repeated with emphasis in this plaint. It is a variation of the Epicurean advice, "Eat, drink, and be merry, for to-morrow we die." Both the sentiment and the reference to Mictlan in verse 7, point it out as a production uninfluenced by Christian teaching.

7. The word _ahuicaloyan_, place of sweetness, would seem to be identical with _ohuicaloyan_, place of difficulty, in v. 8; I have regarded the latter as an error of transcription.

NOTES FOR SONG XXIII.

Although No. V. is probably one of the lost songs of Nezahualcoyotl, the present is the only one of the collection which is definitely attributed to him. The language is very archaic, and in the sentiment there is every mark of antiquity.

The text is apparently a dialogue, which was chanted as strophe and antistrophe, the one singer speaking for the King, the other for the bard himself.

The word _teotl_ is used for divinity, and it is doubtless this word for which the copyists of some of the other songs have substituted the Spanish _Dios_, thus conveying an impression that the chants themselves were of late date.

The last verse, however, seems to be by one who lives after the time of the great poet-prince, and is calling him to memory.

NOTES FOR SONG XXIV.

It will be seen that there is a wearisome sameness in the theme of most of the short poems. Probably the bards followed conventional models, and feared for the popularity of their products, did they seek originality. Here again are the same delight in flowers and songs, and the same grief at the thought that all such joys are evanescent and that soon "death closes all."

I consider the poem one of undoubted antiquity and purely native in thought and language.

NOTES FOR SONG XXV.

The destruction of the Mexican state was heralded by a series of omens and prodigies which took place at various times during the ten years preceding the arrival of Cortes. They are carefully recorded by Sahagun, in the first chapter of the 12th book of his history. They included a comet, or "smoking star," as these were called in Nahuatl, and a bright flame in the East and Southeast, over the mountains, visible from midnight to daylight, for a year. This latter occurred in 1509. The song before us is a boding chant, referring to such prognostics, and drawing from them the inference that the existence of Mexico was doomed. It was probably from just such songs that Sahagun derived his information.

1. _toztliyan_, I suppose from _tozquitl_, the singing voice, in the locative; literally, "the quechol in the place of sweet-singing."

2. _iquiapan_, from _i_, possessive prefix, _quiauatl_, door, entrance, house, _pan_, in.

5. An obscure verse; _tequantepec_, appears to be a textual error; _tequani_, a ravenous beast, from _qua_ to eat; _tepec_, a mountain; but _tequantepehua_ occurring twice later in the poem induces the belief _tequani_ should be taken in its figurative sense of affliction, destruction, and that _tepec_ is an old verbal form.

7. _Xochitecatl_, "one who cares for flowers," is said by Sahagun to have been the name applied to a woman doomed to sacrifice to the divinities of the mountains (_Hist. Nueva España_, Lib. II, cap. 13).

8. _amaxtecatl_, or _amoxtecatl_, as the MS. may read, from _amoxtli_, a book.

NOTES FOR SONG XXVI.

This seems to be a song of victory to celebrate an attack upon Atlixco by the ruler of Tezcuco, the famous Nezahualpilli. This monarch died in 1516, and therefore the song must antedate this period, if it is genuine. It has every intrinsic evidence of antiquity, and I think may justly be classed among those preserved from a time anterior to the Conquest. According to the chronologies preserved, the attack of Nezahualpilli upon Atlixco was in the year XI _tochtli_, which corresponds to 1490, two years before the discovery by Columbus (see Orozco y Berra, _Hist. Antigua de Mexico_, Tom. III, p. 399).

NOTES FOR SONG XXVII.

My MS. closes with a Christian song in the style of the ancient poetry. It is valuable as indicating the linguistic differences between these later productions of the sixteenth century and those earlier ones, such as XXVI, which I have not hesitated to assign to an epoch before the Spaniards landed upon the shores of New Spain.

VOCABULARY.

The Roman numerals refer to the songs, the Arabic to the verses, in which the word occurs. Abbreviations: _lit_., literally; _ref_., reflexive; _pret_., preterit; _rev_., reverential; _freq_., frequentative; _post_., postposition; _Span_., a Spanish word.

A, _adv_. No, not, in comp. A, _n_. For atl, water, in comp.; as _acalli_, water-house, _i.e._, a boat. A, _interj_. Oh! ah! placed after the word on which stress is laid. AC, _pron., interj_. Who? ACA, _pron_. Some, any; somebody. ACALLI, _n_. A boat, of any kind. ACH, _dubitative particle_. Indeed? is it not? etc. ACHITZINCA, _adv_. A little while, a short time. ACHQUEN, _adv_. At what time? When? ACI, _v_. To reach, to acquire. ACOHUETZI, _v_. To console, to make glad. I, 3. ACOQUIZA, _v_. To lift up, to raise, to increase in dignity or power. ACOTLAZA, _v_. To console. ACXOYATL, _n_. The wild laurel. AHAUIA, _v_. To rejoice, take pleasure in; freq. of _ahuia_. AHUACHIA, _v_. To wet one's self, to bathe. VII, 4. AHUACHTLI, _n_. Dew, moisture. AHUEHUETL, _n_. The cypress tree; _Cupressus disticha_. AHUIA, _v_. To rejoice, to be joyful. AHUIAC, _adj_. Agreeable, pleasant, sweet. AHUIAN, _adj_. Content, satisfied. AHUICPA, _adv_. From one place to another. III, 3. AIC, _adv_. Never. ALTEPETL, _n_. Town, city, citadel. AMECH, _pron. ret_. You, to you. AMEYALLI, _n_. A fountain, a stream; _lit_., flowing water. AMILLI, _n_. Watered and arable land. XIV, 6. AMO, _adv_. No, not; _amo ma_, no other; _amo zannen_, not in vain; _pron_., you, yours. AMOXPETLATL, _n_. Book-mat. See XIX, 3. AMOXTECATL, _n_. See XXV, 8, note. AN, _pron_. You. ANA, _v_. To take, to grasp, to seize. ANAHUIA, _v_. To be dissatisfied. ANCA, _adv_. Of the kind that. XVII, 12. ANE, _adv_. Hollo! in calling. ANGELOTIN, _n_. Angels. Span. XVII, 26. ANO, _adv_. As little, neither. ANOZO, _conj_. Or, perhaps. AOC, _adv_. Not yet. APANA, _v_. To clothe. APANO, _v_. To ford, to cross water. XVIII, 2. AQUEN, _adv_. Nothing, in no manner. AQUIN, _pron_. Who? _in aquin_, he who. AT, _adv_. Perhaps, perchance. ATAYAHUILI, for _at aya ueli_. Not yet, not even. ATIHUELMATI, _v_. Not to be well. IX, 3. ATL, _v_. Water. ATLAMACHTIA, _v_. To praise one; _ref_., to be proud. ATLE, _pron_. Nothing. ATLEY, _in atley_. Without. ATONAUIA, _v_. To have a fever, to be sick. AUH, _conj_. And, even, also. AXALLI, _n_. Bar-sand, water-sand. AY, _v_. pret. _oax_. To do, to make. AYA, _adv_. Not yet, not now. AYACACHTLI, _n_. A musical instrument. See p. 24. AYAHUITL, _n_. Fog, mist, vapor. AYAUH COZAMALOTL, _n_. The rainbow; _lit_., "mist of water jewels." AYOC, _adv_. Already not. _Ayoctle_, nothing more. AYOQUAN, _adv_. Aoc-iuan. Nothing like it, unequaled. XVII, 17. AYOQUIC, _adv_. Nevermore. V, 6. AZAN, _adv_. Not a little, not a few. AZO, _conj_. Or, perhaps, perchance. AZTLACAPALLI, _n_. The tail feathers of a bird. XVII, 10.

