Chapter XVII: Historical Summary (2)

-- -- blue as female colour, 173.

-- -- blue as fishermen's mourning colour, 173.

-- -- blue stone raises wind, 172.

-- -- body paint used by Neolithic industry peoples, 82.

-- -- Celtic root _glas_ as colour term, and in
amber, &c., 162, 163.

-- -- coloured pearls favoured, 168.

-- -- coloured races and coloured ages, 121, 124.

-- -- coloured stones as amulets, 80.

-- -- Dragon's Eggs, 173.

-- -- enamel colours, 165.

-- -- four colours of Aurignacian hand impressions in caves, 47.

-- -- Gaelic colours of seasons, 169.

-- -- Gaelic colours of winds and of Cardinal Points, 168.

-- -- green stones used by Crô-Magnon, Ancient Egyptian, and
pre-Columbian American peoples, 33, 34.

-- -- how prospectors located metals by rock colours, 89.

-- -- Irish rank colours, 173, and also note 1.

-- -- jade tongue amulets in China, 34.

-- -- luck objects, 165.

-- -- lucky and unlucky colours, 157.

-- -- painted vases in Neolithic Spain, 96.

-- -- painting of god, 174.

-- -- red berries as "fire berries", 181.

-- -- red berries, 31.

-- -- Greek gods painted red, 31.

-- -- Indian megaliths painted, 32.

-- -- Chinese evidence, 32.

-- -- red earth devoured, 32.

-- -- _Ruadh_ (red) means "strong" in Gaelic, 32.

Colour symbolism, red and blue supernaturals in Wales, 158.

-- -- red body paint in Welsh Aurignacian cave burial, 20.

-- -- red earth and blood, 167.

-- -- herbs and berries, 167.

-- -- red jasper as blood of goddess, 45.

-- -- red stone in Aurignacian cave tomb, 46.

-- -- shells coloured, in Mentone cave, 46.

-- -- Red symbolism, 31.

-- -- red blood and red fire, 31, 32.

-- -- blood as food of the dead, 32.

-- -- red souls in "Red Land", 32.

-- -- red woman as goddess, 45.

-- -- scarlet-yielding insect, 152.

-- -- sex colours, 170.

-- -- significance of wind colours, 174.

-- -- Solutrean flint-offerings coloured red, 50.

-- -- white serpent, 188.

-- -- why Crô-Magnon bodies were smeared with red earth, 27.

-- -- Woad dye, 163.

Columba, Saint, Christ as his Druid, 146.

"Combe-Capelle" man, 25, 26, 36.

-- -- shells worn by, 46.

Con-chobar, dog god and, 66.

Copper, axe of, in Scotland, 219.

-- in Britain, 91.

-- difficult to find and work in Britain, 95.

-- Easterners worked, in Spain, 97, 98.

-- as variety of gold, 80.

-- offered to water deity, 174.

Coral, enamel and, 162.

-- as "life-giver" (_margan_), 161.

-- as "life substance", 80.

-- Megalithic people searched for, 93.

-- symbolism of, 221.

-- use of, in Britain, 164, 165.

-- enamel as substitute for, 165.

Cormorants, Celtic deities as, 195.

Cornavii, The, in England and Scotland, 129.

Cornwall, Damnonians in, 89.

Cow, The Sacred, in Britain and Ireland, 152, 154, 195, 206.

-- connected with River Boyne, 206.

-- Dam[)o]na, Celtic goddess of cattle, 208.

-- Indian, and milk-yielding trees, 151.

-- Morrigan as, 195.

-- The Primeval, in Egypt, 149.

-- white, sacred in Ireland, 152.

Cranes, Celtic deities as, 195.

Cremation, in Britain, 127.

-- significance of, 109.

Cresswell caves, Magdalenian art in, 53.

Cromarty, night-shining gem of, 160.

Crom Cruach, Irish god, 102; children sacrificed to, 174.

-- -- as maggot god, 102.

Crô-Magnon, animism, 178.

Crô-Magnon Grotto, discovery of, 23.

-- -- skeletons in, 23.

Crô-Magnon Races, advent of, in Europe, 12.

-- -- ancestors of "modern man", 10, 11.

-- -- archæological horizon of, 9.

-- -- Aurignacian culture of the, 14.

-- -- Brüx and Brünn types different from, 26.

-- -- burial customs of, 45.

-- -- cultural influence of, on Neanderthals, 14.

-- -- discovery of Crô-Magnon grotto skeletons, 23.

-- -- first discovery of traces of, in France, 20.

-- -- history of modern man begins with, 26.

-- -- as immigrants from Africa, 35.

-- -- Indian Ocean shell at Mentone, 36, 37.

-- -- inventive and inquiring minds of, 27.

-- -- Magdalenian culture stage of, 53.

-- -- domestication of horse, 53.

-- -- modern representatives of, 122.

Crô-Magnon Races, Mother-goddess of, 42.

-- -- "Tama" belief, 44.

-- -- not in Hungary, 50.

-- -- "Red Man" of Wales, 19.

-- -- Red Sea shells imported by, 210.

-- -- history of, 210.

-- -- relations of, with Neanderthal man, 14.

-- -- in Wales, 19.

-- -- sea-shell necklace 39, (_ill._).

-- -- trade of, in shells, 40.

-- -- tall types, 24.

-- -- high cheek-bones of, 25.

-- -- tallest types in Riviera, 35, 36.

Crô-Magnon skulls 24, (_ill._).

Crô-Magnons, Azilian intruders and, 62.

-- heart as seat of life, among, 32.

-- in Britain, 67, 125, 216.

-- English Channel land-bridge crossed by, 67.

-- hand-prints and mutilation of fingers, 47.

-- modern Scots and, 137.

-- Selgovæ and, 139.

Crow, and goddess of grove and sky, 160.

Crows, Celtic deities as, 195.

Cruithne, in Ireland, 224.

-- the Irish, not Picts, 132.

-- the Q-Celtic name of Britons, 132.

Cuchullin, and Scotland, 224.

-- dog god and, 64.

-- goddess Morrigan and, 195.

-- his knowledge of astronomy, 175, and also note 1.

-- pearls in hair of, 163.

Dagda, the god, 202.

-- connection with oak and fire, 202.

-- cauldron of, 202.

-- Thor and, 202.

-- a giant-slayer, 202.

Damnonians. See _Dumnonii_.

-- an early Celtic "wave", 107.

-- Fomorians as gods of, 198.

-- settlements of, in metal-yielding areas, 89.

Damona, Celtic goddess of cattle, 208.

Danann deities, 201.

-- -- not in Scotland, 199.

-- -- talismans of, 205.

-- -- Japanese talismans, 205.

-- -- war against Fomorians, 198.

-- -- Welsh "Children of Don" and, 203.

Dandelion, as milk-yielding plant of goddess Bride, 187.

Danes, in Britain, 126.

Dante, moon called "eternal pearl" by, 159.

Danu, the goddess, 198.

Danube valley trade route, 114.

Danubian culture in Central Europe, 96.

-- -- Celts as carriers of, 111, 112.

Decantæ, The, 129.

Deer, as goddess, 154.

Demetæ, The, in Wales, 129.

Demeter, The black, 196.

Demons, dogs as enemies of, 65.

Derbyshire, Magdalenian art in, 53.

Deva, Devona, Dee, Rivers, 206.

Devil as "Big Black Pig" in Scotland, 200.

-- as Black Sow in Wales, 200.

-- as pig, goat, and horse, 191.

Devon, Damnonians in, 89.

-- Magdalenian art in, 54.

Diamond, The night-shining, 160.

Diana of the Ephesians, fig tree and, 193.

Diancecht, Irish god of healing, 202.

Diarmid, Gaelic Adonis, 197.

Diodorus Siculus, on gold mining, 90.

-- -- reference to British temple to Apollo, 177.

Disease, deity who sends also withdraws, 179.

-- ancient man suffered from, 2.

-- "Yellow Plague", 2.

Dog, The Big, god Indra as, 196.

-- The Sacred, 154, 155 (_ill._).

-- taboo to Cuchullin, 154, and also note 3. See _Dogs_.

Dogger Bank, ancient plateau, 68.

