Chapter V: VACCINIUM, see Blueberry

VARNISH TREE or TREE OF HEAVEN (Ailanthus glandulosa).

This tree is met by a great variety of names, varnish tree, tree of heaven and Chinese sumac being common. The tree is a native of China and has been extensively cultivated as a shade tree in America. It spreads easily and is quite generally naturalized. Scholl lists it as a source of honey and pollen in Texas. Richter regards it as a wonderful yielder in California, where it produces an abundance of ill-tasting honey. It is reported as a honey producer in Georgia and is to be found in many States from east to west in greater or less abundance. The disagreeable odor of the staminate flowers is a well-known characteristic of the tree. In appearance it looks much like a very large sumac.

In the vicinity of Paris, France, the ailanthus, also called ailanthe, yields honey which must be removed before other honeys are harvested, as it spoils the taste of the honey of other plants.

VERBENA, see Vervain.

VERMONT--Honey Sources of.

The willows furnish first nectar in Vermont. Fruit blossoms, dandelions and maples also furnish nectar in abundance in early spring. White and alsike clover, together with goldenrod, furnish the principal surplus honey. Sumac, laurel, asters and less important plants also furnish some honey.

VERNONIA, see Ironweed.

VERVAIN (Verbena).

There are about 16 species of verbenas in North America, and several of them are widely distributed. Figure 139 shows the blue vervain (=Verbena hastata=), which is found from Nova Scotia to Quebec and Manitoba, south to Arkansas, New Mexico and California, and on the east, south to Georgia. This particular species is usually found in low lands, along streams, etc. Richter, in his “Honey Plants of California,” mentions another species, =Verbena prostrata=, as yielding considerable honey in some localities in that State. In Iowa the hoary vervain (=Verbena stricta=), is very common in upland pastures, especially over the north half of the State, and reports of surplus honey from this source are not uncommon.

Mr. Scholl reports =Verbena xutha= as yielding sparingly in Texas. While in the main the vervains can hardly be regarded as important honey plants, in limited localities some species are very valuable sources of nectar. Mr. S. W. Snyder, former Secretary of the Iowa Beekeepers’ Association, reports the blue vervain as quite valuable in his locality, some years furnishing a surplus.

VERVENIA, see Phacelia.

VETCH (Vicia).

There are about a dozen species of vetch native to America and two or three varieties widely cultivated for forage. They yield some honey, and there are reports from beekeepers to the effect that their bees work upon vetch freely. However, there is little to indicate that they are an important source of nectar. Richter lists spring vetch as a source of honey, but does not indicate that it yields surplus in California, where it is grown as a cover crop. Some species have extra-floral nectaries.

Some of the group are regarded as good honey plants in Europe.

VINEGAR-WEED, see Blue Curls, also Tarweed.

VINE MAPLE (Acer circinatum).

Vine maple is common on the Pacific Coast from Humboldt County, California, north to Washington. There are numerous reports of vine maple as an abundant source of early nectar in Oregon and Washington. The honey is amber and of excellent quality, but it blooms so early (April) that the bees are usually not in condition to store much surplus. (See Maple). In exceptional seasons as high as 50 pounds of surplus have been gathered by a single colony from vine maple.

VINE MILKWEED (Enslenia albida).

The vine milkweed is a smooth perennial climbing herb, with small whitish flowers. It is common along streams from southern Pennsylvania and the Ohio Valley south to north Georgia and west to Texas.

It is reported as a good honey plant in the vicinity of Buffalo, Texas. H. B. Parks states that it is a valuable bee plant, if sufficiently common.

VIPER’S BUGLOSS, see Blueweed.

VIRGINIA--Honey Sources of.

Willows, fruit blossoms, red-bud and maples furnish early nectar and pollen. These are followed by dandelion, which is abundant. Persimmon, clover, locust, chinquapin, tulip-poplar, holly, laurel, basswood, tupelo and asters are sources of later nectar. Sourwood is found in some sections and produces an abundance of the finest honey.

VIRGIN’S BOWER, see Clematis.

VIRGINIA CREEPER (Parthenocissus quinquefolia).

The Virginia creeper, also known as American ivy or woodbine, is a common climbing vine in thickets and woods from New England to Quebec and Manitoba. Dakota and Colorado and south to the Gulf from Florida to western Texas.

While the bees seek it eagerly at times and the vines fairly hum with them, it can hardly be regarded as of importance to the beekeeper.

This plant is often confused with poison ivy, but the two plants can easily be distinguished by the difference in habit of growth, and by the five leaflets in the creeper, as shown in Figure 140, while the poison ivy has only three leaflets to each leaf.

VIRGINIA WATERLEAF (Hydrophyllum virginicum).

The Virginia waterleaf does not bloom until after the fruit blossoms are gone, and so has less competition for attention than some other plants that come into bloom during the same period. It blooms abundantly and grows luxuriantly in moist woods. The bees have been so eager for the blossoms of this plant in the writer’s wild garden and in the surrounding woods for several years past, that he has come to regard it is quite a valuable honey plant, although nowhere so listed as far as can be learned. Figure 141 shows the blossom and leaf of this plant, while Figure 142 shows masses of the plants in bloom. Apiaries in the vicinity of woodlands should find this plant of considerable value, judging from the writer’s limited observation.

VITEX NEGUNDO INCISA.

A plant of recent introduction by the Bureau of Plant Industry. Described as follows by Frank N. Meyer, explorer, who found it at Shantung, China:

“A sage which may prove to be a good plant for the arid Southwestern
States. It is able to resist alkali remarkably well. The Chinese
use it for basketry manufacture, taking the annual shoots for this
purpose. It has pretty blue flowers and is diligently visited by
all kinds of bees, and as such it might be grown in gardens as a
semi-ornamental shrub. It grows, when left alone, up to 20 feet tall.”

Specimens tested by the author in Iowa, which were mere whips about 20 inches tall, began blooming the same season, the last week in July, and had not entirely faded on September 10. The bees sought it eagerly and apparently, if abundant, it would be a valuable honey plant.

W

WA-HE-YA (Huajillo), see Acacia.

WAHOO, see Hop-Tree.

WAKEROBIN, see Trillium.

WALNUT (Juglans).

The black walnut is a well-known forest tree in the eastern United States. Its usual range is from Ontario and New England west to Nebraska, and south to Florida and Texas. The wood is very valuable for the manufacture of gunstocks, furniture, etc., and is becoming somewhat scarce. The tree leaves out later than most forest trees, not developing its foliage until May or June. Figure 143 shows the pollen-bearing blossoms. These blossoms are long catkins borne on the wood of the preceding year. The blossoms appear before the leaves. Quantities of pollen are produced, and, at times, the bees seek the trees in such numbers as to make a continuous roar. The walnut blooms after the maples and willows, and is not as valuable as earlier blooming trees, because it comes at about the same time that the dandelions are in bloom. May is the month of blossoming in most northern localities.

The white walnuts or butternuts of the Eastern States, and the English walnuts, Japaneses walnuts and California walnuts grown in the warmer parts of the country, especially in California, are relatives of the black walnut, and probably equally valuable for pollen.

WASHINGTON--Honey Sources of.

Alfalfa, sweet clover. Sweet clover is quite generally distributed over all irrigated alfalfa districts. The Yakima Valley is the largest of these districts and supports at least 25,000 colonies. If it were not for spray poison this district could support 50 per cent more. Sweet clover is being introduced in many other sections of the State, Spokane County, for example. New irrigation projects will increase the beekeeping area considerably in many sections of the arid portion of this State.

Fireweed (=Epilobium angustifolium=). This plant is second only to the above as a honey plant. It is found in great abundance on all burned-over land west of the Cascade Mountains. It is also found in more or less abundance on burned sections on the east side. Due to the fact that there is much less rainfall it is not as reliable as a source of nectar as it is on the west side of the State.

White clover is important on old cleared off land on west side. Also important in Stevens, Pend Oreille, Klickitat, Spokane and Whitman Counties. Of minor importance in most other counties.

Alsike clover. Important in a few localities on the west side and in the northeast part of the State, where conditions are favorable.

Vine maple (=A. circinatum=). Very abundant on the west coast from about King County south. A good yielder of an excellent amber honey. Blooms so early, about April, that few colonies are in a condition to store much surplus.

Oregon maple (=A. macrophyllum=). An important honey plant on the west side, from about King County south.

Dwarf maple (=A. glabrum=). In most timbered sections of the State. Honey value unknown.

Willow. Willows are abundant in almost every locality and are of great value for spring feeding.

Chittam (=Cascara sagrada=). Abundant in most sections of the west side and reported to be an important honey plant. It is being killed off in many sections, due to the harvesting of the bark for medicinal use.