C, _pron. rel_. He, her, it, him; _postpos_., with, by, in, from, at. CA, _adv_. Already, yes, because, for, truly, only. CA, _v_. To be (in a place). _CA_, _postpos_. With, by, by means of. CACALI, _v_. To discharge arrows. CACOPA, _post_. Toward, towards. CAHUA, _v_. To leave, to let, to desert, to stop, to lay down. CALAQUIA, _v_. To enter, to go in. CALLI, _n_. A house; in comp. _cal_, as _nocal_, my house. CALMECAC, _n_. A public school, p. 10. CAMAPANTLI, _n_. The cheeks, the face. XXVI, 5. CAMATL, _n_. The mouth. CAMPA, _adv_. Where, whither. CAN, _adv_. and _postpos_. Where. CANAUHTLI, _n_. A duck. XXI, 9. CANEL, _adv_. Since, as, because. CAQUI, _v_. To hear, to listen to. CATLEHUATL, _pron_. Who? which? whoever, whatever. CATQUI, _v. irreg_. From _ca_, to be (in a place). CAUHTEHUA, _v_. To leave a place. CAXTLAUITL, _n_. A kind of ochre. XVII, 10. CE, _adj_. and _art_. One, a, an. CECE, or Cecen, _adj_. Each, every. CECEMELQUIXTIA, _v_. To come forth wholly, perfectly. I, 1. CECEMELTIA, _v. ref_. To rejoice, to feel glad. CECEMELTIC, _adj_. Complete, whole, entire. CECEMMANA, _v_. To disperse, to scatter. CEHUIA, _v_. To rest, to repose. CEL, Sole only. CELIA, _v_. 1. To receive, to obtain. 2. To blossom, to bloom. CEMANAHUATL, _n_. The world, the universe. CEMELLE, _adv_. With peace or joy. Usually with a negative _aic cemelle_, never peacefully. XV, 18; XVI, 1. CEMILHUILTILIA, _v_. To detain one for a day. CEMILHUITL, _n_. One day. CEN, _adv_. Forever, for always; _cen yauh_, to go forever, to die. CENCA, _adv_. Very much, exceedingly. CENCI, _adv_. Elsewhere. CENQUIXTIA, _v_. To select from, to pick from. CENTZONTLATOLLI, _n_. The mocking bird, _Turdus polyglottus_; _lit_., "the myriad-voiced." CENTZONTLI, _adj. num_. Four hundred, used for any large number. CEPANOA, _v_. To unite, to join together. CHALCHIUHITL, _n_. The Mexican jade or green stone; emerald _fig_., green; precious. CHANE, _n_. Inhabitant or resident of a place. CHANTLI, _n_. A dwelling, a residence; in comp., _chan_. CHIA, _v_. To wait, to expect. CHIALONI, _n_. That which is awaited or expected. CHICAHUAC, _adj_. Strong, powerful. CHICHIA, _v_. 1. To make bitter. 2. To obey. XIII, 9. CHICHINA, _v_. To snuff up, imbibe, or suck up, especially the odors of burning incense, through a tube. VII, 4; XVII, 10. CHICHINAQUILIZTLI, _n_. Torment, pain, suffering. CHIHUA, _v_. To make, to do, to happen; _chihua in noyollo_, my heart is troubled, I am pained. CHIMALLI, _n_. The native shield or buckler. VI, 4. CHITONI, _v_. To sparkle, to glitter. CHITONIA, _v_. To gain, to realize a profit. V, 4. CHITTOLINI, _v_. To bow down, to sink. CHOCA, _v_. To cry (of animals and man). CIAHUI, _v_. To fatigue one's self, to tire. CIHUACOATL, _n_. A magistrate of high rank; _lit_.,"woman serpent." CIHUATL, _n_. A woman. CITLALIN, _n_. A star. CO, _postpos_. In, from. COA, or COHUA, _v_. To buy, to purchase. COCHITIA, _v_. To sleep. COCOA, _v_. To pain, to give pain. COCOLIA, _v_. To hate. COCOYA, _v_. To be sick. COHUATL, or COATL, _n_. A serpent; a guest; a twin; the navel; a spade. COHUAYOTL, _n_. Buying, purchasing. V, 2. COLLI, _n_. Ancestor, forefather. COLOA, _v_. To twist, to turn, to bend. COMONI, _v_. To crackle (of a fire); to be turbulent (of people). XXIV. CON, _pron_. Some one; comp. of _c_ and _on_. COPA, _postpos_. By, toward. COPALLI, _n_. Resin, gum copal. COYOUA, _v_. To cry, to yell. XIII, 7. COYOHUACAN, _n_. The place of wolves. XIII, 10. COYOLTOTOTL, _n_. The coyol bird, _Piranga hepatica_. COYOTL, _n_. The coyote, the Mexican wolf. COZCATIA, _v_. To deck with golden chains. IV, 4. COZCATL, _n_. Jewel, precious stone; a string of such; a chain or collar. CUECUEXANTIA, _v_. To gather in the folds of the robe. CUECUEYA, _v_. To move to and fro. XXI, 9. CUEPA, _v_. To turn, to return, to bring back. CUEPONI, _v_. To blossom, to bud, to bloom. CUETLANI, _v_. To wilt, to perish. XV, 15. CUETZPALTI, _v_. To act as a glutton, to revel in. XVII, 5. CUEXANTLI, _n_. Gown, robe, petticoat. CUI, _v_. To take, to gather, to collect. CUICA, _n_. A song, a poem. CUICANI, _n_. A singer, a poet. CUICOYAN, _n_. A place for singing. See note to p. 10. CUIHUA, _v_. Pass. of _cui_, q. v. CUILIA, _v_. Rev. of _cui_, q. v. CUILOA, _v_. To paint, to write. CUILTONOA, _v_. To be rich; to rejoice greatly; to enrich or cause joy. XV, 6. CUITLATL, _n_. Excrement, dung. CUIX, _adv_. An interrogative particle.