-- -- animal bones, &c., from, 57, 61.

-- -- Island, 69.

Dog gods, 64.

Dogs, children transformed into, 190.

-- domesticated by Maglemosians, 57, 63.

-- religious beliefs regarding, 63.

-- early man's dependence on, 65.

-- in ancient Britain and Ireland, 66.

-- in warfare, 66.

-- exported from Britain in first century A.D., 114.

Dog Star, The, 64.

Dolmen, The. See _Megalithic monuments_.

Domnu, tribal goddess of Damnonians, 90.

Don, the Children of, 203.

Doves, Celtic deities as, 195.

Dragon, Bride's Scottish serpent charm and Chinese charm, 188.

-- Hebridean, 190.

-- Irish, and the salmon, 182.

-- otter and, 189.

-- on sculptured stone, 155 (_ill._).

-- luck pearls of, 184.

-- stones as eggs of, 173.

Dragon-mouth Lake, The Irish, 183.

Dragon Slayers, the, Druids and, 145.

Druid Circle, the Inverness, 220.

Druidism, 140.

-- belief in British origin of, 142.

-- doctrines absorbed by, 222.

-- eastern origin of, 149.

-- in ancient Spain, 149.

-- Pliny on Persian religion and, 143, and also note 1.

-- oak cult, 145.

-- tree cults and, 141.

Druids, in Anglesea, 103.

-- human sacrifices of, 103.

-- "Christ is my Druid", 146.

-- the collar of truth, 146.

-- connection of, with megalithic monuments, 103, 154.

-- and oak, 141.

-- classical references to, 141.

-- "Druid's gem", 163.

-- evidence of, regarding races in Gaul, 100.

-- Tacitus on Anglesea Druids, 147.

-- temples of, 177.

-- "True Thomas" (the Rhymer) as "Druid Thomas", 146.

-- sacred salmon and, 182.

Druids, salmon and dragon myth, 182.

-- star lore of, 175.

-- Kentigern of Glasgow as Christian Druid, 185.

-- wren connection, 145.

-- soothsayers, 145, 146.

Dug-out canoes, origin of, 72. See _Boats_.

Dumnogeni, The, in Yarrow inscription, 89.

Dumnonii, 128. See _Damnonians_.

-- Fomorians as gods of, 198.

-- Silures and, 129.

Dunatis, Gaulish Mars, 207.

Durotriges, in Britain and Ireland, 128.

Dwyn, St., formerly a goddess, 204.

Dwynwen, British Venus, 204.

Eagle, the Sacred, 155 (_ill._).

-- wren and, in myth, 186.

Ear-rings, as solar symbols, 165.

East, The, "Evil never came from", 168. See _Cardinal Points_.

Easterners, colonies of, in Spain and
Portugal, 95, 100, 211, 218, 229.

-- descendants of, in Britain, 118.

-- displacement of, in Spain, 100, 221.

-- Druidism introduced into Europe by, 149.

-- as exploiters of Western Europe, 98.

-- settlements of, in France and Etruria, 100.

-- in Hebrides, 139.

-- influence of, in Britain and Ireland, 221.

-- iron industry and, 107.

-- not all of one race, 107.

-- Neolithic industry of, 214.

-- in touch with Britain at 1400 B.C., 106.

-- in Western Europe, 218, 229.

Eel, Morrigan as, 195.

Eels, as "devil fish" in Scotland, 190.

-- tabooed in Scotland, 199.

Eggs, Dragons', stones as, 173.

Egypt, alabaster flasks, &c., from, in Neolithic Spain, 96.

-- artificial shells in, 41, 173.

-- barley of, carried to Europe, 84.

-- black and white goddesses of, 164.

-- blue beads from, in England, 104, 105 (_ill._), 106, 211.

-- Cat goddess of, 196.

-- culture of, transferred with barley seeds, 212.

-- "Deathless snake" of, and Scottish serpent, 188.

-- dog-headed god of, 64.

-- earliest sailing ship in, 74.

-- earliest use of gold in, 80.

-- malachite charms in, 80.

-- flint sickles of, 4.

-- furnaces and crucibles of, in Western Europe, 101.

-- Hathor and Aphrodite, 38.

-- shell amulets in early graves in, 39.

-- Isis as "Old Wife", 181, and also note 2.

-- gods in weapons, 51.

-- gold in, 90, 93.

-- gold diadem from, in Spanish Neolithic tomb, 98.

-- gold models of shells in, 41.

-- green stone symbolism, 33.

-- Hathor as milk goddess, 149.

-- history of agriculture in, 210.

-- ideas regarding soul in, 103.

-- influence of, in Asia Minor and Europe, 95.

-- influence of, in Britain, 218.

-- invention of boats in, 72.

-- ivory from, found in Spain, 96·

-- Ka and serpent, 189.

-- milk elixir in Pyramid Texts, 43.

-- milk goddess of, in Scotland, 221.

-- Mother Pot of, and Celtic cauldron, 206.

-- Osirian Underworld Paradise, 143.

-- pork taboo in, 201.

-- annual sacrifice of pigs in Scotland and, 201.

-- Post-Glacial forests of, 15.

-- pre-dynastic burial customs, 170.

-- sex colours in, 170.

Egypt, proto-Egyptians and British Iberians, 126.

-- red jasper as "Blood of Isis", 45.

-- "Red Souls" in "Red Land", 32.

-- why gods of, were painted, 32.

-- religious ideas of, in Britain, 154, 201, 206, 218, 221.

-- stones, pearls, metals, &c., and deities of, 80.

-- symbols of, in Celtic art, 118.

-- transmigration of souls, 143.

Elk, on Dogger Bank, 57, 68.

Elm, 221.

Enamel, 224.

-- British, the finest, 225.

-- coral and, 162.

-- as substitute for coral, 165.

-- turquoise, lapis lazuli, white amber and, 165.

Enamels, colours of the British, 226.

Eoliths, 13, 26.

Epidii, The, 129.

Ep[)o]na, Celtic goddess of horses, 208.

Eskimo, the Chancelade skull, 53.

-- Magdalenian art of, 53.

Etruscans, 149.

-- Celts as conquerors of, 112.

-- civilization of, origin of, 100.

European metal-yielding areas, 99.

Evil Eye, The, shells as protection against, 39.

Fairies, associated with the west, 173.

-- dogs as enemies of, 65.

-- on eddies of western wind, 173.

-- Greek nereids and, 173.

-- Fomorians (giants) at war with, 198.

-- goddess as "fairy woman", 207.

-- shell boat of, 207.

-- Irish "queens" of, 201.

-- as milkers of deer, 154.

-- as "the mothers" in Wales, 206.

-- Picts and, 131, and also note 1.

-- Scottish "Nimble Men" and "Blue Men", 208.

Fairies, as supernatural beings, 201, and also note 2.

Fairy dogs, 64.

Fairyland, as Paradise, 144.

-- Thomas the Rhymer in Paradise of, 146.

Fata Morgana, 161.

Fauna, Post-Glacial, in Southern and Western Europe, 14.

Festus Avienus, 116.

Figs, hazel-nuts and, 151.

Fig milk, 149.

-- trees, bees and wasps fertilize, 193.

-- tree, Diana of the Ephesians and, 193.

Finger charms, 47.

Finger-mutilation, Aurignacian custom, 47.

-- Australian, Red Indian, and Scottish customs, 47.

Fir, The Sacred, 179.

Fir-bolgs, The, 188.

-- as miners, 90, and also note 1.

-- as slaves, 90.

-- Celts as subduers of, 107.

-- subject peoples called, 223.

Fir-domnan, 90, and also note 1.

Fir-domnann, 118.

-- Fomorians as gods of, 198. See _Damnonians_ and _Dumnonii_.

Fire, Beltain need fires, 191.

-- Brigit and, 188.

-- butterfly as god of, in Gaelic, 191.

-- God Dagda and, 202.

-- goddess and, 163.

-- Mexican god of, as butterfly, 193.

-- pool fish and, 182.

-- salmon and, 183.

-- Scottish goddess of, 181.

-- in red berries, 181.

-- in St. Mungo myth, 186.

-- from trees, 180.

-- lightning and, 181.