Locust. Locust has been planted extensively in many of the irrigated sections of the State, where it furnishes an abundance of nectar at a time when it is badly needed by the bees. A surplus is gathered in many sections of Walla Walla County. A water-white honey of excellent flavor.

Dandelion. Abundant in all sections where there is sufficient moisture. As in most sections of the country, it is of great importance.

Cat’s ear (=Hypochaeris radicata=). Sometimes called California dandelion. Abundant west of Cascades. Supplies considerable nectar of amber color. In many sections it darkens the fireweed honey, and for that reason beekeepers like to avoid it, if possible.

Goldenrod. Abundant in all sections of the State where there is sufficient moisture. There are a number of species, but the writer has never seen a bee working on it in this State. This is due, in most cases, doubtless, to the fact that more desirable nectar is available.

Gum-weeds (=Grindelia=). Present in most parts of the State. Doubtless of some value.

Mustard. Important on west side in some localities.

Snowberry (=Symphoricarpos racemosus=) and other species. Also called buck-brush, wax berry, wolf berry. Abundant on the west side and in the northeast part of the State. Common in many parts. Seems to yield well where abundant. Quality of honey unknown.

Milkweed (=Asclepias=). Two species are found on the east side. Neither has been seen on the west side, and is not reported as occurring there by Piper and Beattie.

Dewberry (=Rubus macropetalus=). Abundant in logged-off sections. Of considerable importance as a honey plant.

Alder (=A. oregona= and =A. sinuata=). Common on the west side in particular, especially the former.

Madrona (=Arbutus menziesii=). Common all over the west side, except in heavy timber. Supplies nectar, but importance unknown.

Helianthus. Two species occur. A small, early species, not determined; has been reported as important on the east side, where it grows with little moisture. The species is doubtless =H. annuus=, which is the only one listed by Piper and Beattie. The other species is doubtless an introduced species from the east.

Indian hemp (=Apocynum pemilum=). Northeastern Washington. Important minor plant.

Phacelia (=P. heterophylla=) was found abundant in Kittitas County, where it was yielding considerable nectar. Reported that the honey is amber. =P. tanacetifolia= has been introduced into northern Idaho at Coeur d’Alene in a very limited way, where it yields considerable nectar, considering its abundance.

Horehound and catnip. Both plants are found in considerable abundance in all parts of the State where there is sufficient moisture. Both seem to yield considerable nectar.

Huckleberry. Several species of huckleberries are found in the State and are very abundant in many sections, as, for example, Mason County. They have been reported as honey plants, but their relative value is unknown.--H. A. Scullen.

WATER-GUM, see Tupelo.

WATERMELON (Citrullus citrullus).

Where grown on a commercial scale the watermelon is the source of some honey. The bees visit the blossoms eagerly for both pollen and nectar. Important only in a few localities.

WATER PEPPER, see Heartsease.

WATERWEED (Jussiaea californica).

The California waterweed is common to wet lands in the lower Sacramento and San Joaquin Valleys, where, according to Richter, it is the source of considerable ill-tasting honey.

WATTLE, see Acacia.

WAXBERRY, see Snowberry.

WEATHER AND HONEY PRODUCTION.

It is a well-known fact that nectar secretion is very sensitive to weather conditions. However, the same conditions are not most favorable for all plants.

J. L. Strong, a beekeeper of Clarinda, Iowa, kept a careful record of weather conditions in connection with the daily gain or loss of a colony on scales for 29 years, from 1885 to 1914. In his locality, in southwestern Iowa, white clover is the principal source of honey. While the bees begin the season with the willows, maples, fruit bloom and dandelion, there is little surplus stored until the blooming of clover. Leslie A. Kenoyer, of the Iowa College of Agriculture, made a careful study of the Strong records and prepared a bulletin outlining his conclusions. While the records kept by Mr. Strong for a long period give material for fairly accurate conclusions regarding the effect of the weather on nectar secretion in white clover, it can hardly be expected that the same conclusions will apply to all other plants. (Bulletin 169, Agricultural Experiment Station, Ames, Iowa.) From the foregoing the following conclusions are extracted:

Rain.

Abundant rain seems essential to stimulate plants to the vigor necessary to nectar production and to furnish the water contained in the secretion.

Some honey years are poor because of excessive rain. In June, 1902, there was 11.64 inches of rainfall. June, 1911 represents the opposite extreme, with .76 inch, and was also poor. Abundant rain in advance of the honeyflow is of great importance, particularly in the month of May. When there is 5 inches or more of rain in May an abundant honey harvest seldom fails.

It is also shown that a heavy fall of snow during the previous winter tends to favor a good yield of honey. The abundance of snow provides both available moisture and protection to the clover plants during the cold months.

A rainy day is, of course, unequal to a clear one for honey production, and the fact is shown that best yields are gathered on the days just preceding and following the rains. A gradual increase in honey stored is apparent each day following a rain, until the fourth day, when it begins gradually to decline.

Wind.

An average of results for 200 days shows that south winds are slightly more favorable, probably due to the warmer and clearer weather. East winds are shown to be somewhat unfavorable, probably due to the clouds and rains which frequently accompany them. (This does not apply everywhere.)

Temperature.

It is generally recognized among beekeepers that hot weather is most favorable for nectar secretion. The above records show that the hot months do yield better than the cooler ones, this being especially noticeable in the months of May and September, which are often too cool in Iowa for best production. It was found that little honey was stored at a temperature below 70 degrees and that 90 per cent of the entire amount gathered was at temperatures between 80 and 100 degrees. Days attaining a maximum between 80 and 90 degrees are the best yielding days, being slightly better than those with higher temperatures. A variation in the temperature seems to favor nectar secretion. Mr. Kenoyer was able to show experimentally that low temperatures favor the accumulation of nectar. Days, then, with a wide range of temperature favored the bees.

A cold winter previous to the honeyflow cannot be said to be beneficial, yet it is shown that it is not detrimental. A warm March, however, often favors a good season. This is explained as due to the favorable conditions for building up the colonies of bees in spring as well as to the increased vigor of the clover plants through lack of severe weather at the start of the growing season.

=Kenoyer’s Conclusions.=

“Mr. Kenoyer concludes that, 1. June yields 56 per cent of the annual
hive increase in honey, with about half the remainder gathered in
July. 2. A large June increase indicates a good year. 3. There is
an evident alternation between good and poor years. 4. A good year
has a rainfall slightly above the average, the honey season being
preceded by an autumn, winter and spring with more than the average
precipitation. 5. A rainy May scarcely fails to precede a good honey
season. 6. South wind seems favorable and east wind unfavorable. 7.
The yield shows a gradual depression preceding and a gradual increase
until about the fourth day following a rainy day, after which it
remains fairly constant until about the fourteenth day following a
rain. 8. Good honey months average slightly higher in temperature
than poor, this being especially true of the spring and fall months.
9. Clear days are favorable to the production of honey. 10. Yield is
best on days having a maximum temperature of 80 to 90 degrees. 11. A
wide daily range of temperature is favorable for a good yield. 12. A
low barometer is favorable for a good yield. 13. The fluctuations in
the yield for a producing period seem to be closely correlated to the
temperature range and the barometric pressure, acting jointly. 14. A
cold winter has no detrimental effect on the yield of the succeeding
season, but a cold March reduces it. 15. A winter of heavy snowfall
is, in the great majority of cases, followed by a larger honey yield.

WEST VIRGINIA--Honey Sources of.

Willows, pollen and some nectar.
Red maple, pollen and some nectar.
Arbutus, slight value.
Peach, important for nectar.
Cherry, important for nectar and pollen.
Redbud (Judas tree), contributing nectar and pollen.
June berry, slight value.
Hawthorn, or haw, pollen and nectar.
Apple, occasional surplus.
Dandelion, valuable pollen and nectar.
Azalea (pink), some nectar and pollen.
Huckleberry, nectar and pollen.
Tupelo, pepperidge, sour or black gum, valuable source of nectar,
yields surplus.
Wild raspberry, valuable for surplus.
Tulip-tree or poplar, extremely valuable as a surplus plant.
Black locust, important surplus plant.
Sumac, yields nectar abundantly.
Strawberry, important in nectar.
Alsike clover, very valuable to beekeepers, increasing in popularity.
Holly, important source of pollen.
White clover, chief surplus in certain sections.
Chestnut, some nectar and pollen.
Chinquapin, yields, but of poor flavor.
Basswood or linn, heavy yielder of excellent surplus.
Sourwood, very important, yields extra abundant.
Swamp milkweed, surplus in some localities.
Sweet clover, dependent for surplus.
Blue devil, or viper’s bugloss, important.
Buckwheat, excellent yielder in certain years.
Goldenrod, contributory.
Asters, yield surplus.
Willowherb, yields surplus in abundance.

