Chapter VI: PERIOD OF SCIENTIFIC SUBDIVISION, from about 1825 onwards

§ 1. Origins and Implications of Scientific Specialization 186

§ 2. The Revolution in Preventive Medicine 192

(_a_) Preventive Medicine in Britain 193

(_b_) Preventive Medicine in U. S. A. 197

§ 3. The Transition to a Physiological Synthesis 203

(_a_) Anatomy and Embryology in the Earlier Nineteenth Century 204

(_b_) Chemical Physiology in the Earlier Nineteenth Century 205

(_c_) Nervous Physiology in the Earlier Nineteenth Century 207

§ 4. The Experimental Foundations of Modern Medicine 211

(_a_) The Work of Johannes Müller 211

(_b_) The Work of Claude Bernard 213

(_c_) The Work of Karl Ludwig 215

§ 5. The Cell Theory and Cellular Pathology 219

§ 6. Establishment of the Doctrine of the Germ Origin of Disease 224

§ 7. Anaesthesia 235

§ 8. The Revolution in Surgery 237

§ 9. Some Modern Surgical Advances 243

§ 10. Bacteriology becomes a Special Science 249

§ 11. Some Important Bacteriological Results 253

§ 12. The Study of Immunity 259

§ 13. Some Practical Applications of Immunity 263

§ 14. The Conquest of the Tropics 271

(_a_) Yellow Fever 273

(_b_) Malaria 280

§ 15. The Changed View of Insanity 286

§ 16. The New Movement in Psychology 293

§ 17. The Revolution in Nursing 295

§ 18. Some Modern Physiological Concepts of Clinical Import 301

(_a_) Ductless Glands and Internal Secretions 302

(_b_) Nervous Integration 308

(_c_) Vitamins 311

§ 19. Knowledge of the Eye and its Disorders 313

§ 20. Investigation of the Nature and Action of Drugs 322

(_a_) Entry of Vegetable Drugs into the Pharmacopoeia 322

(_b_) Active Principles 323

(_c_) The Alkaloids 325

(_d_) The Glucosides 327

(_e_) The Study of Pharmacology 328

(_f_) Chemotherapy 329

§ 21. Interpretation of Collective Medical Data 333