ECACEHUAZTLI, _n_. A fan. EHECATL, _n_. Wind, air. EHECAYO, _adj_. Full of wind, stormy. EHUA, _v_. To lift up, especially to raise the voice in singing. ELCHIQUIHUITL, _n_. The breast, the stomach. ELCHIQUIUHEUA, _v_. To fatigue, to tire. VI, 5. ELCICIHUILIZTLI, _n_. A sigh, a groan. ELEHUIA, _v_. To desire ardently, to covet. ELLAQUAHUA, _v_. To animate, to inspire. ELLELACI, _v_. To suffer great pain. ELLELLI, _n_. Suffering, pain. ELLELQUIXTIA, _v_. To cause joy, to make glad. ELLELTIA, _v. Ref_., to regret, to repent, to abstain; _act_., to prevent, to hinder, to impede, to cause pain. EPOALLI, _adj. num_. Sixty. EZTLI, _n_. Blood.

HUAHUAQUI, _u_. To dry up, to wither wholly. VIII, 1. HUAL, _adv_. Hither, toward this place. HUALLAUH, _v. irreg_. To come hither. HUAN, _postpos_. In company with; also, a plural termination. HUAPALCALLI, _n_. Houses of planks. See XVIII, 1. HUAQUI, _v_. To dry up, to wither. HUECAPAN, _adj_. Lofty. HUECATLAN, _adj_. Deep, profound. HUEHUETL, _n_. A drum. See page 22. HUEHUETZI, _v. freq_. To fall often. HUEIYOTL, _n_. Greatness, grandeur. HUEL, _adv_. Well, good, pleasant. HUELIC, _adj_. Sweet, pleasant, fragrant. HUELMANA, _v_. To make smooth, or even; to polish, to burnish. HUETZCANI, _n_. A jester, a laugher. XXI, 1. HUETZI, _v_. To fall. HUETZTOC, _v_. To be stretched out, to be in bed. HUEY, _adj_. Great, large. HUEYATLAN, _n_. Place of increase, from _hueya_, to grow greater. HUIC, _postpos_. Toward, against. HUICA _v_. To accompany; to carry off; to govern, to rule, to direct. HUIHUICA, _v_. To follow in crowds, or often. HUIHUITEQUI, _v_. To gather, to pluck. HUILOHUAYAN, _n_. Bourne, goal, terminus; from _huiloa_, all go. HUIPANA, _v_. To put in order, to arrange. HUITOMI, _v_. To split, to fall. XVIII, 4. HUITZ, _v_. To come. HUITZITZICATIN, _n_. The humming bird. I, 1. HUITZITZILIN, _n_. The humming bird, _Trochilus_. HUITZLI, _n_. A thorn, especially of the maguey. HUITZTLAN, _n_. The south; _huitztlampa_, from or to the south.

I, _v_. Pret. _oic_. To drink. I, _pron_. His, her, its, their. IC, _conj_. For, since, because; _prep_. With, towards, by, in; _adv_. Where? when? _zan ic_, as soon as, often, only, on purpose. ICA, _post_. With him, her, it, etc. ICÂ, _adv_. Sometimes, occasionally. ICAC, _v_. To stand upright. ICAHUACA, _v_. To sing (of birds). ICALI, _v_. To war, to fight. VI, 5. ICAUHTLI, _n_. Younger brother. VII, 2. ICELIA, _v_. To incite another, to devote one's self to. ICNELIA, _v_. To do good, to benefit. ICNIUHTLI, _n_. A friend, a companion; _tocnihuan_, our friends. ICNOPILLAHUELILOCATI, _v_. To be ungrateful. ICNOTLAMACHTIA, _v_. To excite compassion. ICPAC, _postpos_. Upon, over. IHUAN, _conj_. And, also. IHUI, _adv_. Of this kind, in this way. IHUINTI, _v_. To intoxicate, to make drunk. IHUITL, _n_. Feather, plumage. ILACATZIUI, _v_. To twist, to twine. ILACATZOA, _v_. To twine around, to wind about. XV, 2. ILCAHUA, _v_. To forget. ILHUIA, _v_. To speak, to say, to tell. ILHUICATL, _n_. Heaven, the sky. ILNAMIQUILIA, _v_. To remember, to call to mind. ILPIA, _v_. To bind, to fasten. IM, See _in_. IMATI, _v_. To be skillful or wise; to prepare or arrange something skillfully. IN, _art. and pron_. He, they, the, which, etc.; _in ma oc_, meanwhile; _in ic_, so that, in order that. INAYA, _v_. To confer, to hide. X, 2. INECUI, _v_. To smell something, to perceive an odor. IV, 6. INIC, _adv_. For, in order that, after that. ININ, _pron_. These, they. INIQUAC, _conj_. When. INNE, _conj_. But. INOC, _adv_. While, during. INON, _pron_. Those. INTLA, _conj_. If. INTLACAMO, _adv_. Unless, if not. IPALNEMOANI, _n_. A name of God. See III, 1, note. IPAMPA, _adv_. Because. IPOTOCTLI, _n_. Smoke, vapor, exhalation. ITAUHCAYOTL, _n_. Fame, honor. XVII, 14. ITHUA, _v_. To see, for _itla_. XV, 6. ITIA, _v_. 1. To drink; to cause to drink. 2. To suit, to fit. ITIC, _postpos_. Within, inside of. ITLANI, _v_. To ask, to solicit, to demand. ITOA, _v_. To say, to speak, to tell. ITONALIZTLI, _n_. Sweat; _fig_., hard work. VI, 5. ITOTIA, _n_. To dance in the native fashion. ITOTILIZTLI, _n_. Dance. ITTA, _v_. To see, to behold. ITTITIA, _v_. To show, to make evident. ITZMOLINI, _v_. To be born, to sprout, to grow. XX, 4. ITZTAPALLI, _n_. Paving stone. XV, 8. ITZTOC, _v_. To watch, to keep awake, to wait for. XVII, 12. IXAMAYO, _adj_. Known, recognized. XIII, 2. IXAYOTL, _n_. A tear (from the eyes). IXCUITIA, _v_. To take example. IXIMACHOCA, _n_. The knowledge of a person. IXIMATI, _v_. To know personally. IXITIA, _v_. To awake, to arouse. IXPAN, _postpos_. Before the face of, in presence of. IXQUICH, _adv_. As many as. IXTIA, _v_. To face a person, especially the enemy; to watch. IXTLAHUATL, _n_. Open field, savanna, desert. IXTLAN, _postpos_. Before the face of. IXTLI, _n_. Face, visage; eye. IZA, _v_. To awaken, to arouse. IZCALI, _v_. To arise, to rise up. IZHUATL, _n_. A leaf of a tree, etc. IZHUAYO, _adj_. Leafy, with leaves. IZQUI, _adj., pl_. izquintin. As many, so many, all; _izqui in quezqui_, as many as. IZTAC, _adj_. White. IZTLACAHUIA, _v_. To deceive, to cheat. IZTLACOA, _v_. To search for; _ref_., to take counsel.