--Chas. A. Reece, Bulletin No. 33, W. Virginia Department of
Agriculture.

WHITE ALDER, see Pepperbush.

WHITE BRUSH (Lippia ligustrina).

White brush is a very common shrub throughout south Texas. It has some resemblance to the Indian currant of the Northern States, except that it is larger in size. It has long sprays of fragrant white flowers which appear several times during the year, following rains. According to H. B. Parks, it yields little honey during the regular blooming period of spring, but during the rain-induced bloom, in late fall, it yields heavily.

In the lower Rio Grande Valley, beekeepers reported to the author that the blooming period is short, but that it usually yields well, while the bloom lasts. In many localities similar reports are received. Most beekeepers regard the honey as of good quality, but the plant not dependable. In seasons when there are frequent heavy rains considerable honey is harvested, as it blooms after every heavy rain.

WHITE CLOVER (Trifolium repens).

White clover undoubtedly holds first place as a honey plant in America. It is important as a source of nectar from Maine to Nebraska and south to Kentucky and Missouri. In all the Northeastern States it is one of the principal sources of nectar and, in many localities, it stands alone as the source of marketable surplus. Remove white clover, and beekeeping would be a poor dependence in a large portion of this great area. Alsike is similar in yield and quality of its honey, but it is not so widely spread. The white clover plant is a perennial and establishes itself in pastures, along roadsides and in waste places everywhere. It is a good lawn plant and holds its own with bluegrass in a way that few plants will do.

It yields more heavily in the northern part of its range. One Minnesota beekeeper reports that a yield of less than 200 pounds per colony from white clover is uncommon. The author kept bees in southern Iowa for many years, and it was a rare season when the yield in that locality totaled 200 pounds per colony. In northern Iowa the average yield is much better than in the southern part of the State.

Best yields come in seasons following a year of excessive rainfall. In wet years the conditions favor the rooting of thousands of new plants, which are ready to produce a crop of nectar the following summer. Most readers of beekeeping literature are familiar with Dr. C. C. Miller’s phenomenal crop harvested in 1913. From 72 colonies of bees he harvested more than 19,000 finished sections of honey, or more than an average of 266 sections per colony. His best colony produced 402 sections of white clover honey. The crop was due to a favorable season, combined with expert management. The flow was unusually long, lasting from early June to late August.

White clover yields best when the weather is hot, with plenty of moisture in the soil.

Honey from white clover is of the best quality. It is mild in flavor, light in color and commands the highest prices in most markets. It is the one honey of high quality produced in sufficient quantity to fill a distinct demand for long periods of time.

Most people prefer white clover honey to the somewhat more spicy flavors of alfalfa or sweet clover, though in color they are similar. Alfalfa grown in southern California is of a different color and flavor from that grown in the Mountain States of Idaho, Utah, Colorado, etc.

WHITE IRON BARK, see Eucalyptus.

WHITE SNAKE-ROOT, see Boneset.

WHITEWOOD, see Basswood, also Tulip-Poplar.

WILD ALFALFA or DEER CLOVER (Lotus glaber).

Wild alfalfa is also known as wild broom, deerweed and tanglefoot. In California it is regarded as an important source of honey over a large part of the State. It is a plant growing two to three feet high, with a woody stem at the base. The flowers are yellow, later turning red. Some years the plant is very abundant, then it dies out for a time, so that it varies greatly from year to year. The blooming season is from June to September.

We quote Richter as follows:

“A very erratic honey producer. Some years, in some sections,
yielding twice as much as the sages; this is true for either the
coast or the valley side of the coast ranges, yet a good wild alfalfa
flow on the east coast does not necessarily mean such is the case on
the west side. Beekeepers report wild alfalfa honey as being white,
light amber and at times with a characteristic greenish tinge. This
is one of the main honey plants of the Coalinga district. This
plant, according to Mr. Z. Quincy, of Ramona, upon reaching its
second year of growth, after a mountain fire, is said to give us a
great amount of nectar.”

WILD BALSAM APPLE, see Wild Cucumber.

WILD BERGAMOT, see Horsemint.

WILD BUCKWHEAT, see Eriogonum, also Bindweed.

WILD CHERRY (Prunus serotina).

The wild cherries are widely distributed over the North American Continent, and beekeepers who live in timbered sections may expect to find one or more species within reach. The photograph shown herewith, Figure 145, is of the wild black cherry, which is a large tree with reddish-brown branches and oblong taper-pointed leaves. This tree is common in the woods of Newfoundland, Ontario and Manitoba, south to Florida and Arizona. There is a smaller tree with very similar flowers, the choke cherry (=P. virginiana=) to be found over much the same territory, while the western choke cherry, or western wild cherry (=P. demissa=), ranges from Dakota, Kansas and New Mexico west to California and British Columbia.

The larger tree =P. serotina=, is also said to occur in Mexico, Peru and Columbia. There is also a varietal form known as the mountain black cherry, found in southwestern Virginia, Georgia and Alabama. It is found on the open rocky summits of the higher altitudes. This form is a tree 25 to 35 feet high, with very rough bark and drooping branches. The wild red cherry, or pigeon cherry (=P. pennsylvanica=) is common in the Northwestern States, and secretes nectar freely.

Both leaves and seeds of all these forms are poisonous, although the fruit is edible. There seem to be well authenticated cases of poisoning of cattle from eating the leaves, and of children dying from swallowing the seeds. Pammel, in his book of poisonous plants, gives an extended description of the chemical action in such cases. The poisonous property of all species of cherry leaves, according to authorities quoted there, is due to prussic acid. The poison does not exist as such in the growing plant, but by the action of moisture and a vegetable ferment which exist in the plant, a complicated chemical reaction takes place when the leaves are separated from the stem. Wild cherry bark is used to some extent in medicine.

Wild cherries are not often reported as valuable sources of nectar. Richter lists the western choke cherry as a source of honey in California, and Lovell mentions the wild red cherry in the Eastern States. The writer has a sample of wild cherry honey sent to him from the apiary of W. S. Pangburn, of Jones County, Iowa, having a distinct cherry taste and bright yellow color. After two years it shows no trace of granulation, although subject to all changes of temperature of Iowa climate, both summer and winter. All but few of the samples of honey in the collection have candied under similar conditions.

Since in the Northern States it blooms after the domestic fruits and just before the opening of white clover, it should prove of considerable value where present in quantity.

WILD CHINA (Sapindus drummondi). See also CHINA TREE.

The wild China tree, also known as chinaberry, soapberry, or umbrella tree, is a common shade tree in the Southeastern States. It is also found in the Southwestern States to some extent. In Alabama it is a conspicuous feature of the grounds about the homes of rich and poor alike, quantities of the amber colored berries hanging after the leaves have fallen. It is cultivated to a less extent in Texas and California as an ornamental. It also occurs commonly in New Mexico and Arizona. The Spanish name for this tree is “jaboncillo.”

It is frequently mentioned as a honey plant in the Southern States, but is probably not sufficiently common in many places to be important. It is sometimes confused with the China tree (=Melia azedarach=), which see.

WILD CRAB APPLE, see Crab Apple.

WILD CUCUMBER (Echinocystis lobata).

The wild cucumber, or wild balsam apple (Fig. 146) is a climbing vine common along streams from New England to Texas. It is also commonly cultivated as a shade for arbors and porches. The plant is an annual and comes from the seed each year. There are few localities where it is sufficiently abundant to be of value to the beekeeper, and it is seldom mentioned among honey plants. However, in a few localities along the Mississippi River it is reported as quite an important source of nectar in mid-summer. On river bottoms it is sometimes to be found in great abundance. The honey is reputed to be white and of good flavor.

WILD CURRANT, see Currant, also Barberry.

WILD HOLLYHOCK (Sidalcea malvaeflora). CHECKER-BLOOM.

The wild hollyhock is common in the valleys and plains of California, where it is of some importance as a honey plant. It is reported as of special importance in the Imperial Valley. Related species occur in New Mexico and north to Utah.

WILD LIME-TREE, see Tupelo.

WILD OLIVE, see Oleaster.

WILD PARSNIP (Pastinaca sativa).

The wild parsnip, introduced from Europe, has spread over a wide area from the Atlantic to the Pacific coast. (Fig. 147). It is common along railroads and highways everywhere. The small yellow flowers, which are borne in clusters like an open umbrella, are attractive to a large variety of insects. The nectar, apparently, is never very abundant, hence it is not an important source of honey, although the plant is sometimes very plentiful. (See Parsnip).

WILD PENNYROYAL (Satureja rigidi).