-- worshipped in ancient Britain, 147.

Fire-sticks, The, 180.

"Fire water" as "water of life", 181.

Fish taboo, 201.

Flax, Stone Age people cultivated, 5.

Flint, as god, 51.

Flints, in Aurignacian cave-tomb, 45.

-- as offerings to deity, 50.

Flint deposits, English, 81.

-- -- early peoples settled beside, 81.

-- -- river-drift man in England near, 81.

Flint industry, Tardenoisian microliths used by Maglemosians, 57.

-- working, ancient English flint factories, 82.

-- -- Aurignacian, 13, 14. See _Palæolithic_.

-- -- Aurignacian, Solutrean, and Magdalenian
implements 21, (_ill._).

-- -- Chellean _coup de poing_ 14, (_ill._).

-- -- "Combe-Capelle" man's, 25.

-- -- early English trade in worked flints, 81.

-- -- eastern influence in Neolithic industry, 214.

-- -- Egyptian origin of Spanish Neolithic industry, 97.

-- -- the evolution theory, 99.

-- -- Hugh Miller's and Andrew Lang's theories regarding, 11.

-- -- Neanderthal and pre-Neanderthal, 12.

-- -- Neolithic saws or sickles, 4.

-- -- Palæolithic and Neolithic, 212.

-- -- Tardenoisian microliths or "pygmy flints", 54, 55 (_ill._).

-- -- proto-Solutrean and "true" Solutrean, 49.

Flint-god, the Solutrean, 51.

-- Zeus and Thor as, 51.

Foam, as milk, 151.

Fomorians, duels of, in Scotland, 199.

-- as gods of Dumnonii, 198.

-- Neit as war god, 202.

-- Nemon as goddess of, 202.

-- war of, with fairies, 198, 199.

Fowl taboo in ancient Britain, 201.

Freyja, Scandinavian Venus, 161.

-- pearls, amber, &c., as tears of, 161.

Furfooz man, 56.

Gaelic Calendar, 198.

Galatia, Celts in, 112.

Galley Hill man, 26.

Gaul, Celts of, in Roman army, 127.

-- early inhabitants of, 100.

-- refugees from sea-invaded areas in, 70.

Gaulish gods, 207.

Gems, "Druid's gem", 163.

-- night-shining, 160.

-- as soul-bodies, 44.

Geological Ages, breaking of North Sea and English Channel
land-bridges, 69.

-- -- confusion regarding, in modern art, 1.

-- -- date of last land movement, 100.

-- -- megalithic monuments submerged, 100.

-- -- early boats and, 72.

-- -- England in Magdalenian times, 54.

-- -- sixth glaciation and race movements, 54.

-- -- England sinking when Scotland was rising, 71.

-- -- last land movement, 70, 100.

-- -- horizon of Crô-Magnon races, 26.

-- -- Pleistocene fauna in Europe, 14.

-- -- Archæological Ages and, 14.

-- -- Post-Glacial and the early Archæological, 13, 14, 15.

-- -- theories of durations of, 16, 17, 18.

Giants, associated with the north, 173.

-- (Fomorians) as gods, 198.

-- war of, with fairies, 198.

-- Scottish, named after heroes, 131, and also note 1.

_Glas_, as "water", "amber", &c., 162, 163.

Glasgow, seal of city of, 185.

Glass, connection of, with goddess, 163.

-- imported into Britain in first century A.D., 114.

Goat, Devil as, 191.

God, in stone, 173.

God-cult, Solutreans and, 51.

God-cult, stone as god, 51, 173.

Goddess, Anu (Danu), 198, 201.

-- -- as "fairy queen" in Ireland, 201, 202.

-- bird forms of, 195.

-- Black Annis, 195.

-- Black Aphrodite, 164.

-- Black goddess of Scotland, 164.

-- The Blue, 173.

-- Bride (Brigit) and her serpent, 187.

-- Brigit as goddess of healing, smith-work, and poetry, 188.

-- cat forms of, 196.

-- connection of, with amber and swine deities, 161.

-- connection of, with glass, 163.

-- connection of, with grove, sky, pearl, &c., in Celtic
religion, 158-60, 162, 179, 206.

-- animals and plants of, 162.

-- cult animals of, 154, 161, 162, 195, 196, 200.

-- eel and, 200.

-- eel, wolf, &c., forms of, 195.

-- Egyptian milk goddess, 149.

-- Indian milk goddess, 151.

-- Gaulish goddess Ro-smerta, 174.

-- influences of, 179.

-- groups of "mothers", 206.

-- Hebridean "maiden queen", 221.

-- honeysuckle as milk-yielding plant, 193.

-- bee and, 193.

-- luck and, 167.

-- Morrigan comes from north-west, 173.

-- wind goddess from south-west, 173.

-- Scottish Artemis, 174, 196.

-- The Mother, Aurignacians favoured, 51.

-- -- connection of, with law and trade, 166.

-- -- Crô-Magnon form of, 42, 51.

-- -- jasper as blood of, 45.

-- -- her life-giving shells, 40.

-- -- shell-milk Highland myth, 42.

-- The mother-pot, 205.

-- rivers and, 206.

-- Oriental, in Spain, 220.

Goddess, pearl, &c., offerings to, 174.

-- precious stones of, 221.

-- Scottish hag goddess, 174, 196.

-- Indian Kali, 196.

-- shell and milk Hebridean goddess, 153.

Gods, animal forms of, 196.

-- Danann deities, 198.

-- deity who sends diseases withdraws them, 179.

-- influences of, 179.

-- Gaelic references to, 140, 179.

-- Hazel god, 140, 150.

-- Gaelic fire god, 140.

-- "King of the Elements", 179.

-- Romano-Gaulish, 207.

Goibniu, Irish god and the Welsh Govannan, 203.

Gold, amber and, 165.

-- coins of, in pre-Roman Britain, 223.

-- deposits of, in Britain and
Ireland, 79, 84, 89, 91, 95, 114, 219, 220.

-- mixed with silver in Sutherland, 91.

-- earliest use of, in Egypt, 80.

-- copper used like, 80.

-- Egyptian diadem of, found in Neolithic Spain, 98.

-- in England (map), 83.

-- exported from Britain in first century A.D., 114.

-- finds of, in Scotland, 220.

-- first metal worked, 84.

-- as a "form of the gods", 80.

-- as "fire, light, and immortality", 80.

-- as "life giver", 80.

-- Gaelic god and, 102.

-- Gauls offered, to water deity, 174·

-- how miners worked, 90.

-- "World Mill" myth, 90.

-- ingot of, from salmon, 184.

-- luck of, 166.

-- no trace of where worked out, 93.

-- not valued by hunting peoples in Europe, 99.

-- offered to deities by Celts, 80.

-- psychological motive for searches for, 94.

Gold, knowledge and skill of searchers for, in Britain, 95.

-- ring in St. Mungo legend, 185.

-- rod of, at Inverness stone circle, 220.

-- in salmon myths, 183.

-- Scottish deposits of, 89.

-- search for, in Britain, 214, 217.

-- shells imitated in, 41, 80.

-- trade in, 219.

-- as tree, 221.

Goodwin Sands, 69.

Goose, taboo in ancient Britain, 201.

Govannan. See _Goibniu_.

Grail, The Holy, 205.

Grannos, Gaulish Apollo, 207.

Gregory the Great, letter from, to Mellitus, 176.

Grimaldi, Indian Ocean shell in Aurignacian cave at, 36.

Grove, The sacred, Celtic names of, 159·

-- -- Latin "nemus", 159.

Gwydion, the god, Odin and, 204.

Hades, dog and, 64.

Hallowe'en, pig associated with, 200.

Hallstatt culture, Celts influenced by, 112.

Hand-prints, in Aurignacian caves, 47·

-- four colours used, 47.

-- dwellings protected by, in India and Spain, 47.

-- Arabian, Turkish, &c., customs, 47·

Hare, taboo in ancient Britain, 201

Harpoon, 62.

-- Victoria cave, late Magdalenian or proto-Azilian, 58.

-- finds of, in England and Scotland, 58.

-- Azilians imitated Magdalenian reindeer horn in red deer horn, 56.