MA, _adv_. Sign of optative, subjunctive and vetative; _ma oc_, yet a while. MACA, _v_. To give, to present. MA CA, _neg_. Do not. MACAIC, _adv_. Never. MACAZO TLEIN, _neg_. No matter, for all that. VI, 2. MACEHUALLOTL, _n_. Servitude, slavery. MACEUALTI, _v. defect_. To merit; to be happy. MACEHUALTIA, _v_. 1. _nino_, to make another a vassal, to reduce to vassalage; _nite_, to give vassals to one; _nita_, to impose a penance on one. MACH, _adv_. An intensive particle. MACHTIA, _v_. To cause to know, to teach, to learn. MACIUI, _adv_. Although, granted that. XVII, 13. MACQUAITL, _n_. The native sword. VI, 4. MACUELE, _adv_. Would that--sign of the optative. MAHACA, _adv_. Not, no. MAHUI, _v_. To fear, to have fear. MAHUIZTI, _v_. To be esteemed, to be honored. MAITL, _n_. The hand, the arm. In comp. _ma_, as _noma_, my hand. MALACACHOA, _v_. To twine, to fold. XVI, 4. MALHUIA, _v_. To regale, to treat well, to take care of. MALINA, _v_. To twine, to wreathe. MALINTIUH, _v_. To twine, to twist, to enwreathe. MAMALIA, _v_. To carry. MAMALLI, _v_. To enter, to penetrate. XII, 4. MAMANA, _v_. To arrange a feast, to set in order. XV, 15. MAMANI, _v_. See Mani. MANA, _v_. To offer offerings. XVII, 3. MANCA, _v_. Imp. of _Mani_. MANEN, _neg_. That not, that it does not happen, etc. MANI, _v_. To be (of broad or wide things); to be stretched out. MANOZO, _adv_. Or, if. MAQUIZTLI, _n_. A bracelet or other ornament of the arm. III, 5. MATI, _v_. To know. _Ref_., to think, to reflect; _qui-mati noyollo_, I presume, I doubt; _nonno-mati_, I attach myself to a person or thing. MATILOA, _v_. To anoint, to rub. MAZO, _adv_. Although. MEYA, _v_. To flow, to trickle. MIAHUATOTOTL, _n_. A bird. IV, 2. MICOHUANI, _adj_. Mortal, deadly. MIEC, _adv_. Much, many. MILLI, _n_. Cultivated field. MIQUI, _v_. To die, to kill. MIQUITLANI, _v_. To desire death. X, 1. MITZ, _pron_. Thee, to thee. MIXITL, _n_. A narcotic plant. See _tlapatl_. IX, 2. MIXTECOMATL, _n_. A dark night, a dark place. III, 4. MIZQUITL, _n_. The mesquite. XV, 1. MO, _pron_. 1. Thy, thine; 2. _Pron. ref_. 3 sing., he, him, they, them. MOCHI, _adj_. All. MOCHIPA, _adv_. Always. MOLINIANI, _n_. One who moves, or agitates. XVI, 3. MOMOLOTZA, _v_. To cause to foam, to cut to pieces. XII, 3. MOTELCHIUH, _n_. The governor of Tenochtitlan. XIII, 8.--See _telchihua_. MOTLA, _v_. To throw, to fall. I, 1. MOTLALI, _adj_. Seated, placed, in repose. MOYAUA, _v_. To conquer; to become cloudy or troubled (of water); to talk about; to boast. MOZTLA, _adv_. To-morrow.

NAHUAC, _postpos_. Toward, by, along, near to. NAHUI, _adj. num_. Four. NALQUIXTIA, _v_. To cause to penetrate, causative of _nalquiza_, to penetrate. NANANQUILIA, _v_. To answer, to reply to. NANTLI, _n_. Mother, _tonan_, our mother, etc. NAUHCAMPA, _adv_. In four directions, to four places. NE, _pron_. Reflexive pronoun 3d person in verbal substantives and impersonal verbs. NE, _pron_. for _nehuatl_. I, me. NECALIZTLI, _n_. Battle, combat. NECH, _pron_. Me, to me. NECHCA, _adv_. There, down there; like the French _là-bas; ocye nechca_, formerly, once. NECI, _v_. To appear, to show one's self or others. NECO, _v_. Pass, of _nequi_, q. v. NECTIA, _v_. To desire, to wish for. NECUILTONOLLI, _n_. Riches, possessions. NEICALOLOYAN, _n_. The field of battle. NEIXIMACHOYAN, _n_. A place where one is taught. XIII, 1. NEL, _adv_. But. NELHUAYOTL, _n_. A root; _fig_., principle, foundation, essence. NELIHUI, _adv_. It is thus, even thus; _mazo nelihui_, though it be thus. NELLI, _adv_. Truly, verily. NELOA, _v_. To mingle, to shake, to beat. NELTIA, _v_. To verify, to make true. NEMACTIA, _v_. 1. To receive, to obtain. 2. To give, to grant. NEMAYAN, _adv_. In the course of the year. XII, 3. NEMI, _v_. To live, to dwell, to walk. NEMOA, _v. impers_. To live, to dwell. NEN, _adv_. Vainly, in vain. NENCHIUA, _v_. To do in vain. NENECTIA, _v_. To obtain by effort. XII, 4. NENELIUHTICA, _adj_. Mixed up, mingled together. NENELOA, _v_. To mix, to mingle. NENEPANOA, _v. freq_. To mix, to mingle. XVII, 1. NENEQUI, _v_. To act tyrannically; to feign; to covet. XI, 7. NENNEMI, _v_. To wander about. NENONOTZALCUICATL, _n_. A song of exhortation. NENTACI, _v_. To fail, to come to naught. XVII, 13, 14. NENTLAMACHTIA, _v. ref_. To afflict one's self, to torment one's self. NENTLAMATI, _v_. To be afflicted, disconsolate. NEPA, _adv_. Here, there. _Ye nepa_, a little further, beyond. XXI, 6. _Oc nepa_, further on. NEPANIUI, _v_. To join, to unite. NEPANTLA, _postpos_. In the midst of. NEPAPAN, _adj_. Various, diverse, different. NEPOHUALOYAN, _n_. The place where one is reckoned, read, or counted. VI, 2. NEQUI, _v_. To wish, to desire. NETLAMACHTILIZTLI, _n_. Riches, property. NETLAMACHTILOYAN, _n_. A prosperous place. IV, 6; VII, 4. NETLANEHUIHUIA, _v_. To have an abundance of all things. XXVI, 1. NETOTILIZTLI, _n_. Dance, dancing. NETOTILOYAN, _n_. Place of dancing. NI, _pron. pers_. I. Before a vowel, _n_. NICAN, _adj_. Here, hither. NIHUI, _adv_. From _no-ihui_, thus, of the same manner. XVIII, 3. NIMAN, _adv_. Soon, promptly. NINO, _pron. ref_. I myself. NIPA, _adv_. Here, in this part, there. NO, _adv_. Also, like, _no yuh_, in the same way, thus. _Pron_. My, mine. NOCA, _pron_. For me, for my sake, by me. NOHUAN, _pron_. With me. NOHUIAMPA, _adv_. In all directions, on all sides. NOHUIAN, _adv_. Everywhere, on all sides. NONOYAN, _n_. Place of residence. V, 2. NONOTZA, _v_. To consult, to take counsel, to reflect. NOTZA, _v_. To call some one. NOZAN, _adv_. Even yet, and yet, to this day.