Wild pennyroyal (Fig. 148) is a square-stemmed plant of the mint family that grows abundantly on the sandy pine lands of the south half of Florida. It begins blooming in December in the southern part of its range, and blooms till early in March. Weather conditions are too uncertain during the winter months to favor storing much surplus honey. However, according to Poppleton (Review, Jan., 1893), it is the source of some surplus, and from it the bees are stimulated to begin heavy brood-rearing about Christmas. In an occasional season a fair amount of surplus was secured, sometimes as much as 50 pounds per colony. The honey is said to be light in color, good flavor and heavy body--a first-class article.

Blooming as it does in the winter months, it is invaluable to the beekeeper whose bees have access to it. If no surplus is secured, it serves to fill the hives with bees and honey at an important season and to prepare for the later crops to follow.

WILD RADISH, see Radish.

WILD SUNFLOWER, see Sunflower.

WILD SWEET POTATO VINE, see Bluevine.

WILD THYME, see Thyme.

WILLOW (Salix).

In the Northern States the blooming of the pussy willow (=Salix discolor=) is among the first signs of spring. It is a small tree, growing along streams and on wet lands. Furnishing as it does about the first honey of the season, as well as pollen in abundance, it is highly regarded by the beekeepers.

There are about 160 species of willows, mostly confined to the cooler and temperate regions of North America. Some species extend their ranges into the Arctic regions, where the vegetation is sparse. While the number of varieties is not so great in the Southern States, it is regarded as valuable in the Gulf States and in California. As an example of the comparative abundance of willows North and South, it may be mentioned that four species are recorded for Alabama and eighteen for Connecticut. The willows bloom too early in the spring in the Northern States for the bees to store surplus from this source, but both nectar and pollen are supplied for early brood-rearing.

In Richter’s “Honey Plants of California” I find reference to numerous localities where surplus has been secured from the willows. It is said to be “a dark amber and bitter honey.” In a few other southern localities surplus yields from willow are reported. The flowers on one tree will be staminate and on another pistillate. Unlike most plants, the organs of both sexes are not found on the same plant.

WILLOW HERB, see Fireweed.

WINTER HUCKLEBERRY, see Farkle-Berry.

WISCONSIN--Honey Flora of.

The more important honey plants of Wisconsin, named in the order they bloom, are: Dandelion, May 1 to June 1; white and alsike clover, furnishing most of the surplus honey, June 1 to August 1; basswood or linden, July 1 to July 20; sweet clover, July 15 to August 15; willow herb, or fireweed, buckwheat, goldenrod, Spanish needle, asters and many fall flowers, in late summer and fall.--N. E. and L. V. France, Bulletin 264, Agr. Ex. Sta. Wisconsin.

WISTERIA.

The wisteria is a climbing vine widely grown as an ornamental. There are several varieties introduced from the Old World. They are attractive to the bees, but probably nowhere sufficiently common to be of much value.

WOLF BERRY, see Oleaster.

WOODBINE, see Virginia Creeper.

WOOD SAGE, see Germander.

WOOLY WHITE DROUGHT WEED, see Turkey Mullein.

WYOMING--Honey Sources of.

Alfalfa and sweet clover yield large amounts of surplus honey in irrigated valleys. Willows, gum-weed, cleome, dandelion, etc. are minor sources.

XYZ

YAUPON, see Holly.

YELLOW JASMINE (Gelsemium sempervirens).

The yellow jasmine is a well-known poisonous climbing vine common to the Southern States from Virginia to Florida and west to Mexico. Its yellow flowers, in short axillary clusters, appear in early spring (February and March) and are very fragrant. The vine climbs over trees to a great height, often 30 feet or more. It yields pollen and probably some nectar. It is reported as poisonous to the bees.

“For the past nine years I have observed, commencing with the opening
of the yellow jasmine flowers, a very fatal disease attacking the
young bees and continuing until the cessation of the bloom. The
malady would then cease as quickly as it came. The symptoms of the
poisoning are: The abdomen becomes very much distended, and the bees
act as though intoxicated. There is great loss of muscular power.
The bee, unless too far gone, slowly crawls out of the hive and very
soon expires. The deaths in twenty-four hours, in strong stocks with
much hatching brood, may amount to one-half pint, often much more. My
observations have been verified by dozens of intelligent beekeepers
breeding pure Italians where =Gelsemium= abounds.”--Dr. J. P. H.
Brown, American Bee Journal, Nov., 1879.

As to the effect on animals poisoned by the plant we quote Pammel as follows:

“Dr. Winslow gives the toxicological effect on animals as follows:
Muscular weakness, especially in the forelegs, staggering gait and
falling. These symptoms are followed by convulsive movements of the
head, forelegs and sometimes of the hindlegs. The respiration is
slow and feeble, temperature reduced, and there is sweating. Death
occurs because of respiratory failure.”--Manual of Poisonous Plants.

With reference to the condition described by Dr. Brown, the matter was referred to T. W. Livingston, of Leslie, Georgia, who writes as follows:

“I have for many years noticed the disease described. I have seen the
same disease where there was no yellow jasmine, that I knew of, but
much more of it where that plant was plentiful. It may be caused by
it. It was told several years ago by the Florida State Chemist, who
had analyzed a sample of honey reported as poisoning some people,
that the honey contained pollen grains from yellow jasmine.”--March
13, 1919.

YELLOW POPLAR, see Tulip Tree.

YELLOW STAR THISTLE, see Star Thistle.

YELLOW-TOPS, see Tarweed.

YELLOW WOOD (Cladrastis lutea).

The yellow wood is a tree confined to a limited range. It is found principally in Kentucky, Tennessee and North Carolina. While it may occur to some extent in the States adjoining the three mentioned, it is rare, except in very limited areas. It is recorded as occurring on shaded bluffs in the Tennessee Valley in Alabama, and may be looked for in similar situations in Mississippi, Georgia or South Carolina. The flowers are white, as may be seen from Figure 150, and appear in April and May. The panicles are sometimes a foot long. According to the notes furnished by J. M. Buchanan, the honey has a strong, distinctive flavor and is light amber in color.

The wood is heavy and hard and yields a yellow dye. It is known also as Kentucky yellow wood and gopher wood.

YERBA BUENA (Micromeria chamissonis).

Yerba buena is a trailing perennial herb with slender stem and small, white, solitary flowers. Jepson gives the range as common in woods near the coast: Humboldt County, Marin County, Berkeley, San Francisco, Belmont, Monterey and southward to southern California.

Richter states that it is considered a fair honey plant in places.

YERBA DEL PESCADO, see Turkey Mullein.

YERBA SANTA (Eriodictyon trichocalyx).

Yerba santa is a low shrub common to some parts of California. Richter lists it as important in Ventura County, where it frequently yields surplus, blooming in June and July.

YUCCA.

Over vast areas of the arid west there is little for the bees. A few plants stand the long continued periods of drought even where there is no irrigation, and add to the total production of the apiaries in the irrigated regions. Among the attractive plants may be mentioned the yucca, also called Spanish bayonet, Spanish dagger, Adam’s needle, mountain queen and Roman candle. There are about a dozen species, mostly from Dakota west to the Pacific and southward. They are common in Mexico and Central America. They are also to be found in the sandy sections along the Atlantic Coast from North Carolina to Florida and Louisiana.

When in bloom the plant is very ornamental. A single tall flower stalk contains many large, white or cream-colored flowers. In many localities where the plant does not grow wild, it is grown for ornament, as in Figure 151, which shows the late Eugene Secor admiring a beautiful specimen that grew on his grounds.

In “Honey Plants of California,” Richter lists =Yucca whipplie= as an important source of nectar, which, in localities where it is abundant, yields surplus. In that State its blooming period is June and July.