-- Magdalenians introduced, 52.

Hazel, nut of, as fruit of longevity, 144.

-- as god, 150, 179.

-- in early Christian legends, 150.

-- as milk-yielding tree, 150.

Hazel, as sacred tree, 150.

-- nuts of, as food, 151.

-- palm tree and, 221.

-- The Sacred, 150, 179.

-- connection of, with sky, wells, &c., 179.

-- snakes and, 189.

-- in St. Mungo (St. Kentigern) myth, 186.

-- sacred fire from, 186.

-- Groves, Sacred, "Caltons" were, 150.

Heart, as seat of life, 154.

-- as seat of life to Crô-Magnons and Ancient Egyptians, 32.

Heaven as South, 170.

Hebrides, dark folks in, 138.

-- descendants of Easterners in, 118.

-- "Maiden Queen" of, 221.

-- reroofing custom in, 178.

-- Sea god of, 193.

-- traces of metals in, 117.

-- as the OEstrymnides, 118.

Heifer, milk of, in honeysuckle, 193.

Hell, as North. See _Cardinal Points_.

Herbs, ceremonial gathering of, 168.

-- life substance in, 206.

-- lore of, 167.

-- from tears of sun god, 181, and also note 3.

-- Silvanus, god of, 207.

Hills, Gildas on worship of, 176, 178.

Himilco, voyage of, 116.

Homer, reference of, to cremation, 110.

Honey, in baptisms, 152.

-- as life-substance, 193.

-- nut milk and, 150, and also note 1.

-- in "soma" and "mead", 151.

Honeysuckle, butterfly and, 193.

-- honey and milk of, 193.

Horn implements, 82.

-- -- Magdalenians favoured, 52.

Horse, Demeter and, 196.

-- domesticated by Azilians, 55.

-- domesticated by Crô-Magnons, 53.

-- eaten in Scotland, 200.

-- Ep[)o]na, Celtic horse goddess, 208.

Horse, The Sacred, 155 (_ill._).

-- god, 129, and also note 2.

Horse-shoe charms, 47.

Hound's Pool, 64.

Houses, Neolithic, 5.

Human sacrifices, children as, 174.

Iberians, Armenoids and, 127.

-- as carriers of Neolithic culture, 126.

-- Celts and, 125.

-- Silurians as, 137.

Ice, connection of, with amber, &c., 163.

Ice Age. See _Geological Ages_.

Iceni, The, of Essex, 128.

-- boar god of, 162.

Idols, in ancient Britain, 147, 176.

-- Pope Gregory's reference to ancient English, 176.

Indo-European theory, 124.

Indo-Germanic theory, 124.

Indra, dog and, 64.

Ireland, as a British island, 132.

Iron, exported from Britain in first century, A.D., 114.

Iron Age, Celts in, 112.

Iron industry, Easterners and, in Western Europe, 107.

Island of Women, 178.

Isles of the Blest, Gaelic, 143.

Ivory, associated with bronze, jet, and Egyptian beads
in England, 104.

-- in Crô-Magnon grotto, 23.

-- Egyptian, in Neolithic Spain, 96.

-- imported into Britain in first century A.D., 114.

-- in Welsh cave-tomb, 20.

Jade, butterfly soul in, 193.

Japan, the _shintai_ (god body) and Gaelic "soul case", 173.

-- talismans of, and the Irish, 206.

Jasper, symbolism of, 221.

Jet, amber and, 164.

-- British and Roman beliefs regarding, 164.

-- as article of trade at 1400 B.C., 106.

-- associated in Stonehenge area with Egyptian
blue beads, 104, 105 (_ill._), 106.

Jet, early trade in, 219.

-- early working of, 82.

-- megalithic people searched for, 93·

-- pearls and amber and, 221.

Jupiter, The Gaulish, 207.

-- Lapis, 51.

Jutes, 126.

-- Celts and, 227.

Kali, the Black, 196.

Kentigern, St., as Druid, 185.

-- -- in salmon and ring legend, 184.

Kent's Cavern, Magdalenian art in, 54·

Kerridiwen, the goddess, cauldron of, 204.

Knife of deity, 206.

Knitting, Stone Age people and, 5.

-- relation to basket-making and pottery, 5.

Lake, the Sacred, goddess and, 180.

Lanarkshire, Damnonians in, 89.

Land-bridges, breaking of North Sea and English Channel bridges, 69.

-- Dogger Bank, 57, 61, 67, 68.

-- English Channel, 17, 67.

-- Italian, 14, 35.

Land movement, the last, 216.

Language and race, 123, 124, 222.

Language of birds. See _Birds_.

La Tène culture, Celts as carriers of, to Britain, 112.

Leicestershire, Black Annis, a hag deity of, 195.

Lewis, Callernish stone circle, 94.

Lightning, butterfly form of god of, 191.

-- as heavenly fire, 181.

-- and trees, 181.

Lir, sea god, 202.
See _Llyr_.

-- sea god, "Shony" and, 194.

Liver as seat of life in Gaelic, 154, 187.

-- cure from mouse's, 187.

Lizard as soul-form, 189.

Lleu, the god, 204.

Llyr, sea god, 202.
See _Lir_.

-- the sea god, "Shony" and, 194.

London, god's name in, 203.

Love-enticing plants, 168.

Luck, belief in, 157.

-- berries and, 180.

-- fire as bringer of, 191.

-- lucky and unlucky days, 168.

-- pearls and, 166, 167.

Lud, god of London, 203.

-- form of, 203.

Lugh, Celtic god, associated with north-east, 173.

-- Gaelic Apollo, 202.

Lugi, The, 129.

Mæatæ, The, Picts and Caledonians and, 130.

Magdalenian culture, 13.

-- -- Azilian and, 62.

-- -- Eskimo art and, 53.

-- -- in Britain, 53.

-- -- origin of, 52.

-- -- new implements, 52.

-- -- traces of influence of, in Scotland, 60.

-- -- Victoria cave reindeer harpoon, 58.

-- cave art revival and progress, 53.

-- implements, 21 (_ill._).

-- pre-Agricultural, 213.

Maggot god, early Christian myth of, 103.

-- -- bees and, 103.

-- -- Gaelic, 102.

Magic wands, 146, 191.

-- -- Etruscan, French, and Scottish, 100.

Maglemosian culture, 54, 56.

-- -- art and, 57.

-- -- Magdalenian influence on, 57.

-- -- Siberian origin of, 57.

-- -- artifacts and, 13.

-- -- in Britain, 125.

-- -- Northerners as carriers of, 217.

-- -- pre-Agricultural, 213.

Maglemosians, boats of, 76.

-- animals hunted, 57.

-- land-bridges crossed by, 57.

-- in France and Britain, 58.

-- in Britain, 70.

-- Celts and, 138.

-- Dogger Bank land-bridge crossed by, 57, 67.

-- dogs domesticated by, 63.

-- Tardenoisian microliths used by, 58.

Malachite charms, 80.

Mammoth, bones of, from Dogger Bank, 68.

-- evidence that heart was regarded as seat of life, 33, (_ill._).

-- in Western Europe, 14.
See _Fauna_.

Man, the Red, of Wales, ornaments of, 80.

Mars, the Gaulish, 207.

-- Greek and Gaulish boar forms of, 197.

Marsh plants, goddess and, 162.

Mead, milk and honey in, 151.

Meave, Queen, 112, 114, 227.

Mediterranean race in North Africa and Britain, 126.

-- Sea, divided by Italian land-bridge, 14.

Megalithic culture, Egyptian influence in Britain, &c., 101.

-- monuments, burial customs and, 170.

-- -- connection of, with ancient mine workings, &c., 92, 93.

-- -- connection of, with metal deposits, 82.

-- -- connection of, with sacred groves, 103.

-- -- cult animals on Scottish, 155 (_ill._).

-- -- "cup-marked" stones, 148.

-- -- knocking stones, 148.

-- -- Gruagach stone, 148.

-- -- "cradle stone", 148.

-- -- child-getting stones, 148.

-- -- distributed along vast seaboard. 91.

-- -- searchers for metals, gems, &c., erected, 92.

-- -- distribution of, 82, 83 (_ill._).