OBISPO, _n_. Bishop. _Span_. XIX, 4. OC, _adv_. Yet, again; _oc achi_, yet a little; _oc achi ic_, yet more, comparative; _oc pe_, first, foremost. OCELOTL, _n_. The tiger; a warrior so called. See note to I, 5. OCOXOCHITL, _n_. A fragrant mountain flower. III, 2. OCTICATL, _n_. See note to VII, 1. OCTLI, _n_. The native wine from the maguey. In comp., _oc_. OHUAGA, _interj_. Oh! alas! OHUI, _adj_. Difficult, dangerous. OHUICALOYAN, _n_. A difficult or dangerous place. XXII, 7. OHUICAN, _n_. A difficult or dangerous place. OME, _adj_. Two. OMITL, _n_. A bone. OMPA, _adv_. Where. ON, _adv_. A euphonic particle, sometimes indicating action at a distance, at other times generalizing the action of the verb. ONCAN, _adv_. There, thither. ONOC, _v_. To be lying down. OPPA, _adv_. A second time, twice. OQUICHTLI, _n_. A male, a man. OTLI, _n_. Path, road, way. OTOMITL, _n_. An Otomi; a military officer so called. OTONCUICATL, _n_. An Otomi song. II, 1.

PACHIUI NOYOLLO, _v_. I am content, satisfied. IX, 2. PACQUI, _v_. To please, to delight. PACTLI, _n_. Pleasure, joy. PAL, _postpos_. By, by means of. PAMPA, _postpos_. For, because. PAN, _postpos_. Upon; _apan_, upon the water. PAPALOTL, _n_. The butterfly. PAPAQUI, _v_. To cause great joy. PATIUHTLI, _n_. Price, wages, reward. PATLAHUAC, _adj_. Large, spacious. PATLANI, _v_. To fly. PEHUA, _v. Pret., opeuh_, to begin, to commence. PEPETLACA, _v_. To shine, to glitter. PEPETLAQUILTIA, _v_. To cause to shine. PETLACOATL, _n_. The scolopender, the centipede. XVII, 24. PETLATL, _n_. A mat, a rug (of reeds or flags); _fig_., power, authority. PETLATOTLIN, _n_. A rush suitable to make mats. XXI, 10. PETLAUA, _v_. To polish, to rub to brightness. PEUHCAYOTL, _n_. Beginning, commencement. PILIHUI, _v_. To fasten to, to mingle with. XXI, 6. PILIHUITL, _n_. Beloved child. XII, 3. PILLI, _n_. Son, daughter, child. A noble, a chief, a ruler, a lord. _Tepilhuan_, the children, the young people. _Nopiltzin_, my lord. PILOA, _v_. To hang down, to suspend. PILTIHUA, _v_. To be a boy, to be young. PIPIXAUI, _v_. To snow, to rain heavily. PIXAUI, _v_. To snow, to rain. POCHOTL, _n_. The ceiba tree; _fig_., protector, chief. POCTLI, _n_. Smoke, vapor, fog, mist. POLOA, _v_. To destroy; to perish. POPOLOA, _v_. Freq. of _poloa_. POPOYAUHTIUH, _v_. To leave a glorious memory. XXI, 5. POXAHUA, _v_. To work the soil, to labor. POYAUA, _v_. To color, to dye. XVII, 21. POYAUI, _v_. To become clear, to clear off. POYOMATL, _n_. A flower like the rose. IV, 6. POZONI, _v_. To boil, to seethe; fig., to be angry.

QUA, _v_. To eat. QUAHTLA, _n_. Forest, woods. QUAHUITL, _n_. A tree; a stick; _fig_., chastisement. QUAITL, _n_. Head, top, summit. QUALANI, _v_. To anger, to irritate. QUALLI, _adj_. Good, pleasant. QUATLAPANA, _v_. To break one's head; to suffer much. QUAUHTLI, _n_. The eagle; a warrior so called; bravery, distinction. I, 5. QUEMACH, _adv_. Is it possible! QUEMMACH AMIQUE, _rel_. Those who are happy, the happy ones. IX, 2. QUENAMI, _adv_. As, the same as. QUENAMI CAN, _adv_. As there, the same as there, sometimes with _on_ euphonic inserted, _quenonami_. QUENIN, _adj_. How, how much. QUENNEL, _adv_. What is to be done? What remedy? QUENNONAMICAN, See under _quenami_. QUEQUENTIA, _v_. To clothe, to attire. QUETZA, _v. Nino_, to rise up; to unite with; to aid; _nite_, to lift up. QUETZALLI, _n_. A beautiful feather; _fig_., something precious or beautiful. QUETZALTOTOTL, _n_. A bird; _Trogon pavoninus_. QUEXQUICH, _pron_. So many as, how much. QUI, _pron. rel_. He, her, it, they, them. QUIAUATL, _n_. Entrance, door. XVII, 18. QUIAUITL, _n_. Rain, a shower. QUIMILOA, _v_. To wrap up, to clothe, to shroud the dead. XI, 6. QUIN, _pron. rel_. They, then. QUIQUINACA, _v_. To groan, to buzz, etc. QUIQUIZOA, _v_. To ring bells. IV, 3. QUIZA, _v_. To go forth, to emerge. QUIZQUI, _adj_. Separated, divided. QUIZTIQUIZA, _v_. To go forth hastily. XXII.