INDEX

Acacia, 10, 116.
amentacea, 13.
berlandiera, 10, 13.
constricta, 21.
decurrens mollis, 11, 58.
farnesiana, 9, 10, 12.
greggii, 10, 13, 21.
lingifolia, 11.
melanoxylon, 11.
pycnantha, 58.
roemeriana, 13.
Acer, 47, 59, 151, 153, 268, 271.
Achillea, 15.
Actinomeris, 102.
Adenostoma, 58, 112.
Aesculus, 49, 56, 151.
Agastache, 101.
Agave americana, 57, 64.
sisalana, 117.
Ailanthus glandulosa, 56, 265.
Alabama, Honey Sources of, 13.
Alaska, Honey Sources of, 13.
Alberta, Honey Sources of, 15.
Alder, 15, 98, 272.
Alder, white, 191.
Alexander, E. W., 50.
Alfalfa, 7, 8, 16, 21, 56, 131, 139, 147, 271.
Alfilerilla, 56, 201.
Algarroba, 115.
Alligator pear, 216.
Allium, 181.
Almond, 18, 20, 58.
Alnus, 15.
Alsike, 15, 19, 58, 131, 134, 135, 139, 150, 271.
Althaea. 125.
Ambrosia, 214.
Amorpha, 93.
Ampelopsis quinquefolia, 48, 59.
veitchii, 48.
Anaqua, 140.
Andromeda, 20, 96, 206.
Angelica tree, 123.
Anthemis cotula, 37, 59, 151, 156.
Apium graveolens, 64.
Apple, 20, 96, 139, 150.
Apocynum, 48, 87, 272.
Apricot, 21, 96.
Aralia, 123.
Arbutus, 21.
menziesii, 58, 149, 272.
Arbute tree, 149.
Arctium Lappa, 52.
Arctostaphylos, Uva ursi, 48, 49, 153.
Argemone, 208.
Arizona, Honey Sources of, 21.
Arizona buckthorn, 113.
Arkansas, Honey Sources of, 22.
Asclepias, 59, 100, 151, 159.
Ash, 22.
Asparagus, 22, 57.
Aspen, 22.
Aster, 22, 23, 24, 25, 75, 87, 100, 134, 135, 139, 147, 150, 155.
acuminatus, 28.
azureus, 26.
cordifolius, 27.
dumosus, 28.
ericoides, 28.
lateriflorus, 27, 28.
macrophyllus, 25, 27.
multiflorus, 28.
paniculatus, 28.
puniceus, 24, 27.
salicifolius, 27.
tradescanti, 27.
umbellatus, 27.
vimineus, 22, 28.
Astragalus, 58, 145, 159.
Avicennia nitida, 39.
Avicennia, 39.
Avocado, 116.
Azalea, 28.

Baldwin, E. G., 20, 96, 152.
Balloon vine, 28.
Banana, 28, 116.
Barberry, 31.
Barnaby’s thistle, 243.
Basil, 32.
Basswood, 8, 32, 76, 134, 135, 150.
Bay, 100, 149, 216.
Bean, 34.
Bearberry, 48, 153.
Bee balm, 34.
Beech, 34.
Beggar ticks, 59, 135.
Bentley, G. M., 256.
Berberis, 31.
trifoliata, 31.
pinnata, 31, 56.
nervosa, 182.
Berchemia, 216.
Betula, 35.
Bidens, 59, 238.
Bindweed, 34, 35.
Birch, 35.
Bird cherry, 48.
Bittersweet, 35.
Bitterweed, 13, 35.
Black haw, 38.
Blackberry, 22, 37, 58, 99, 135, 139, 147, 150.
Bloodroot, 40.
Blueberry, 15, 41, 48, 87.
Blue curls, 41, 42, 57.
Blue thistle, 43, 57.
Bluevine, 43, 162.
Blueweed, 45.
Boneset, 44, 45, 87, 134, 135, 150.
Borage, 46.
Borago officinalis, 46.
Boston ivy, 48.
Box elder, 47, 134.
Brassica, 56, 151, 263.
campestris, 58, 166.
napus, 214.
nigra, 56, 166.
oleracea, 56.
Brazil, 48.
British Columbia, Honey Sources of, 48.
Broomweed, 49.
Brown, Dr. J. H. P., 100, 284.
Brunnichia cirrhosa, 54.
Buchanan, J. M., 45, 261.
Buckbrush, 133.
Buckeye, 49, 56.
Buckthorn, 50.
Buckwheat, 8, 50, 75, 87, 135, 139, 150.
Buffalo bean, 145.
Buffalo currant, 54.
Bull bay, 149.
Bumelia angustifolia, 75.
lanuginosa, 113.
lycioides, 74.
Bum-wood, 206.
Bur clover, 53, 56, 116.
Burdock, 52.
Burton, S. H., 43.
Bush honeysuckle, 53.
Butterweed, 55.
Button bush, 55, 100, 135, 150.
Button-weed, 55.
Button-willow, 55, 57.
Buxus, 206.

Cabbage, 56.
California, Honey Sources of, 9, 56, 70.
Callotropis, 206.
Calluna, 121.
Campanilla, 60.
Canada thistle, 48, 61, 150.
Cantaloupe, 59, 74, 156.
Cardiospermum, 28.
Carduus, 61, 206.
Carpet grass, 57, 61, 116.
Carr, E. G., 176.
Carrot, 61, 150.
Cascara sagrada, 50, 56, 272.
Cash, John W., 97.
Cassia, 189.
Castanea dentata, 67.
pumila, 70.
Castor bean, 62.
Castor oil plant, 58.
Catalpa, 63, 116.
Catsclaw, 11, 13, 21.
Caterpillar phacelia, 57.
Cat’s ear, 63, 272.
Catnip, 9, 63, 135.
Ceanothus, 58, 165, 176.
Celastrus scandens, 35.
Celery, 9, 64.
Celtis, 115.
Centaurea, 57, 60, 206, 243.
cyanus, 64.
militensis, 64.
Centromadia pungens, 57, 240.
Century plant, 57, 64.
Cephalanthus occidentalis, 55, 57, 100, 150.
Cerasus, 58, 59, 99.
Cercis, 217.
Chamise, 112.
Chapman honey plant, 65.
Charlock, 214.
Chayote, 66.
Checker bloom, 280.
Cherokee rose, 66.
Cherry, 67, 96.
Chestnut, 67.
China berry, 100.
China tree, 68, 69.
Chinese sumac, 265.
Chinquapin, 69, 70.
Chittam, 50, 182, 272.
Choke cherry, 48, 59, 278.
Christmas berry, 56, 70, 72.
Chrysopsis, 100.
Chrysothamnus, 57, 213.
Cirsium arvense, 48, 150.
Cirsium lanceolatum, 57.
Cissus, 81, 236.
Citrullus, 59, 273.
Citrus, 56, 112, 116, 142.
Claytonia, 15, 241.
Cladrastris lutea, 286.
Clematis, 59, 71, 74.
Cleome integrifolia, 56, 223.
Cleome spinosa, 239.
Cleomella angustifolia, 71.
Clerodendron, 206.
Clethra, 76, 155, 190, 191.
Cliftonia, 260.
Climbing milkweed, 43.
Cloud berry, 15.
Clover, 72, 83, 87, 155, 218.
Cocklebur, 73.
Cocoanut palm, 183.
Cocos, 183.
Coffee berry, 50, 56.
Colias eurytheme, 22.
Colima, 73.
Collier, W. C., 48.
Colorado, Honey Sources of, 73.
Colubrina, 223.
Coma, 74.
Condalia, 48.
Coneflower, 75.
Connecticut, Honey Sources of, 75.
Convolvulus, 58, 162.
Cook, A. J., 101, 159, 180, 227.
Coral bean, 76.
Coral berry, 133.
Coral sumac, 206.
Cordelia obovata, 48.
Coreopsis gigantea, 59.
Corn, 59.
Cornflower, 60.
Cornus, 88.
Corylus, 119.
Cotton, 8, 13, 58, 77, 147.
Cotton belt, 8, 258.
Cottonwood, 22, 211.
Coulter, J. M., 76, 233.
Cowan, T. W., 194.
Cow itch, 81.
Cowpea, 81.
Crabapple, 83.
Crane, J. E., 259.
Crataegus, 117.
Cream cups, 59.
Crimson clover, 83, 139.
Crocus, 83.
Croton, 83.
Crowfoot, 134.
Crownbeard, 84.
Cucumber, 59, 84, 135, 150.
Cucumis, 59, 84, 150, 156.
Cucurbita, 59, 211, 243.
Culver’s root, 85.
Cup plant, 84.
Currant, 31, 54, 58, 74. 85, 135, 150.
Cuscuta, 59.
Cynara, 59.
Cyngium, 57.
Cynoglossum, 130.
Cyrilla, 259.
Cystis, 261.
Cytisus, 206.

Dadant, C. P., 25, 232.
Dadant, Chas., 112.
Dahoon, 125.
Dandelion, 48, 74, 86, 87, 131, 134, 135, 144, 150, 155, 272.
Daphne, 206.
Date palm, 183.
Daucus carota, 61, 150.
Deer clover, 277.
Delaware, Honey Sources of, 87.
Devil’s claw, 13.
Devil’s hair, 71.
Devil’s shoestring, 43.
Diervilla Lonicera, 53.
Diodia teres, 55.
Diospyros, 192.
Dipsacus, 255.
Doctor-gum, 206.
Dodder, 59.
Dogbane, 48, 87, 88.
Dogwood, 88, 96.
Doolittle, G. M., 235, 255.
Duranta, 261.