-- -- distribution of Scottish, 219.

-- -- Druids and, 103, 154.

-- -- Easterners and followers of, as builders of, 104, 149.

-- -- Egyptian Empire beads and Stonehenge
circle, 104, 105 (_ill._), 106.

-- -- Gaelic gods and, 102.

-- -- Gaelic metal symbolism and, 102.

-- -- Gaelic name of sacred shrine, 159.

-- -- Phoenicians and, 149.

Megalithic monuments, their relation to exhausted deposits
of metals, 94.

-- -- problem of Lewis and Orkney circles, 94.

-- -- Standing Stones as maidens 147.

-- -- Tacitus on Anglesea altars and Druids, 147.

-- -- Stonehenge as temple, 177.

-- -- Heathen temples and, 178.

-- -- stone circle as sun symbol, 170.

-- -- stones submerged in Brittany, 100.

-- -- Tree Cult and, 220.

-- -- worship of stones, 147, 179.

-- -- connection of, with trees and wells, 147.

Mentone, Aurignacian Mother-goddess, 43.

-- Indian Ocean shell in Aurignacian cave at, 36.

Mersey, the, goddess of, 206.

Mesopotamia, influence of, in Western Europe, 218.

-- knowledge of European metal fields in, 99.

Metals, eastern colonists worked, in Spain, 95.

-- Egyptian furnaces and crucibles in Britain, 101.

-- megalithic monuments and deposits of, 82.

-- searchers for, in Britain, 89.

-- searchers for; how prospectors located deposits of gold, &c., 89.

-- traces of, in Scotland, 93.

Metal symbolism, Gaelic gods and metals, 102.
See _Gold_, _Silver_, _Copper_, and _Bronze_.

Metal working, after introduction of bronze working, 106.

Mictis, tin from, 116.

Milk, baptisms of, 152.

-- in the blood covenant, 152.

-- children sacrificed for corn and milk, 174.

-- cult animals of milk goddess, 154.

-- dandelion as milk-yielding plant of goddess Bride, 187.

-- in elixirs, 151.

Milk, "soma" and "mead" and, 151.

-- elm as milk tree, 151.

-- foam as milk, 151.

-- goddess-cow gives healing milk, 195.

-- Hebridean milk goddess, 153, 221.

-- honeysuckle as milk-yielding plant, 193.

-- Indian evidence regarding "river milk" and milk-yielding
trees, 151.

-- Irish milk lake, 152.

-- healing baths of, 152.

-- marsh mallows and, 152, and also note 1.

-- mistletoe berries as milk berries, 153.

-- Oblations of, in Ross-shire, 148.

-- offerings of, to dead, 148.

-- elixir, Highland shell-goddess myth, 42.

-- -- Egyptian evidence regarding, 43.

-- -- prepared from shells in Japan and Scotland, 40.

-- goddess, Hathor as, 149.

Milky Way, The, 154, 221.

-- -- in ancient religion, 150.

-- -- in Welsh and Gaelic, 203.

Mind, heart as, 33.

Mining, Egyptian methods in Western Europe, 102.

Mistletoe, as "All Heal", 153, 167.

-- milk berries, 153.

-- trees on which it grows in Britain, 145, and also note 2.

Modern man, 9.
See _Crô-Magnon Races_.

Mogounus, a Gaulish Apollo, 207.

Moon, Aphrodite as goddess of, 159.

-- Dante refers to, as pearl, 159.

-- Gaels swore by, 148.

-- as "Pearl of Heaven", 159.

-- worship of, in ancient Britain, 147.

Morgan le Fay, Arthur's pursuit of, 198.

-- -- goddess Anu and, 198.

-- -- as "life giver", 161.

Morrigan, The (Irish goddess), Anu and, 198.

Morrigan, associated with north-west, 173.

-- as the "life giver", 161.

-- forms of, 195.

Mother goddess. See _Goddess_.

Moths as soul forms, 192.

Mouse, buried under apple tree, 196.

-- hunting of, in Scotland, 187.

-- mouse cures, 187.

-- Scottish supernatural, 187.

-- Apollo and, 179.

-- -- mouse feasts, 187.

-- cures, Boers have, 187, and also note 2.

-- feasts in Scotland and the Troad, 187.

Mousterian Age, 13.

-- -- artifacts of, 14.

-- -- Neanderthal races of, 14.

Mungo, St., as Druid, 185, 186.

-- -- salmon legend of, 184.

Navigation. See _Boats_.

Neanderthal man, Crô-Magnon influence on, 14.

-- -- disappearance of, 15, 16, 122.

-- -- European climates experienced by, 14.

-- -- relations of, with Crô-Magnon races, 14.

-- -- first discovery of bones of, 8, 9.

-- -- skeleton of, found, 9.

-- -- Australian natives and, 9.

-- -- description of, 9, 10.

-- -- flint working of, 12.

-- -- Mousterian artifacts of, 14.

-- -- Piltdown man and, 26.

Necklaces in Crô-Magnon grotto, 23.

-- Crô-Magnon sea shells, 39 (_ill._).

-- Egyptian blue beads in British "Bronze Age"
necklace, 104, 105 (_ill._), 106.

-- as gods, 44.

-- in graves, 158.

-- shell, in Welsh Aurignacian cave-tomb, 20.

-- why worn, 37.

Need fires, 181.

-- -- butterfly and, 191.

Neit, god of battle, 202.

_Nem_, the root in _neamh_ (heaven), _neamhnuid_ (pearl), _nemeton_
(shrine in a grove), _nemed_ (chapel), _neimhidh_ (church-land),
_nemus_ (a grove), _Nemon_ (goddess), and _N[)e]m[)e]t[)o]na_
(goddess), 159, 160.

N[)e]m[)e]t[)o]na, British goddess, 159.

Nemon, the goddess, a Fomorian, 202.

-- Irish goddess, and pearl, heaven, &c., 159.

Neolithic, chronological problem, 212.

-- Egyptian diadem of gold found in Spanish Neolithic tomb, 98.

-- Egyptian origin of Spanish Neolithic industry, 97, 214.

-- metal workers as flint users, 98.

-- Scottish copper axe problem, 219.

-- why ornaments were worn, 37, 38.

-- Age, transition period longer than, 61.

-- Culture, Iberians as carriers of, 126.

-- Industry, carriers of, attracted to Britain, 78.

-- -- distribution of population and, 81-4.

-- -- "Edge" theory, 61.

-- -- Campigny find, 62.

-- -- in Ireland, 85.

-- -- in Scotland, 85.

-- -- Scottish pitch-stone artifacts, 85.

-- -- carriers of, not wanderers, 86.

-- -- a lost art, 86.

Nereids, the, fairies and, 173.

Ness, the River, 206.

Night-shining gems, 160.

Norsemen, 126.

-- modern Scots and, 137.

Northern fair race, 125.

Northerners, Armenoids and, 127.

Novantæ, The, 129.

Nudd, the god, 203.

Nut, as "soul case", 173.

Nut-milk, 150.

-- -- honey and, as elixir, 150, and also note 1.

Nuts, life substance in, 206.

-- of longevity, 150.

Oak, 221.

-- acorn as fruit of longevity, 144.

-- Druids and, 141, 145.

-- Black Annis and, 196.

-- Galatian oak grove and shrine, 159.

-- on Glasgow seal, 185.

-- god of, and seafarers, 153.

-- god Dagda and, 202.

-- the Sacred, 179.

-- use of acorns, 153.

-- in tanning, 153.

-- Spirits, 207.

Oaths, Sacred, Gaels swore by sun, moon, &c., 148.

Oban, MacArthur Cave, 58, 217.

Obsidian artifacts, 86.

Odin, the dog and, 64.

-- pork feasts of, 144.

-- Welsh Gwydion and, 204.

OEstrymnides, The, Himilco's tin islands, 116, 118.

Onyx, same name as pearl in Gaelic, 160.

Oracles, Druids and, 145.

Orc (young boar), salmon as, 182.

Orcs, The Picts as, 201.

Orkney, boar name of, 129.

-- megalithic remains in, 94.

-- "Sow day" in, 201.

Ornaments, "adder stones", "Druid gems", &c., 163.