TAPALCAYOA, _v_. To be full of potsherds and broken bits. XV, 16. TATLI, _n. and v_. See p. 19. TE, _pron. pers_. 1. Thou. 2. _Pron. rel. indef_. Somebody. TEAHUIACA, _adj_. Pleasing, agreeable. TECA, _pron_. Of some one; _te_ and _ca_. TECA, _v_. To stretch out, to sleep; to concern one's self with. _Moteca_, they unite together. TECH, _postpos_. In, upon, from. _Pron_. Us. TECOCOLIA, _n_. A hated person, an enemy. TECOMAPILOA, _n_. A musical instrument. See p. 23. TECPILLI, _n_. Nobleman, lord. TECPILLOTL, _n_. The nobility; noble bearing, courtesy. TEHUAN, _pron_. 1. We. 2. With some one. TEHUATL, _pron_. Thou. TEINI, _v_. To break, to fracture. TEL, _conj_. But, though. TELCHIHUA, _v_. To detest, to hate, to curse. TEMA, _v_. To place something somewhere. TEMACHIA, _v_. To have confidence in, to expect, to hope for. TEMI, _v_. To be filled, replete; to be stretched out. XXVI, 4. TEMIQUI, _v_. To dream. TEMO, _v_. To descend, to let fall. TEMOA, _v_. To search, to seek. TENAMITL, _n_. A town; the wall of a town. TENAUAC, _post_. With some one, near some one. TENMATI, _v_. To be idle, negligent, unfortunate. TENQUIXTIA, _v_. To speak forth, to pronounce, to declare. TENYOTL, _n_. Fame, honor. TEOATL, _n_. Divine water. See VI, 4, note. TEOCUITLA, _n_. Gold, of gold. TEOHUA, _n_. A priest. XVII, 19. TEOQUECHOL, _n_. A bird of beautiful plumage. TEOTL, _n_. God, divinity. TEOXIHUITL, _n_. Turquoise; _fig_., relation, ruler, parent. TEPACCA, _adj_. Causing joy, pleasurable. TEPEITIC, _n_. Narrow valley, glade, glen. TEPETL, _n_. A mountain, a hill. TEPEUA, _v_. To spread abroad, to scatter, to conquer. XV, 3. TEPONAZTLI, _n_. A drum. See p. 22. TEPOPOLOANI, _v_. To slay, to slaughter. TEQUANI, _n_. A wild beast, a savage person. TEQUI, _v_. To cut. TETECUICA, _v_. To make a loud noise, to thunder. XXI, 7. TETL, _n_. A stone, a rock. In comp., _te_. TETLAMACHTI, _n_. That which enriches, glorifies, or pleases. TETLAQUAUAC, _adj_. Hard or strong as stone. Comp. of _tetl_ and _tlaquauac_. TETOZCATEMO, _v_. To let fall or throw forth notes of singing. I, 2. TETZILACATL, _n_. A copper gong. XVII, 21. See p. 24. TEUCTLI, _n_., pl. _teteuctin_. A noble, a ruler, a lord; _in teteuctin_, the lords, the great ones. TEUCYOTL, _n_. Nobility, lordship. TEUH, _postpos_. Like, similar to. TEUHYOTL, _n_. Divinity, divineness. TEYOLQUIMA, _adj_. Pleasing, odorous, sweet. TEYOTL, _n_. Fame, honor. TI, _pron_. 1. thou; _timo_, ref.; _tic_, act. 2. we; _tito_, ref.; _tic_, act. TILANI, _v_. To draw out. TILINI, _v_. To crowd, to press. XVII, 19. TIMALOA, _v_. To glorify, to exalt, to praise. TIMO, _pron. ref_. Thou thyself. TITO, _pron. ref_. We ourselves. TIZAITL, _n_. Chalk; anything white; an example or model. TIZAOCTLI, _n_. White wine. See VII, 2. TLA, _adv_., for _intla_, if; _pron. indef_., something, anything; _postpos_. in abundance. TLACACE, _interj_. Expressing astonishment or admiration. XVII, 3. TLACAQUI, _v_. To hear, to understand. TLACATEUCTLI, _n_. A sovereign, a ruler. TLACATI, _v_. To be born. TLACATL, _n_. Creature, person. TLACAZO, _adv_. Truly, certainly. TLACHIA, _v_. To see, to look upon. TLACHIHUAL, _n_. Creature, invention. TLACHINOLLI, _n_. Battle, war; from _chinoa_, to burn. TLACOA, _v_. To injure, to do evil, to sin. TLACOCHTLI, _n_. The arrow. TLACOCOA, _v_. To buy, to purchase. X, 1. TLACOHUA, _v_. To buy, to purchase. TLACOHUA, _v_. To beat, to chastise. TLACOTLI, _n_. A servant, slave. TLACOUIA, _v_. To split, to splinter. TLACUILOA, _v_. To inscribe, to paint in, to write down. TLAELEHUIANI, _adj_. Desirous of, anxious for. TLAHUELLI, _n_. Anger, ire. TLAHUICA, _n_. Servant, page; also, a native of the province of Tlahuican. (See _Index_.} TLAILOTLAQUI, _n_. "Workers in filth;" scum; a term applied in contempt. XIII, 8; XV, 12, 14. Also a proper name. (See _Index_.) TLALAQUIA, _v_. To bury, to inter. TLALLI, _n_. Earth, ground; _tlalticpac_, on the earth. TLALNAMIQUI, _v_. To think of, to remember. TLALPILONI, _n_. An ornament for the head. VI, 4, from _ilpia_. TLAMACHTI, _v. ref_. To be rich, happy, prosperous. TLAMAHUIZOLLI, _n_. Miracle, wonder. TLAMATILLOLLI, _n_. Ointment; anything rubbed in the hands. XI, 9. TLAMATQUI, _adj_. Skillful, adroit. TLAMATTICA, _adj_. Calm, tranquil. TLAMELAUHCAYOTL, _n_. A plain or direct song. II, 1. TLAMI, _v_. To end, to finish, to come to an end. TLAMOMOYAUA, _v_. To scatter, to destroy. XV, 21. TLAN, _postpos_. Near to, among, at. TLANECI, _v_. To dawn, to become day. _Ye tlaneci_, the day breaks. TLANEHUIA, _v. Nicno_. To revel, to indulge one's self in. XXI, 8. TLANELTOCA, _v_. To believe in, to have faith in. TLANIA, _v_. To recover one's self, to return within one's self. TLANIICZA, _v_. To abase, to humble. IX, 3. TLANTIA, _v_. To terminate, to end. TLAOCOL, _adj_. Sad, melancholy, pitiful, merciful. TLAOCOLIA, _v_. To be sad, etc. TLAOCOLTZATZIA, _v_. To cry aloud with grief. I, 3. TLAPALHUIA, _v., rel_. To be brilliant or happy; act_., to salute a person; to paint something. TLAPALLI, _n_. and _adj_. Colored; dyed; red. TLAPALOA, _v_. To salute, to greet. TLAPANAHUIA, _adj_. Surpassing, superior, excellent; used to form superlatives. TLAPANI, _v_. To dye, to color. XVII, 10. TLAPAPALLI, _adj_. Striped, in stripes. TLAPATL, _n_. The castor-oil plant; the phrase _mixitl tlapatl_ means stupor, intoxication. IX, 2. TLAPEPETLANI, _v_. To sparkle, to shine forth. TLAPITZA, _v_. Fr. _pitza_, to play the flute. XVII, 26. TLAQUALLI, _n_. Food, eatables. TLAQUAUAC, _adj_. Strong, hard. TLAQUAUH, _adj_. Strongly, forcibly. TLAQUILLA, _adj_. Stopped up, filled. XX, 4. TLAQUILQUI, _n_. One who plasters, a mason. XXI, 1. TLATEMMATI, _v_. To suffer afflictions. TLATENEHUA, _v_. To promise. TLATHUI, _v_. To dawn, to become light. TLATIA, _v_. 1. To hide, to conceal; 2. to burn, to set on fire. TLATLAMANTITICA, _adj_. Divided, separated. TLATLATOA, _v_. To speak much or frequently. XVII, 11. TLATLAUHTIA, _v_. To pray. XVI, 3. TLATOANI, _n_. Ruler, lord. TLATOCAYOTL, _n_. The quality of governing or ruling. TLATOLLI, _n_. Word, speech, order. TLATZIHUI, _v_. To neglect, to be negligent; to be abandoned, to lie fallow; to leave, to withdraw. TLAUANTLI, _n_. Vase, cup. XXVI, 4. TLAUHQUECHOL, _n_. A bird, the red heron, _Platalea ajaja_. TLAUILLOTL, _n_. Clearness, light. X, 1. TLAXILLOTIA, _v_. To arrange, sustain, support. IX, 4. TLAXIXINIA, _v_. To disperse, to destroy. TLAYAUA, _v_. To make an encircling figure in dancing. TLAYAUALOLLI, _adj_. Encircled, surrounded. XXI, 6. TLAYLOTLAQUI, _n_. See XIII, 8. TLAYOCOLIA, _v_. To make, to form, to invent. XIV. TLAYOCOYALLI, _n_. Creature, invention. TLAZA, _v_. To throw away; _fig_., to reject, to despise. TLAZOTLA, _v_. To love, to like. TLE, _pron. int_. and _rel_. What? That. TLEAHUA, _v_. To set on fire, to fire. TLEIN, _pron., int_. and _rel_. What? That. TLEINMACH, _adv_. Why? For what reason? TLENAMACTLI, _n_. Incense burned to the gods. III, 1. TLEPETZTIC, _adj_. Shining like fire, _tletl_, _petzlic_. XV, 26. TLETL, _n_. Fire. TLEYMACH, _adv_. Why? Wherefore? TLEYOTL, _n_. Fame, honor. TLEZANNEN, _adv_. To what good? Cui bono? TLILIUHQUI, _adj_. Black, brown. TLILIUI, _v_. To blacken, to paint black. XII, 6. TLOC, _postpos_. With, near to. TLOQUE NAHUAQUE, _n_. A name of divinity. See I, 6, note. TO, _pron. posses_. Our, ours. TOCA, _v_. To follow. TOCI, _n_. "Our ancestress," a divinity so called. TOCO, _v_. Impers. of _toca_. TOHUAN, _pron_. With us. TOLINIA, _v_. To be poor, to be unfortunate. TOLQUATECTITLAN, _n_. The place where the head is bowed for lustration. III, 1. TOMA, _v_. To loosen, to untie, to open. XVII, 3. TOMAHUAC, _adj_. Great, heavy, large. TONACATI, _v_. To be prosperous or fertile. TONACATLALLI, _n_. Rich or fertile land. TONAMEYO, _adj_. Shining like the sun, glittering. TONAMEYOTL, _n_. Ray of the sun, light, brilliancy. TONATIUH, _n_. The sun. TONEUA, _v_. To suffer pain; _nite_, to inflict pain. TOQUICHPOHUAN, _n_. Our equals. I, 3. TOTOTL, _n_. A bird, generic term. TOZMILINI, _adj_. Sweet voiced. XXI, 3. TOZNENETL, _n_. A parrot, _Psittacus signatus_. TOZQUITL, _n_. The singing voice, p. 21. TZALAN, _postpos_. Among, amid. TZATZIA, _v_. To shout, to cry aloud. TZAUHQUI, _v_. To spin. XVII, 22. TZETZELIUI, _v_. To rain, to snow; _fig_., to pour down. TZIHUAC, _n_. A species of bush. XV, 1. TZIMIQUILIZTLI, _n_. Slaughter, death. XVI, 5. TZINITZCAN, _n_. A bird, _Trogon Mexicanus_. TZITZILINI, _n_. A bell. TZOTZONA, _v_. To strike the drum.