Ebony, Texan, 256.
Echinocystis, 279.
Echinops sphaerocephalus, 65.
Echium vulgare, 45.
Ehretia, 140.
Elaeagnus hortensis, 180.
argentea, 181.
Elder, 15, 60, 89.
Elm, 90, 134, 139.
Encelia californica, 60.
Enslenia, 268.
Epigaea, 21.
Epilobium angustifolium, 49, 95, 151, 271.
Eremocarpus, 265.
setigerus, 58.
Ericaceae, 204.
Eriobotrya, 116, 147.
Eriodictyon, 57, 287.
Eriogonum, 56, 91.
Eriophyllum, 60.
Erodium, 56, 116, 202.
Eryngium articulatum, 43.
Erythrina, 116.
Eschscholtzia, 208.
californica, 59.
Esparcet, 231.
Eucalyptus, 56, 57, 90, 91, 116.
Eugenia, 116.
Eupatorium, 45, 46, 150.
Euphorbia, 59, 203, 204, 206, 236.
Eysenhardtia, 223.

Fagopyrum, 50, 150.
Fagus grandifolia, 34.
False indigo, 93.
Farkle-berry, 94.
Figwort, 58, 93, 94, 135.
Filaree, 56, 116, 201, 202.
Fireweed, 8, 15, 49, 94, 95, 131, 271.
Florida, Honey Sources of, 95.
Foeniculum vulgare, 58, 251.
Forbes, R. H., 22.
Foster, Wesley, 162.
Fragaria, 244.
France, N. E. and L. V., 283.
Frasera, 162, 163.
Fraxinus, 22.
Fraxinus oregona, 58.
Frijolillo, 76.
Fruit bloom, 96.
Fuller’s teasel, 255.
Furze, 109.

Gaillardia, 154.
Gallberry, 96, 97, 125, 177.
Gates, B. N., 84, 155.
Gaultheria, 182, 232.
Gaura, 74, 97, 222.
Gaylussacia, 48, 130.
Gelsemium, 98, 284.
Georgia, Honey Sources of, 98.
Germander, 100.
Giant Hyssop, 101.
Gilia, 101.
Gleditsia, 127.
Globe artichoke, 59.
Glycyrrhiza, 143.
Golden dewdrop, 261.
Golden honey plant, 102.
Goldenrod, 8, 25, 49, 57, 75, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107,
108, 135, 139, 148, 150, 155, 272.
Gonolobus laevis, 43.
Gooseberry, 59, 109, 135.
Gorse, 58, 109, 110.
Gossypium herbaceum, 58, 77.
Grape, 58, 59, 109, 135.
Grape fruit, 112.
Grasses, 112.
Greasewood, 58, 112.
Greenbriar, 133.
Grindelia squarrosa, 73, 113, 131.
Grossularia, 109.
Groundsel, 55.
Guaiacum, 237.
Gum, Black, 13, 22.
Gum, Eucalyptus, 56, 57, 91, 92.
Gumbo, 180.
Gum-elastic, 113.
Gum-plant, 113.
Gum-weed, 73, 113, 131, 272.
Gutierrezia texana, 49.

Hackberry, 115.
Haematoxylon, 116, 147.
Harbison, J. S., 56, 166, 263.
Hasty, E. E., 67.
Hau tree, 115.
Hawaii, Honey Sources of, 115.
Haw, Black, 38.
Hawthorne, 13, 99, 117.
Hazelnut, 119.
Heartsease, 22, 87, 119, 134, 139, 144, 151, 155.
Heather, 121.
Hedge nettle, 58, 122, 123.
Helenium, 35, 37.
Helianthus, 57, 59, 253, 272.
Heliotrope, 58, 59, 123.
Heliotropium, 58, 59, 123.
Hemizonia, 57, 254.
Hercules club, 123.
Heron’s bill, 202.
Heracleum, 15.
Hesperoyucca whipplei, 56.
Heteromeles arbutifolia, 56, 70.
Heterotheca grandiflora, 60.
Hickory, 124.
Himalayan berry, 58.
Hippomane, 152.
Hog-gum, 206.
Holly, 22, 70, 99, 125, 147, 155.
Hollyhock, 125.
Honeydew, 22, 117, 126, 139, 202.
Honey locust, 127.
Honeysuckle, 60, 128.
Honey plant regions, 8.
Hops, 128.
Hop-tree, 128.
Horsemint, 129, 139, 148.
Horse-chestnut, 49, 151.
Horehound, 57, 124, 125, 139, 273.
Hound’s tongue, 130.
Huajillo, 10, 13.
Huckleberry, 48, 87, 125, 130, 272.
Huisache, 9, 10, 12.
Humulus, 128.
Hutchinson, W. Z., 95, 220.
Hydrophyllum, 269.
Hypochaeris, radicata, 63, 272.
Hyssop, Giant, 101.

Idaho, Honey Sources of, 131.
Ilex, 97, 125.
Illinois, Honey Sources of, 134.
Impatiens, 138.
Indiana, Honey Sources of, 134.
Indian corn, 132.
Indian currant, 133, 135.
Indian fig, 209.
Indian hemp, 131, 272.
Indigo, False, 92.
Iowa, Honey Sources of, 135.
Ipomoea, 60.
Ironbark, 57, 92.
Ironweed, 135, 136.
Islay, 58.

Jackass clover, 56, 137.
Jasmine, Yellow, 98.
Jepson, W. L., 41, 50, 70, 101, 165, 192, 229, 240, 287.
Jerusalem artichoke, 59.
Jewel-weed, 135, 137.
Judas-tree, 134.
Juglans, 270.
Jussiaea californica, 58, 273.

Kalmia, 141, 204, 206.
Kansas, Honey Sources of, 139.
Kenoyer, L. A., 198, 273, 274.
Kinnikinnick, 48, 149.
Knapweed, 243.
Knockaway, 139.

Lactuca, 142.
Lambkill, 141.
Lathyrus, 59, 117.
Laurel, 59, 141, 155.
Laurel tree, 216.
Lawn plant, 58.
Lemon, 142.
Leonurus, 164.
Lettuce, 142, 143.
Lignum vitae, 237.
Lilac, 58.
Lilac, Mountain, 165.
Lima bean, 56.
Lime, 143.
Linden, 57, 139.
Lippia ligustrina, 276.
Lippia nodiflora, 57, 61.
Lippia repens, 58, 61, 116.
Liquorice, 143.
Liriodendron, 261.
Livingston, T. W., 286.
Locality, 143.
Loco, 74, 145.
Locust, 13, 22, 58, 76, 99, 127, 135, 139, 145, 147, 151, 155, 223,
272.
Logwood, 48, 116, 147.
Lonicera, 60, 128.
Loquat, 116, 147.
Loosestrife, Purple, 212.
Lotus glaber, 56, 277.
Louisiana, Honey Sources of, 147.
Lovell, J. H., 25, 37, 101, 103, 107, 131, 146, 151, 155, 279.
Lupin, 59, 74, 117, 148.
Lupinus, 59, 117, 148.
Lycanium, 179.
Lycium, 156.
Lythrum, 212.

Madrona, 58, 148, 272.
Magnolia, 100, 149.
Maine, Honey Sources of, 150.
Maize, 132.
Malacothris saxatilis, 60.
Mallow, 59, 151.
Malus, 20, 83.
Malva, 59, 151.
Manchineel, 96, 152.
Mangrove, Black, 39, 96, 116.
Manzanita, 57, 153.
Maple, 15, 59, 76, 87, 134, 135, 139, 151, 153, 155.
Marigold, 154.
Marjoram, 154.
Marrubium vulgare, 57, 124, 125.
Maryland, Honey Sources of, 155.
Matrimony vine, 156.
Mayweed, 37, 59, 151, 156.
Medic, Black, 39.
Medicago denticulata, 53, 56, 116.
Medicago lupulina, 39, 59.
Medicago sativa, 16, 56.
Melia azedarach, 69.
Melicope ternata, 204.
Melons, 156.
Melissa officinalis, 34.
Melilotus, 55, 58, 59, 151, 245.
Mendleson, M. H., 192.
Mentha, 57, 59, 160.
Mentzelia, 74, 156.
Mesquite, 21, 116, 156, 157.
Metopium, 206.
Metrosideros, 116.
Merrill, Dr. J. H., 190.
Mexican clover, 158.
Michigan, Honey Sources of, 158.
Micromeria chamissonis, 58, 287.
Mignonette, 59, 158.
Milkweed, 8, 59, 76, 135, 151, 159, 160, 161, 262.
Milkweed, climbing, 43.
Miller, A. C., 223.
Miller, Dr. C. C., 65, 84, 277.
Minnesota, Honey Sources of, 160.
Mint, 32, 160.
Mississippi, Honey Sources of, 161.
Missouri, Honey Sources of, 162.
Mistletoe, 58, 162.
Mohr, Chas., 36.
Monarda, 129.
Monardella, lanceolata, 59.
Monotropa, 206.
Montana, Honey Sources of, 162.
Monument plant, 162, 163.
Morning glory, 58, 162.
Motherwort, 164, 165.
Mountain lilac, 165.
Musa sapientum, 28, 116.
Mustard, 56, 58, 135, 151, 166.
Myrtle-leaf dahoon, 125.