-- jet charms, 164.

-- in Crô-Magnon grotto, 23.

-- as gods or god-cases, 44.

-- in grotto at Aurignac, 22.

-- in Mentone cave-tombs, 45.

-- religious value of, 80, 165.

-- in Welsh Aurignacian cave-tomb, 20.

-- why worn by early peoples, 37, 38.

Ostrich eggs, found in Spain, 96.

Otter, skin charm of, 189.

-- as god, 190.

-- as soul-form, 189.

-- the king, 189.

-- jewel of, 189.

Palæolithic, chronological problem, 212.

-- implements of Upper Palæolithic, 21 (_ill._).

Palæolithic Age, why ornaments were worn, 37, 38.

-- -- break in culture of, 12.

-- -- origin of term, 8.

-- -- races of, 8.

-- -- sub-divisions of, 12, 13.
See, _Chellean_, _Acheulian_, _Mousterian_, _Aurignacian_,
_Solutrean_, and _Magdalenian_.

Palm tree, British substitutes for, 221.

-- -- cult of, in ancient Spain, 149.

Paradise, as "Apple land" (Avalon) 144.

-- Celtic ideas regarding, 143.

-- fairyland as, 143.

-- pork feasts in, 144.

-- Welsh ideas regarding, 144.

-- in Border Ballads, 144.

Parisii, The, in Britain, 128.

Patrick, St., Pagan myth attached to, 198.

Paviland cave, Crô-Magnon burial in Welsh, 19.

Pearl, Aphrodite (Venus) as pearl, 158.

-- as life substance, 80, 158.

-- moon as "Eternal Pearl" in Dante's _Inferno_, 159.

-- Gaelic name of, 159.

-- nocturnal luminosity of, 160.

Pearls, British, attracted Romans, 79·

-- and sacred grove, &c., 159.

-- Cæsar's pearl offering to Venus, 159.

-- in Cuchullin's hair, 163.

-- on Roman emperor's horse, 163.

-- dragons possess, 184.

-- in England (map), 83, 84.

-- fabulous origin of, 161.

-- Irish standard of value a _set_ (pearl), 166.

-- luck of, 166.

-- jet and amber and, 221.

-- as "life substance", 80, 158.

-- as _margan_ (life-giver), 161.

-- as medicine in India, 41.

-- searched for by megalithic people, 92.

-- soul in, 206.

-- as _tama_ in Japan, 44.

-- as "tears" of goddess Freyja, 161.

Pearls, why offered to goddess, 174.

-- Ythan River, Aberdeenshire, yields, 76.

Pear tree, cat and, 196.

Peat, from Dogger Bank, 57, 68.

Penny Wells, 174.

Phoenicians, the Cassiterides monopoly of, 104.

-- eastern colonists in Spain and, 98.

-- methods of, as exploiters, 98.

-- in Iron Age, 107.

-- megalithic monuments and, 149.

-- in modern Cornwall, 139.

Pictones, The, as allies of Romans, 224.

-- Scottish Picts and, 131.

Picts, The, agriculturists and seafarers, 130.

-- Caledonians and, 130.

-- allies of the Scots, 130.

-- Cruithne were Britons, 132.

-- fairy theory, 131, and also note 1.

-- as Pechts and Pecti, 131.

-- Gildas, Bede, and Nennius on, 132.

-- Irish myth regarding, 132.

-- Irish Cruithne not Picts, 132.

-- Saxon allies of, 131.

-- Roman, Scottish, and Welsh names of, 131.

-- as branch of the Pictones, 131.

-- tattooing habit of, 136.

-- vessels of, 136.

-- tribes of, 136.

-- as pirates, 136.

Pig, Demeter and, 196.

-- Devil as, 191, 200.

-- in Roman religious ceremony, 51.

-- Scottish and Irish treatment of, 199.

-- taboo in Scotland, 199.

-- the Sow goddess, 154.

Pigs, Achæans and Celts as rearers of, 111, 199.

-- Adonis and Diarmid and, 197.

-- Celts rearers of, 114.

-- and amber, 161.

-- as food of the dead, 144.

-- "lucky pigs", 157.

-- Orkney a boar name, 129.

Pigs, salmon as, 182.
See _Pork taboo_.

Piltdown man, 26.

Pin Wells, 174.

Pirates, ancient, Picts as, 136.

-- -- Gaelic reference to, 136.

Pliocene mammals, 16.

Poetry, goddess of, 188.

Polycrates of Samos, luck of, in seal, 184.

Pope Gregory the Great, letter on Pagans in England, 176.

Pork. See _Pigs_ and _Swine_.

-- taboo in Arcadia, 223.

-- -- why Cretans detested, 154, and also note 3.

-- -- Scottish, 199 _et seq._, 223.

-- -- Celts ate pork, 199.

Porpoise as sea-boar, 182.

Portugal, colonists from, in Britain, 106.

-- early eastern influence in, 211.

-- settlements of Easterners in, 95.

-- settlers from, in Britain, 127.

Pot, the, shell as, 207.

-- as symbol of Mother-goddess, 205.

-- the Mother, Celtic cauldron as, 90.

"Pot of Plenty", Celtic cauldron as, 205.

Potter's wheel, 112.

Pottery, Neolithic, 5.

-- relation to basket-making and knitting, 5, 6.

Priestesses, ancient British, Tacitus refers to, 147.

-- witches and, 147, and also note 1.

Ptolemy, evidence of, regarding British tribes, 128.

Purple-yielding shells, in Crô-Magnon grotto, 23.

-- -- searched for by megalithic people, 92.

Pytheas, 229.

-- exploration of Britain by, 115.

-- the Mictis problem, 116.

-- voyage of, 107.

Races, alien elements may vanish, 123.

-- "Caucasian Man", 123.

-- Aryan theory, 123.

Races, animal names of Scoto-Celtic tribes, 129.

-- Azilian and Tardenoisian, 55.

-- Maglemosian, 56.

-- Britain in Roman period, 127.

-- Britain mainly "long-headed", 128.

-- Ptolemy's evidence regarding British tribes, 128.

-- British extermination theory, 227.

-- British Iberians and proto-Egyptians, 126.

-- Armenoid intrusions, 87, 126, 222.

-- Spanish settlers in Britain, 127.

-- bronze carriers displace eastern metal searchers in
Western Europe, 100.

-- bronze users as earliest settlers in Aberdeenshire, 111.

-- Brünn and Brüx, 50.

-- Celts and Armenoids, 112.

-- Celts and Northerners, 112, 222.

-- Celts as conquerors of early settlers in Britain, 107.

-- colours of the mythical, 121, 125·

-- extermination theory, 122.

-- Celts as Fair Northerners, 222.

-- "broad heads" in Britain, 56, 87, 126, 222.

-- Celts and Teutons, 125.

-- Chancelade skull and Eskimos, 53.

-- Crô-Magnons in Wales, 19.

-- first discovery of Crô-Magnons in France, 20.

-- Cuchullin and Scotland, 224.

-- Britons in Ireland, 224.

-- Damnonians as metal workers, 89.

-- Damnonians in England, Scotland, and Ireland, 89, 90.

-- dark and fair peoples in England, 227.

-- descendants of Easterners in Britain, 118.

-- drifts of, into Britain, 79.

-- early settlers in Britain, 125, 216.

-- eastern colonists in Spain, 95.

-- Easterners reached ancient Britain from Spain, 97.

-- fair and dark among earliest
settlers in Post-Glacial Britain, 60.

Races, fair Celts and Teutons, 60.

-- Fir-bolgs in Ireland, 223.

-- Furfooz type, 56.

-- broad-headed fair types, 56.

-- Gaelic Fir-domnann and Firbolg, 90, and also note 1.

-- Gibraltar man, 8.

-- Cannstadt man, 8.

-- Neanderthal man, 9.
See _Neanderthal Man_.

-- great migrations by sea, 92.

-- high and heavy Scots, 137.

-- intrusion of "Round Barrow", broad-headed people, 87, 126.

-- "Long heads" use bronze in Ireland, 87.

-- megalithic intruders, 94.

-- mixed peoples among Easterners in Western Europe, 107.

-- modern Crô-Magnons in Africa, British Isles, and France, 25.