UALLAUH, _v_. To come. See _huallauh_. UITZ, _v_. To come. ULLI, _n_. Caoutchouc. See p. 22.

XAHUA, _v_. To paint one's self, to array one's self in the ancient manner. XXIV, 1. XAMANI, _v_. To break, to crack. XAXAMATZA, _v_. To cut in pieces, to break into bits. XAYACATL, _n_. Face, mask. XELIHUI, _v_. To divide, to distribute. XEXELOA, _v_. To divide, to distribute. XILOTL, _n_. Ear of green corn. XILOXOCHITL, _n_. The flower of maize. XVII, 10. XIMOAYAN, _n_. A place of departed souls. See I, 8. XIMOHUAYAN, _n_. Place of departed spirits. VIII, 1. XIUHTOTOTL, _n_. A bird, _Guiaca cerulea_. XIUITL, _n_. A leaf, plant; year; anything green. XOCHICALLI, _n_. A house for flowers, or adorned with them. XOCHIMECATL, _n_. A rope or garland of flowers. XOCHIMICOHUAYAN, _n_. See XVI, 3, note. XOCHITECATL, _n_. See XXV, 7, note. XOCHITL, _n_. A flower, a rose. XOCHIYAOTL, _n_. Flower-war. See XVI, 4, note. XOCOMIQUI, _v_. To intoxicate, to become drunk. XOCOYA, _v_. To grow sour. XIII, 4. XOPALEUAC, _n_. Something very green. XOPAN, _n_. The springtime. XOTLA, _v_. To blossom, to flower; to warm, to inflame; to cut, to scratch, to saw. XOXOCTIC, _adj_. Green; blue. XVI, 6. XOYACALTITLAN, _n_. The house or place of decay. III, 1.