Nabalus, 216.
Nahgoon berry, 15.
Napa thistle, 57.
Nebraska, Honey Sources of, 167.
Nectar, 167, 194.
Nectar secretion, 167, 194.
Negundo aceroides, 47.
Negundo incisa, 270.
Nepeta Cataria, 63.
Nerium, 206.
Nevada, Honey Sources of, 174.
New Brunswick, Honey Sources of, 174.
New Hampshire, Honey Sources of, 174.
New Jersey, Honey Sources of, 175.
New Jersey tea, 176.
New Mexico, Honey Sources of, 176.
New York, Honey Sources of, 177.
Nicotiana, 260.
Nonesuch, 59.
North Carolina, Honey Sources of, 177.
North Dakota, Honey Sources of, 178.
Nova Scotia, Honey Sources of, 178.
Nyssa, 99, 263.

Oak, 178.
Blue, 58.
Live, 58.
Tanbark, 59.
Valley, 58.
Ohio, Honey Sources of, 179.
Oklahoma, Honey Sources of, 180.
Okra, 180.
Olea, europaea, 58, 181.
Oleaster, 180.
Olive, 58, 181.
Olive, wild, 180.
Onion, 74, 181.
Onobrychis, 117, 231.
Ontario, Honey Sources of, 181.
Opuntia, 56, 209, 210.
Orange, 56, 96, 181.
Oregon, Honey Sources of, 182.
Oregon ash, 22, 58.
Oregon grape, 182.
Oregon maple, 271.
Oreocarya, 182.
Origanum, 155.
Oxydendrum, 237.

Palm, 116, 183.
Palmetto, 96, 183.
Paloverde, 21.
Pammel, L. H., 103, 129, 181, 202, 203, 279, 284.
Papaver, 208.
Paradise flower, 13.
Paritium, 115.
Parkinsonia, 21, 223.
Parks, H. B., 15, 54, 66, 69 178, 234.
Parsnip, 9, 189, 281.
Parsnip, cow, 15.
Parthenocissus, 269.
Partridge pea, 96, 188, 189.
Pastinaca, 189, 281.
Peach, 96, 189.
Pear, 56, 96, 151, 189.
Peas, 13.
Pennsylvania, Honey Sources of, 190.
Pennyroyal, 59, 95.
Peony, 191.
Pepperbush, 191.
Peppermint, 57.
Pepper-tree, 56, 191, 192.
Persea, 116, 216.
Persimmon, 99, 177, 192, 193.
Petalostemon, 208.
Phacelia, 57, 58, 192, 272.
Phaseolus, 34, 56.
Phillips, E. F., 115, 117.
Phoenix, 183.
Phoradendron, 58, 162.
Physiology of Nectar Secretion, 194.
Picea, 241.
Pieris, 206.
Pigeon berry, 50.
Pigeon cherry, 96.
Pin clover, 201, 202.
Pine, 202.
Pin grass, 202.
Pinney, C. L., 153.
Pinus, 202.
Plantago major, 60.
Plantain, 60.
Platystemon californicus, 59.
Plum, 96, 99, 135, 151, 202.
Poinsettia, 59, 203.
Poison oak, 56.
Poisonous honey, 203.
Poisonwood, 206.
Pollen, 206.
Pollen, Importance of, 8, 144.
Pollination, 207.
Polygonum, 15, 34, 119, 151.
Poppleton, O. O., 152, 183, 186, 281.
Poppy, 59, 117, 207, 208.
Populus, 22.
Portulaca, 15.
Prairie clover, 74, 208.
Prickly ash, 139, 209.
Prickly pear, 56, 208, 211.
Prince Edward Island, Honey Sources of, 210.
Privet, 13, 125.
Propolis, 210.
Prosopis, 21, 115, 156.
Prunus, 21, 151, 202.
amygdalus, 18, 58.
armeniaca, 21, 58.
cerasus, 58, 67.
demissa, 48, 278.
domestica, 58.
pennsylvanica, 48, 279.
persica, 58, 189.
serotina, 278.
virginiana, 278.
Psidium, 116.
Ptelea, 128.
Pumpkin, 59, 211.
Pycananthemum, 32.
Pyrus, 15, 56, 150, 151, 189.
Pysokermes picea, 243.

Quebec, Honey Sources of, 212.
Quercus, 58, 59, 178, 179.

Rabbit brush, 57, 213.
Radish, wild, 58, 214.
Ragged lady, 228.
Ragweed, 213, 214.
Raphanus, 58, 214.
sativus, 58.
Rape, 214.
Raspberry, 8, 15, 48, 58, 66, 76, 99, 135, 139, 151, 215, 233.
Rattan, 13, 216.
Rattlesnake root, 216.
Rattleweed, 58, 145.
Rayment, 45, 261.
Redberry, 50.
Red bay, 216.
Redbud, 13, 22, 139, 217.
Red clover, 59, 135, 139, 218.
Red gaura, 223.
Redroot, 176.
Reece, Chas. A., 275.
Reseda odorata, 59, 158.
Retama, 222.
Rhamnus, 50, 56, 182.
Rhode Island, Honey Sources of, 222.
Rhododendron, 28, 205, 206.
Rhus, 56, 140, 151, 206, 251.
Ribes, 54, 85.
Ribes mentziesii, 59.
Richardia scabra, 158.
Richter, M. C., 31, 33, 37, 41, 43, 50, 62, 64, 70, 71, 83, 91, 104,
109, 125, 137, 153, 159, 160, 163, 181, 192, 213, 229, 277, 283, 288.
Ricinus communis, 58, 62.
Robinia pseudo-acacia, 58, 146, 151.
Rocky Mountain bee plant, 56, 223.
Rockbrush, 223.
Root, E. R., 189.
Rosa, 224.
californica, 59.
laevigata, 66.
Rose, 59, 223.
Rosin weed, 73.
Royal palm, 183.
Roystonea, 183.
Rubacer, 233.
Rubus, 15, 37, 48, 150, 151, 205.
Rudbeckia, 75.
Russian olive, 180.

Sabal, 183.
Sage, 57, 59, 225.
Sainfoin, 117, 231.
Salal, 182, 232.
Salix, 15, 48, 56, 151, 282.
discolor, 48.
longifolia, 48.
speciosa, 15.
Salmon berry, 15, 233.
Salt cedar, 233.
Salvia, 57, 59, 225.
Sambucus, 15, 60, 89.
Sandvine, 43.
Sanguinaria canadensis, 40.
Sapindus, 206, 279.
Saskatchewan, Honey Sources of, 234.
Sassafras, 234.
Satureia montana, 59.
Satureja, 281.
Scabiosa, 206.
Scale insects, 179.
Schinnus molle, 56, 192.
Scholl, L. H., 12, 13, 31, 39, 49, 55, 63, 73, 79, 81, 97, 104, 109,
126, 154, 162, 163, 193.
Scilla, 234, 235.
Screw bean, 21.
Scrophularia, 58, 94.
Scullen, H. A., 63, 162, 216, 233, 236, 273.
Sechium edule, 66.
Sedum, 244.
Senecio, 55.
Senna, 148.
Serenoa, 183.
Serjania lethalis, 204.
Sheep laurel, 141.
Sheppard, W. J., 49, 131, 181.
Sherman, Franklin, Jr., 177, 192.
Shittim-wood, 113.
Sidulcea malvaeflora, 56, 280.
Siderocarpos, 257.
Siebert, J. J., 66.
Silphium, 84.
Simpson’s honey plant, 58.
Sisal, 117.
Skunk cabbage, 134, 155, 235.
Sladen, F. W. L., 15, 27, 33, 104, 106, 142, 152, 181.
Smartweed, 15, 135.
Smilax, 113.
Snakeroot, 45, 46.
Snowberry, 48, 131, 133, 236, 272.
Snow-on-the-mountain, 236.
Snowvine, 236.
Soapbush, 237.
Solidago, 49, 57, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 150.
Sonchus, 60, 238.
Sophora, 116.
secundiflora, 76.
Sorghum, 237.
Sour clover, 58.
Sourwood, 100, 139, 177, 237.
Sow thistle, 60, 238.
South Carolina, Honey Sources of, 238.
South Dakota, Honey Sources of, 238.
Spangler, D. W., 182.
Spanish needle, 59, 134, 135, 148, 155, 238.
Sparkle-berry, 94.
Spider plant, 239.
Spikeweed, 57, 240.
Spring beauty, 241.
Spruce, 241.
Spurge, 236.
Squash, 59, 243.
Stachys, 58, 123.
Star thistle, 243.
Stickleaf, 156.
Stinkweed, 137.
Stonecrop, 244.
Stork’s bill, 222.
Strawberry, 244.
Stringy bark, 56, 251.
Strong, J. L., 198, 273.
Stuart, C. D., 70.
Sumac, 56, 135, 139, 151, 155, 223.
Sunflower, 57, 74, 135, 253.
Sweet bay, 216.
Sweet clover, 8, 9, 13, 22, 56, 58, 131, 134, 135, 139, 151, 245,
271.
Sweet fennel, 58, 251.
Sweet pepperbush, 191.
Symphoricarpos racemosus, 48, 133, 235, 272.
Symplocarpos, 235.
occidentalis, 48.
orbiculatus, 132.