-- "Combe-Capelle" man, 25.

-- Brüx and Brünn skulls, 25.

-- "Galley Hill" man, 26, 27.

-- modern man, 9.

-- Crô-Magnon, 9, 19.
See _Crô-Magnon Races_.

-- Piltdown man, 9, 26.

-- Heidelberg man, 9.

-- Phoenician type in Cornwall, 139.

-- physical characters of, 124.

-- "pockets" in British Isles, 138.

-- Post-Glacial movements of, 54.

-- pre-Celtic extermination theory, 107.

-- few intrusions in ancient Britain, 109.

-- settlements of traders and workers, 109.

-- "short barrow" intruders, 104.

-- cremating intruders, 104.

-- Solutrean intrusion, 49.

-- Tacitus's references to British races, 137.

-- transition period and Neolithic, 61.

Rainbow as god's rod-sling, 204.

Raven and goddess of grove and sky, 160.

Ravens, Celtic deities as, 195.

Red deer on Dogger Bank, 68.

"Red Man", The Welsh, 19, 27.

Regni, The, Sussex tribe, 128.

Reindeer on Dogger Bank, 68.

-- French and German, in early, Aurignacian times, 14.
See _Fauna_.

-- in Scotland till twelfth century, 67.

-- in Germany in Roman times, 68.

-- Age, the, 213.

Rhodesia, mouse cure in, 187, and also note 2.

Rhone valley trade route, 114.

Rivers, goddesses and, 206.

River-worship, 176, 178, 179.

Robin, apple cult and, 204.

Robin Red-breast, on Glasgow seal, 185.

-- -- in St. Mungo legend, 186.

Romans, how Britain was conquered by, 119, 120.

-- Celtic boats superior to boats of, 224.

-- as exploiters of conquered countries, 79.

-- how loan-rate of interest was reduced, 79.

-- goddess, groups of, 207.

-- Gauls in army of, 127.

-- mean and tragical conquest of Britain by, 226, 227.

-- myths of, regarding savages in ancient Britain, 224.

-- references of, to Picts and Caledonians, 130.

-- religious beliefs of, no higher than those of Gaels, 208.

-- Tacitus on rewards of, in Britain, 79.

-- wars for trade, 229.

Rome, connection of, with milk goddess cult, 149, 150.

-- sacked by Celts, 112.

Ro-smerta, the Gaulish goddess, 174.

Rowan, 221.

-- berry of, as fruit of longevity, 144.

-- the sacred, 179, 180.
See _Tree Cults_.

Rye, cultivation of, 5.

Sacred stones and sacred trees,
103. See _Megalithic Monuments_ and _Tree Cults_.

Sacrifices, annual pig sacrifices,201.

-- oxen sacrificed to demons in England, 178.

-- at "wassailing", 204, 205.

Sahara, 27.

-- grass-lands of the, 14.

St. Swithin's Day, 168.

Salmon on city of Glasgow seal, 185.

-- as form of dragon, 182.

-- fire and, 183.

-- Gaelic names of, 182.

-- Irish saint finds gold in stomach of, 184.

-- in St. Mungo legend, 184.

-- the ring myth, 183.

-- the sacred "salmon of wisdom", 182.

Sargon of Akkad, his knowledge of Western European metal-yielding
areas, 99 _et seq._, 218.

Saxons, 126.

-- Celts and, 227.

-- the, Picts as allies of, 131.

Scape-dog, the, 65.

Scots, The, Crô-Magnons and, 137.

-- Picts and, 130.

-- first settlement of, in Scotland, 130.

Scott, Michael, in serpent myth, 188.

Seafaring. See _Boats_.

Sea god, the Hebridean _Seonaidh_ (Shony), 193.

Seasons, Gaelic colours of, 169.

Selgovæ, The, 139.

-- in Galloway, 129.

Serpent, Bride's serpent and dragon, 188.

-- as "daughter of Ivor", the "damsel", &c., 187.

-- dragon as, 182.

-- goddess Bride and, 187.

-- jet drives away, 164.

-- sacred white, 188.

-- on sculptured stones, 155 (_ill._).

-- "snake of hazel grove", 189.

-- sea-serpent, 189.

-- as soul, 189.

-- the white, in Michael Scott legend, 188.

Setantii, The, in England and Ireland, 128.

-- Cuchullin and, 128.

Severus, disastrous invasion of Scotland by, 130, 225.

Sheep, goddess as, 154.

-- in Scoto-Celtic tribal names, 129.

Shells, as amulets, 34, 80.

-- Aphrodite as pearl in, 158.

-- in British graves, 46.

-- finds of, in Ireland and Scotland, 46.

-- coloured, in Aurignacian cave-tomb, 46.

-- wearing of, not a juvenile custom, 46.

-- Combe-Capelle man wore, 25.

-- in Crô-Magnon grotto, 23.

-- Crô-Magnon trade in, 40.

-- Japanese and Scottish "shell-milk" elixirs, 40, 221.

-- "Cup of Mary" Highland myth, 42.

-- limpet lore, 42, and also note 1.

-- Egyptian artificial, 173.

-- Egyptian gold models of, 41.

-- stone, ivory, and metal models of, 41.

-- as "life-givers", 41.

-- "Evil Eye" charms, 39.

-- Crô-Magnon necklace, 39 (_ill._).

-- as food for dead, 41.

-- Cretan artificial, 41.

-- fairy woman's coracle a shell, 207.

-- in grotto at Aurignac, 22.

-- ground shells as elixir, 38.

-- as "houses" of gods, 38.

-- love girdle of, 38.

-- Hebridean tree goddess and, 153.

-- Indian Ocean shell in Aurignacian cave, 36.

-- as "life substance", 80, 158, 178.

-- mantle of, in Aurignacian cave-tomb, 45.

-- milk from, 40, 221.

-- "personal ornaments" theory, 37.

-- Red Sea shell in Hampshire, 47, and also note 1.

-- Red Sea shell in Neolithic Spain, 96.

Shells, Red Sea shell at Mentone, 210.

-- searched for by megalithic people, 92 _et seq._

-- in Welsh cave-tomb, 20.

Ships. See _Boats_.

Silures, The, Hebrideans and, 139.

-- Tacitus on, 137.

-- in Wales and Scilly Islands, 129.

Silurians, as miners, 118.

Silvanus, British deity, 207.

Silver, amber and, 165.

-- in Britain, 91.

-- difficult to find and work in Britain, 95.

-- exported from Britain in first century A.D., 114.

-- Easterners worked, in Spain, 97.

-- Gaelic god connected with, 102.

-- offered to water deity by Gauls, 174.

-- offered to deities by Celts, 80.

-- lead, as ballast for boats of Easterners, 99.

Sin (pronounced _sheen_), the Druid's judgment collar, 146.

Skins, exported from Britain in first century, A.D., 114.

Sky, connection of sacred trees and wells with, 179.

Slaves, exported from Britain in first century A.D., 114.
See _Fir-bolgs_.

Sleepers myth, in Highland story, 47.

-- the Seven, antiquity of myth of, 29.

Smertæ, The, 129.

Smertullis, the god, Ro-smerta and, 174.

Smintheus Apollo. See _Mouse Apollo_.

Solutrean Age, 13.

-- pre-Agricultural, 213.

-- proto-Solutrean influence, 216.

-- culture, cave art declines, 51.

-- -- characteristic artifacts, 50.

-- -- climate, 51.

-- -- open-air camps, 51.

-- -- bone needles numerous, 52.

-- -- decline of, in Europe, 52.

-- -- earliest influence of, in Europe, 49.

Solutrean culture, "true" wave of, 49.

-- -- carriers of, 50.

-- Implements, 21 (_ill._).

Soul, animal shapes of, 65, 178, 190.

-- bee and butterfly forms of, 191.

-- bee forms of, in folk tales, 193.

-- beliefs regarding, Sleepers myth, 29.

-- soul-case in Scotland and Japan, 44.

-- butterfly as, in Greece, Italy, Serbia, Burmah, Mexico, China,
Scotland, Ireland, &c., 192, 193.

-- the "change" in Gaelic, 158.

-- nourishment of, 158.