Y., Abbrev. for _ihuan_, and _in_, q. v. YA, _adv_. Already, thus; same as _ye_; _v_., to suit, to fit. Part. euphonic or expletive. See note to XVII, 3. YAN, _postpos_. Suffix signifying place. YANCUIC, _adj_. New, fresh, recent. YANCUICAN, _adv_. Newly, recently. YAOTL, _n_. War, battle. YAOYOTL, _n_. Warfare. YAQUI, _adj_. Departed, gone, left for a place. YAUH, _v., irreg_. To go. YE, _adv_. Already, thus; _ye no ceppa_, a second time; _ye ic_, already, it is already. YE, _pron_. He, those, etc. YE, _adj. num_. Three. YECE, _adv_. But. YECEN, _adv_. Finally, at last. YECNEMI, _v_. To live righteously. YECOA, _v_. To do, to finish, to conclude. YECTENEHUA, _v_. To bless, to speak well of. YECTLI, _adj_. Good, worthy, noble. YEHUATL, _pron_. He, she, it. Pl. _yehuan, yehuantin_. YEHUIA, _v_. To beg, to ask charity. YEPPA YUHQUI. Formerly, it was there. VII, 2. YHUINTIA. See _ihuinti_. YOCATL, _n_. Goods, possessions; _noyocauh_, my property. XV, 26. YOCAUA, _n_. Master, possessor, owner. YOCOLIA, _v_. To form, to make. YOCOYA, _v_. To make, to invent, to create. YOHUATLI, _n_. Night, darkness. YOLAHUIA, _v_. To rejoice greatly. YOLCIAHUIA, _v_. To please one's self, to make glad. YOLCUECUECHOA, _v_. To make the heart tremble. IV, 6. YOLEHUA, _v_. To excite, to animate. YOLIHUAYAN, _n_. A place of living III, 5. YOLLO, _adj_. Adroit, skillful; also for _iyollo_, his heart. YOLLOTL, _v_. Heart, mind, soul. YOLNONOTZA, _v_. See note to I, 1. YOLPOXAHUA, _v_. To toil mentally. YUHQUI, _adv_. As, like. YUHQUIMATI, _v_. To understand, to realize.

ZACATL, _n_. Herbage, straw, hay. XXI, 5. ZACUAN, _n_. Feather of the zacuan bird; _fig_., yellow; prized. ZACUAN TOTOTL, _n_. The zacuan bird, _Oriolus dominicensis_. ZAN, _adv_. Only, but; _zan cuel_, in a short time; _zanen_, perhaps; _Zan nen_, in vain. ZANCUEL ACHIC, _adv_. A moment, an instant; often; _zan ye_, but again, but quickly. ZANIO, _pron_. I alone, he or it alone. ZOA, _v_. To pierce; to spread out; to open; to sew; to string together; to put in order. ZOLIN TOTOTL, _n_. The quail. ZOMA, _v_. To become angry. ZOMALE, _adj_. For _comalli_, vase, cup. XXVI, 4.

INDEX OF NAHUATL PROPER NAMES, WITH EXPLANATIONS.

ACALLAN, 105. "The place of boats," from _acalli_, boat. An ancient province at the mouth of the Usumacinta river; but the name was probably applied to other localities also.

ACATLAPAN, 41. A village southeast of Chalco. From _acatla_, a place of reeds, and _pan_, in or at.

ACHALCHIUHTLANEXTIN, 46. The first chief of the Toltecs; another form of _chalchiuhtonac_. Both names mean "the gleam of the precious jade." Compare Torquemada, _Monarquia Indiana_. Lib. III., cap. 7; Orozco y Berra, _Hist. Antigua de Mexico_, Tom. III., p. 42. The date of the beginning of his reign is put at A.D. 667 or 700.

ACOLHUACAN, 40, 91, 119. A compound of _atl_, water, and _colhuacan_, (q. v.) = "Colhuacan by the water," the name of the state of which Tetzcuco was the capital, in the valley of Mexico.

ACOLMIZTLAN, 89, from

ACOLMIZTLI, 35. A name of Nezahualcoyotl (see p. 35), also of other warriors.

ANAHUAC, 125. From _atl_, water, _nahuac_, by, = the land by the water. The term was applied first to the land by the lakes in the Valley of Mexico, and later to that along both the Gulf of Mexico and the Pacific Ocean.

ATECPAN, 77. "The royal residence by the water" (_atl, tecpan_). I do not find this locality mentioned elsewhere.

ATLIXCO, 125. "Where the water shows its face" (_atl, ixtli, co_). A locality southeast of Tezcuco, near the lake, so called from a large spring. See Motolinia, _Historia de los Indios_, Trat. III, cap. 18.

ATLOYANTEPETL, 85, 89, 91. Perhaps for _atlauantepetl_, "the mountain that rules the waters." But see note to XIII, v. 6.

ATZALAN, 114. "Amid the waters" (_atl, tzalan_). Perhaps not a proper name; but two villages in the present State of Puebla are called Atzala (see Orozco y Berra, _Geografia de las Lenguas de Mexico_, pp. 212, 213).

AXAXACATZIN, 43. Probably for _axayacatzin_, reverential of _axayacatl_, the name of a species of marsh fly. It was also the name of the sixth ruler of Mexico (flor. about 1500), and doubtless of other distinguished persons. See Ixtlilxochitl, _Historia Chichimeca_, cap. 51.

AZCAPOTZALCO, 50, 51. An ancient town in the valley of Mexico, once the capital city of the Tepanecas (q. v.). The word means "place of the ant-hills," from _azcaputzalli_.

AZTECS, 25. A Nahuatl tribe who derived their name from their mythical ancient home, Aztlan. The derivation is obscure, but probably is from the same radical as _iztac_, white, and, therefore, Father Duran was right in translating Aztlan, "place of whiteness," the reference being to the East, whence the Aztecs claim to have come. See Duran, _Historia de las Indias_, cap. II.

CACAMATL, 94, 95. The reference appears to be to Cacamatzin (the _Noble Sad One_, from _cacamaua_, fig. to be sad), last ruler of Tezcuco, son and successor, in 1516, of Nezahualpilli. He was put to death by Cortes.

CATOCIH, 89. A doubtful word, which may not be a proper name.

CHALCO, 16, 69, 95. A town and lake in the valley of Mexico. The people were Nahuas and subject to Mexico. The word is probably derived from _Challi_, with the postpos. _co_, meaning "at the mouth" (of a river). See Buschmann, _Ueber die Aztekischen Ortsnamen_, s. 689, and comp. _Codex Ramirez_, p. 18.

CHIAPA, CHIAPANECA, 70, 71. The province and inhabitants of Chiapas, in Southern Mexico. There were colonies of Nahuas in Chiapas, though most of the natives spoke other tongues. The derivation is probably from _chia_, a mucilaginous seed highly esteemed in Mexico.

CHICHIMECATL or CHICHIMECS, 88, 89, 91, 101. A rude hunting tribe, speaking Nahuatl, who settled, in early times, in the valley of Mexico. The name was said to be derived from _chichi_, a dog, on account of their devotion to hunting (_Cod. Ramirez_). Others say it was that of their first chieftain.