Tabacum, 260.
Tagasaste, 261.
Talley, M. B., 66, 163.
Tamarind, 116.
Tamarisk, 57.
Tamarix, 233.
Tangier pea, 117.
Tansy, 15.
Taraxacum officinale, 48, 86, 150.
Tarweed, 57, 254.
Teasel, 135, 255.
Tennessee, Honey Sources of, 256.
Teucrium, 100.
Texan ebony, 257.
Texas, Honey Sources of, 257.
Thimbleberry, 215, 233.
Thistle, Bull, 57.
Thistle, Canada, 48, 61.
Thyme, 259.
Thymus, 259.
Tilia americana, 32, 57, 150.
Tilia europaea, 33.
Tisswood, 216.
Ti-ti, 259.
Tobacco, 76, 260.
Toothache-tree, 208.
Touch-me-not, 137.
Tournefortia heliotropoides, 59.
Townsend, E. D., 158.
Traveler’s joy, 71.
Tree alfalfa, 261.
Tree clover, 59, 261.
Tree of heaven, 56, 265.
Trefoil, shrubby, 128.
Trelease, Wm., 174, 201.
Trichostema lanceolatum, 41, 57.
Trifolium, 72, 150, 218.
fucatum, 58.
hybridum, 19, 58.
incarnatum, 83.
praetense, 59, 218.
repens, 57, 117, 276.
Trillium, 261.
Tropical lilac, 261.
Tule mint, 59.
Tupelo, 7, 22, 95, 144, 147, 155, 263.
Tulip-tree, 13, 22, 87, 99, 135, 139, 155, 177, 261, 262.
Turkey mullein, 58, 265.
Turnip, 265.

Ulex europaeus, 58, 109.
Ulmus, 90.
Umbellularia californica, 59.
Utah, Honey Sources of, 265.

Vaccinium, 15, 41.
arboreum, 94.
canadense, 41.
corymbosum, 41.
ovalifolium, 41, 48.
pennsylvanicum, 41.
Varnish tree, 100, 265.
Verbena, 58, 266.
Verbesina, 84.
Vermont, Honey Sources of, 266.
Vernonia, 136.
Veronica andersonii, 60.
virginica, 85.
Vervain, 266.
Vervenia, 57, 58.
Vetch, 59, 267.
Vetch milk, 159.
Viburnum prunifolium, 38.
Vicia, 59, 267.
Vigna sinensis, 81.
Vine maple, 268, 271.
Vine milkweed, 268.
Viper’s bugloss, 45.
Virginia, Honey Sources of, 268.
Virginia creeper, 59, 269.
Virginia waterleaf, 269.
Virgin’s bower, 59, 71.
Vitex, 270.
Vitis californica, 59.
Vitis vinifera, 58, 109.

Walnut, 270.
Washington, Honey Sources of, 271.
Watermelon, 58, 273.
Waterweed, 58.
Waterweed, California, 273.
Wattle, 11, 58.
Waxberry, 235.
Weather and Honey Production, 273.
West Virginia, Honey Sources of, 273.
White alder, 191.
White brush, 276.
White clover, 7, 8, 14, 15, 22, 57, 117, 131, 134, 135, 144, 148,
150, 276.
Wild alfalfa, 56, 277.
Wild buckwheat, 56, 91.
Wild cherry, 99, 278.
Wild china, 279.
Wild cucumber, 279.
Wild hollyhock, 56, 280.
Wild parsnip, 281.
Wild pennyroyal, 95, 281.
Wilder, J. J., 37, 79, 80, 97, 189.
Wiley, W. L., 43.
Willow, 15, 56, 76, 87, 99, 134, 135, 139, 148, 151, 155, 282.
Willow herb, 49, 151.
Winter savory, 59.
Wisconsin, Honey Sources of, 283.
Wislizenia refracta, 56, 137.
Wisteria, 284.
Wolfberry, 48.
Wood sage, 100.
Woundwort, 123.
Wright, W. D., 177.
Wyoming, Honey Sources of, 284.

Xanthium canadense, 73.
Xanthoxylum Clava-Herculis, 208.
Xanthoxylum pterota, 73.

Yaupon, 125.
Yellow Jasmine, 284.
Yellow tops, 57.
Yellow wood, 139, 285, 286.
Yerba Buena, 58, 287.
Yerba santa, 57, 287.
Yucca, 56, 100, 286, 288.

Zea mays, 59, 132.

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Transcriber’s Notes

This is a transcription of the original text as published in the
source document. Inconsistent, outdated, erroneous and unusual
spelling, hyphenation, capitalisation, etc. (including in scientific
names) have not been corrected or standardised, except as mentioned
below. Irregularities in the alphabetical order of entries have not
been rectified.

Page 52, Buckwheat varies somewhat in density...: presumably this
refers to buckwheat honey rather than to the crop.

Page 70: “Throughout the coast ranges and Sierra Nevada...: the
closing quote mark is missing.

Page 75, illustration: the illustration Coma in bloom does not have a
figure number.

Page 116, “Texas mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa)...: the closing quote
mark is missing.

Page 132, “Corn is not generally set down...: the closing quote mark
is missing.

Page 151, Willow-herb (Epilobium angustifolium). Also called
greweed,...: possibly an error for fireweed.

Page 227, ...in many many localities...: as printed in the source
document.

Page 254, ...twenty days, according to Mr. B. B. Hogaboom of Elk
Grove.” is possibly an error for ...twenty days,” according to Mr. B.
B. Hogaboom of Elk Grove.

Advert Scientific Queen Rearing, An old work that has a had a big
sale: as printed in the original advert.

Changes made

Obvious minor typographical and lay-out errors have been corrected
and missing punctuation have been inserted silently.

Several illustrations have been moved closer to the description of
the illustration’s subject.

Botanical and other scientific names have been standardised to
boldface (body text) and italics (illustration captions).

Page 18: ... he zets three distinct shades... changed to ...he gets
three distinct shades....

Page 79: On suitable soils it is one of the most dependable sources
of nectar: transcribed as part of the body text, not of the quotes
before or after the phrase.

Page 89: Drouth-weed changed to drought-weed.

Page 100: Japan privet (Lugustrum) and a few other plants... changed
to Japan privet (Ligustrum) and a few other plants....

Page 107: paragraph starting Mr. Lovell has kindly sent me... moved
from previous quotation (If I were compelled to stake...) to new
paragraph.

Page 116: Introduced on Maul in 1882... changed to Introduced on Maui
in 1882....

Page 139: closing quote mark inserted after ...yield large quantities
of honeydew.

Page 202: Bztg. for Schlesw. changed to Bztg. für Schlesw.

Page 203: POINSETTIA (Euphorbia pulcherrima) moved to separate line
as other section headings.

Page 204: ...a case of Moaris honey poisoning... changed to ...a case
of Maoris honey poisoning....

Page 206: closing quote mark inserted after ...which was not noted by
Greshoff.

Page 214: closing quote mark inserted after ...and that is esparet
(Sainfoin).

Page 220: closing quote mark inserted after ...when the red is in
bloom.

Page 240: closing quote mark inserted after ...clean and destitute of
this spikeweed pest.

Page 263: It is good body and mild flavor... changed to It is of good
body and mild flavor....

Page 269, Fig. 142: Atlantic Iowa changed to Atlantic, Iowa.

Page 278: see Erigonum, also Bindweed changed to see Eriogonum, also
Bindweed.

Index: several minor spelling and page reference errors and
inconsistencies were changed to agree with the text.