-- cremation customs and destiny of, 109.

-- dead go west, 173.

-- dog form of, 65.

-- Druids and transmigration, 142.

-- heart and liver as seats of life, 154.

-- maggot as, 102.

-- Egyptian Bata myth, 103.

-- moth form of, 192.

-- serpent form of, 189.

-- lizard and other forms of, 189.

-- star as, 208.

-- in stone or husk, 173.

-- in trees, 190.

-- in egg, fish, swans, &c., 190.

-- in weapons, 50.

-- Welsh ideas regarding destiny of, 144.

Sow-day in Orkney, 201.

Sow goddess, the, 154.
See _Pigs_.

Spain, British trade with, 114, 116.

-- colonists from, in Britain, 106.

-- displacement of Easterners in, 221.

-- Druidism in, 149.

-- early trade of, with Britain, 218.

-- Easterners in, 95, 211, 218, 229.

-- Easterners kept natives of, ignorant of uses of metals, 99.

-- Egyptian gold diadem in Neolithic tomb, 98.

-- Egyptian origin of Neolithic industry in, 97.

-- expulsion of Easterners from, 100.

-- in pre-Agricultural Age, 213.

-- settlers from, in Britain, 127.

Spear of god Lugh, 206.

Spinning, 5.

Spirit worship. See _Animism_.

Standing Stones. See _Megalithic Monuments_.

Star, St. Ciaran's stellar origin, 208.

-- the Dog, 64.

Stars, Druid lore of, 175.

-- Gaels measured time by, 175, and also note 1.

-- Sir[)o]na, star goddess, 208.

-- Milky Way and milk goddess cult, 149.

-- Welsh and Gaelic names of, 203.

Stennis, Standing Stones of, 94.

Stone of Danann deities, 206.

-- as god, 51.

Stonehenge, doctrine of Cardinal Points and, 174.

-- and Egyptian Empire beads, 104, 105 (_ill._), 106.

-- Temple theory, 177.

Stones, in graves, 33, 34.

-- wind raised by, in Hebrides, 172.

-- as "god body", 173.

-- as dragon's eggs, 173.

Sumeria. See _Babylonia_.

Sun, ancient British solar symbol, 162.

-- circulating chapels, &c., 148.

-- ear-rings and, 165.

-- fire and, 181.

-- rays of, as tears, 181, and also note 3.

-- Gaelic worship of, 170.

-- Gaels swore by, 148.

-- goddess and, 163.

-- modern and ancient sunwise customs, 171.

Sun-worship in Britain, King Canute and, 147.

Surgery, ancient man's skill in, 2.

-- folk-lore evidence regarding, 3, 4.

Surrogate of life blood, 28.

Sussex dug-out, 76, 77.

Swallows, Celtic deities as, 195.

Swans, as souls, 190.

-- as oracles, 190.

-- Celtic deities as, 195.

Swine. See _Pork Taboo_.

-- Celts rearers of, 114.

-- Devil and, 200.

Swine, Maglemosian hunters of, 57.

-- Orkney a boar name, 129.

-- in Roman religious ceremony, 51.

-- Scottish taboo of, 199.

Sword of god Lugh, 206.

Symbols, swashtika, &c., 165, 166.
See _Colour Symbolism_.

Tæxali, The, 129.

Talismans, Irish and Japanese, 206.

Taran[)u]cus (Thunderer), Gaulish god, 207.

Tardenoisian, 54, 62.

-- artifacts, 13.

-- Iberian carriers of, 216.

-- pre-Agricultural, 213.

-- pygmy flints, 54, 55 (_ill._).

Tardenoisians, The, in Britain, 125.

-- English Channel land-bridge crossed by, 69.

-- Industry, traces of, in Africa, Asia, and Europe, 71.

-- Maglemosians and, 57.

Temples, pagan, used as Christian churches, 177.

-- the Gaulish, 177.

-- Apollo's temple in England, 177.

-- Stonehenge, 177.

-- Pytheas refers to, 178.

-- reroofing custom, 178.

Ten Tribes, The Lost, 118.

Teutons, British Celts' relations with, 137.

-- Celts and, 125.

Thomas the Rhymer, "True Thomas" as "Druid Thomas", 146.

Thor, Dagda and, 202.

Tilbury man, 70, 71.

Tin, 101.

-- beginning of mining in Cornwall, 116.

-- Scottish and Irish, 94, 117.

-- in Britain and Ireland, 91.

-- surface tin collected in Britain, 9.

-- English mines of, opened after surface tin was exhausted, 91.

-- the Mictis problem, 116.

-- descendants of ancient miners in Britain, 118.

-- exported from Cornwall in first century A.D., 114.

Tin, Phoenicians and the Cassiterides, 104.

-- search for, in Britain, 95.

-- traces of, in Scotland, 94.

-- trade in, 219.

-- voyage of Pytheas, 107.

-- Cornish mines opened, 107.
See _Cassiterides_ and _OEtrymnides_.

Tin Land, Sargon of Akkad's knowledge of the
Western European, 99, 218.

Tin-stone as ballast for boats of Easterners, 99.

Toad, The, Jewel of, 189.

Tom-tit, apple cult of, 204.

Toothache, ancient man suffered from, 2.

Torquay, Magdalenian art near, 54.

Trade, early British exports, 104.

-- Red Sea shell in Hampshire, 47, and also note 1.

-- routes, British and Irish, 223.

-- -- British trade with Spain and Carthage, 114.

-- -- Danube valley and Rhone valley, 114.

-- -- early trade between Spain and Britain, 218.

-- -- exports from Britain in first century A.D., 114.

-- -- when overland routes were opened, 106.

-- -- Celts and, 106, 107.

-- -- Phoenicians kept sea-routes secret, 107.

-- -- voyage of Pytheas, 107.

Transition Period. See _Azilian_, _Tardenoisian_, and _Maglemosian_.

-- -- longer than Neolithic Age, 61.

-- -- race movements in, 54.

-- in Scotland, 216.

Transmigration, Druidism and, 142, 222.

Traprain, silver as substitute for white enamel at, 165.

Tree cults, apple of knowledge eaten by Thomas the Rhymer, 146.

-- -- apple tree as "Tree of Life", 204.

-- -- birds and apple trees, 204.

-- -- Artemis and the fig, 193.

Tree cults, bee and maggot soul forms in trees, 103.

-- -- and standing stones, 103, 104.

-- -- coral as sea tree, 221.

-- -- grown gold, 221.

-- -- and standing stones and wells, 147.

-- -- trees and wells and heavenly bodies, 180.

-- -- Druidism and, 141.

-- -- fig as milk-yielding tree, 149.

-- -- Gaelic and Latin names of sacred groves, 159.

-- -- Galatian sacred oak, 159.

-- -- Gaulish, 151.

-- -- elm as milk tree, 151.

-- -- plane as milk tree, 151.

-- -- grove goddess as raven or crow, 160.

-- -- the hazel god, 140, 144.

-- -- apple of longevity, 144.

-- -- Hebridean shell and milk goddess and, 153.

-- -- Indian milk-yielding trees, 151.

-- -- mouse and apple tree, 196.

-- -- mistletoe and Druidism, 145.

-- -- megalithic monuments and, 220.

-- -- and pearls, &c., 220.

-- -- palm tree cult in Spain, 220.

-- -- oak on Glasgow seal, 185.

-- -- sacred groves and stone shrines, 156.

-- -- sacred rowan, 180.

-- -- Silvanus, British tree god, 207.

-- -- souls in trees, 190.

-- -- St. Mungo takes fire from the hazel, 186.

-- -- stone circles and, 178.

-- -- Trees of Longevity and Knowledge, 152.

-- -- woodbine as "King of the Woods" in Gaelic, 180.

-- -- fire-producing trees, 180.

Trepanning in ancient times, 2.

Trinovantes, The, in England, 128.

Turquoise, symbolism of, 221.

Twelfth Night, 204.

Underworld, Gaelic ideas regarding, 143.

Underworld, Egyptian paradise of, 143.

-- fairyland as Paradise, 144.

-- Welsh ideas of, 144.

-- "Well of healing" in, 197.

Urns, burial, food and drink in, 158.